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Bakalářská Práce MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV BOTANIKY A ZOOLOGIE Bakalářská práce Brno 2016 Katarína Mlíchová MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV BOTANIKY A ZOOLOGIE ______________________________________ Ekologie voskovek (r. Hygrocybe) a jejich diverzita v ČR Bakalářská práce Katarína Mlíchová Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Daniel Dvořák Brno 2016 Bibliografický záznam Autor: Katarína Mlíchová Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita Ústav botaniky a zoologie Název práce: Ekologie voskovek (r. Hygrocybe) a jejich diverzita v ČR Studijní program: Ekologická a evoluční biologie Studijní obor: Ekologická a evoluční biologie Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Daniel Dvořák Akademický rok: 2015/2016 Počet stran: 66 Klíčová slova: Pastviny; seznam; hodnotící stupnice; indikátory Bibliografický záznam Autor: Katarína Mlíchová Prírodovedecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita Ústav botaniky a zoologie Názov práce: Ekológia lúčnic (r. Hygrocybe) a ich diverzita v Českej republike Študijný program: Ekologická a evolučná biológia Študijný obor: Ekologická a evolučná biológia Vedúci práce: Mgr. Daniel Dvořák Akademický rok: 2015/2016 Počet strán: 66 Kľúčové slová: Pasienky; zoznam; hodnotiaca stupnica; indikátory Bibliographic Entry Author: Katarína Mlíchová Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Department of Botany and Zoology Title of Thesis: Ecology and diversity of the genus Hygrocybe in Czech Republic Degree Programme: Ecological and Evolutionary Biology Field of Study: Ecological and Evolutionary Biology Supervisor: Mgr. Daniel Dvořák Academic Year: 2015/2016 Number of Pages: 66 Keywords: Grasslands; checklist; evaluation scale; indicators Abstrakt V této bakalářské práci se věnuji houbám rodu Hygrocybe (voskovky). První část poskytuje pohled do obecné charakteristiky voskovek a jejich současného taxonomického postavení. Jsou v ní popsané i makroskopické a mikroskopické morfologické znaky. Též rozebírá problematiku jejich specifické ekologie, indikačních vlastností, ohrožení jejich biotopů a důležitost ochrany pro budoucí generace. Druhá část je zaměřená na výskyt voskovek v České republice a jejich historii v české literatuře. Poskytuje sumář druhů voskovek a jejich synonym, uvedených v literárních pramenech z českých lokalit, s krátkým popisem ekologie druhu a poznámkou k jeho ohrožení, v kterém celkový počet druhů nalezených v ČR dosáhl doposud čísla 47, z toho 30 je zahrnutých do Červeného seznamu hub (makromycetů) České republiky (HOLEC & BERAN 2006). V příloze popisuji vlastní terénní průzkum, podniknutý pro lepší obeznámení se s těmito pestrobarevnými houbami v přírodě a porovnání hodnocení významnosti lokalit uvedených ve vybrané literatuře s těmi mnou navštívenými. V tomto průzkumu se ukázali, kromě jiných, i dvě lokality s výjimečným významem, a to PP Kamenný vrch (Třebíč) – mezinárodní význam a PP Pahorek u Vržanova – národní až mezinárodní význam. Abstrakt V tejto bakalárskej práci sa venujem hubám rodu Hygrocybe (lúčnice). Prvá časť poskytuje pohľad do obecnej charakteristiky lúčnic a ich súčasného taxonomického postavenia. Sú v nej popísané i makroskopické a mikroskopické morfologické znaky. Tiež rozoberá problematiku ich špecifickej ekológie, indikačných vlastností, ohrozenia ich biotopov a dôležitosť ochrany pre budúce generácie. Druhá časť je zameraná na výskyt lúčnic v Českej republike a ich históriu v českej literatúre. Poskytuje sumár druhov lúčnic a ich synoným, uvedených v literárnych prameňoch z českých lokalít, s krátkym popisom ekológie druhu a poznámkou k jeho ohrozeniu, v ktorom celkový počet druhov nájdených v ČR dosiahol zatiaľ číslo 47, z toho 30 je zahrnutých do Červeného zoznamu húb (makromycét) Českej republiky (HOLEC & BERAN 2006). V prílohe popisujem vlastný terénny prieskum, podniknutý pre lepšie oboznámenie sa z týmito pestrofarebnými hubami v prírode a porovnanie hodnotenia významnosti lokalít uvedených vo vybranej literatúre s tými mnou navštívenými. V tomto prieskume sa ukázali, okrem iných, aj dve lokality s výnimočným významom, a to PP Kamenný vrch (Třebíč) – medzinárodný význam a PP Pahorek u Vržanova – národný až medzinárodný význam. Abstract This Bachelor thesis is aimed at mushroom genus Hygrocybe (waxcaps fungi). The first section provides insight into the general characteristics of waxcaps and their current taxonomic status. Thesis further describes the macroscopic and microscopic morphological features and also discusses issues of their specific ecology, indicating properties, threats to their habitats and the importance of protecting them for future generations. The second part focuses on the incidence waxcaps in the Czech Republic and their history in Czech literature and provides a summary of species Hygrocybe and their synonyms listed in literary sources from Czech sites with a brief description of the ecology of the species and notes on their conservation status, in which the total number of species found in the Czech Republic reached up to now number 47, of which 30 are included in the Red List of mushrooms (macromycetes) Czech Republic (HOLEC & ARIES 2006). The appendix provides an overview of my field work which was done in order to gain a better understanding of these colourful mushrooms in their natural habitats and compare evaluation of significance of sites listed in the selected literature with those I visited. This overview shows, among others, the two sites of outstanding importance, the PP Kamenný vrch (Třebíč) – international importance and PP Pahorek u Vržanova – national to international importance. Poďakovanie Na tomto mieste by som chcela poďakovať svojmu vedúcemu Mgr. Danielovi Dvořákovi za cenné rady a pripomienky pri písaní bakalárskej práce, odborné vedenie v teréne a pomoc s určovaním druhov ťažšie rozpoznateľných húb. Taktiež by som rada poďakovala Mgr. Petrovi Hroudovi, Ph.D. za sprístupnenie zbierky časopisov a užitočné tipy a Ing. Jiřímu Burelovi za ochotné sprevádzanie a poznámky k určovaniu na jemu známych, vytipovaných lokalitách. Na záver ďakujem za obrovskú podporu rodičom, bratovi a priateľovi. Prehlásenie Prehlasujem, že som svoju bakalársku prácu vypracovala samostatne s využitím informačných zdrojov, ktoré sú v práci citované. Brno, 1. januára 2016 ...................................... Katarína Mlíchová OBSAH 1. Úvod ........................................................................................................................... 22 2. Prehľad použitého značenia a výrazov ................................................................... 23 2.1. Skratky slov ....................................................................................................... 23 2.2. Skratky herbárov .............................................................................................. 23 3. Charakteristika r. Hygrocybe ................................................................................... 24 3.1. Taxonomické zaradenie .................................................................................... 24 3.2. Morfológia plodníc ............................................................................................ 25 3.2.1. Makroskopické znaky ............................................................................... 25 3.2.2. Mikroskopické znaky ................................................................................ 26 3.3. Ekológia .............................................................................................................. 28 3.4. Hodnotenie výskytu lúčnic a ich ochrana ....................................................... 30 3.4.1. Stupnice ..................................................................................................... 31 4. Diverzita druhov (checklist) rodu Hygrocybe v ČR ............................................... 33 4.1. História Hygrocybe v českej literatúre ............................................................ 35 4.2. Kategórie ohrozenia v Červenom zozname húb Českej republiky ............... 36 4.3. Zoznam druhov rodu Hygrocybe v ČR – checklist ......................................... 36 5. Záver .......................................................................................................................... 50 6. ZOZNAM POUŽITEJ LITERATÚRY .................................................................. 51 7. PRÍLOHA .................................................................................................................. 59 7.1. Vlastný terénny prieskum ................................................................................ 59 7.1.1. Metodika ................................................................................................... 59 7.1.2. Druhy nájdené na preskúmaných lokalitách ............................................. 60 7.1.3. Porovnanie vybraných lokalít ................................................................... 61 7.1.4. Výsledky ................................................................................................... 63 7.2. Fotografie vybraných druhov .......................................................................... 64 21 1. Úvod Lúčnice – Hygrocybe (Fr.) P. Kumm. je rod lupenitých pestrofarebných makroskopických húb (viditeľných voľným okom), patriacich do čeľade Hygrophoraceae (šťavnatkovité), obsahujúci druhy rôznych farieb, tvarov a veľkostí. Všetky majú však isté spoločné znaky. Ich plodnice sú charakteristické pomerne riedkymi, hrubými, voskovitými lupeňmi a nemajú velum (plachtičku). Vyskytujú sa hlavne na starých, hnojením a orbou nenarušovaných lúkach,
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