Studies on Female Patronage in the 17Th and 18Th Centuries Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny Im
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studies on female patronage in the 17th and 18th centuries Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie Prace Monograficzne 890 studies on female patronage in the 17th and 18th centuries TRANSLATION Mariola Dyl-Wąsik, Paulina Mierzwa, Radosław Rozumowski EDITED BY Bożena Popiołek Urszula Kicińska Anna Penkała-Jastrzębska Agnieszka Słabyby 2019 © Copyright by Authors Kraków 2019 ISSN 0239-6025 ISBN 978-83-8084-271-7 e-ISBN 978-83-8084-272-4 DOI 10.24917/9788380842717 Reviewers: prof. dr hab. Marian Chachaj prof. dr hab. Filip Wolański Proofreading: Libron Layout and cover design: Libron On the cover: Portrait of Marianna Denhoff, née Bielińska by Antoine Pense, fot. Piotr Ceraficki (Łazienki Królewskie Museum in Warsaw) and graphics from: vecteezy.com Project funded by the National Science Center as part of the program no. UMO 2015/19/B/HS3/01797 “Benefactresses and clients. The specificity of women’s patronage and clients relations in the Saxon era” Wydawnictwo Naukowe UP 30-084 Kraków, ul. Podchorążych 2 tel./fax 12 662-63-83, tel. 12 662–67–56 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.wydawnictwoup.pl Table of contents 7 Introduction Natalia Starchenko 17 Patronage System as a Formal Power Mechanism in the Early Modern Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Natalia Biłous 37 Clientele of Tomasz Zamoyski in the Kyiv palatinate (in the light of correspondence 1619–1637) Rita Regina Trimoniene 59 An international noble family in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the second half of the 16th and early 17th century Piotr Oczko 79 Some remarks from a completely different world. Could (female) patronage take place in the Dutch Republic? Karolina Kwaśna 91 And when he died, his widow continued the business… Widows from New England Dorota Żołądź-Strzelczyk 107 Influence of women on education in the modern age – family and social contexts Anna Szylar 119 “Let them diligently see the humors and fantasies of the founders so that they will not bring any turmoil to the monastery…” Women – founders of women’s monasteries in the 17th and 18th centuries. The Council of Trent reform and its consequences for the formation of cloistered monasteries Łukasz Traczyk 137 Helena Tekla Lubomirska, née Ossolińska’s forgotten Warsaw palace Jarosław Pietrzak 151 Managers, servants and correspondents. Mikołaj Krogulecki and Jan Antoni Lamprecht under the patronage of Maria Kazimiera Sobieska and Elżbieta Sieniawska, née Lubomirska in the years 1698–1714 Adam Kucharski 173 Information and services. Jakub Kazimierz Rubinkowski as a correspondent and client of Elżbieta Sieniawska and Anna Katarzyna Radziwiłł Kinga Sajdak 187 The patron-servant relation on the example of Elżbieta Sieniawska, née Lubomirska and Izrael Rubinowicz Krystyna Stasiewicz 199 The patronage of famous magnates over a unique client Elżbieta Drużbacka, née Kowalska Urszula Kicińska 215 Patron’s activity of the widow Konstancja Marianna Szczukowa, née Potocka, Lithuanian deputy chancelloress Anna Penkała-jastrzębska 233 Anna Wincenta Sapieha, née Fredro – a forgotten benefactress Agnieszka Słaby 247 Anna Franciszka Zamoyska, née Gnińska as protectress – scope of research Katarzyna Kuras 261 The women’s patronage in France in the 18th century. Old patterns and new ideas Katarzyna Dormus 277 Izabela Czartoryska’s arts patronage Lucyna Kudła 291 Founder of female religious schools in the nineteenth-century Galicia Anna Pekaniec 299 Jadwiga Zamoyska, née Działyńska – a portrait of activist and writer 313 References Introduction “Is this possible to define one universal model for female patronage?” asked Di- onysios Stathakopoulos in “Wiener Jahrbuch für Kunstgeschichte,” indicating the complexity of the problems researchers of this issue are facing.1 Diverse financial, legal, social and family positions of women considered patrons by the historians prove how complicated a task stands before the researchers of this phenomenon. Pioneer works of Sharon Kettering concerning the specifics of female patronage in modern France provided justification for thorough investigation of actions of influential women in various spheres of everyday life.2 There were few similar works in Polish historiography. Particular at- tention should be paid to ideas formulated by Antoni Mączak, who defined rules of the patron-client relationship in the Polish Commonwealth, indic- ating the complexity of relations existing among nobility.3 Works of Urszula Augustyniak are also a valuable contribution. She paid particular attention to the need to appreciate the significance of informal relationships in the clerical system of the 17th and 18th century Poland, while highlighting the difference between relations existing in them and those rooted in systems of Western 1 D. Stathakopoulos, I Seek Not My Own: Is There a Female Mode of Charity and Patronage?, “Wiener Jahrbuch für Kunstgeschichte” 2012, vol. 60, no. 1, p. 383. 2 S. Kettering, Gift-Giving and Patronage in Early Modern France, “French History” 1988, vol. 2, no. 2, p. 131–151; idem, The Patronage Power of Early Modern French Noblewomen, “The Histor- ical Journal” 1989, vol. 32, no. 4, p. 817–841; idem, Patronage in Early Modern France, “French Historical Studies” 1992, vol. 17, no. 4, p. 839–862; idem, Patronage and Kinship in Early Modern France, “Society for French Historical Studies” 2011, vol. 16, no. 2, p. 408–435. 3 A. Mączak, Klientela. Nieformalne systemy władzy w Polsce i w Europie XVI–XVIII w., Warszawa 2000; idem, Nierówna przyjaźń. Układy klientalne w perspektywie historycznej, Wrocław 2003; idem, Rządzący i rządzeni. Władza i społeczeństwo w Europie wczesnonowożytnej, Warszawa 1986 (2nd edition Warszawa 2002). 8 | Introduction Europe.4 However, it should be noted that issues concerning the specifics of female patronage in the modern Polish Republic still remain unrecognised.5 This monograph aims to fill that research gap, at least a little. The presented collection of studies is simultaneously an announcement of further publica- tions that will thoroughly present the conditions, character and mechanisms of operation of ties of patronage as well as multi-facetedly understood patronage with particular focus on the position women from noble families held in it. In European historiography, the issue of female patronage is discussed in a multi-faceted manner – authors of studies analysed various components of female activity, concerning both private and public spheres. Researchers thor- oughly study primarily activity of women belonging to the most influential European families, paying attention to their financial capabilities, mechanisms for building prestige and scrupulous selection of people they considered their immediate circles. While analysing issues concerning the specifics of female pat- ronage, Sharon Strocchia has proven that activities undertaken by women were a particularly thought-out self-creation. Female patrons deliberately used visual arts and various forms of material support as a way to establish an exceptional position and desired reputation for themselves in the society of their time.6 Said 4 See U. Augustyniak, O przyjaźni. Przyczynek do badania stosunków klientalnych in Neces- sitas et ars. Studia staropolskie dedykowane profesorowi Januszowi Pelcowi, ed. B. Otwinowska et al., vol. 2, Warszawa 1993; idem, Potworne konspiracje, czyli problem zdrady w Rzeczypo- spolitej w czasach Wazów, “Barok: Historia, Literatura, Sztuka” 1994, vol. I, no. 1, p. 89–103; idem, Znaczenie pokrewieństwa w układach nieformalnych w Rzeczypospolitej w 1 poł. XVII w. na przykładzie klienteli Radziwiłłów in Kultura staropolska – kultura europejska. Prace ofiaro- wane Januszowi Tazbirowi w siedemdziesiątą rocznicę urodzin, ed. S. Bylina et al., Warszawa 1997, p. 205–211; idem, „Stary sługa” jako przedmiot badań nad klientelizmem magnackim na Litwie w XVII wieku, “Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej” 2010, no. 1, p. 71–85. 5 Most important works concerning this subject: B. Popiołek, Dobrodziejki i klienci. O pa tronacie kobiecym w XVIII w. in Patron i dwór. Magnateria Rzeczypospolitej XVI–XVIII w., ed. E. Dubas- Urwanowicz, J. Urwanowicz, Warszawa 2006, p. 385–395; idem, „Najniższy podnóżek, sługa i więzień pański” – klientalne listy proszalne czasów saskich, “Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie” 2011, vol. 16, p. 151–166; K. Maliszewski, Relacja poczmistrza toruńskiego Jakuba Kazimierza Rubinkowskiego z „królową bez korony i pierwszą damą Rzeczypospolitej” Elżbietą Sieniawską w latach 1716–1728 in Gospodarka, społeczeństwo, kultura w dziejach nowożytnych. Studia ofiaro- wane Pani Profesor Marii Boguckiej, ed. A. Karpiński, E. Opaliński, T. Wiślicz, Warszawa 2010, p. 122–127; A. Słaby, Rządzicha oleszycka. Dwór Elżbiety z Lubomirskich Sieniawskiej jako przy- kład patronatu kobiecego w czasach saskich, Kraków 2014; R. Nestorow, Pro domo et nomine suo. Fundacje i inicjatywy artystyczne Adama Mikołaja i Elżbiety Sieniawskich, Warszawa 2016. 6 S.T. Strocchia, Abbess Piera de’ Medici and her kin: Gender, Gifts, and Patronage in Renaissance Florence, “Renaissance Studies” 2013, vol. 28, no. 5, p. 695. Introduction | 9 research studies were a continuation of a direction set few years earlier by Car- oline Murphy, who analysed the position of female patrons in modern Europe and deemed it justified to describe at least some of them as „super power female patrons,” thus appreciating their influence, position and scale of their activities.7 Establishing and maintaining ties of patronage by women is an equally complex issue, deserving a special attention