Aktualny Stan Wiedzy O Grzybach Chronionych W Świetle Zmienionych Aktów Prawnych I Stwierdzonych Nowych Gatunków I Stanowisk Na Terenie Pienińskiego Parku Narodowego

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Aktualny Stan Wiedzy O Grzybach Chronionych W Świetle Zmienionych Aktów Prawnych I Stwierdzonych Nowych Gatunków I Stanowisk Na Terenie Pienińskiego Parku Narodowego Pieniny – Przyroda i Człowiek 14: 91–100 (2016) Aktualny stan wiedzy o grzybach chronionych w świetle zmienionych aktów prawnych i stwierdzonych nowych gatunków i stanowisk na terenie Pienińskiego Parku Narodowego The current state of knowledge about protected fungi after the changes in law and identification of new species and localities in the Pieniny National Park Piotr Chachuła Pieniński Park Narodowy, ul. Jagiellońska 107b, 34-450 Krościenko n. Dunajcem e-mail: [email protected] Abstract. This paper includes data on localities of 38 species of non-lichenized protected fungi occurring in the Pieniny National Park. The species have been categorized as endangered and rare both in Poland and in Polish part of the Carpathians. This work is a complement and verification of knowledge on pro- tected fungi of this area after changes to law made in 2014. The paper pro- vides detailed data on localities of 18 species, including Discina fastigiata, Hygrophorus erubescens, Inonotus obliquus, Skeletocutis odora and Tricholoma aurantium, species that have not been observed in the area so far. Additional 13 species are fungi which had been recorded from the PPN before, however, after changes to the law they achieved the status of protected or new data on their localities were collected. The author also compared the fungal abun- dance and species richness of the PPN to selected national parks located in the southern Poland. Key words: Macrofungi, rare species, protected fungi, Polish Carpathians, Poland. Wstęp i wymierające w skali Polski (Wojewoda, Ław- rynowicz 2006) i 16 w skali polskich Karpat Na terenie Pienińskiego Parku Narodowego (Wojewoda 1991); niektóre gatunki chronione (PPN) do 2015 roku stwierdzono 1041 gatunków zamieszczone są na obu czerwonych listach. grzybów wielkoowocnikowych, niezlichenizo- Grzyby objęte ochroną prawną stwierdzone wanych, w tym 881 gatunków podstawkowych na terenie PPN były już przedmiotem wcześniej- (Basidiomycota), 158 workowych (Ascomycota) szego opracowania (Chachuła 2012). Ze względu i 2 gatunki grzybów sprzężniowych (Zygomycota) na zmiany, jakie wprowadzono podczas nowe- (Chachuła 2015). Wśród nich 38 objętych jest lizacji Ustawy o ochronie przyrody (2013), aktualnie ochroną gatunkową (Rozporządzenie w wyniku której ukazało się nowe Rozporzą- 2014), spośród których 31 to gatunki rzadkie dzenie Ministra Środowiska w sprawie ochrony 92 Pieniny – Przyroda i Człowiek 14, 2016 gatunkowej grzybów (2014), postanowiono zapre- Domian i in. (2015). Zgodnie z rozporządzeniem zentować nową, zweryfikowaną listę gatunków z 2004 roku na obszarze PPN zidentyfikowano grzybów objętych ochroną, które obserwowano 37 gatunków grzybów chronionych i wszystkie do tej pory na terenie Parku. objęte były ochroną ścisłą (Chachuła 2012). Spośród znanych obecnie z terenu PPN 38 Według nowego rozporządzenia (obserwacje gatunków grzybów niezlichenizowanych obję- do 2015 r.) na liście gatunków chronionych zna- tych ochroną, informacje dotyczące 33 gatunków lazło się 38 gatunków. Istotna różnica polega pochodzą z doniesień Gumińskiej (1968, 1969, jednak na tym, że tylko 9 gatunków objętych jest 1972, 1976, 1981, 1990, 1994, 1999, 2004) ochroną ścisłą, a 29 częściową. i Chachuły (2010, 2012). W późniejszych latach Z poprzedniej listy 18 gatunkom zmieniono (2013–2015), podczas monitoringu grzybów status z ochrony ścisłej na częściową. Należą prowadzonego przez autora na terenie Parku, do nich: smardz stożkowaty Morchella conica, zaobserwowano kolejnych 5 gatunków. W pracy smardz wyniosły M. elata, smardz jadalny M. escu- przedstawiono także dane dotyczące stanowisk lenta, naparstniczka stożkowata Verpa conica, gatunków chronionych podawanych wcześniej kurzawka bagienna Bovista paludosa, poroblaszek z tego terenu. żółtoczerwony Phylloporus rhodoxanthus, szysz- kowiec łuskowaty Strobilomyces strobilaceus, buławka pałeczkowata Clavariadelphus pistillaris, METODY buławka obcięta C. truncatus, gwiazdosz cztero- Grzyby przedstawiono według klasyfikacji sys- promienny Geastrum quadrifidum, siatkoblaszek tematycznej podanej przez Kirka i in. (2008). maczugowaty Gomphus clavatus, żagiew wie- Nazwy polskie grzybów podstawkowych przy- logłowa Polyporus umbellatus, pniarek różowy jęto za Wojewodą (2003), grzybów workowych Rhodofomes roseus, siedzuń dębowy Sparassis i nazwę łacińską Morchella conica za Chmiel brevipes, jodłownica górska Bondarzewia mesen- (2006), nazwy łacińskie według Index Fungorum terica, soplówka bukowa Hericium coralloides, (2016). Na stanowiskach wykonano dokumen- soplówka jodłowa H. alpestre i płomykowiec tację fotograficzną. galaretowaty Guepinia helvelloides. W tekście zastosowano skróty: obs. – obser- W porównaniu z poprzednią listą 11 gatunków, wował, OC – ochrona częściowa, OS – ochrona które były podawane z PPN jako chronione, ścisła, CL P – czerwona lista grzybów wielko- obecnie nie posiadają już tego statusu. Są to: owocnikowych Polski (Wojewoda, Ławryno- czarka austriacka Sarcoscypha austriaca i czarka wicz 2006), CL K – czerwona lista grzybów szkarłatna S. coccinea, berłóweczka frędzelko- wielkoowocnikowych (macromycetes) zagrożo- wana Tulostoma fimbriatum i zimowa T. brumale, nych w polskich Karpatach (Wojewoda 1991), cztery gwiazdosze: długoszyjkowy Geastrum pec- E – gatunek wymierający, V – gatunek narażony tinatum, frędzelkowany G. fimbriatum, potrójny na wymarcie, R – rzadki. G. triplex i rudawy G. rufescens, a także mądziak psi Mutinus caninus, wachlarzowiec olbrzymi Meripilus giganteus i sarniak dachówkowaty Sar- WYNIKI I DYSKUSJA codon imbricatus. W 2014 roku weszło w życie rozporządzenie Zgodnie z rozporządzeniem z 2014 roku Ministra Środowiska dotyczące ochrony gatunków do gatunków chronionych włączono 7 tak- grzybów, w którym zamieszczono 117 gatunków, sonów, które były już podawane z tego terenu w tym 54 podlegających ochronie ścisłej i 63 czę- przed 2012 r., ale rozporządzenie z 2004 roku ściowej. Według wcześniejszego rozporządzenia ich nie obejmowało. Należą do nich wilgotnice: z 2004 roku ochronie podlegało 95 gatunków, sklepiona Cuphophyllus fornicatus, ozdobna z których tylko jeden objęty był ochroną czę- Hygrocybe aurantiosplendens, cytrynowozie- ściową, a pozostałe ochroną ścisłą. Szczegó- lonawa H. citrinovirens, zasadowa H. ingrata, łowy opis zmian przedstawiono w opracowaniu włoska H. reidii i okazała H. splendidissima, P. Chachuła: Aktualny stan wiedzy o grzybach chronionych PPN 93 a także wodnicha brunatnobiała Hygrophorus a im dalej na zachód, tym mniejsza jest liczba latitabundus. Do grupy tej włączono ponadto stanowisk. Wyjątek stanowi jedynie dolina Har- 5 gatunków grzybów chronionych, które nie były czygrunt (Ryc. 1). do tej pory podawane z terenu PPN. Ich obec- Porównując wybrane parki narodowe zlo- ność wykazano podczas corocznego monitoringu kalizowane na południu Polski, w Pienińskim prowadzonego w Parku w latach 2013–2015 Parku Narodowym stwierdzono ponad dwu- (Chachuła 2013, 2014a, 2015). Należą do nich: krotnie większą liczbę gatunków grzybów szkieletnica wonna Skeletocutis odora, Hygro- chronionych, pomimo iż jest od kilku do kilku- phorus erubescens, gąska pomarańczowa Tricho- nastu razy mniejszy od pozostałych: Pieniński loma aurantium, piestrzenica pochyła Discina PN – 38 gatunków, Bieszczadzki PN – 18, Gor- (Gyromitra) fastigiata i błyskoporek podkorowy czański PN – 18 i Magurski PN – 16 (Tab. II). Inonotus obliquus. Z 38 gatunków aktualnie Wartości te świadczą o dużej różnorodności myko- chronionych 31 uznano za rzadkie i wymierające logicznej Pienińskiego Parku Narodowego. w skali Polski (E – 12, V – 9, R – 10), nato- miast w polskiej części Karpat status taki posiada Uzupełnienie do wykazu gatunków chronionych 16 gatunków (E – 5, V – 4, R – 7) (Tab. I). Największe skupienie stanowisk grzybów Poniżej przedstawiono gatunki grzybów chronio- chronionych znajduje się w lasach w rejonie nych, stwierdzonych na terenie PPN, które nie Ociemnego Potoku i Ociemnego Wierchu, nato- zostały przedstawione w opracowaniu Chachuły miast nieco mniejsze w rejonie Łonnego Potoku (2012), gdyż chronione są dopiero od paździer- i Łupiska, oraz na polanach: Stolarzówka, nika 2014 roku. Ponadto przedstawiono również Wyrobek i Wielka Dolina a także w dolinie Har- te gatunki, których obecność w PPN stwierdzono czygrunt. Biorąc pod uwagę teren całego Parku, po roku 2012. Lista przedstawia również nowe największe zagęszczenie stanowisk grzybów stanowiska gatunków grzybów chronionych, chronionych zaznacza się we wschodniej części które stwierdzono po 2012 r. W informacjach Dunajec N a Dunajec b c- c d- d Dunajec Ryc. 1. Rozmieszczenie stanowisk gatunków grzybów chronionych na terenie Pienińskiego Parku Narodowego. Objaśnienia: a – gatunek objęty ochroną ścisłą, b – gatunek objęty ochroną częściową, c – granica i obszar PPN, d – granica otuliny PPN Fig. 1. The map of the Pieniny National Park showing localities of protected fungi species. The explanations of symbols: a – the location of strict protected species, b – the location of partially protected species, c – the border and area of PPN, d – the border of buffer zone 94 Pieniny – Przyroda i Człowiek 14, 2016 Tabela I. Lista gatunków grzybów chronionych stwierdzonych na terenie Pienińskiego Parku Narodowego do końca 2015 roku. Zastosowano skróty: 2004 i 2014 – forma ochrony zgodnie z rozporządzeniem z 2004 i 2014 roku, OC – ochrona częściowa, OS – ochrona ścisła, CL P – Czerwona lista grzybów wielkoowocnikowych Polski, CL K – Czerwona lista grzybów wielko- owocnikowych (Macromycetes) zagrożonych w polskich Karpatach, E – gatunek wymierający,
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