Rape Culture and Gender Relationships on a Traditional, Fraternity-Dominated Campus A

Lehigh University Lehigh Preserve

Theses and Dissertations

1991 Rape culture and gender relationships on a traditional, fraternity-dominated campus A. Ayres Boswell Lehigh University

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RAPE CULTURE AND GENDER RELATIONSHIPS ,j

ON A TRADITIONAL, FRATERNITY~DOMINATED CAMPUS.

A. Ayres Boswell ;..

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A Thesis Presented to the Graduate Committee of Lehigh University in Candidacy for the Degree of Masters of Arts

inI Social Relations

Lehigh University May 1991

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This thesis is accepted and approved in partial fu1r1i1ment of the requirements for the Master of Arts.

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pade. Advisor

Professor K. Hicks Co-Advisor

Department

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• • 11 Acknowledgements

for I would like to thank my thesis committee ,. ) project; their generous time and help on my research Joan Spade, Ph.D. Barbara Frankel, Ph.D. Karen Hicks, Ph.D.

' . people: I would also like to thank the following my research through the men and women wh~o participated in at 562 Hillside, who interviews; my roommates and the men views. Lastly, I listened to my ideas and gave me insightful Franz, who was my would like to thank my parents, Lane

L'· III, who always personal editor, and the late Peyton Boswell where he is. gives me strength and support no matter

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

1 I. Abstract ...... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 II. Introduction .. . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 A. Background • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • B. Interest on Lehigh's campus ...... 4

III. Findings from Review and Analysis of Literature

A. Typology of Rapes ...... • •• • • • • • • • • • • • 6 7 B. Typology of Rapists • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • \ c. contributing Factors - Inci~ence and Prevalence

• • • • • • • • • • • • 10 1. Age • • • • • • • • • • • •) • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2. Alcohol Consumption ...... •· ...... 10 3. Traditional Gender Roles and Rape Myths .. 11 4. Blaming the Victim/ Self-Blame ...... 13

5. Miscommunication ...... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6. Sex as a Commodity ...... 15

7. Socialization ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 15

8. Childhood Incest • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 17

9. Fraternities •...... j. 19 D. Variations in Incidence and Prev•lence 1. Profiles of Victims • • • ...... • ...... 24 27 2. Aggression • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 30 IV. Effects on Victims • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 2 v. Treatment of Victims ...... '...... the Literature ...... 33 VI. Methodological Gap in . ,

f • • • • • • • • ~ 33 VII. Theory Proposal • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 36 VIII. Methodology • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • iv•

,"/ IX. Results ...... 43

A. Profiles ...... 43

B. Observations and Interviews ...... 46 1. Basis of Relationships Between the Genders A. Environment ...... • . • . . • • . • • ...... 4 7 B. Hook-ups and Relationships .....•...... 50

2. Interaction of the Sexes at Various Settings A. Fraternity Parties . . . . • ...... 5 3 B. Local Bars • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 56

·' 3. Behavior and Orientation toward the,Opposite Sex A. Definitions_of Rape & Incidents ...... 60 B. Lack of Re~pect for Women ..• ~ ...... 65 1. Degrading Behavior 2 • Par'ty Themes : 3. Lack of Respect for Others c~ Lack of Respect for Men? ...... 74

4. Peer Pressure/Conformity ...... 76 A. Male Dominance ...... 77 B. Female Acceptance ...... 82 c. Pressures & Expectations for Intercourse 84 D. Pressure to Drink Alcohol ...... 86

5. Excessive Alcohol Use .....•...... 88 x. conclusions ...... 9 5 A. socialization ...... 95

B. Male Dominance/ Faceless Women Victims ...... 98

c. Classification of Fraternities • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 102 o. contex~ and conformity ...... -..... 106 E. Summation ...... 106

. . XI. Final Remarks and General Implications ...... 107

XII. suggestions for Lehigh ...•...... •...... : 114

XIII. References • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 119 XIV. Appendices .•...... •.•...• '• . . . . • . . . . • . . • • . . . • . . . 12 4 127 xv. Brief Biography • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

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I. Abstract at This thesis examines male and female relationships approach. a predominantly Greek Campus, using an ethnographic men and women at The research was conducted by observing bars, talking Lehigh University fraternity parties and local participating with to them informally and in interviews, and observations them in social activities. The study compares reputed to be made between several fraternities that are rape and ·,several places where there is a, high risk of

' . of rape. These fraterni-ties that have a reputed low risk all ages and fraternities were categ6rized by thirty women-of focused on the from different living groups. ·Observations parties on social interactions of men and women at fraternity parties are weekends. During the week, since no fraternity interactions were allowed, observations of the students' to examine the carried out at two popular bars in order sought to behavior in a non-Greek setting. This research campus rape learn whether there is a social context promoting and interviews and if so, how it is created. Observations ··.• to be major focused on four kinds of behavior believed for women, contributing factors in rape; 1) lack o( respect pressure, and 2) miscommunication between th.e sexes, 3) peer 4) excessive alcohol use. factors, In regard to these O contributing· men and women in significant differences in the behavior of

• For example, . at the the various settings were discovered.

1 reputed high-risk fraternities' parties less interaction among gthe sexes was found then at the low-risk fraternities' parties style of social interaction and the bars. The most positive '.\ ) between the sexes was found at the local bars. Speculations as to the reasons for these differences are presented in the conclusions. Although the behavior of the students differed in

I - various settings, interviews revealed similar patterns of -·attitudes and opinions about the sexes and dating on this campus among all students. These patterns are discussed in.the results and conclusions of this paper.. All of the factors contributing to the

facilitation of rape were found to be ubiquitous on this campus. Peer pressure to conform to the exploitive behavioral norms of male and female interaction on this campus was found to be a significant factor from both observations and interviews. Suggestions for improving the male/female on campus are discussed and include: changing the interaction ' parties, and changing the physical environment of fraternity ; behavioral norm to include more dating through the fraternity parties.

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I I ··' II. Introduction: A. Background In the past several years, date rape has become a major concern on college campuses in the United States. Although there is controversy over the incidence of rape, it is estimated that 60% to 80% of rape is date or acquaint~nce

',"cj rape and that one out of four college women is r~ped during her college_career (Koss, 1988; Russell, 1990). Estimates may vary widely in studies due to low rape reporting rates, different survey techniques, and the fact that many victims do not define their own experiences of sexual assaults as rape. The legal definition of rape in 33 t'-1: out of the 50 states is "sexual intercourse by a male with a. female, other than his wife, without the consent of the woman and effected by force, duress, intimidation, or deception to the nature of the act." (Freeman, 1984, p.21). In many states if a woman is incapable of consent, whether it be because she is mentally retar4ed, legally intoxicated or unconscious, any sexual activity with her is legally classified as rape. In one survey of college women, 38% reported sexual victimization which met the legal definition . of rape or attempted rape, yet only· 1 out of every 25 reported their assault.to the police (toss, 1985; Warshaw, 1988). Victims of stranger rape were 10 times more likely to report their attack to the police than victims of acquaintance rape (Koss, 1985). 10% of all rapes are It has also been suggested ... that only

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' . reported {Miller, 1988; Koss & Gidycz, 1985; National Crime Survey, 1989). However, the percentage of date rape incidents C·' reported to someone, which can include rape crises centers, hospitals and police, has increased markedly in the last ten years {Uniform Crime Report, 1989). Practioners who deal with the harsh after effects of rape note that it is important that this trend toward reporting rape be encouraged. \ ' Most of the studies involved with acquaintance rape focus on co}lege students. This is b~cause college students have ,,•' found to be in the highest risk of rape categories by age been • and occupation {Amir, 1971; Koss & Gidycz, 1985 ; Sanday,

1990; Martin, 1989). Rape can take place on dates, at parties, in dorm rooms, or during other encounters. Rape is rampant on college campuses and, therefore, there is a strong need to understand factors· that contribute to this crime in order to do something about it. The intent of this study is to increase

/-~-- our knowledge of the factors which contribute to acquaintance

\ rape on college campuses.

B. Interest on this campus Three major contributing factors that have been found to increase the prevalence of gang rape on American campuses nationally are: 1) the campus social life is predominately ''Greek''; 2) the majority of the student population is white upper middle class; and 3) the college was formerly an all male school {Warshaw, 1988; Sanday, 1990). All of these

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(' • factors characterize Lehigh University. Another factor indicated by current rape research is the excessive•

) consumption of alcohol (Koss & Dinero, 1989; Lundberg-Love & Gef~ner, 1989; Warshaw, 1988; Sanday, 1990; Gwartney-Gibbs &

\ Stockard, 1989; Muehlenhard, 1988; Miller & Marshall, 1987; Martin, 1989). High consµmption of alcohol is also a problem at Lehigh, evidenced by the weekly police reports citing students for "Public Drunkenness" in the school paper, The Brown and White. In the present study, I will be addressing these contributing factors, particularly the Greek system, and how they affect the student population and the incidence of

rape on this campus. The purposes of my study are to: 1) generate new hypotheses, 2) observe discriminate patterns of

" behavior, . 3) speculate as to the ~easons and effects of •.-~ these patterns, and 4) establish suggestions for social policy on this campus. Campus rape is a problem at Lehigh. At present, there has been only one "official" rape reported on Lehigh's campus this semester (Fall 1990). However, the May 1, 1990, article on .campus rape in the college's. paper The Brown and White (Appendix A), provided insight into the prevalence of rape on this campus. The men and women who wrote articles in this section never reported ,their rape experiences to the police, therefore, their rapes are not included as actual rape statistics on campus~ Furthermore, the statistic of only one rape reported per semester. reported does not include. the

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' estimated 90% of the students on all col·lege campuses who don't report rape. ·. The Lehigh student body and administration are aware and deeply concerned about campus rape. Their concern for the problem of campus rape is evidenced by the development and support of a campus organization called I.C.A.R.E. - Individuals Concerned About Rape Everywhere. However, the magnitude of the problem at Lehigh is unknown; ''official" rape statistics do not accurately represent the whole affected

population1 • Through a review and analysis of current literature this paper will address th~ incidence and prevalence of date rape including; contributing factors, ramifications, and treatment of victims. It will then describe the present study and the methodology used. Finally the paper will conclude with results, conclusions, and impiications for further research.

III. Findings from Review and Analysis of Literature A. Typology of Rapes ·Although the legal definition of rape varies• from state to state, as stated previously, the general definition

·\ -· is '' ••• the·perpetration of an act of sexual intercourse with ' i

1· The author of this paper was involved in another study on date rape that used a quantitative method to measure the incidence of date ~ape on this campus. The results showed that 22% of the women at Lehigh responded that they had engaged in sexual intercourse without their consent while at Leh;igh.

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'. . a female against her will and consent, whether her will is <: ... ' overcome by force or fear resulting from the threat of force, & or by drugs or intoxicants; or when, because of mental • • ~ . -deficiency, she 1S• incapable of exercisil}g rational

JU. d gmen t ; ... '' (Hyde, 1990, p.474). Within this definition there are different types of rape, ··such as: stranger rape; acquaintance rape, which includes date rape and various types of date rapes; marital rape; statutory rape; and gang rape. This thesis reports on research focused on date rape • on one college campus. One model of date rape proposed by

" Lance Shetland (1989) describes various forms of date rape at different points in a relationship's development. The first type of date rape is "beginning date'' rape. This is rape that takes place on a first date, when the couple does not know each other very well. This type of rape may also be labeled non-romantic acquaintance rape. ''Early date'' rape occurs after the couple has had several dates but before a committed relationship has been established. This is considered the most common form of date rape. The last type of date rape is ''relationship'' rape, which is most similar to marital rape. The couple at this stage of their relationship usually understand each other's positions regarding sex, but they may not be in perfect agreement, or there may have been· consent on

cy, some occasions but not on others.

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B. Typology of Rapists It is a persistent myth that rape is only co:mntitted by

mentally ill strangers. In reality, 60% to 80% of rapes are acquaintance and date rapes. Furthermore, according to studies of incarcerated and nonincarcerated rapists, investigators found no evidence of mental maladjustment among rapists_{Lisak

' & Roth, 1988; Koss et al, 1985; Malamuth, 1986; Gelman, 1990).

Gelman {1990) summarizes this well, "Rape is a sick act by sane people" {p.47). There is no single profile committed J

I of the typical rapist. Rapists vary from each ..,..other 1n occupation, education, economic status, marital status, the previous criminal records, and motivations for ,_committing rape (Gelman, 1990). Several studies have classified rapists according to the following motivational factors: power, anger, or sex, with dominance as a common theme to all of them {Gelman, 1990;

Malamuth, 1986; Freeman, 1984; Koss et al, 1988). The problem with many of these studies is that they are based on reported rapes in which the rapists were arrested and sent to jail. Since rape is the most difficult felony to be convicted of, it seems likely that these rapists may be more deviant than the typical date rapists. Therefore, some studies have been developed to test motivational factors in nonincarcerated sexually aggressive males (Lisak & Roth, 1988; Koss et al,

1985; Mal~muth, 1986; Shotland~ .1989).

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·/ ''males who The authors of these studies concluded that than engage in date rape have different characteristics a higher value on ordinary mal~s. Because such males place (Kanin, 1967), sexuality and feel greater sexual deprivation frustration and they may be poorer at coping with sexual They also found impulse control" (Shetland, 1989: p.259). to accept sex that sexually aggressive males were more likely feel that rape role stereotypes, believe in rape myths, and These men also prevention is the responsibility of the woman. in that "they differed from non-sexually · aggressive men hurt by women, as perceive themselves as having been more (Lisak having been deceived by women, betrayed, manipulated" aware of the power & Roth, 1988: p.800). They were also more characteristics dynamics between men and women. Men with these of physical might be more capable of crossing the boundaries force for sexual gratification. rape at The date rape model also proposes that men who have different different points of a relationship also feels he motivations. The "beginning date'' rapist typically she led him on had a right to have sex with a woman because with the intent to that. evening. He may also ask the woman out him a chance· to rape her; taking her· on a date may give

isolate her. ""·

'· views the relationship The "early date" rapist often •·. misperception of as more sexual than the woman does, and this to have sex. This sexual intent·may make him think she wants

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misunderstanding may also make these men feel as though they are being led on. In addition, men and women have different expectations concerning the appropriate time in a couple's dating history when sex is acceptable. In one study, more than half of the undergraduate men felt that by the fifth date intercourse is acceptable, but only one-quarter of the women held the same view (Shetland, 1989). The "relationship" rapist may feel that he is entitled

to sex, possibly because he has spent a lot of money on his girlfriend, or he feels he has waited long enough to have sex and is beginning to get frustrated and angry, or because they have had consenting intercourse previously.

c. contributing Factors - Incidence and Prevalence 1. Age - College students As stated previously, college students are the most

at risk from rape as a group because they are in the age range from 16-24 years old. According to Crime Survey Data, this age group contains the highest number of both victims and rapists (Koss, 1985; Amir 1971; Muehlenhard, 1988). One study;found that 45% of all alleged rapists who are arrested are individuals under the age of 25 (Lundberg-Love and Geffner,

1989). 2. Alcohol Consumption An estimated one-third to two-thirds of rapists, as well as many of their victims, have reported to have been

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intoxicated during the rape (Amir, 1971; Muehlenhard, 1987; Koss & Dinero, 1989; Sanday, 1990). In a Ms. Survey (1985), it was found that 75% of the men and at least 55% of the women involved in acquaintance rapes had been drinking or taking drugs just before the attack. On college campuses, it has been found that males "feed" girls alcohol to get them drunk so that they can lower the females' inhibitions and defenses and take advantage of them sexually (Sanday, 1990; Martin, 1988; Warsh,~w, 1988) . ,, An intoxicated man, compared to a sober man, m~y become more sexually aggressive and ignore the wishes of the female. Men involved with date rape often excuse their behavior by saying that they were drunk. Furthermore, men and women often believe that if the woman is drunk then the rape is justified since ''good" girls don't drink (Warshaw, 1988) • Among high school students, 18% of the girls and 39% of the boys said it was acceptable to force a drunken girl to have sex (Giarrusso et al, 1979; Muehlenhard, 1987). Our society also appears to adhere to this illogical standard as evidenced by the statistical fact that police and prosecutors are less inclined to press charges if alcohol is involved with date rape. This is true even in those states that provide a clause stating that if a women is incapable of consent, any sexual activity with her is legally classifie~s rape. Many police departments wil~l dismiss the cases and label them ''unfounded cases" (Freeman, 1984; Warshaw, 1988).

J Myths 3. Traditional Gender Roles and Rape men are the The traditional sex script is that go along with their initiators and women either passively touching their bodies partner or actively prevent him from the double {LaPlante et al, 1980). This script exemplifies today: that sex is standard that still exists in our society Men are expected and a more acceptable aspect of life for men. active men are encouraged to have sex: in fact, sexually to as "studs,'' positively reinforced by being referred report enjoying sex whereas'women who are sexually active or are derogati vely labeled ''sluts." been found to This traditional script and attitude has Myth Scale" was encourage rape myth stereotypes. A ''Rape and acceptance created by Burt (1981) to measure the attitudes used in many studies of rape myths. This scale has since been more traditional and all of them found that males with rape myths. overall, attitu~es also agreed the most with the women (Jenkins & more men believed in the rape myths than & Byrne, 1987; Koss Dambrot, 1987; Byers, 1988; Greendlinger 1987; Pirog-Good et al, & Gidycz, 1985; Muehlerihard & Linton, Malamuth, 1986). 1989; Lisak, 1988; Peterson & Franzee, 1987; are the following: 1) Examples of some rape-myth stereotypes no because she didn't ''she really wanted it - she just said ''it was her fault - want me to think she was a bad girl"; 2) ,. ,.. ~~ . 3) ''she has a bad she was wearing practically nothing''; Another common rape reputation - of course she wanted sex."

" for sex because myth on college campuses is "she was asking 112 she was drunk and went up to my room. 4. Blaming the Victim/ Self-blame report One of the leading reasons for failing to the victim often date rapes or acquaintance rapes is that herself in that blames herself. She often feels that she put many situation and allowed the rape to happen. Unfortunately, the results of the other people also feel this way as seen by rape myth surveys. Recent studies have focused on the use of scenarios rape myths and the as a means of measuring the acceptance of Muehlenhard, blame of the victim (Jenkins & Dambrot, 1987; of who paid for the 1988). The scenarios differed in terms all of these date, who drove, and how the date was initiated; subjects then scenarios concluded with forced sex. The justifiable rape re~ponded to questions that determined how I I \ ', that men who was , in that particular scenario. They found justify the rape · believed in the rape myths were more apt to were higher and blame the victim. overall, the men's ratings the woman in the than the women's ratings in judging whether and whether situation wanted to have sex in all scenarios that men use forced sex was justified or not. Research shows that/women are their male peer groups to reinforce their ideas lie about being responsible for their rapes and that women for their raped~ In reality, victims are never responsible

2 are examples configured by the author. These qu~,t.es '"' 13 the rest of rape and this is something that victims and society need to be made aware of. 5. Miscommunication Does "no" really mean ''no" or does ''no'' mean "yes"? acquaintance A common contributing factor to the incidepce of that rape in all of the studies is the mi·sinterpretation Clear verbal occurs during communication between the sexes. is not the communications appear to be lacking. While this to be common case in all acquaintance rapes, it has been found Muehlenhard, in campus rapes (Warshaw, 1988; Sanday, 1990; 1987; Jenkins & Dambrot, 1987). As stated previously from the scenario experiment men are more (Jenkins & Dambrot, 1987; Muehlenhard, 1987),

inter~ourse. e likely to interpret the victim as desiring sexual traditional males may interpret a women's verbal Furthermore, 0 males tend to ''no" response to sex as a "yes" because t;.hese that a good misinterpret the message based on· their belief really wants girl would not be comfortable admitting that she fault in• to have sex. This is not always the males found that misinterpreting the females desires. It has been "convince me" some women say "no" when they really mean Women need to (Warshaw, 1988; Koss et al, 1985; Sanday, 1990). some of the be aware that the ''token no'' may be reinforcing. say "no·,, only traditional attitudes males have. Women should me.'' when they really mean "no" not when they mean "convince

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•. . / ' . . •, is that a woman's friendliness It has also been suggested she message by men ~rid, therefore, misinter~reted as a sexual in him on. " Both men and women is often perceived as '' leading to be college surveys found rape high school surveys and (Miller sexually teasing the males justified if the women were 1987). Dambrot, 1987; Muehlenhard, & Marshall, 1987; Jenkins & rape -the risk and rate of date These studies suggest that education and more open would decrease with increased sexes. communication between the 6. sex as a Commodity is that sex can be The sexual economic theory sch~ol money spent. Results in high exchanged for money or for showed that both genders justified and college student surveys a lot of money on the woman forced sex if the man spent was also & Darnbrot, 1987) . This (Warshaw, 1988; Jenkins .J (Jenkins & Dambrot, 1987; evident in the scenario experiment for scenario where the man paid Muehlenhard, 1987). In the forced sex was men and women felt that the date, more "' ., or It seems that this obligation justified in this situation. views. reinforced by traditional tradeoff of sex for money is as women appear to be · viewed According to this theory, to be bought. ~property or as prostitutes 7. socialization attitudes are As stated previously, traditional is incidence of rape. A culture contributing factors to the when men are socialized to classified as a ''rape culture"

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j. are to be aggressive and women believe that men are supposed society • (Herman, 1984). American supposed to be passive as involving sexual relationships perceives "normal'', This is portrayed pervasively domination and male aggression. • and television, songs, movies, in our media through advertisements. rape by affirming People often excuse acquaintance "boys will their natural urges, i.e., that men cannot control and female was supported by both male be boys.'' This attitude women In one survey, 15% of the responses to many surveys. they did not sex at least once when indicated that they had it was had become so sexually aroused want to because the men of (Miller, 1987). This excusing useless to try to stop them is more stating that male sexuality male behavior is actually female sexuality. Anthropologist natural and acceptable than a cross explained this issue in Peggy Reeves Sanday (1990) cultural study of rape: that violence is "It is important to understand Rape is and not biologically programmed. socially nature, but the means by an integral part of male not for violence express their which men.programmed to respect the Men who are conditioned sexual selves. sacredness of life do virtues of growth and the female 1990, p.8). not violate women" (Sanday, discuss this issue of socialization West and Zimmerman also explains gender.'' "Doing gender'' through the theory of ''doing between girls and as the creation of differences socialization • (1987: essential or biological boys that are not natural,

137).

l,, ( . Sociologist Eugene Kan1n• did a study of 71 self- disclosed date rapists at Purdue University. From this study Kanin concluded that the date rapists were ''products of a highly erotic-oriented peer group socialization which started during the Junior• • high and high school years. This ... socialization continued into college as the men sought out new peer groups to support and enhance their earlier learned values'' (Warshaw, 1988, p.87). If rape is a product of socialization then there is hope to eliminate this degrading crime.•

8. Childhood Incest Family background can be an influential characteristic in identifying both rapists and victims. Many studies concluded that childhood incest victims were more vulnerable to rape situations (Worth et al, 1990; Peterson & Franzee,

1987; Pirog-Good & Burke, 1989; Gelman, 1990; Lundberg-Love, • 1989; Pirog-Good et al, 1989; Koss & Dinero, 1989). ''Witnessing and /or experienci·ng abuse as a child increased the acceptance of aggression f6r both and females and increased the sustaining of sexual abuse as welli' (Pirog-Good

& Burke, 1989, p.275). The traumatic experiences theory states that "children who were sexually victimized may exhibit age- r inappropriate sexual knowledge and interests, and as a result ... may attempt to engage others in sexual behavior. This can place the child in risk of rape as a rapist or victim when

' they are older. SexuJ1 contact may be associated with fear,

17 {Lundberg-Love, 1989, revulsion, anger, and- powerlessness'' the sexually abused child p.176). Another factor that can hurt normal sequence of dating later is their confusion regarding and sexual behavior. it is important In attempting to understand rapists, sexually abused as children to be aware of men who have been ,. that these men often feel or even as adults. One theory is and will become powerless because of their victimization some control in their offenders in order to try to obtain Speaker, Csandal, 1990). lives {Peterson, 1987; Gelman, 1990; where 75% of male rape This is evident in jail rape situations months of their release victims will rape someone within 3-6 of their lives (Csandal~ from jail in order to gain control of incarcerated rapists had 1990). In an Oregon study, 80% (Gelman, 1990). been sexually abused as children been found to be at Female victims 6f child abuse have who were not sexually a higher risk of rape than females of women who were raped abused as children. In one study, 66% reported childhood sexual or victims of attempted rape group reported childhood experiences. Only 20% of the non-rape 1989). In another study, sexual experiences {Koss & Dinero, of rape, as opposed to 68% of incest victims were also victims of rape but were not incest 36% of women who were victims I . theory for revictimization victims (Lundberg-Love, 1989). One learn helplessness and of these incest victims is that they feel shame, blame, and also feel powerless. Victims of incest

18 often get guilt about the experience and then these feelings I Many studies incorporated into the individual's self-image. lower self found that women who were sexually abused did have " 1989; Worth et esteem than non-abused ~omen (Pirog-Good et al, result of al, 1990). The lack of self-esteem may be a direct • these females the sexual abuse which may then increase suggest that ., vulnerability to revictimization. These findings family effective ~fherapeutic interventions in incestuous rapists and systems may ultimately reduce the population of ,, and promote victims by changing the attitudes that enable sexual abuse.

9. Fraternities A. "Rush" to Fraternities create conditions that are abusive of many women and make the~ physically vulnerable. The culture dominant fraternities reinforces the rape culture by promoting 1984). "Rush" men and passive women {Sanday, 1990; Freeman, as hostesses functions have little sisters or attractive girls join this for their parties, implying that if the rushees ''Become one fraternity these attractive women will be theirs·. (Warshaw, of us and you' 11 get loaded, laid, and become a man'' posters often 1989, p.208). Recruiting posters and party which promote feature naked women, or body parts of women, too, such women as sex objects. Party themes often are sexual as a Hawaiian party with a theme "Come get laid''.

\ B. 11 Brotherhood 11 power and Fraternity pledging programs often involve and the pledges are dominance. · The brothers are dominant unite the group by subordinates. This system functions to and keeping increasing the bonds of secrecy and cohesiveness 1989; Warshaw, the group isolated f-rom outsiders (Martin, Reeves Sanday, 1989). According to anthropologist Peggy consciousness of the victimization of pledges transforms the "The process includes individual into a group consciousness. fraternity (Sanday, a symbolic sacrifice of the self'' to the suffer humiliation 1990, p.135). Through initiation, pledges trust, and and punishments in order to gain acceptance, is ''a rite of membership. Initiation into the brotherhood equal to the brothers passage.'' The pledges become "men'' and and group protection in the bonds of loyalty, secrecy, power, Tiger, 1969). The (Martin, 1989; Warshaw, 1989; Sanday, 1990; morals, concerns. pledge gains a new set of goals, values, of fraternities Three basic beliefs instilled in new members at will; 2) are: 1) ''women are sex objects to be manipulated 3) non-members drinking and drug taking are endurance sports;" are weenies (Warshaw, 1989 p.209). c. Groupthink a ''cultlike'' Secrecy and group identity can promote Irving Janis's theory atmosphere (Warshaw, 1989). Sociologist involved 1n• of groupthink describes the group dynamics Three symptoms ''cultlike'' organizations such as fraternities.

20 the group, its power, of groupthink are: 1) overestimations of so that the morality, and invulnerability; 2) closemindedness and 3) pressures group holds stereotyped views of outsiders; toward conformity (Janis, 1972). within the All three groupthink symptoms are evident the foundation of Greek system; in fagt, these beliefs reflect develop a shared most fraternity pledge programs. Fraternities to,~the participation illusion of invulnerability that can lead drugs, and gang rape. in illegal activities such as dealing than independent Loyalty to the group norm is more important issue, he is placed judgment. If one expresses doubt about an view or to keep under pressure to conf arm to the group's or danger, the quiet. Under conditions of external threat of the group. members become more dependent on the support of this phenomenon at Warshaw (1989) identified an occurrence was accused of a small private college when one fraternity the fraternity, the gang rape. During the investigation of bonds of secrecy in the group became tighter. types of Research by Janis {1972) shows that three friendship, rewards tend to increase group cohesiveness: competence. Fraternity membership prestige, and enhanced • on campus and "provides the group with friendship, prestige especially true at enhanced competence socially. This is parties are the campuses like Lehigh, where fraternity predominant source of social life.

- " ' ' 21

.C'· /1'o·.,

D. Parties can The peer culture of fraternities and sororities and female create and promote male sexual aggression • and victimization. It 1S "within these organizations of sexual friendship networks that a multistage process indeed, for aggression and victimization gains legitimization; the process is to members of the peer culture to question 1990: 199). In invite contempt" (Gwartney-Gibbs & Stockard: that the most their study, Gwartney-Gibbs & Stockard found more likely to live in sexually aggressive peer groups were ·> doses of alcohol fraternities and soror·ities, consume higher of college life and drugs, and to value the social aspects more. most At predominantly Greek campuses like Lehigh, fraternities and students center their social life around the offered on these sororities. While there are other activities provide alcohol campuses, generally only fraternity parties pressure to drink and dancing. At fraternity parties, there is ,, "drink until they heavily. It is commonplace for people to drink some more" vomit or black out and then recover and of alcohol {Warshaw, 1988,p.106). Given the association this type of consumption with cases of acquaintance rape, conducive behavior at fraternities can create an environment have reported to high incidence of rape. Fraternity members inhibitions so using alcohol as a weapon to reduce women's p intercourse. that they have a better chance of having sexual

' At some col~eges a strong alcoholic drink called ''Hunch-punch'' j Sanday, is concocted for just this purpose (Martin, 1989;

1990). Some fraternities consider sex a commodity. Women who ,- that go to th~se houses are accepting an unspoken contract for they are at these fraternities for a good time in exchange and sex (Sanday, 1990). Men talk about "hitting on women'' from a "working a yes out•• which is a means of getting sex parties woman through talking, dancing,- or drinking at who can (Sanday, 1990). There is a high status awarded to men The party hard and long and score with women (Warshaw, 1988). have to attitude "if the girls don't like it then they don't campuses come to our parties," is prevalent on many college Sexism including Lehigh's, as evidenced by the notes on collected at Lehigh by Philosophy 221 and Law 221 Fall 1989,

1990 (Appendix B). Socially, there is an imbalance ~°l~,/,/power between many fraternities and sororities. Fraternities are granted having privileges that sororities are not allowed, such as an alcoholic parties. This imbalance of power creates. inferior indebtedness situation. The women are made to feel and thankful to the men for having parties and invitinglthem.

E. Isolation Isolation is another factor that is relevant to the ,. to occurrence of rape on aampuses. It is easy for a rapist

23 _...

get fraternity party. Often, victims isolate the victim at a ~ more privately or to have a invited to go upstairs to talk ' situations where the,victim drink. There are many documented ·herself locked in a room with went upstairs to talk and found more than one rapist in th~·room a rapist; and often there was 1988; Koss, 1985). It (Martin, 1989; Sanday, 1990; Warshaw, come to the victim's rescue if is unlikely that anyone would did come, it would most she screamed; and even if someone fraternity. This would cause likely be another member or the to the victim. Furthermore, more embarrassment and humiliation would try to participate in she might be afraid that he, too, the rape. fe~ls secure that no In these circumstances, the rapist one will believe the victim was one will find out, or that no drunk and went to his room raped, since she was most likely that it is the girl's willingly. Many men will agree room if she didn't want sex?'' fault ... ''why did she come to my ,, . . '\,; '' . and assumption on the male's This non-verbal commun1cat1on the victim had given prior part leads him to believe that willingly to his room. This consent because she went victim to blame herself for her assumption can also lead the the rape myth that a woman goes rape, and is the foundation of to have sex. to a man's room because she wants Prevalence D. variations in Incidence and

1. Profiles of Victims profiles of rapists Attempts have been made to develop

,1 , ,. 1 ']!),', ,,,,,,, ' ~. <, ' on rapists have found some and victims. Research focusing traits, age, past evidence of common factors in personality • childhood incest, and traditional sexual experiences, ' et al, 1985; Belknap, 1989; attitudes (Muehlenhard, 1987; Koss 1990). However, as stated Jenkins & Dambrot, 1989; Sanday, is no single profile that fits previously in this paper, there of~a victim have Studies focusing on the profile all rapists. , traits and traditional focused primarily on personality inconclusive. attitudes, but have been statistically was developed by Amir The victim precipitation theory to rape is correlated with {1971) to see if vulnerability or stereotyped gender certain personality characteristics of the studies found that behaviors such as passivity. Most from non-victims in terms victims did not differ significantly Peterson & Franzee, 1987; of personality traits (Koss, 1985; 1989). Koss's study (1985) Pirog-Good et al, 1989, Warshaw, more confident and socially found that rape victims were found that rape and sexual poised. However, other studies have than non-victims {Pirog abuse victims have lower self-esteem 1987). This of course, good et al, 1989; Peterson & Franzee, can be a consequence of being raped. a major role in the Socialization appears to play studies have found and prevalence of date rape~ Many incidence ' views• concerning• power that men who hold traditional the date rape myths and distribution between the sexes believe Gidyzc, 1985; Laplante et al, are more likely to rape (Koss &

25 ·-'It._),......

Sherwin, 1985; Ludenberg- 1980; Warshaw, 1988; Sanday, 1990; Koss et al, 1985). This ·Love & Geffner, Muehlenhard, 1987; theory. However, a few finding supports the soci~l control theory to women to see if studies applied the social control accepting of the date rape women who were more traditional and to victimization and the myths would be more vulnerable and Muehlenhard (1987) results were inconclusive. Koss (1985) They found that significant support for this theory. found no ' sexual views, had more women who were more liberal in their abused as a child were sexual partners, and/or were sexually victims. However, Weis & slightly more at risk of becoming accept rape myths and have Borges (1973), found that women who uniquely vulnerable to traditional attitudes are victimization. suggest that women who These contradictory results ~,

./ as women who have more have more traditional views as well at risk of becoming rape liberal views about sex may both be traditional may react more victims. Women whose views are more they accept the rape passively in a rape situation and because and not report the myths they will often blame themselves more liberal sexual views incident as a rape. Women who have :pecause of their views, may have a reputation for being ''easy'' of their being raped by men which may increase the likelihood "bad" reputation and easy who seek them out due to their may slightly support availability. These inconclusive results that women's behavior, even the victim precipitation theory in ~

26 when based on differing sexual attitudes, may unknowingly increase their vulnerability to rape. However, these results did not identify any specific characteristics or behaviors that could be significantly related to an increased risk of becoming a rape victim. Research has not been able to develop a clear profile ./l of a rape victim; results to ·ctate are contradictory. More research in this area is needed. The conflicting results of current research suggest that there may be no single profile for a rape victim, and'that all females are at risk of rape. Koss (1985) found that situational factors are more likely to be cues as to who may be raped than are characteristics of the victim. Her theory is that sexual assaults are more likely to occur because of environmental circumstances at the time of the assault. If this is the case, women need to be made aware of those environmental circumstances in which they are more at risk of becoming rape victims.

2. AggressionI

The "nature vs. nurture" argument has also been applied to explain why rapists rape and how to control them. One nature theory is that, in men, the sex drive is so strong that . they can not control themselves and, therefore, they act out aggressively to satisfy it. According to·this theory, rape is seen as a biological dysfunction, with the rapists needing to be controlled because .. they can not be cured (Gelman, 1990) •

./I However, a study in Scandinavia, on the biological basis of

• . . aggression found that aggression has nothing to do with one's sex drive. In this study, the researchers observed sex offenders whose treatment was castration. In a follow up study of 224 offenders, they found that castration reduced those males' sex drive but did not reduce their aggressive behavior (Pleck, 1982) .

'\ Other sociologists believe that rapists have a problem with their thinking, not their sexuality. "Rapists are who they learn to be - it's not a product of their hormones''

(Gelman, 1990: 47). These sociologists believe that sexual aggression and violence are created by society's values. "The against women rests squarely in the middle locus of violence i of what our culture defines as "normal" interaction between men and wome.i'' (Koss & Gidycz, 1985: 169). According to anthropologist Peggy Sanday {1990), abuse that is directed toward a woman is part of a value system that justifies such behavior. Both biological and sociological perspectives on aggressive behavior are important in understanding rapes and rapists' behavior. There have been varied findings on the role of aggression in rape situations. Some studies found that sexual aggression occurred more often with casual dates than within established relationships (Kanin and Purcell, 1977; Muehlenhard et al, 1987). On a casual date, the female is not well known as a person or personality. Therefore, if a rape occurs, it may be easier for a male to apply the double

.. 28 . I

not feel guilty « standard and rape myths to the situation and have found that or responsible afterwards. Other researchers relationships sexual aggression occurs more often in long-term & Borges, 1972). where men feel more entitled to sex (Weis one another, they support ., Although these findings contradict by acquaintances the fact that rape is committed more often than by strangers. behavior There is a continuum of sexually aggressive and threats to that ranges from persistent manipulation by Koss & Dinero physical force and· violence. In a study rape rated the offender as more (1988), victims of stranger ( scared than other aggressive and they reported being more offenders who were types of rape victims. They also found that to the body, strangers were more likely to employ" threats of weapons. In hitting and slapping, and possibly the use rapists who contrast to these findings, one study compared rapists who were were well known to their victims and that well known acquainted but not well known. It was found and the victims rapists were more likely to use a weapon 1989). Amir's experienced more physical injuries (Belknap, acquaintances study found that rape was the most violent with these rapists for and/or neighbors. The reasoning presented by they were being the rapes they committed was that they felt Although not "teased" by the victim (Freeman, 1984). existence of a conclusive, these findings support the is prevalent in continuum of sexually aggressive behavior that

-----~-- ' . ,l,:p 0,~.·~;------~~-~ ,,,

rape. rape One factor that may account for acquaintance is that the being less violent than the other types of rapes consented to offender might actually believe that the woman this does not having sexual intercourse with him. However, or "beginning mean that violence does not occur during "early" victims may date'' rape_. A rapist who is well known to their is a "safe use more violence because he feels the victim and even if victim'' since she will most likely not ~eport him, he raped her she did, it would be difficult for her to prove studies because of their present or previous relationship. coercion in have found that college students viewed sexual types of serious relationships as more acceptable than other Christopher, rape relationships (Pirog-Good & Burke, 1989; in which 1988) . Serious relationships are viewed as ones - to have partners are assumed to know each other well, be sexually expectations of each other, and possibly to of death and involved with each other. Eliminating the fear dangers of disfigurement that the public associates with the and stranger rape may lead to a discounting of the seriousness date. trauma of rape within a relationship or on a casual

IV. Effects on Victims

,.,..J .Like war victims and others who have experienced symptoms" of unusual trauma, rape vic,tims may experience the of rape it is p~~t-traumatic stress disorder. In situations

30 \

~hich is the sometimes referred to as rape trauma syndrome, physical damage that occurs to a woman who psychological and /" Some symptoms has been raped (Hyde, 1990; Pritchard, 1990). about include: sleep disturbance, loss of appetite, anxieties The emotional being alone, and a loss of concentration. depression, reactions immediately after the rape are severe invaded, and anxiety and fear; victims feel violated, particularly powerless. Many women also experience self-blame, reaction, in acquaintance rape situations. After the immediate the victim there is a long-term reorganization phase in which phase, the tries to get her life back in order. During this and may victim is still suffering psychological consequences also have problems with sexual functioning. injury Contrary to expectations, the amount of physical symptoms involved seems unrelated to the psychological victim sought or ~afterward.It seems that whether or not the factor of how received help after the rape is a determining successful the long the reorganization phase will last and how • this victim will be at recovering. Without treatment, years. reorganization phase can last up to several not get help. Unfortunately, many acquaintance rape victims do often they They not only fail to report it to the police but the incident don't tell anyone and attempt to deny or forget These themselves; this is called the silent rape reaction. often blame women are afraid to tell anyone because they them, due themselves and they don't think anyone will believe

31 acquaintance rapes. Furthermore, to the social myths about which of the rape events themselves, they may deny the reality reactions of the rape. will only prolong the psychological counselors advise victims Psychologists and rape-crisis her it helps the victim understand to talk about the attack; J / (Warshaw, helps her toward recovery post-rape reactions and often or victims of brutal rape 1988); Stranger rape victims with that will support them have friends and family victims of acquaintance rape sympathetic reactions; however, road to one, thereby blocking their are more likely to tell no recovery.

V. Treatment of Victims can be taken to help a There are several steps that medical a victim needs to obtain victim to recovery. First after needs to feel safe. Often assistance. Second, the victim it is feel comfortable alone and a rape, the victim does not needs to with her. The victim also important that someone stay the to confidants is to listen't't, be believed. The best advice and non-judgmental. Most victim's story, to be supportive, fault;/ the rape was somehow their rape victims will feel that Victims that they were not to blame. they need to be reassured system relatives, or a support need to have friends, hotline be encouraged to call a rape available. Victims should ready to go to but 'if they do not feel .,, or go to counseling, should be respected~ or the police, this position counseling "! ))I

,..-", ' • own decisions as it is very Victims need to make their that they regain a sense of important for their recovery and bodies. 3 control over their own lives

Literature VI.· Methodological Gap in the and rapists in most The classification of rape victims has been based on self-report of the acquaintance rape studies observations. The studies data rather than behavioral which may not always provide generally rely on questionnaires, the studies used the Sexual accurate data. Many of which has been found to be Experiences Survey by M. Koss, However, there are always reliable and valid (Koss, 1985). a questionnaire, such as: biases to consider when using the halo-effect, and incomplete randomization, self-selection, questionnaires.

VII. Theory Proposal thoroughly, I feel After researching this topic approach to the problem of that the most important theoretical college campuses is found in the acquaintance and date rape on gender'' as conceptualized by socialization theory of "doing • "Doing gender means creating West and Zimmerman (1987).

in. Hyde's book, Understanding 3 information was found This these steps to helping a rape Sexuality, which obtained Could Human (1987) "Friends raping friends: victim from Hughes & Sandler it happen to you?"

33 .;)

boys and women and men, differences between girls and essential, or biological. differences that are not natural, I of what one is ..•. it 1S Gender is not simply an aspect recurrently, in interaction something that one does, and does 1987, p .137) • Dianne Herman with others" (West & Zimmerman, . ' is a rape culture" (21). This (1984) states that "Our culture the traditional actions of statement is explained through in our society. Men and women "doing gender" as men and women to be dominant and women are are taught that men are supposed ' . • theoretical approach also supposed to be passive. This to rape such as: the explains those factors that contribute miscommunication,. peer pressure "double standard", rape myths, and sex as a commodity. support for equal Our society is providing increasing I confusion and even mixed rights for women but not without are socialized at home by a messages to children. Many people in which men are dominant and "traditional'' family model, from ''traditional" homes then women are submissive. Children in families where men and interact with peers who are raised parents work and share women are more equa 1, both . women from these traditional responsibilities. Many men and changing roles that women in households don't understand the Many women want equality and our society are going through. from traditional roles to are changing their ''gender roles" change is causing confusion and more egalitarian roles. This Some men may merely both sexes. I. misunderstanding of women by

34 feel change while others may be confused about this may lead to resentment, threatened. Fear and misunderstanding has been an escalation of violence anger, and violence. ''There ... a male backlash against feminism against females as part of of line in early modern Europe While women who stepped out are as rwi tches, today such women were tortured and killed to deserving whatever happens regarded as cunts or bitches, them'' (Caputi & Russell, 19.90,p.35). have been changing in our Although the roles,of women are still perceived as society, "normal" sexual relationships and domination. This is observed involving male aggression and through song lyrics, movies repeatedly in our media; i.e., United women growing up in the TV shows. I think men and of about women. Furthermore, many States today are misinformed as sex objects, which increases these media portray women a lack women as well as promoting confusion for both men and of respect for women. these images of male Young women may believe and women as sex objects are dominated sexual relationships and a low self-esteem personally normal. These women may have misinformation in women as a whole. This. lack of confidence ,. into to females placing themselves about women may contribute positions of vulnerability. they reinforce their As these men grow up, In about women with their peers. confused ideas and beliefs' where 'there is strong male situations like fraternities,

35 ... men ma.y grossly bonding and peer pressure present, these also interpret their misunderstand and devalue women. They may to their group confusion towards women as threatening may become a real cohesiveness, leading to hostility. ~omen in terms of threat to the male bonding process especially considered outsiders Janis' ''groupthink theory." Women are ~ •' these men who are subordinate· to group members. Furthermore, do not know how to may be so confused about women that they using alcohol as communicate with them. They find themselve·s attempt to converse a crutch to build their courage in their more peer pressure with women. Once alcohol is being consumed, and confusion occurs. is the In my opinion, this socialization process important factors foundation that creates the most the lack of respect contributing to date rape, which are: 1) · of women (i.e~, for women, 2) the misunderstanding etc.), 3) peer motivations, conversations, rape myths, alcohol consumption. pressure and conformity, and 4) excessive greater detail in the These four factors will be treated in results.

VIII. Methodology study of I employed an ethnographic approach in my was conducted by date rape. As an ethnographer, my research campus, ~alking closely observing men and women on a college with them in social to them informally, and participating

36 the been to accurately represent activities. The effort has a between men and women on process of social interaction college campus. I have predominantly Greek-affiliated how happens at fraternity parties, attempted to uncover what what between men and women, and social relations are conducted involved. those events mean to those during the 1991 spring This study was conducted Greek-affiliated university. semester at a predominantly for the a lot· of blame recently Fraternities have taken Instead of targeting the whole rampant problem of date rape. (date, the problem of campus rape Greek system as the root of at the problem from a new acquaintance, gang) , I looked I study phase of this project, perspective. During the pilot women students, that certain found out by talking to many to have more sexually aggressive fraternities are considered rape have a higher incidence of members and are rumored to that houses. I also discovered occurring there than at other ''safe" houses, where a woman women consider some fraternities that wants to and feel secure can· go and get drunk if she of her. This information these men would not take advantage likely acquaintance rape are more suggests that date rape and rather than others. This to occur at certain fraternities an all fraternities may provide further implies that, although date rape, it is the individuals environment conducive to that make date rape a involved in certain fraternities reality.

d\,., C ,;!.' (,,., 1: houses to observe based I selected several fraternity study titled approach of Floyd Hunter's on the reputational technique of {1953). The primary Community Power Structure community judges. the use of a panel of Hunter's approach "was and general impressions knowledge, experiences, The personal ..,., (Roach et the basic data •.• " of the judges provided Hunter with a individually provided al:1969:262). The judges community felt were the most powerful lis·t of those whom they· among Hunter discovered a consensus leaders. From these lists, leaders were. He most powerful community the judges on who the "' then studied those individuals. randomly of all ages were Forty women students and seniors) sophomores, juniors, selected (i.e., freshmen, sororities, groups ,(i.e.; different and from different living These as the panel of judges. and off-campus houses) dorms, some asked if they considered women students were individually members, and to more sexually aggressive fraternities to have compared to of rape occurring there have a higher incidence were at higher so, which fraternities other houses; and, if if there were students were then asked risk of rape. The women or where there '' considered safe houses, fraternities that they The women and, if so, which houses. was a low-risk of rape; of the names of fraternities students were not informed Of the • • • by other women. I' in either category previously mentioned consistently on campus, seven were thirty fraternities consistently houses and six were identified as · high-risk

38 ' fell on houses. The other fraternities identified as low-risk fraternities from high and low. Several a continuum between ''low-risk'' and several from the the "high-risk" category real names of for observations. No category were selected in this individuals will be mentioned fraternities or specific thesis. made at observations that were This study compares focused on the houses. Observations parties of the selected to men at open of men to men and women social interaction I observed on weekends. In particular, fraternity parties I feel contribute the four factors that behavior relevant to for women, 1) lack of respect the most to date rape; 4) excessive of women, 3) peer pressure, 2) misunderstanding alcohol usage. respect to how men .and women Observations made relating and women, behavior between men each other are: 1) aggressive bathroom, 3) the condition of the women's 2) the location and or costume, 5) the and theme, 4) dress party decor 1"

pledges and how fraternity treats their 4 feel that how the men would treat I reflection of how these treat other men is a beings; do they treat they respect for other human women. Do· they show them as equals or subordinates? 39

J' \F • ••,j,, C •- ' ' '

pressure I also looked for signs and effects of peer fraternities. and the importance of alcohol in these leadership in the Observations for this were: 1) types of 3) how they fraternities, 2) attitudes about getting drunk, consumed. handle drunken people, and 4) amount of alcohol to have. Fraternities on this campus are only allowed go to local parties on weekends, so during the week students university bars. The students' interactions in two popular in a non-Greek bars were observed to examine their behavior very popular with setting. One bar was selected because it is • . ' 1s very the · upperclass students. The other bar selected it does not popular with the underclass students, because drinking-age laws. strictly enforce Pennsylvania I ~n>Ciuding: Profiles of the fraternities were obtained, involvement 1n• the number of members, their G.P.A. 's, off campus, organizations on campus, and activities of disciplinary involvement in varsity athletics, and records public annual problems. This information was obtained from Offices and surveys conducted by the Dean of Students members. By occasionally from interviews with fraternity other differences creating profiles of the fraternities, \ the low-risk of between the high-risk of rape fraternities and rape fraternities were determined. Informal interviews with men from all the fraternities . ·',i and volunteer observed, women who attended those parties, The informal ••self-identified'' rape ··victims were conducted.

/\, r " open-ended interviews were unstructured and included, on this campus questions about male and female relationships nature of and attitudes about date rape. Due to the sensitive individual being the topic, questions were keyed to the level. interviewed and to the individual's comfort male/female Interviews included discussions of opinion is about relationships in general, such as: what their to be the most the social life on campus; what they consider system; who they positive\abd negative aspects of :the Greek why; what their admire (respect) on their campus and definition of definition of a "hook-up" is; and what their questions about rape is. As appropriate, I asked some specific sex and same their experiences with members of the opposite are involved with sex on their campus, such as: whether they how they met that someone on their campus or another campus; been involved in person; whether they believe they have ever were; what they a rape situation and what the circumstances th,eir own sex on like and dislike about the opposite sex and and social situations that make them their campus; ., provided with a uncomfortable. All subjects interviewed were the fallowing list of community resources that deal with diseases, and issues:• rape, sexual violence, venereal alcoholism. the Men of all ages from many fraternities (including These men ones observed) and independent men were interviewed. told about the were approached on campus or by phone and

41 to if they would be willing study. They were then asked relationships on this campus discuss the topic of male/female not informed them that they were and answer a few questions. I the study or answer any questions obligated to participate in also informed that their names they did not want to. They were would be kept completely and their fraternities names ages and from different living confidential. Women of all that had parties with the groups (including sororities same selected and interviewed the fraternities observed) were nature of this study, a signed way. Due to the sensitive because it would link informed consent form was inappropriate and the principle risk involved the subjects to the research, by a harm that could be caused with this research is the The "volunteer, self-identified breach of confidentiality. are female students who rape victims" that were interviewed I or their experiences of rape have approached me about provided information on a attempted rape5 • These interviews date rape. more specific level concerning in the manner of an By conducting my research and when date rape could occur ethnographer, I looked at how and female behavior in social by actually observing male

the Human Sexuality course on 5 a Teaching Assistant in is I was and the topic of date rape campus for three semesters to me about this female students come to talk discussed. I have had many had already obtained on this campus. Most of them their experiences them with campus and community but in some cases I provided in touch help Many of them I am still am resources and phone numbers. to be subjects in my and those are the ones who volunteered with· ~ interviews. 42 This Greek-affiliated university. settings at a predominantly date rape. As stated on the incidence of study did not focus was to observe discriminate the purpo~e of this study earlier, and ;, reasons for speculate as to the patterns of behavior, these data and to derive from effects of these patterns, policy on this campus. suggestions for social

IX. Results Fraternities A. Profiles of the high-risk and low-risk Profiles of reputed I selected to the several houses that fraternities (including through from information obtained observe) were constructed of students' conducted by the Dean public annual surveys literature. The other public campus Offices and from included: the number on the fraternities information available of disciplinary their G. P.A. 's, record of members and pledges, extent of their fraternity house damage, problems, amount of sports, their sports and varsity involvement in intramural programs. participation in I.C.A.R.E. philanthropy, and their and descriptions numbers, statistics, In these profiles exact a p~rticular. that no one can identify can not be used, so fraternity. · in all the number of pledges For the 1990-1991 year, but ~any houses were fairly equal, the high-risk and low-risk than the low-risk • had more ''brothers'' of the high-risk houses high-risk , I observed~ the houses. Of the fraternities

43 I ..., ,. .. , .

fraternities had more pledges and more members than the low risk houses. Of 30 fraternities on campus, there were slightly more low-risk than high-risk fraternities ran~~d in the top 10 fraternity Grade Point Averages for the 1990 year. However, the G.P.A. differences were too small to be significant. Of the fraternities observed, the highest and lowest G.P.A.'s were both in the high-risk category. These figures do not include pledges' Grade Point Averages. However, pledges' G.P.A. 's were calculated'separately, and overall, the low-risk houses had pledge classes with higher G.P.A. 's than the high risk fraternities. In regard to disciplinary problems, I looked at records from the past three years. The high-risk fraternities had slightly more incidents reported than the low-risk fraternities. The main difference between the two categories of houses was in the type of incidents reported. Unfortunately, to protect confidentiality I cannot be specific

~ about these incidents, so the descriptions must be very general. Both high-risk and low-risk houses had their share of social policy violations, such as; underage drinkers, kegs at unregistered parties, and failure to check !D's. However, the high-risk fraternities were more likely to have other incidents reported as well, such as; verbal and or physical offenses against another person, irresponsible drinking behavior, and physical damage'to campus property.

44 t

At the end of every semester the fraternity houses owned by the university are inspected for property damage. {There are two fraternities that are owned by their national chapters not by the university.) According to the 1990 report ... on house damages, the high-risk houses in general had a lot

. . more damage reported than the low-risk fraternities. From 1990-1991 data on Scoring Points for Intramural Sports, I found that of the houses I observed the low-risk fraternities had more points than the high-risk houses. Points • are earned for competing and winning different sporting events during the year. I discovered that the high-risk houses had significantly more varsity athletes in_their membership than the low-risk houses. The fact that most varsity athletes do not have the time o·r eligibility to compete in intramural sports could explain the point differences. Most fraternities have a national and/or local philanthropy for which they raise money by sponsoring a fund raising activity. Fraternity members on campus were asked about their house's philanthropies, including members of the fraternities I observed. Many members of the high-risk fraternities didn't even know their philanthropy, or they'knew the national one but weren't aware of any fund raising that they actually did for them. In the low-risk fraternities I found the same problem with some members. However, I also found informed members who knew their philanthropy (which, in most low-risk houses, were medical charities and

45 organizations). was about the The last piece of information gathered I. C .A. R. E. is the attendance at I. C. A. R. E. presentations. and awareness organization on campus that promotes education two years, there have about rape and date rape. In the past and sororities been several programs presented to fraternities that have on a volunteer basis. Almost all, of the fraternities in the low-risk participated in ·I.C.A.R.E. were classified category. ' the high- From these profiles, it is suggested that aggressive as risk houses have members-who are more physically house damage totals, indicated by their disciplinary records, It also appears and their participation in varsity sports. and community that they are not interested in the charity from their lack of service aspect of Greek life judging • their chapters' participation 1n or knowledge of from their larger philanthropies. It can also be inferred more popular, memberships that these houses might be slightly dominant. The last or their presence on campus might be more these two types of inference made that discriminates between that rape is a houses is that the low-risk houses realize The fact that·the problem, whereas high-risk houses do not. willing to face the members of the low-risk houses are more at I.C.A.R.E. issue of rape and discuss it with a sorority these men are more presentations gives me the impression that in high-risk houses. · mature and responsible than those fJ

46 B. Observations and Interviews This section of my study is qualitative. In it I am attempting to understand the meaning of sociable behavior between the sexes on this campus. I observed males and females behavior at several reputed high-risk and low-risk houses during fraternity parties on weekends and at local bars during

the week over a period of 10 weeks. In regard to the contributing factors of date rape: 1) lack of respect for

women, 2) misunderstanding and mtscommunication of the sexes,

. ' 3) peer pressure/conformity, and 4) excessive alcohol consumption, I discovered significant differences in the behavior Qf both men and women within the various settings. Although the behavior of the students differed in different settings, through my interviews, I discovered similar patterns of attitudes and opinions among the men and women of all ages and from different living groups, regardless of whether they were a member of a reputed high or low-risk house or a non greek.

1. Basis of Relationships Between the Genders A. Environment The whole social scene at Lehigh evolves around the Greek System and what is called "The Hill" on this campus. This is where most of the fraternities are located and the " . parties are held. According.-"', to senior and junior men and women, during the week very little interaction between ·the sexes occurs because the living arrangements are so

V ''· 't',;;, 47 ,:L

"I or in the segregated. People see one another in classes isn't a popular spot where students library but there really " local bars do men just hang out on campus. Only at some of the and women interact socially during the week. so their Most of the freshmen live in co-ed dorms response from percep~ion of Lehigh is much different. A common both male and female freshmen was: is a great place to really get to know Lehigh all opposite sex; there is so much interaction the man) day and night with one another. (freshman live All of my good friends here (men and women) hall. We spend a lot of time on the guys' down the do floor and vice-versa. We watch T.V. together, laundry, etc. I think Lehigh provides a homework, woman) good environment to meet people. (freshman

6 me that when they However, the upperclass students informed was a wonderful were freshmen they, too, thought that Lehigh now talk about place to meet members of the opposite sex. Many interaction of the how disappointed they are with the social sexes. environment is horrible and so unhealthy This interactions for good male and female relationships and so segregated and male dominated. You to occur. It is a united front against the individual. Being have the army behind member of the Greek system you have a whole which can be and is very intimidating to outsiders you men not in which include· all the women and the other is our party, with our rules, and our your house. It come are allowing these women and other men to beer. We domain. to our party. Men can feel superior in their (Greek senior man)

is used to ref er to 6 In this paper, the term upperclass term underclass is used students who are juniors and seniors. The in reference to freshmen and sophomore students. 48 < ......

How can anyone expect the "Hill'' to be a . positive environment to get to know people? The hill was created merely for the males' pleasure of drinking beer and getting laid. I know the males' response to this comment will be "well then don't come up here", but unfortunately, this college has not created a place for the rest of the students to socialize yet. The women are victims of circumstances. If there was another place to go where the men weren't in charge of everything and we were all treated equal, that is where the women would be. However, in order for any place to compete with the fraternity parties it has to provide the students with al~ohol, that is just how college aged students in the United States are. {Greek senior woman)

Lehigh is the worst possible place to date and meet women. I think this is directly attributed to the Greek system and the segregation of the sexes. I have many great male friendships I will be leaving here with, but I can't say the same thing about female friendships, and that's sad. (Greek senior man) The hill is good for meeting acquaintances but almost impossible to really get to know anyone. '· The environment is so superficial, probably because there are so many social cliques due to the Greek system. Also the music is too loud, and the people are too drunk, to attempt to have a real conversation anyway. (independent junior woman) It is a shame there are no social activities planned during the week. People put too much emphasis on the weekends and they bottle up all their energy and then go crazy and drink too much. Then they are too drunk and can't interact with the opposite sex. (freshman woman)

There is not much to do on this campus or in Bethlehem. I at least have a car and can go on dates. Freshmen aren't allowed to have cars so all that is offered to them is the Hill and the hook-up scene. (senior independent man)

This last statement I found-to be a very common complaint by all students of all ages.

49 -

B. Hook-ups and Relationships To understand the Lehigh environment regarding relations ,. J the term between the sexes on this campus, one must define term that is "hook-up." This · is a very loosely-applied overused and misunderstood by both sexes. After interviewing living many men and women of all ages and from different hook-up groups, I have come up with a description of the phenomenon. The typical man's perception of a hook-up is: what girl who happens when you are really drunk and meet up with a care you sort of know, or possibly don't know at all and don't as about. You go home with her with the intention of getting can much sexual physical pleasure as she'll give you, which any range anywhere from ki·ssing to intercourse, without a man strings attached. The exception to this rule is when limit hooks-up with a woman he actually likes; then he will in the the sexual activity because he wants to respect her female morning, and he wants her to respect him. As one with a freshman said "I don't know one guy who would sleep girl the first night and then want her to be his girlfriend.'' The typical woman's version of what constitutes a hook-up hook-up is very similar, except that she will rarely usually with men she does not care about, and her definition petting but not intercourse. The involves kissing and minimum ·~ " are women are more likely to go in '.search of men they This interested in, and then to try hooking-up with them.

50 however, leaves many of them disappointed because often they wanted something more from the experience, like a longer-term relationship. However, during their freshmen year, most women come to realize that hook-ups are usually one night stands with no strings attached, and they will often continue this pattern of sociability since nothing else is offered to them. One freshman woman said "it was fun in the beginning; you get a lot of attention and kiss a lot of boys and think this is what college is about, but it gets tiresome fast," "Dating'' appears to have been replaced by "hooking up", which is very convenient for the men. They no longer have / to call up the girl to ask her out, foot the bill for a nice dinner, or take the risk of rejection. Instead,. they merely say "Why don't you come up to my house tonight? We are having a party." After men have hooked up with persons they may have actually liked, they might call the person up and ask them on a date. This may eventually lead to a relationship. However, as one freshman female told me: Seventy perc~t of hook-ups never talk again and try to avoid one another, 26% may actualiy hear from them or talk to them again, and 4% may actually go on a date, which can lead to a relationship.

\;, One male junior told me about "the three rule hooJc-up" which is that if you hook-up with the same person three times or more she becomes your girlfriend in the brothers' eyes.

,, People on this campus do seem to be confused at to what the opposite sex really wants in relationships.

( (,, n, ' ,,... U./ - ,- , The women here bitch and complain about not having relationships on this campus but then I see them hooking-up all the time. I think neither males or females are really interested in relationships they are both satisfied with merely hooking-up. (freshman male) / This seems to be a common opinion of the underclass males.

No one wants relationships on this campus because yo·u don't have time for them. They would interfere with school work and take away from pledging. (freshman Male) However, upperclass males have a ~ifferent opinion of this as do most of the women on this campus. The generalization that emerges from my interviews, is that women would like a relationship, even as freshmen, and they get tired of the hookup scene but don't see any alternatives. One female freshman said, "We might as well accept the hook-up attitude here at Lehigh and try to have fun since finding a boyfriend here is close to impossible.'' By contrast, the men don't seem to get tired of the hook-up scene until they are juniors and seniors. Then when they become upperclass students they start looking for relationships. The whole game of hooking-up became ~eally meaningless and tiresome for me during my second semester of my sophomore year but most of my friends didn't get bored of it till the following year. (Greek senior man)

Some hook-ups do evolve into relationships. It may be that females keep trying to hook-up in order to achieve that goal. In fact, several people I talked to who are involved with relationships met their boyfriend or girlfriend

52 from a hook-up first. Other relationships started through studying together for a class, being asked to a formal, or living in the same dorm. Most of the people I talked to who are presently in a relationship on this campus were either freshmen or seniors. The freshmen who were in relationships on this campus thought they were exceptional compared to their

friends, who were active in the hook-up scene. The seniors had many friends who were also involved in relationships. Based on

\ my interviews and observations, relationships are not considered the norm on this campus, although they do occur. Relationships usually involve "steady" partners who

are monogamous. These relationships are also referred to as

boyfriend/girlfriend relationships. Some type of commitment is expected, but most people do not get involved with the • expectation of marriage. The term "seeing each other'' is applied to two people who are sexually involved with one another, but are not exclusive and may date other people. This

type of relationship involves a lesser commitment than a boyfriend/ girlfriend relationship, but it is not considered a hook-up either.

2. Interaction of the sexes at Various settings A. Observations at Fraternity Parties During my observations at diff·erent fraternity pa.rties

and local b~rs, there was a visible difference in the quality of the interaction of men and women at high-risk partie.s, as compared to low-risk parties and bars. At the low-risk

--- . ~ ---·--·-·------~ -- (

fraternities, the atmosphere seemed a lot more friendly with more healthy interaction between the sexes than at the high risk houses. The ratio of men to women was always pretty equal at during these parties. From my notes at a low-risk party 10:00 p.m.: There was an equal number of men and women present. A lot of dancing was taking place with both sexes and in groups of people not just couples. (Although there was a large percentage of couples dancing.-and kissing, which one brother told me was normal behavior here, since there are so many girlfriends in this house). There were many conversations in co-ed groups. They seemed comfortable interacting with one another. a Fieldnotes at another low-risk fraternity at 11:30 pm. on different night: Ratio was pretty much equal between males and females. The party wasn't very crowded, maybe because it wasn't with a sorority. The people present seemed to know one another well. Seemed like a very comfortable, friendly atmosphere. Lots of dancing and talking between the sexes and minimal drinking occurred. There were many visible couples dancing and kissing. I did not hear any cursing or yelling, even if people were pushed around everyone was very apologetic.

Fieldnotes at another low-risk fraternity at 11:00 pm.: Lots of people dancing. I overheard some girl say that she always comes here to dance. This must be part of the fraternity's reputation, because every time I've been here the dance floor is packed. The atmosphere is very friendly and becoming sort of flirtatious. Everyone seems to be in good spirits, and getting along well (lots of smiles and laughs, but limited conversations; this might be because the music is so loud, it is difficult to hear yourself speak). At the high-risk parties, it was more common to see either more men present or more women present. The parties were often sex-segregated with the men on one side of the room 54

·,\ 'J\ not as and the women on the other side. The atmosphere was was not friendly and seemed almost threatening at times. There low-risk much interaction between the sexes as compared to the a high-risk party starting at houses. Fieldnotes from (, /" 10:00 p.m.: There were more men present than women. Most of the men were in the bar room drinking. The women were hanging out near the dance floor, but there was no dancing at all at this time. There was hardly any interacting between the men and women aside from greetings. By 11:00 more women arrived but the men still outnumbered them. There was some dancing by mostly women. There seemed to be a lot of hostility between the men. There was a lot of touching, pushing, profanity and name calling. The women contributed to the unfriendly atmosphere, they too were cursing a lot, especially noted in the women's bathroom. There was not much smiling or laughing, both sexes were very self-conscious and extremely aware of the other's presence. By 12:00, there was still not much dancing occurring but there were more people present in the bar room. Still not much interaction between the sexes with the exception of a few one-on-one conversations between a man and woman, which appeared to be strictly flirtatious and not merely a friendly chat (lots of eye contact, touching and very close talking). There were no co-ed group conversations. Also noted many of the same women from the low-risk party the night before. At another high-risk party 10:30 p.m.: Mostly men present. Not much group conversation occurring but many one on one conversations happening. The atmosphere here seems more hostile and threatening within the sexes and between the sexes. I think this mig~t be attributed to the very large and very drunk men -present here. There seemed to be a lot of p~shing, and one fight broke out but was settled quickly. Observations at a high-risk party, 10:00 p.m.: There were more women present than men. Most of the women were dancing and the men were in the bar room. There were some male and female co-ed groups talking, but most conversations were either same sex groups or one-on-one man to woman. " 55 -

was very (riendly, possibly too The atmosphere of the friendly. Lots of eye contact and awareness way, not hostile. ~ opposite sex in a very sexual more men arrived and both sexes were By 11:00, dancing dancing, lots of "dirty dancing" - {close of pelvic thrusts) was occurring. The with lots market" - atmosphere began to feel more like a ''meat women as sex objects). It felt as ~ (treating the with the men were trying to undress the women though lines'' - their eyes. I overheard a lot of "pick-up to get a woman's attention), such as: (quotes men use let's your sign; want to see my fish tank; and what's hear what go upstairs so that we can talk, I can't you're saying in here. 11:30 p.m.: Fieldnotes from another high-risk house, ratio was more women to men. The there There was not much dancing going on but of drinking. There were one or two, co-ed was a lot out conversations, but most people were hanging sex group. The atmosphere seemed very sexual. in a same of were many blatant and subtle movements There contact, interest between the sexes, such as; eye dancing, pickup lines, and later in the dirty The dancing evening some kissing on the dance floor. around 12:00 and more men arrived. The picked up beers atmosphere also became more rowdy, throwing and lots of pushing. party that I did have the opportunity to observe a with a high-risk was held at a low-risk fraternity jointly of the typical fraternity. The party took on the atmosphere that in certain high-risk fraternity party. This suggests group's norms. situations one group will conform to another They were more men present than women. good. Hardly There was a band playing that was very dancing at 11:00. Most people were listening anyone fight broke to the music and drinking. At 12:00, a a very large man and two other guys. out between physical. The atmosphere became more aggressive and women showed up and more people were Some more taking. dancing. But they were some men that were dance floor by slamming into everyone else over the interaction. dancing. Didn't observe much male/female of man to man ''musclehead behavior'' - Observed lots drinking (this is when men get very aggressive after 56

• /1 too much. They think with their muscles instead of their brains). B. Observations in Local Bars In comparison to the fraternities, the behavior of the, students at the local bars was more like the typical male/female interaction at the low-risk houses, and possibly even more positive. At the bars, the men from both the low risk fraternities and the high-risk fraternities behaved very civilly and socially toward the women. There was a lot more interaction among the sexes and mostly co-ed conversations were observed. The following fieldnotes are from a Thursday night, but the scene is very typical of the average night at this bar, which serves mostly upperclass students: The place was pretty crowded at 10:00, booths were all occupied by co-ed groups of students except for two of them - one was all women and the other was all men. The ratio of men to women was fairly equal. The atmosphere was very friendly; people were laughing and smiling, and very polite to one another. A lot of small talk was occurring, but it seemed genuine and people seemed interested to talk to one another. The atmosphere is so much more conducive to conversation. First of all you can hear one another, the music is played moderately. Secondly there are tables and chaJrs so you can sit down, be comfortable and actu~lly have a good conversation. This is extremely different than the atmosphere of fraternities, where there is nowhere to sit and it is impossible to hear anyone talk. I saw a lot of faces here from many of the fraternity parties that I have observed. 11:00, atmosphere still relaxed and friendly. I overheard and participated in real conversations about the war, and about AIDS. This would be very rare to observe on the Hill. People don't seem to have real conversations at fraternity parties; too difficult to follow, with so much noise and drinking. Many people are dancing in another room of the bar. Didn't observe any blatant sexual gestures or pickup lines. By 12:30, did observe more one-on-one conversations between men and women. Most people left the bar in groups of either same-sex

57 ., • friends or in co-ed groups." This bar also has live entertainment every night of the week so it is very popular, because it offers something different than the fraternity parties. Some nights it is not as crowded as others but overall the atmosphere is very friendly, relaxed and conducive to hanging out and interacting positively with the opposite sex. The other bar I observed is not as popular with the upperclass students and it is a lot smaller, so it doesn't get as crowded. The atmosphere is also more mellow, and relaxed. People can hang out and have good conversations. Occasionally, it gets,, packed and the environment becomes more like a fraternity party. You can't hear one another and there is no where to sit and talk because the place is too small. From my fieldnotes on a Tuesday night 10:30: The bar room is fairly empty with the exception of two girls and a guy hanging out at the bar. The other small room attached has about seven guys and four girls sitting at tables together talking and drinking. The atmosphere was real mellow and relaxed. The people present seemed to be enjoying themselves. 11:30: A Thursday night at the same bar, ,: Place isn't too crowded. There are several women hanging out in the bar room and many men in the other room. Pretty segregated, some friendly greietings exchanged between the sexes but no conversations. All of a sudden lots of people start arriving. Someone informed me that an off-campus party around the corner just kicke.a the keg, so that is .where these people are coming from. Many visibly drunk people. The ratio of men to women seemed pretty equal. A lot of flirting and interaction between the sexes, mostly small talk. There is no room to dance at this bar, most people are standing and it is difficult to maintain a conversation because it is too loud, 58

... and too crowded. It seemed like the few people who were actually engaged in conversations were those sitting at the bar. Many underage people at this bar too. It is difficult to decide if the maturity of the individuals contribute to the lack of male and female interactions or if it is due to the conditions surrounding the environment, i.e., there is no room in this bar to sit down and talk, just like the fraternity parties.

These results, comparing the bars to the fraternities, have interesting implications for improving the male/female interactions, and the atmosphere and environment at fraternity parties and on campus. I will address these implications in my suggestions section (p.114).

3. Behavior and Orientation Toward the Opposite Sex During my interviews, I obtained similar answers and opinions in response to questions about the women and the social scene at Lehigh from men in both low-risk houses and high-risk houses. I was surprised, since my observations of the actual behavior at parties in the two types of houses were so different. Perhaps this is partly accounted for by one major difference between the houses that was discovered in the interviews: that it was more common and respected for the brothers to have steady girlfriends in the low-risk houses than in the high-risk houses. One man in a low-risk house told h me that about 70% of the members of his house are involved in relationships, including the sophomores. A brother from a high-risk house told me that it was a rarity to have a ·girlfriend in his house; there are some, but it is definitely 59 ,, I •

that the men not common. From this it can perhaps be assumed hook-up scene as at low-risk houses do not participate in the in turn, be one much as men at high-risk houses. This could, as low-risk big reason that these houses are classified is discussed houses. (The classification of the fraternities in the Conclusion, p.102). The fact that they do share many views and attitudes campus, and date about the Greek system, the women on this appear to be rape, makes the men in the two types of houses In fact, the more similar than originally predicted. • (and resulting difference in these mens' behavior due to differing classification of these houses) may not be to conform to attitudes or values but, rather, to the pressure to a situational their own fraternities' norms. This points their behavior. rather than dispositional interpretation of A. Definition of Rape and Actual Incidents with low One difference I found from the interviews members was risk fraternity members and high-risk fraternity rape. The low-risk in regard to awareness of the issue of date seen an I.C.A.R.E. fraternities' members were more apt to have of rape presentation and to know what the legal definition I / members. However, was, compared to the high-risk fraternities' - misunderstandings they all shared the same misconceptions and concerning date rape. of rape The typical response to the mens' definition forces himself was ''when a guy jumps out of the bushes and

60 sexually onto a girl.'' When asked what date rape was, the , most common answer was, "when one person has sex with another person who did not consent. " However, I did receive• some responses such as; "date rape is when a woman wakes up the next morning and regrets having sex. '' Also, many men thought that date rape was too gray to define, "consent is a fine line'' said a male Greek senior. Whether they were aware of the legal definition or not, most men had problems with the fact that drunk people are not able to consent to sex, especially when it was suggested that the hook-up that went too far with a drunken woman was rape. A Greek junior said, "Men should not be responsible for women's drunkenness." A freshman male stated "I don't think it is fair that the guy gets blamed when both people involved are drunk. 11 One freshman male said, 11 if that is the legal defini;t..ion of rape, then it happens all the time at Lehigh." I also encountered a lot of defensive behavior when I asked whether date rape occurs at Lehigh. One Greek sophomore man said,"! think it is ridiculous that someone at

Lehigh would rape someone. 11 A freshman male stated ''I have a problem with the word rape. It s6unds so criminal, and we are not criminals, we are sane people." Another senior man said, '''I don't care whether alcohol is involved or not, that is not rape. Rapists are people that have something seriously wrong with them.'' Another freshman said, ''Girl's get so drunk here and then come on to us. What are we suppose to do? We are only

61 .) human!'' I be objective on this topic since It is hard to It is and am defined as the perpetrator. am a man I know has been difficult to relate to. No one ~lso of. (Greek senior man) raped, at least that I am aware the myth that physical I also found many men believing \ the scenario in order for the resistance has to be a part of situation to be classified as rape. resist, that is she says ''no'' but then doesn't If she wasn't sure but definitely not rape. That means convincing. I think a lot of women just needed some be, but to be as promiscuous as men can would like (senior Greek man) they have to watch their reputations. promiscuity is addressed This confusion regarding the women's in the conformity section (pg.83). Some men were a lot Not all men responded this way. \ more objective. a religious, kind, acceptable and I consider myself influence of responsible person. But under the morally personality comes out. alcohol an animalistic side of my ever raping a girl, but I can I can't imagine myself sexually. pressing a girl to get what I want see myself that situation can only imagine what happens in Now, I from ones' you have the pressure to score when (Senior independent man) fraternity brothers behind you. \ rape, at the legal definition of date When you look at Lehigh, it probably happens every weekend I think rape. When you consider but people don't classify it as of a date rape - guy and girl the typical scenario goes too girl says "no", guy continues and together, too. But people won't far, that probably happens a lot about it because they are either report it or talk for it. or feel like they were responsible ashamed (senior Greek man)

incidents that they had heard A few men told me about specific have classified as rape but about, which they personally would one freshman male's words: the people involved didn"• t. In 62 \. i,'-"

This guy on my hall was hooking up with this girl, who is also a freshman. It was just a random hook-up, they really didn't know one another. Anyway, one thing led to another and they had sex. He said she didn't say yes but she didn't say no either. They were both very drunk. The next day she had to go to the hospital because she was bleeding a lot. She isn't reporting it. But he must have used a lot of force to make her bleed like that.

With the exception of the bleeding, this was the typical scenario that I heard from many women, too. Most women were more aware of and agreed with the legal definition of rape and the issue of date rape. One freshman woman told me "if a girl is drunk and the guy knows it and the girl says 'yes I want to have sex' and they do, that is still rape, because the girl can't make a conscious, rational decision under the influence of alcohol.'' The following are some of the stories of rape victims on this campus that I heard from women: My friend was really drunk and was hanging out with a male friend of ours who lives in our dorm. He has a bad reputation with girls, but she trusted him, since they were just friends, not romantic. Next morning she wakes up nude in a coom she doesn't kn6w and doesn't remember anything. During_ the day she had some flashbacks, and decided to go to the hospital and get checked out. She had been penetrated and sperm was found. She didn't report it because she didn't want her parents to find out. But some of us confronted him. He said "she was leading me on all night and then when I tried to fool around with her she wasn't really responding so I was frustrated and had sex with her anyway. I don't see what the big deal is, I did it to someone else the other weekend and she didn't complain. I thought that this was what college is about. (Greek freshwoman) I was at this fraternity that I've been going to since I was a freshmen. I have a lot of friends there. In fact, I eat dinner and do my homework there _,r 63

... ~ dating a lot, so I feel very comfortable there. I was there the end of my freshmen year but it a brother out, didn't work out. Last year I was up there hanging had been drinking a lot. Before I knew it I and we had was in my old boyfriend's room with him, and we started kissing. He then started getting more physical is a really big guy. He didn't listen to me and and he all he raped me. I still go up to the house because are there. But if he is in the room I have my friends brothers to leave. I can't even look at him. Some of the the incident and they are disgusted with\him know about with. too. He is very untypical of this house to begin Sometimes I get really upset that I didn't report when I hear reports about rape being so him. Especially like underreported. I always thought that if something happened to me I would definitely report it. But that didn't when it did, I was too scared to report it. I would believe me, since I used to date think anyone I him and I was drunk. I don't blame myself. However, will never get drunk again because I think I could have prevented it, but I am not to blame. (independent junior)

I have two friends that were raped. Neither one defines of them reported it, actually only one of them incident as rape. In both cases, they had been· the had drinking a lot and had hooked-up with guys they They really didn't know these guys; they crushes on. cute. just had seen them on campus and thought they were was really excited about this guy and My one friend her was so flattered that he was paying attention to was not thinking rationally, especially with that she back all the alcohol she had been drinking. She went and consented to fooling around but then to his house who said no to sex, and he continued.,This is the one she was raped. She blames it on herself. doesn't think him He never called her or anything, but when she sees smiles and says hello. So obviously he doesn't he always more think he did anything wrong. The other friend was forced. The guy then apologized later and physically to gave her some stupid line about not being able himself because he is so attracted to her. She control and believes she was raped but also blames herself hasn't done anything about it. {Greek sophomore) was hanging out at this fraternity that I go I think to a lot. There is this upperclassman guy who I is really cute, we always say hello to one another. was hanging out with me a lot and getting This night he I me drinks. I wasn't really drinking though, because so good earlier. Later there was about wasn't feeling music. five of us hanging out in his room listening to 64 Eventually everyone left except me. We then started kissing and fooling around. I told him that I didn't want to sleep with him because I don't know him well enough. I told him this from the start so that he wouldn't have to guess me later. He said, ''don't worry I wouldn't take advantage of you, I respect you too much." After awhile, he then said, "I want to make love to you so bad, don •t you want me too?'' I said, ''No, I'm not ready." He then f creed himself on me. I just froze, I was so shocked and scared. When he was done I put my clothes on and ran home. I don't even remember how I ran. I went to the hospital and got the tests done. I reported it to the dean but I didn't report it to the police. (freshman woman) Other victims' stories were all very similar to the ones above. Most women said they were afraid to report it. Much of that fear was based on an expectation that no one would believe them, or that they would have to tell their parents and friends about it. One freshwoman victim said: I was so drunk that I had sex and didn't even remember it. Maybe I said yes and even encouraged it, I don't know. I really regret it happened and that there is a possibility that I could have gotten pregnant or caught some diseases, but who is going to believe me that I was raped? I'd rather deal with the anguish myself than have my parents and friends have to suffer for it.

B. Lack of respect for women In my interviews, I also found out that most mens' (high-risk, low-risk and non-Greek) opinion of the women on this campus is that they are "nice, friendly, not the best looking women, and many have a superior attitude because they • can be selective since there are more men.'' There 1S a stereotype of the unattractive, fat women of Lehigh. It seems to be almost a sport here among the fraternity members, and even non-Greeks, to take a fat, unattractive woman home. They

65 most men about it a lot, although call it "hogging'' and talk most it rarely occurs because I talked to said, in fact, can. Some best looking girls they people try to get the up with to the person who hooks fraternities give qut awards a but this is not considered the most unattractive woman, won because I am told it is usually prestigious award, and on." At one high-risk fraternity "the guy had his beer goggles the · worst say to another "I 've got I overheard one brother of these don't let me pick up any beer g~ggles on right now, goggles" to our formal, O.K.?" "Beer fat ugly chicks to take women are situations when men and/or is a term that refers to sex to someone of the opposite so drunk they are attracted sober. good looking if they were whom they would not consider men if the women at Lehigh When I directly asked the I received the most common response were treated with respect, yes, but was "On an individual basis, from all men of all ages male's men together, no." A freshman when you have a group of "They are women are treated was that perception of how Lehigh closed to their faces, but behind treated with more respect is not present, respect for women doors, with a group of males college stated that "in general, an issue." One senior man 90% their age with respect because aged men don't treat women sex.'' This as merely a means to of them think of women to by some of the women's answers response was also confirmed are more woman stated, "Men here this question. One freshman they are in and drinking beer than interested in hooking up

,. woman stated getting to know women as real people. '' Another female said, that ''men here use and abuse women." A freshman for the men to "I think some girls here make it difficult that the double respect the women as a whole. " I found As one male Greek standard is very strong on this campus. sluts and get bad senior stated, "Women who sleep around are get a pat on the reputations. Men who do are champions, and back from their brothers." at Lehigh Most women's response to whether the women similar to the are treated with respect by the men was very individually, but men's: that women are treated with respect as a group they are not treated with respect. was a My observations, however, revealed that there and low noticeable difference at the high-risk fraternities women. The high- risk fraternities in their behavior toward -1-···-, to respect the risk fraternities definitely did not appear treated the women women, whereas the low-risk fraternities with respect. fraternity One of the first observations I made at any women's bathroom. party was the location and condition of the From my fieldnotes at a high-risk fraternity: bathroom was the most disgusting The women's was have ever seen. It was only 10:00 and there room I and in the no toilet paper, there was vomit in the sink so bad, I couldn't believe they toilet. It smelled to women students would actually be able to go , thought the fraternity the bathroom in there. I told a brother in mess in the women's bathroom and he.replied about the ·leave so ''Good, maybe some of these beer wenches will there will be more beer for us.''

67 fraternity: Observations at another high-risk.. was only The women's bathroom was dirty, there because the other one was clogged. one toilet working toilet paper was clogged too and there was no The sink of the party. present. This was at 10:00, the start of the women's Here are notes from the observations bathrooms at a few low-risk fraternities: and well 10:00, the bathroom was very clean At Overall, the whole supplied with toilet paper and soap. house was very clean. this house ought to be mapped The bathrooms in high be very nervous if this was a reputed out. I would a tour of the house risk house, because you have to take hallways and stairwells to find the through isolated clean and When I finally found it, it was very bathroom. night. well supplied and it was 11:30 at ? freshman who was a Through an interview with a female that the location of victim of an attempted rape, I realized advantage of females. She the bathrooms can be used to take fraternity that happened to had been dancing and drinking at a In her own words: be classified as a high-risk house. this really cute guy who had been There was was a and getting me drinks all night. He dancing the dance floor when brother at this house. We were on I had to go to the bathroom. He told I told him that upstairs show me where it was. He took me me he would When I came and brought me to this small bathroom. he pushed me into this other room out of the bathroom speak. kissing me hard so that I couldn't and started of me. I began to He then started ripping my shirt off and begged him not to rape cry and shake violently bitch" then said to me "don't flatter yourself me. He door. and he left the room and slammed the at the fraternities Another kind of observation I made respect each other was by to determine whether men and women between the men and between the amount of aggressive behavior fraternities that I the men and women. At the high-risk 68 L•r

·<' more physical touching among observed, there was definitely actually seemed more both men and women. The atmosphere houses. There was a lot of hostile than at the low-risk name-calling used by both men pushing, shoving, profanity and up you pussy', and 'you're an and women. From my notes: "Shut I also observed two asshole', were two very common phrases." houses over the duration fights occur at different high-risk observe any fights at the low of my research, though I didn't it was also very common risk houses. At the high-risk houses my fieldnotes: to see beer thrown at people. From at her One woman had a whole beer thrown shirt. Another guy was just tossing chest, soaking her I saw the room at innocent victims. And beer across to get a in the bathroom who was trying a girl hair, which she huge piece of gum out of her long told me som~ guy threw at her.

1. Degrading Behavior Toward Women sexist jokes, It was also more common to observe behavior at the high-risk conversations, and degrading fraternities. At one high fraternities than at the low-risk guy say to another, "Did you risk fraternity I overheard one Awareness Week? I guess that know that this. week is Women's this week." I also observed means we get to abuse them more At one party, a nudity at several high-risk fraternities. his underwear while brother dropped his pants, including df several women. Another dancing on the dance floor in front across the dance floor time I observed a brother slide was very offensive to the completely · naked. This behavior 69 women present. Blatant sexual gestures and attractiveness rating of the women were observed at the high-risk houses and not at the low-risk ones. From my fieldnotes: Men were blatantly checking out women's bodies and then rating them with thumbs up or thumbs down. The women were either oblivious, or they were ignoring the men, or they really didn't care, because no visible protests of the males' gestures were observed. For comparison, an excerpt from fieldnotes taken at a low-risk I fraternity, which is also very similar to ~the atmosphere observed at the local bars during the week: Didn't seem like a pickup place, I did not observe any blatant sexual gestures or ratings of women, didn't seem like people were concerned about how others looked or dressed. Everyone was more interested in the group of people they were talking to or dancing with. At one high-risk fraternity party a brother who is a aware of my thesis topic came up to me and told me he had

• great story for me. Here it is: A brother of mine was hooking up with an unattractive woman student upstairs who had been pursuing him all night. He told some brothers to go outside the window and watch. Well one thing led to another and they were almost completely naked when the woman noticed the brothers outside. She was then unwilling to go any further, so the brother went outside and yelled at the other brothers and then closed the shades. I don't know if he scored or not, because the woman was pretty upset. But he did win the award for.hooking up with the ugliest chick that weekend. During my interviews I discovered that this behavior is not uncommon on this campus. A sophomore woman told me about. an incident just like this that happened to her at a different

70 •\ h

high-risk house. She also told me it happens a lot at this

0 fraternity. In her own words: There was this guy that I was friends with in this fraternity, and I really had a crush on him. He was hanging out with me all night and getting me beers. His friends told me that he really liked me so I was pretty psyched. We went back to his house to watch a movie and I felt really comfortable because other people were with us and I hang out at his house a lot and knew them. Conveniently, people started leaving the room and we were by ourselves. We started kissing and fooling around a little, my shirt was off. When all of a sudden I heard a noise. I asked him what it was and he said probably someone in the hall. I then looked up a~d saw three guys in the window chanting "go,go,go." Her reaction to this experience was unexpected. She said, "I don't mind if ten guys were watching or it was videotaped. That's expected on this campus. It's the fact that he didn't ~ apologize or even offer to drive me home that really upset such me.'' This scenario and the victims' acceptance of offensive behavior exemplifies not only the lack of respect for women on this campus, but the collusion of the women, and lack of respect they have for themselves.

I discovered through my interviews that often it is

the individual who is not known to a group of men will become

(I. a victim of the men's abusive behavior. I call this the in faceless-victim theory, which will be expanded more upon of the conclusion, (p.100). I discovered many examples / degrading treatment of the unknown woman by a group of men a throughout my interviews. One junior male told me about "chatter.'' This occurs when some practice in his house called ' woman the brothers don't know hooks up with a brother and

71 when house. The next morning, sleeps over in the fraternity out the yell degrading remarks she is leaving, brothers He bitch", or ''Who is that slut?'' window, such as ''Fuck that of occasionally to girlfriends also told me that this happens instead make such degrading remarks; brothers, but they won't the boyfriend. they will yell things at campus term, ''the walk I also discovered a widely-known to her a woman who is walking back of shame". This refers to made after a party. The assumption living quarters the morning house, and the man she was is that she slept at a fraternity about her to drive her home. with did not care enough for fraternities to have It is also a common practice usually take place at breakfast storytelling sessions, which occurs at Sometimes such a session the morning after parties. about these sessions, brothers brag house meetings too. During In many interviews I was told what they did the night before. are told by the same men, who these stories are often that - The woman involved is usually usually underclass students. her, know, so they didn't respect someone they either didn't ( usually respect. Girlfriends are or they knew but didn't these are not talked about in treated with respect and storytelling sessions.

2. Party Themes or costume were also Party themes, decor, dress to the issue of respect I made that seem relevant observations "'

72 some however, (<, for women. Not very many parties had themes, parties, themes that I did observe were; beach parties, jungle a graffiti hotel parties and graffiti p~rties. I observed high-risk party held jointly by a sorority and a reputed and draw house. At these parties people wear white t-shirts, looked like on each other's shirts with magic markers. They comments were having fun, but then I started read.ing the they . ' and they were the men wrote on some of the women's t-shirts "I like it up really rude. A few examples from my fieldnotes: I've done all the butt, pass me the vaseline, do me all night, was rude and the brothers, I like hard steel." I thought this just a joke. degrading, but the people involved thought it was as ''an I also observed a "hotel party" also known a low-risk around the world party" or a "golf party" at theme of this type of party is fraternity with a sorority. The -.... upstairs and to have different alcoholic drinks in each room drinking. I people are supposed to go from room to room party consider this type of party a dangerous high-risk can easily because the risk of isolation is increased. A woman or one man. be trapped in a room by herself with several men, hard-alcohol Furthermore, the drinks served are usually exotic there is a drinks, which are also more dangerous because to the higher alcohol content in each drink (as compared Here are typical beverage served at parties, which is beer). some observations from my notes: were many visibly drunk women hanging There to all over their friends as though they were unable ·, I 73 low risk house up by themselves. I hope this stand A brother just told holds up to their reputation. not downstairs or inside rooms but everyone to go (I gathered out in the hallways. Some girl to hang involved because she was a member of the sorority about two girls who were she was very conce~ned enough asked a brother if he were sober very drunk) to be alright drive these girls home. He seemed to home. so he took the three of them

3. Lack of Respect for Others treated one another and I also observed how the brothers their respect for other human their pledges, as a measure of difference between the beings. Again, there was a noticeable At the low-risk houses I high-risk and low-risk fraternities. pledges seemed to respect one noticed that the brothers and not hear any ordering around, another. From my notes: "I did

0 "could you'' before a request there was always a "please" or hear any derogative name calling for something. I also did not houses there was definitely of the pledges." At the high-risk of the fraternity; and the tension between certain members respect. From my fieldnotes: pledges were not treated with was yelling at another brother One brother turned to him a pussy and a sissy. He then calling He thinks he owns the me and said "I hate that guy. house, I'm going to show him.'' I observed a lot of ordering At another high-risk fraternity, From notes: ''One brother and pushing around of the pledges. get him another beer. When a kept yelling at the pledges to a beer he said "You pledge scum! pledge finally returned with you hear me before?'' What took you so long? Didn't

74 .. c. Respect for Males? the women When I asked the men and women whether was "more so treated the men with respect, a common response also responded than how the men treat the wome~." Many people but as a that ''on an individual basis, the men are respected, Greek man stated group they are not respected." One senior senior man ''why would they, we don't earn respect. " Another but the double stated ''it is a sad commentary on society fighting, standard exists in many forms; the beer drinking, is somehow admired male chauvinist guy who treats girls poorly A freshman man by both men and women in our society. " campus are lacking responded that "both men and women on this man said, respect for one another." One senior independent This immaturity "Both sexes on this campus are immature. but for the whole breeds disrespect for not only one another, stated "the guys environment around them." One senior woman to respect them." here are so immature it is very difficult (1 of all women's I found this response to be very typical males were opinions of the underclass males. The upperclass because they were viewed as treating women with more respect, themselves to their more mature and didn't need to prove ~ friends as much. people One question I asked was whether the or sons to go to interviewed would allow their daughters the fall of 1991. Lehigh, if they were presently applying for sons to go to Almost everyone said they would allow their

75 Lehigh, with the exception of a few women. One junior woman said 11 ! would not let any of my children go to Lehigh because it portrays an unrealistic portrait of how life really is. Lehigh is like an upper-middle class, white, male dominated summer camp. 11 When it came to letting their daughters go to Lehigh, many people had mixed feelings. One senior Greek man said "Absolutely not, I wouldn't let my sister come here either. Women here are at a general disadvantage. Everything at this school is geared around the men; sports, campus activities, and particularli. the social scene. Nine out of ten guys here would be looking at my daughter or my sister as a means to sex. " A senior woman stated, "I would hope my daughter was raised to be a strong individual then I would allow her to come to Lehigh. Lehigh is not a good environment for the weak individual whether you are a man or a woman. However, I would educate my children about the social life I experienced on this campus, and tell them to use their best judgement."

3. Peer Pressure/ Conformity It seems clea~. that the Greek system breeds pressure for conformity that can not be denied or overlooked. The whole social scene at Lehigh is created by forces of pressure to fit in. Everyone wants to be accepted. ·The pressure and desire to be accepted are not unique to Lehigh, or to the Greek system. However, the degree of conformity required to fit into the Greek system, especially at a small predominantly Greek

7(:, greater than in most university like Lehigh, appears much social groups. open minds, but Freshmen on this campus come in with way of thinking and are quickly conditioned to the Lehigh "It only took about two acting. As one freshman female said, the whole social scene weeks before we figured out that and hook-ups." For centered around the fraternities, alcohol fit in and be accepted . freshmen there is a lot of pressure to J .. the Greek system on For many men and women that means joining individuals are trying this campus. During this process, these and norms. As one senior to conform to a certain house's rules of you first join a house you lose part Greek man said, "When / an individual but you your identity; you are no longer you begin to get your represent the house. As you get older say that anyone becomes a individuality back." This is not to most people who join completely different person, because attitudes and values fraternities or sororities maintain basic house. However, there is that they had before they joined the the image of the house to pressure for one's behavior to match are some houses whose which one belongs. For example, there sororities. This is members will only date girls at certain the norm of their house. A. Male Dominance

I• the men are Through my interviews, I learned that at Lehigh. Everyone decidedly in charge of the social scene and responds to their conforms to the men's world view

77 ..

Ij>ressures. "Men are dominant, they are the Kings of the Hill. It is their environment that they allow us to enter, therefore we have to abide by their rules," said a senior woman. I heard similar comments from both men and women of all ages, especially regarding the hook-up scene and the lack of respect for women. One senior woman said, "Guys dictate pow dating occurs on this campus, whether it's cool, who it's with, how much time can be spent with the girlfriend and time spent with , >._' • the brothers." Freshmen quickly learn about the hook-up scene and

think that is what college is all about. In the opinion of many of the women interviewed, the hook-up scene was created by men for their pleasure. As one freshman woman said: Hook-ups are very selfish acts. They are the most superficial means of physical attraction and personal pleasure. It is not a positive exchange. Men who want to get off sexually after drinking all night with the boys then go out and look for a woman to help them out. To top it off, after they use the girl they treat them awful the next day. I found there is a lot of pressure for a ·man to hook-up on this campus. As a freshmen there is so much pressure to fit in and show off. Hooking up with many girls was definitely a means to gain respect in the other guys' eyes. As you get older it become tiresome and almost immature. (Greek · senior man) A freshwoman said, "I definitely see the guys in my dorm pressure each other to hook up." Other men told me that there is pressure to hook up if you haven't in a while. You have to fill a quota if there hasn't been any coming out of your room for the past month, its time to

I I

\ \' ( \

hook up or else you get a lot of shit from the guys. Mostly jokes, but it hits the male ego. They call you homo, pussy, etc. (Greek junior man) One sophomore man described to me how easy it was to get caught up in the hook-up scene: You are at a new environment. No one knows who you are and it seems like this school is so big. Everyone is hooking up so it seems like the thing to do. Most people didn't come from this type of scene in high school. In high school it was more the traditional relationships, you ask a girl out and then date her for several months. Here it's this whole new concept, you don't have to call, no strings attached, sexual pleasure. The opportunity is there and the pressure, so you feel like you have to do it. In regard to the conformity patterns around relationships, the upperclasp males told me they are getting tired of hook-ups. One man said, "as you get older you want something more meaningful, the hook-up scene gets tiresome. Another man said, "On the outside guys want to have a macho As image ~ut inside most guys want to have a relationship.'' one junior woman said, "Both se~es have to get tired of the hook-up scene. It's so unrewarding, there is no emotional in satisfaction out of it. A few moments of physical pleasure exchange for regrets, humiliation and disrespect." Most women I talked to, of ail ages, were tired of the scene. Even the women who sounded more accepting of the men's views seemed tired of it. However, the men also dominate the relationship rules around here too. Relationships, as stated earlier, are not the norm on campus but the ones that do exist are also largely controlled by the fraternities. "As one sophomore woman said: 79 The girlfriends must be perceived as cool in the brothers' eyes. You aren't just going out with your boyfriend, but you are going out with his whole house. Some houses seem to only date females that belong to certain sororities. A Greek junior woman told me: In regard to dating, you can only do minimal things together and spend minimal time together. Everything is judged by the brothers. Your boyfriend has to fill in his quota with the brothers first. Girlfriends are always second best. Also, what you do in public reflects the house. You can't be affectionate on campus. Rarely do you see any hand holding or kissing on this campus during the day. In short, what people actually do in a relationship

on this campus is perceived as being controlled by the fraternities as well. The pattern seems to be that couples either remove themselves from campus for an evening and go out to dinner or to a movie, or they hang out with their own same other later at around sex friends on the hill, and meet each 2:00 am. Rarely do you see a couple out on the hill together. That is not the norm on this campus. One senior man told me, "The hill and girlfriends don't mix." Another man told me that there is a constant battle between girlfriends and brothers over who the guy is going out with for the--night; usually the brothers win. There-~is a lot of social pressure on men who have a girlfriend. The brothers and other males reportedly give people a hard time for having girlfriends. For example, I heard a lot of stories from men with girlfriends who are who say that they are ''whipped'' or n teased by their brothers, ask ''where's the ball and chain." Some men told me that a lot 80 both jealousy of the of this teasing stems from jealousy: and jealousy that brother who is involved in the relationship, from them. Another man the girl is taking the brother away pledge he knew he would told me that from the minute he was a campus. "It was just probably never have a girlfriend on this girlfriends; the guys not the norm in my house. No one has male bonding, boys' have too much fun with themselves." The a Some men feel that, club mentality is very strong here. a hook-up. One male girlfriend is ~ust a replacement for is someone you go to at junior told me "basically a girlfriend with the guys. She is the 2:00 a.m., after you've hung out you with." sexual outlet that the guys can't provide relationships. This pattern is common among those in they meet at 2:00 Rarely do they go out as a couple; instead a hook-up made more a.m. for sex. This is virtually placed on it. respectable by the label of boyfriend/girlfriend this behavior: Here is what some students said about and if I was a This is demeaning to the girlfriend, stand for it. But this is the way Lehigh girl I wouldn't will always be the is, there is no compromising. The guys #1 priority, and then the girlfriends. (Greek senior man) seem like a bad investment on this Relationships to one another; campus. People can't be honest or decent you be yourself. If you can't be yourself, God forbid to others and be then how can you expect to relate involved with a relationship? (independent senior man) from a lack of morals and healthy The problem stems on is increased by the· negative conformity values and even know how to this campus. People on this campus don't Human decency doesn't even mean to one another. - be decent - . . ,. . (freshman woman) being nice, it means being tolerable. 81 This is not the case at all fraternities, or of all men at this campus. Men in the low-risk houses really seem to respect their girlfriends. They hang out together at their parties, and go out on dates. So, although there is fraternity ' much pressure to conform to a hook-up norm, some fraternities'

norms are more positive in• regard to male/female relationships. B. Female Acceptance From the female perspective, women are definitely not receiving the same sexual satisfaction as men. They consider that these men, most of the time, don't care about women, and are only interested in them for their own sexual satisfaction. As one senior woman said: There is no way a male could possibly make a female orgasm or sexually satisfy her on a one night stand. If he doesn't care for her, he is not going to take his time to find out what the female enjoys or take the time to allow her to reach the point of enjoyment. A senior man said, "Most guys don't care if the girl enjoyed

i;., herself or not; one night stands are not usually for mutual enjoyment. They are purely selfish. You try to get as much as you can." After observing and interviewing many women, I believe that many of the women are settling for so little in terms of a relationship because they don't know of any alternatives, and they want some type of interaction with men. I also think that many of these women begin to conform to the men's views, so that the hook-up scene begins to seem fun to them too; or

82 to seem normal. As one freshman if not fun, it at least begins female said: their values get hook-up scene is a guy thing; The As a minority, we accept pressed upon the females here. Its and accept the values too. the role we are given, have become and I know that I, too, quite sad, been at Lehigh. desensitized to it since I have accepting behavior found in Here are some examples of the the women: very positive environment, it is The hill is a a great No pressure to drink. Can have free-willed. get annoyed by time if you want. But you can't home with them or to go guys asking you to go scene with them. This is part of the into a closet you have to everyone does it. Its just something if you want to have a good time. accept (Greek sophomore woman)

noticed how the guys treat When I first cried. I was on this campus I went home and girls desensitized to it. so disgusted with it. Now, I'm I'm used to it and I don't even notice it. it accepted it. This is the way unfortunately I've to fit in. So I had to change my own ideas is here. (Greek junior woman) with this week at lehigh, I hooked up My first and funny I was nice guy. He told me how nice really fooling around a little. I ended up kissing him and to is really great, he's going I thought •wow, this day on boyfriend.' I saw him the next be such a nice happened. I was and he acted like nothing ever campus by the whole thing. But really hurt and disillusioned when this behavior. He's not lying now I've accepted funny, he just he really thinks I'm nice and he says (freshman woman) doesn't want a relationship. or accept the men's behavior. Not all of the women conform this disgusted with the men on Some women I talked to are Others think that women have campus and do not respect them. and discourage males' to stick up for their own self-respect, One junior woman said, "When offensive behavior if possible.

83 my· male friends talk about hook-ups they've experienc.~d I tell them how disappointed I am with them.'' However, it is perhAps understandable that men become confused about the women's intentions, in view of their accepting and conforming behavior. I've heard from many men, particularly the freshmen, that they don't understand why the women hook up, knowing that there are no strings attached, then they complain so much about not having relationships. Many men say that the women enjoy hooking up as much as the men do. I also have heard many stories of how promiscuous the women on this campus are. In fact two men have actually told me that they think they were raped by women on this campus. One freshman male said: This girl and I were fooling around and had intercourse and then I was pretty tired and was trying to go to sleep. She then tried to climb back on top of me and have sex again. I didn't want to; I was too tired and had to get up early. So I literally had to fight her off of me, it was weird and scary. Another junior man was telling me about how a woman propositioned him to have sex with her. He said, '' It is not that uncommon to have a girl say to you, 'I'd like to take you home and make love to you. ' But it doesn't happen every weekend either." c. Pressure and Expectations ·tor sexual Intercourse The definition of hook-up, discussed earlier (p. 51), involves sexual activity ranging from kissing to sexual intercourse. I'm not sure how many hook-ups actually result in sexual intercourse. I received mixed opinions from the

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I··, this topic. The underclass students on upperclass students and but it's rare. females said it may happen upperclass males and get laid on one ''Guys don't expect to One senior man said, surprised but they it happens they'd be night stands but if complain. '' wouldn't all seem to think it happens The underclass students , since they the freshmen should know, the time. Maybe it does; the most. in the hook-up scene are the ones participating in the whole the ones most involved However, they are also it happens because maybe they say that conformity scene. So campus is doing. everyone else on this they think that's what to hear some of the average person were Furthermore, if the they, too, the day after a hook-up, stories that men tell night. As one was having sex every would think that everyone storytelling that is "There is a lot of man said, '\. senior "'- .,• ' for their Many guys exaggerate merely for entertainment. on freshmen men to there is also pressure audience." However, in. It is again, they want to fit tell such stories, because., they hear and believe all the stories also possible that they to emulate others. want are students do think there Regardless, the underclass intercourse stands involving sexual a lot of one night "probably male freshman said, on this campus. One occurring I end up .in hook-ups on this campus more than half the several girls freshman said, ''I know intercourse.'' A female I think they do on one night stands. who have slept with guys

85 is expected, and they don't it because they think that is what this campus is so big.'' think anyone will find out because situations to me, which she Another freshman woman described involved in these situations defined as rape, but the girls behavior as the norm. She didn't. They merely accept this told me: to have sex hear many women say "I didn't want I "At first I didn't want but once we did it was O.K .. " Or me that I did." She has also heard to but then he showed I hooked a few times: "I was so drunk and this scenario to, but I did go to his up and we had sex. I didn't want room so I led him on." of this confusion During my interviews I heard a lot seem to think that a woman concerning expectations. The men to intercourse, or some who goes to their room is consenting senior man said,"No woman can type of sexual interaction. One know that when a guy says, be that naive, that she doesn't can talk because I can't hear 'come up to my room so that we so that we can fool you', he really means come upstairs create a dangerous and around." These non-verbal assumptions confusing environment. D. Pressure to Drink Alcohol the most In my observations of the fraternities, was in regard to alcohol. apparent indication of peer pressure regardless of fraternity This was present at all houses, houses did seem to have classification. However, the high-risk drunk at their parties, and many more people who were visibly chugging beers. Another type it was more common to see people at the high-risk fraternities of behavior that I observed only 86 two people, both fight started between was fighting. Once a them, ready to brothers were behind individuals' fraternity f of alcohol correlated with the amount fight. Perhaps this is consumed. the got mixed opinions about In my interviews, I upperclass on this campus. Most pressure to drink alcohol to drink. was a lot of pressure students felt that there campus. pressure to drink on this There's definitely a lot of shit from drinking you will catch have If you aren't pussy", "you wimp". You brothers, such as; "you Being an the to not go out and drink. to have a legal excuse considered legal sporting events are athlete helps; even good enough. I can Being sick is often not to excuses. mono and wasn't allowed a time when I had the guys remember such a hard time. I know drink, the guys gave me to indirect but it definitely leads were just joking you are a freshman and to drink, especially when pressure Greek man) trying to fit in. (senior I've go out and not drink. It is really hard to 98% of still end up pretty drunk. tried it many times and are constantly drinking there, people the people are another beer. Whether to chug, or if you want not, asking you your hand for show or out with one beer in (senior it starts end up drinking a lot. it doesn't matter, you independent woman) with women too, I know with men and probably a lot drunk stories. So I think everyone enjoys hearing always getting a lot of attention for of people receive to tell. However, it and having humorous stories the same drunk awhile, if it's always does get tiresome after begin to feel the story. Then people person telling can see where that attitude for that person. But I man) sorry of drinking. (Greek junior adds to the pressure without drinking, you you do go out on the hill deal If early because you can't up coming· home really you end up end idiots out there, or with all the drunken to be the only drunk with them. Its uncomfortable a getting the only person not holding sober person a~ound and beer. (Greek junior woman)

87 turned me off That was the one thing that really a big drinker in high school, and from rushing. I wasn't here basically said don't bother rushing certain houses junior man) if you don't drink. (Independent

here. I there is a lot of pressure to drink Yes, people say, drink much, and every time I go out don't with you? How come ''Why aren't you drinking? What's wrong you don't have a beer in your hand? (freshman woman) many underclass Despite this testimony, however, felt that there was students, and a few upperclass students, go out on the hill no pressure to drink. Even so, they didn't they would carry a beer if they weren't drinking, or else bother them and they around just so that people wouldn't think, however, that wouldn't feel out of place. They didn't this behavior was a result of pressure. I think there is pressure here to drink. I don't But I don't go think people respect you for not drinking. to drink, its the center of out unless I'm going just around here. Occasionally I go out and socializing woman) carry a beer with me. (freshman Greek here. No There really isn't pressure to drink one really cares whether you do or don't. (freshman Greek man) then don't feel any pressure to drink but I I drank a again I really enjoy the taste of beer. too, so it wasn't something new for lot in high school, much if you're a freshmen and don't drink me. I guess Greek man) you might feel some pressure. (senior is pressure to These quotes clearly indicate that there interviews by some drink. The denial of this pressure during or defensive individuals might be a result of immaturity, I would consider them reactions because they were afraid that

,. weak individuals.

88 , 5. Excessive alcohol consumption was an extreme From my field observations, there of the students at the difference between the drunken behavior fraternities and the low-risk fraternities, the high-risk of drinking observed, bars. In all settings there was a lot requirement of 21 regardless of the Pennsylvania drinking-age years. A. Fraternity Parties was more visible At the high-risk fraternities there an alternative beverage pressure to drink, there was rarely the norm. Here available, and drunken behavior was practically parties. are some observations from high-risk A Friday night: drunk women At 10:30, there were many visibly slurring, stumbling, and leaning on present. They were theme A brother told me that there was a drinking people. the atmosphere was party earlier with a sorority. By 1:00 of beer was spilt and thrown. At more rowdy and lots the occurred. Two people were puking in 1:00, a fight steps as and a man was peeing in front of the bushes to leave. women were approaching and I was trying Saturday night at a different house: none. for an alternative beverage but they had Asked clogged and the Not even water because their sink was Observed lots of drinking and kitchen was locked. outside of beers. At 11:30, saw one guy vomiting chugging of everyone on another guy dropped his pants in front and broke out. - the dance floor. At 12:00, a fight night: A high-risk party at 12:00, Saturday men and women. Saw a few people fall Visibly drunk in the dance floor, a girl was getting sick down on the on these drunk bathroom. Seemed like the men were preying such as; ''Come up to my room and lie women. Heard lines ''Don't go need to sleep the alcohol off", or down, you to wear, ; come home I' 11 give you some dry clothes 89 upstairs. '' party: At 10:00 on a Friday at a high-risk of water and his I asked a brother ~or a glass why aren't you drinking beer?'' I response was ''water, . the feel like it. And he told me that told him I didn't me any. I then was closed so that he couldn't get kitchen was and he said he asked where the alternative beverage that there is a soda machine over there. didn't know, but going on and there was still a lot of drinking At 1:00, be many visibly drunk hardly any dancing. There seemed to a lot of blatant throwing and spilling people. There was close, and People were slurring, talking real of beer. I saw one guy passed leaning on each other. Before I left room and several guys outside peeing out in the living since men This I thought was rather interesting together. to the bathroom are always teasing women about going together. at some low-risk In comparison, here are observations fraternity parties. house: Friday night at 10:00 at a low-risk to get women drinks, including Men were offering those who beverages and they didn't pressure alternative p.m., A lot of people didn't want to drink alcohol. 11:00 see any chugging or visible signs are drinking but don't dancing 1: 00, still a lot of drinking and of drunkenness. i.e., slurring, no public display of drunkenness, but people dance so much vomiting, stumbling. Maybe these they sweat some of the alcohol out? "hotel party" theme Friday night at 10:30, low-risk house, with a sorority: women were Noticeably drunk people. Slurred speech, as if they could not hanging all over their friends Observed two people throw up stand by themselves. many people 12: 00, bar room was packed, saw outside. house's behavior in chugging beers. Not typical of this the past. Saturday night 11:00: ~ I punch as an brother got me non-alcoholic A ask me why I wasn't alternative beverage. One guy did that I just didn't feel like I responded c, I When I ~ drinking. I the issue. Saw a lot 0 it, he accepted it and didn't press 90 the punch. of drinking, but also observed people drinking Didn't see any visibly drunk people. low-risk party: Different Saturday night at 11:30, another time I saw alternative beverages visible First women bar, it was soda. I also observed many at the Lots of people drinking it, and two men drinking soda. so much drinking going on. 1:00, more dancing but not didn't arrived and more people drinking but still people as concerned about see sloppy drunk people. No one seemed getting drunk. held jointly with a high A party at a low-risk fraternity risk fraternity, Saturday night at 10:00: Lots of drinking going on. Observed both chugging beers. The bar room was men and women usual. and not as much dancing was going on as packed were slam 11:30, more people were dancing, guys into each other and getting really rowdy. A dancing There seemed to ' almost broke out but didn't. fight different than be a lot of drunk behavior. Again, very this fraternity's typical party scene. setting A fraternity party is the most unsociable The typical party possible for dialogue and communication. a bar on one side and room consists of a big empty room with to. Occasionally, a space where people can dance if they want but that becomes an there will be a bench at the bar, crowded. In addition, inconvenience later, when the party gets talk to anyone, so the music is so loud,that you can't really In some sense it people stand around and stare at one another. for the setting is is no wonder the students drink so much, have been drinking uncomfortable. It isn't until people they will attempt to sufficiently and feel rather loose that

dance.

91 B. Local Bars and drunken behavior was At the bars, less drinking is much physical environment observed, and the actual which are chairs, and tables at different. At the bars there enjoy can hear one another and to sit down and relax. People on level may also have an effect a good conversation. Maturity parties, as compared to fraternity how people behave in bars, legal frequenting bars are of since most of the students seen On the other hand, I have drinking age in Pennsylvania. parties, at both bars and fraternity many of the same people in the difference in their behavior and there is a noticeable will parties the same people two contexts. At the fraternity what we who, at the bars, become be very visibly intoxicated the consuming only a few drinks would label social drinkers, that it is have to do with the fact whole evening. This may or possibly are not in charge here; not their domain, they any case, pay for their drinks. In it's because they have to the opposite better and interact with they conduct themselves some way at bars. Here are sex in a more positive observations. with the upperclassmen: Monday night, at a bar popular out of students were hanging Co-ed groups whole atmosphere talking and drinking. The in booths observe any chugging or was very relaxed. Didn't _visibly drunk people. Wednesday night, same bar: • ~i seen is occurring but haven't Drinking drunk, i.e., slurring, out of control or visibly anyone 12:30, still didn't observe stumbling, or vomiting. 92 was occurring in the any drunk people. More drinking and music was being played. Less drinking room where the booths. Again, is talking in the main room with the more Can't hear one another over this an environmental aspect? see more instead? 1:00, still didn't the music so drink ~ any visibly drunk people. Same bar on a Thursday night: and relaxed very crowded, but still friendly 11 :-oo, out in booths, talking. environment. Co-ed groups hanging on tonight, it's a special for Lots of drinking going room a lot of people are in other seniors. 12: 00, room with the This time the people in the main dancing. 1:00, still didn't booths are probably drinking more. observe any visibly drunk people. go, Wednesday night: Bar where many underclass students There really mellow, not many people present. 10:30, bar and several more men are a few people drinking at the is a lot smaller in size than in the other room. This bar sit doesn't have a lot of places to the other bar and party setup, Sort of reminds me of a fraternity either. as loud. 12:00, saw ~ith some places to sit and not but students present. Didn't both upperclass and underclass observe any visibly drunk behavior. Same bar, Thursday night: crowded. very relaxed and mellow. Not that 10:00, other room. Everyone Co-ed groups in bar room and 11:30, the place got crowded. drinking, but moderately. bar. visibly drunk people entering the There were several party now, is reminding me of a fraternity Definitely shots and playing nowhere to sit. People were drinking room. Needless to say there drinking games in the other was people leaving the bar. It were many drunk "bombed" as that at this bar students were interesting of drinks were to the other bar. The pr ices compared the students just about the same. It seemed as though bar is also closer to campus and came and took over. This bar with the locals, whereas, the other not very popular too. Also the has local people hanging out there, always this bar are students so two males that were working at there were no "adults'' present.

I found here. More I cannot be conclusive about what consumption in different research in the area of alcohol

93 probably many factors settings would be interesting. There are consumed and the involved, in both the amount of alcohol there are definitely behavior of the students. But I think change in students' environmental influences that cause in their drinking behavior. I didn't really notice a pattern has something to do style during the week. Maybe that also behavior in bars and with the difference between the students get as drunk, so at fraternities. During the week, they don't hill on weekends. that they can really let loose on the students at However, I have seen many faces of the upperclass visibly drunk, but on bars on weekends and they have not been and norms on the hill I have seen them bombed. The environment drinking. There is the hill are much more conducive to heavy At the bars, I did definitely pressure present there to drink. rare to see people not notice that type of pressure. It is at bars, as is• chugging or forcing each other to drink frequent in the fraternities. When asked if people were responsible drinkers senior Greek man said on this campus, everyone said no. One I never drink this "Everyone drinks excessively here. I hope woman said ''No much again in my lifetime." Another freshman • especially the one knows their limits on this campus, Lehigh there is no freshmen." A junior woman told me, "At drinks till they such thing as responsible drinking; everyone male said to me, either pass out or throw up." A freshman but responsible. ''Lehigh students are every type of drinker

94 get drunk. Then they use They use every excuse in the book to while they were drunk. alcohol to excuse everything they did ' " Another senior .man ' I don't remember, I was too drunk! drinkers, Lehigh \, said, ''All college students are irresponsible said, "Getting bombed is is no exception." One senior woman It is bragged about strangely regarded as a positive thing. one male Greek 'senior and considered funny." To sum up Lehigh but it also greatly said, "Alcohol is used to relax people, and that is what diminishes the quality of relationships, happens here."

X. Theoretical conclusions: A. socialization in the notion of The socialization process implied this campus. The Lehigh "doing gender" is very much pr'esent on between men and women social environment creates differences Segregating the that are not natural, essential or biological. to have the parties and sexes, and giving men the authority the Lehigh women in a control the social environment, places men are dominant and the definite ''rape culture", in which the and dominant to the women are submissive. The men act superior the minority and, as a women. The women on this campus are in their role and the female freshman stated, "Many women accept These women values that get placed on them as minorities." male dominance. participate in this culture, ~einforcing

95 i I .l

minorities in According to Janis' groupthink theory, as ''outsiders"; they are the United States are often treated The groupthink theory not members of the dominant in-group. where females are the can be applied to the fraternity system, system intensifies minority out-group. In fact, the fraternity only are men and women the "groupthink syndrome", so that not are grouped against other grouped agaipst one another, but men men are held in higher men. In this culture, however, all fraternities, than are , regard, even as outsiders to others' all groups. Groupthink women, who are viewed as outsiders to the segregat·ion of the in fraternities breeds and encourages of the guys; hang out sexes, "insisting that all men be one with the guys." of rape It is interesting to note that the high-risk most threatened by houses are those whose members ~appear afraid of relationships, women. They act as though they are or with respect. Their afraid of treating women as equals, even by allowing group cohesiveness appears to be threatened interviews with males at girlfriends into the house. From my I was told that the high-risk houses who do have girlfriends, having girlfriends. This brothers give them a hard time about are perceived as supports my speculation that girlfriends within the house. ''outsiders" who threaten the male bonding process of ''doing This behavior exemplifies the socialization it strengthens the gender. '' By further segregating the sexes, ,, treating women as framework of the rape culture by

96 as faceless subordinates and keeping them at a distance f ', strangers. is to The Greek subculture, in which men's chief wish creates be accepted by other men (especially as underclassmen) relations pressures detrimental to decent and wholesome implications between the sexes. These pressures have further confusion of in regard to the males' masculinity and potential demonstrate their sexual identity. "In our society, men Part of' this competence as people by being masculine. for anything definition of masculinity involves a contempt p. 23) • Much feminine or for females in general" {Herman, 1984: show their need of the men's behavior described in my results power, and to display their masculinity; dominance, However, some of aggression, particularly over the women. i.e.; their behavior can be viewed as latent homosexuality, males' jealousy males'.wanting to watch each other have sex, over-all importance and fear of II female outsiders", and the In the process of of the desire to be accepted by other men. is a ''cultural prescription doing gender in our society there ,. Zimmerman; 1987: of 'obligatory heterosexuality'" (West, such as p.145). It has been suggested by some anthropologists, dominance, and Peggy Sanday, that men need to display their of their fear of act out aggression towards women because desire for other homosexuality and their confusion over their • This is a very men (dubbed ''polymorphous perverse" by Freud) rich area for further research.

97 In observing how college men and women interact focused on what I socially at a predominantly Greek campus, I to date consider the most important factors that contribute be indicators of: rape. I observed behaviors that I took to 2) how the men 1) whether men and women respect each other, 3) signs and effects and women communicate with one another, plays on this of peer pressure, and 4) the role alcohol taught to men and campus. I feel that these behaviors are process called women in our society through the socialization were raised· ''doing gender." Whether, students on this campus families is in "traditional" conservative families or liberal in the United not important. If Lehigh students were raised ideas of our States they were brought up with the traditional used to be an all ''rape culture. " Furthermore, this campus still prevail, male college, and attitudes of male superiority Lindgren's course as evidenced by the notes collected in Ralph (Appendix C) • B. Male Dominance and Faceless Women Victims of the hook The faceless-victim theory is my own theory are women whom up scene on this campus. The faceless victims acquaintances, the men don't know well (who could be nameless my interviews that but not friends). I have discovered through not treated with women who are not known by the men are a woman must ·· respect. In order to have respect on this campus, Until get to know and become friends with men individually. to be treated like then, a woman is merely another sex object,

98 faceless victim, thereby garbage. Men will hook up with the since they don't know eliminating guilt and responsibility, her any respect. this woman and don't need to accord their own Men arrive at this university with "within two weeks they identities and, as one freshwoman said, as the typical Lehigh learn, and are conditioned into thinking are dominant on this guy." They find out quickly that men freedom from parental campus. Most of them are experiencing think this campus is supervision for the first time. They about finding their own huge, and they are nervous and excited the first time, living place on the campus. They are also, for -~ ~ opposite sex who are not in close proximity to persons of the indicating what the norms relatives. They look around for cues be accepted. What they of the campus are, so that they can They quickly learn find is the party scene and "hook-ups." it. the skills needed to gain success at get a pat on the As freshman males they can hook-up, champions. The back from friends, and be considered to consider their freshwomen, on the other hand, have and in fear that they reputations, due to the double standard the most sought-after will be labeled "sluts". They are also year, because they are women in the beginning of each new faceless victim. prime candidates for the role of the they don ' t know Furthermore, when the men are freshmen suppose that there are many people, so it seems plausible to to hook-up with. They plenty of faceless victims for them

99 don't care about them, and they don't know these women, they can continue into a man's can avoid them later. This process still meeting new people, so he sophomore.year, because he is victims. has a continuing supply of faceless the man becomes an What happens, then, when he is really tired of the hook upperclass student? Is it that to me that the real problem up scene? Possibly, but it seems on the campus, so he no is that he knows too many people· victims to abuse. The women on longer can easily find faceless are Anne, or Sue, or Nancy, campus now have identities. They This makes it difficult or who went out with John or Dave. women, and then treat them impossible to hook-up with these know one another. This situation without respect, because they of the hook-up scene: sex or no longer fits the definition attached. Now a relationship sexual pleasure without strings a friendship, or a friend of is involved, whether it be just get away with this kind of a friend's. The man cannot the faceless victim that he depersonalizing behavior toward because he is going to have to did as an underclass student, a then that he decides he wants see that person again. It is has what amounts to a girlfriend, so that he legitimately go out with tpe guys all night, permanent hook-up. He can then to go to sleep with. and at 2:00 a.m. find his girlfriend subordinated to the Women remain second-class citizens, is not true of all relationships -primary, brotherly bond. This to judge from my findings this on this campus, obviously, but

100 scenario is not greatly exaggerated. In sexual relations, it is -more than obvious that the men are dominant. They control the dating patterns, and women accept their roles as a minority and as outsiders. As one senior man stated, ''Ninety percent of men on this campus think of women as merely a means to sex." Ironically, many men say on the women have the upper hand in relationships and dating this campus, because there are fewer women on campus than men, so that the women can be more selective. However, men aren't looking at the full picture when they say this. Who are these women supposed to be selective with, when the men aren't interested in relationships until they run out of faceless victims and can no longer participate in hook-ups? By then be many women are either too disgusted or too humiliated to involved with them, or they have been conformed to accept the men's view, and enjoy the hook-up scene without any strings attached. Yet most women and some of the men I talked to would rather be involved in a meaningful relationship. Through my interviews, I learned that men will get sexual satisfaction from the hook-up scene, and most women will not, since the men don't care whether the women experience orgasm or not. Why then, do these women participate in these selfish exchanges? Because the whole environment conditions them to believe that is their role on this campus, and they eventually either opt out entirely or they accept it. The latter is especially likely for insecure women who at

r' · 101 attention from first feel that they are receiving positive the long run, of men, and enjoy that aspect of hook-ups. In "' to feel even more course, they are being victimized, and come insecure later. from this Great damage is done to both sexes self-esteem; men environment, in my opinion. Women will lack receive love later will have a hard time learning to give and the guilt of having in life, and they will have to live with Luckily, not all treated other human beings like objects. role, and one hopes women will conform to the faceless victim by these women, so that in the long run more men will stand relationships that this campus will one day develop solid between the sexes. c. Classification of the Fraternities of the I would like to address the classification low-risk houses. fraternities as reputed high-risk houses and I did find a good When I selected fraternities to observe, either on the high consensus concerning houses that belonged ·\. 1,. fraternities, risk list or on the low risk list. Of the thirty risk list and six seven were consistently rated on the high my informants. The were consistently on the low risk list by or low risk, they other houses were not clearly rated high be considered high fell in between. For example, some might woman's list. I risk on one woman's list and low on another victim theory; think this variation fits into the faceless they may have some women feel safer at certain houses because

102

.. faceless a lot of friends among the members, so they are not at victims. Because they themselves are not faceless victims those houses, they don't perceive these males as dangerous. use the With this perception in mind, if I were to "If reputational method again I would now say to the females; went to you didn't know the brothers in that fraternity, and or a low one of their parties, would you label it a high-risk with a risk house?" However, if I had done the ratings again have different group of women, I think I would probably at the selected the same houses to observe, since they fall extremes of what is probably a continuum. After observing many parties and interviewing students, house for I think there is no such thing as a completely safe is a the faceless victim. I do think, though, that there two difference in the behavior of the individuals at these that are categories of fraternities that I observed. Those of identified as high-risk may very well increase the chances found rape occurring because of the other contributing factors women, at their parties, such as: lack of respect for use and, miscommunication between the sexes, excessive alcohol of course, peer pressure. Surprisingly, however, men in both kinds of houses seem about to have the same fundamental attitudes and opinions women, and values around sex and rape. The only difference from my between the two types of houses that I found are interviews was that the men in low-risk houses

103 In these significantly more likely to have girlfriends. as the norm, and I fraternities, relationships are perceived can explain a lot of think the presence of so many girlfriends at parties. The the differences observed in their behavior for men to have houses in which it is respected and expected women's bathrooms, girlfriends, will obviously clean the and angry. At the otherwise their girlfriends would be annoyed lack the concept of reputed high-risk houses, which seem to looks like, and girlfriends, they don't care what the bathroom to accept the fact women who go to their parties are forced that the bathrooms will not be clean. that can be There are other behavioral factors too, If the house members influenced by girlfriends in the house. men are most likely are known to have girlfriends, then the some of the anxiety not trying to hook-up. This would decrease houses. Furthermore, found between the sexes at the high-risk to hang out with women who go there are likelier to be going know that most of the friends or boyfriends, since they would probably makes the men there already have girlfriends. This women feel more comfortable and safer. it seems''• From my observations at the low-risk houses, decreasing a woman's that everybody knows one another, thereby At the high-risk chance of becoming a faceless victim. a boyfriend or a houses, women who are looking for that there are relationship may go there in search, knowing explain the more more unattached men there. This would

104 flirtatious, "meat market" atmosphere. However, more members of these fraternities would be participating in the hook-up scene, which would also explain why women visiting these houses would be at higher risk of rape. To sum it up, I do think there is a classification difference but I think the difference stems from the norms of the dating behavior that is found in that particular house rather than from the individuals in low-risk houses having stronger morals or being more mature. Indirectly, and as a result from being in a relationship this may be true, of course. That is, these individuals may have stronger morals because they have found someone they respect and they may also have matured through their relationship with someone outside of their fraternity. Two interpretations are plausible. First, these men may only have gotten involved with a woman because they joined house X, where it is the norm to have a girlfriend. If they had joined house Y, they might not have a girlfriend, because the norm in that house is to sleep around. How these two different normative structures developed would require further research. Thus a second possibility suggests that perhaps more mature men are attracted to those houses where relationships are encouraged. I don't have enough evidence to support either "'"· hypothesis, and I think more observations and more interviews over a longer period of time wotild be needed. However, from the data that I collected I feel that having a girlfriend is

105 the differences of behavior a significant factor in explaining houses. exhibited in high-risk and lo-risk D. context and Conformity conformity there is on These data illustrate how much the same individual's behavior this campus, particularly when For example, members of would change in different settings. more mature and responsible at the high-risk houses would act own fraternity parties. Most the bars than they would at their in and act in ways acceptable students desperately want to fit they are with, regardless of in the setting and to the people or degrading to another person. whether this behavior is cruel participate. Indeed, even if If it is the norm, they will of the norms they will individuals are the victims because such behavior toward participate, apparently, simply campus community. For example, them is accepted by the wider in the hook-up scene even many women continue to participate and hurt by it. This suggests after they have been humiliated influence a person's behavior that the situation and context a values and judgements. Such more than the person's own for the field of social finding has many implications in this area is needed. psychology, and further research E. summation proposal, I As stated in my earlier theoretical of the socialization process hypothesized that the nature this campus ancl the structural involved in "doing gender" on roles are the foundation of supports for traditional gender

106 the process that breeds and creates many factors known to contribute to the "rape culture" and the incidence of rape. Some of these factors are: 1) the lack of respect for women,

2) the misunderstanding of the sexes, 3) peer pressure and conformity, and 4) excessive alcohol consumption. From my research it becomes obvious that these factors are all present on this campus and do create a dangerous environment. We need greater awareness of rape and other forms of interpersonal abuse. The self-esteem of both men and women suffer from the present social environment. Lehigh's campus is not unique in regard to the hook-up scene. The social life on • other college campuses is very similar 1n• encouraging promiscuous sex and one-night stands. If we can make students aware of the problems and issues involved, perhaps we can change their attitudes, values, and behavior. Ideally, through societal changes in attitudes we can strive for a world where everybody is truly treated equally, and violence and disrespect toward any human creature will not be tolerated.

XI. Final Remarks and General Implications Rape is a very difficult crime to punish. Police departments have not been very pelpful or compassionate to rape victims. Often our society's rape myths are prevalent at the police station. If the victim was: drunk, dressed seductively, had a previous criminal record, had a prior relationship with the rapist, and/or was not black and blu~

107

.. will lack of force used), police (i.e., there was an apparent (Freeman, 1984; and dismiss the charges often blame the victim these 1990). The police label Warshaw, 1988; Fenstermaker, cases are date majority of "unfounded" cases "unfounded.'' The police often It is suggested that and acquaintance rapes. victim is because they believe the label these cases unfounded Warshaw, her boyfriend (Koss, 1986; lying in order to punish as rape is beginning to change 1988) . Fortunately, this increasing. public and the police is education for the general If a at the police station. The problem does not end difficult rape is one of the most case does make it to trial, require conviction. Many states felonies on which to obtain against the and the victim's word corroboration as evidence, rape almost This makes conviction for rapist's is not enough. the (Freeman, 1984). Furthermore, impossible in many states victim, a negative picture of the defense almost always paints implied by the jury that consent was hoping to convince the of appearance, and lack victim's behavior, reputation, that jurors jurors in rape cases found resistance. A study of had the defendant if the victim were more likely to believe or had known sex, drank or took drugs, engaged in non-marital 1988). before the rape (Warshaw, the defendant even briefly of the rape victim and supports all This revictimizes the victims progress in helping rape myths. There has been little legally. punish their attackers

108 not very College campuses and universities are treatment and different from the justice system in their so does the punishment of rape. As campus crimes increase, universities or liability of colleges and universities. Most behavioral codes colleges have judicial boards that enforce prepared to handle and punishments. These boards are often not more concerned acquaintance rapes. Judicial boards are usually then they are for for their school's reputation and enrollment common practice the victim's safety. This is evidenced by the reputation of imposing a lesser charge so that the school's had a rape on the will not be hurt by the stigma of having campus (Warshaw, 1988). on There are many incidents cited in the literature assault cases on how poorly administrators handle sexual et al, 1990). The campus (Sanday, 1990; Warshaw, 1988; Adams did nothing to colleges and universities in these studies increase in alleviate the problem of rape. With the current and colleges need the reporting of these crimes, universities with the issue• to develop specific policies to deal are to be internally, unless the proper legal authorities to be a no win allowed to handle these cases. This appears have not situation for the victim, since the legal authorities But through the been successful in handling rape cases either. will initially be proper legal channels at . least the charge the rape; then investigated and someone perhaps charged with as is often the the situation will not be completely ignored,

109 to the university case in many campus rape incidents brought have been re authorities. In most situations, the victims be perceived as victimized by the system. Victims need to to feel secure worthwhile, be treated with respect, and made for the pain that their offenders will suffer just punishment they caused them. rape''· Many people have a problem with the term ''date involved· with rape At Lehigh, I found that the people hook-ups are as incidents are usually not on a date. Although get, these are by close to a date as some people are going to plan to go out definition cases in which two people did not of the night and together. They found each other at the end Lehigh men are hooked-up after becoming intoxicated. So when "Well, that does asked about date rape, they automatically say don't date here." not happen here, it wasn't a date," or "We far be classified? How, then, would the hook-up that went too date rape: it Moreover, there is a problem with the term places at least sounds as though it was a mutual crime and rape crimes should some of the blame on the victim. Maybe all the perpetrator be labeled simply "rape". Regardless of who people started is, rape is a crime and it is about time treating it like one . . suggestions Adams & Abarbanel (1990) have made several campus rape. for how universities and colleges should handle policy that Every institution should have a clearly defined of rape, and other includes information such as: "definitions

110 crimes forms of sexual assault; data on the relevance of these in which on campuses; information about the circumstances code of these rapes occur; a description of the students' and conduct that prohibits these assaults; administrative criminal penalties; ways for men and women to avoid high-risk and situations; the relationship between the abuse of alcohol to help drugs and sexual assaults, and the resources available students who.were assaulted" (p.549). Our educators, college administrators and campus police may be authorities need to do something about date rape. It that only a "concentrated, long-term investment in procedural, the policy, and educational change would begin to deter fair game undergraduate who perceives a female acquaintance as At for criminal sexual assault" (Fenstermaker, 1990, p.135). and present, researchers see little change in how campuses largely student bodies view their female students, and it is the female's responsibility to insure her own safety. Although each rape situation is unique, rape experts best to have recommended the following advice to women on how and avoid date rape situations: set sexual limits; be forceful you mean clear; do not give mixed messages, say "yes" when you "yes" and "no" only when you mean "no"; don't do anything alcohol don't want to do just to avoid a scene; be aware that and drugs affect your ability to make responsible decisions, afraid so stay sober; trust your gut-level feelings; do not be 1990; to use physical force, learn self-defense (Hyde,

111 Pritchard, 1988; Warshaw, 1988). is to get away from When rape is imminent, the goal studies of rape avoidance the attacker and get help. · In and running away were strategies, they found that screaming rape. The cognitive the most effective ways of avoiding and reasoning were strategies such as: pleading, quarreling Warshaw, 1988). not as successful (Koss, 1986; by men; it is clearly Rape also needs to be understood is men who rape and men who not just a women's problem. "It end rape" (Warshaw, p.161). collectively have the power to men to help avoid date rape The following suggestions are for a women to have sex; situations: never force or pressure don't assume that you know understand that "no" means "no"; the effects of alcohol and what a woman wants; be aware of and stay sober, just because drugs on yourself and your date she wants or deserves to be a woman is drunk does not mean particularly if a woman is raped; do not have group sex, with your partner, drunk, this is gang rape; communicate you are receiving mixed especially if you feel as though women about relationships, messages; talk to other men and sex, and rape (Warshaw, 1988,p.164). toward sex roles, ''Basic societal changes in attitudes expectations and rules of aggression and sexuality, and the date rape'' (Jenkins, the 'dating game' can help eliminate much needed change and to 1987: p.893). To move towards this begin with adequate sex address these problems we must

112 . ! education and awareness programs. Sex education classes with specific information regarding date rape (i.e., through simulated videos and roleplaying techniques pointing out the situations in which it can occur), should be required of all college students. Ideally, this would also be taught at the high school level so that students don't enter college misinformed, and so that those students who don't go to college are also exposed to information about date rape. On campuses, freshmen orientation should have a full day's seminar discussing date rape, and factors that can lead to it or help to contribute to it. The role of alcohol and drugs in date rape should be presented to all students, as they need to be aware of their responsibilities both for themselves and for others. Differences between the sexes should be discussed in open forums and in appropriate classroom situations. Counseling centers on university campuses should be trained to deal with victims and off enders of date rape, and the students should be made aware that these services are available to them. It is time for university personnel, administrators, and educators to take an active role in the prevention of date rape. The administration needs to see the whole picture and get a better understanding of date rape. Sexual attitudes, ethics, behavior, and communication styles need to be

113

.r ... )

today. 7 challenged in the educational process

XII. suggestions for Lehigh's Campus • improvement in the There 1S a lot of room for this campus. Presently relationships between men and women on males and females, most students, particularly upperclass is not conducive to will tell you that the environment here between the dating or for positive, healthy relationships think needs to be done sexes. I asked many students what they . I received many of to change the environment for the better. Bethlehem to provide the same answers such as; rebuild South students without cars, more opportunities for dating to and eliminate the Greek increase the ratio of women here, not willing to do). I system (which most of the students were are realistic hopes for don't think any of those responses my observations and immediate improvement. However, from I have developed some interviews during this research project between the suggestions that might improve the relationships not be unreasonable to sexes on this campus, and would implement. the physical My first suggestion has to do with fraternity parties setting of fraternity parties. Presently, a bar. The environment are held in a big empty room with To improve the created is very superficial and awkward.

original ideas of this 7 above suggestions include both The articles: Miller et al, writer and suggestions from the following · 1987; Miller, 1988; Freeman, 1984. 114 and interaction between setting and encourage conversations a more fraternities should create the sexes, I think the at to the environment I observed relaxed atmosphere, similar and just need to add chairs the local bars. Fraternities in lower the volume of the music tables to the bar room, and and enjoy so that people can sit down that section of the room tell me that cocktail parties a real conversation. Students a better people say that they have are like this, and most setting at cocktails. This type of time and meet more people next year, when the closed will be much easier to implement present There will be fewer people party policy is instituted. and will have room for chairs at parties, so most houses a bar room don't have room for both tables. The houses that have a bar party one night, and a dance floor could possibly party and chairs, and have a dance where they put in tables the next night. at Lehigh we have to To improve the dating pattern which on available social scene, work within the currently research the fraternities. From my this campus is dominated by to for conformity and a desire we can conclude that pressure there students' behavior. Presently be accepted dictate most the encourage more dating through is little dating. We could dates. the party themes on Greek system by focusing every could implement parties Fraternities and sororities don't that require dates. They weekend or every other weekend Some would become too expensive. have to be formal; that

115 cocktails, suggestions would be; bar-b-ques, wine-and-cheeses, and ice-skating. If dinners, lunches, happy hours, bowling, men and women would these functions required dates, then more level and there would get to know one another on a one-on-one This might also be fewer faceless victims on this campus. from all this dating. encourage more relationships to emerge do hold a few events a Presently, fraternities and sororities establish more date year that require dates, but they need to on this campus. parties in order to create a dating norm men and women on This however, does not help the independent hold date functions this campus. I think the university can fraternities are during the week or on the weekends that students will having these functions so that the independent not be left out of the dating scene. for this I also think that it would be beneficial club. This would university to construct a campus bar/dance with an provide all students, Greek and independent, could create a alternative to the hill. The university where men and women healthy, relaxed atmosphere at this bar, club would be could interact positively. The campus bar/dance by drinking-age laws. controlled by the university to abide can stamp those that Like many underage dance clubs it could blocked off for are 21 years old and have the bar section new outlet on campus, those who can drink legally. With this decrease. This could the focus on weekends and the hill may would be located on also reduce drunk driving, since,the bar

116

r'' isolation factor that is campus. It would also lessen the that contributes to rapes. present at fraternity parties and to me that freshmen One male senior also suggested at the beginning of the year, should be paired up with seniors program that already almost like the big brother/sister this match would be to let·the exists. However, the purpose of in on their opinion of the seniors honestly fill the freshmen would not be to discourage social scene on this campus. This social scene, but merely to the freshmen or bad-mouth Lehigh's Lehigh, so that instead of give freshmen a fuller view of freshmen eyes they seeing the scene only through mesmerized picture. With the dating would be helped to see the whole this might encourage more scene/relationships in mind, rather than hook-ups. Big freshmen to participate in dates to provide support and advice brothers/sisters could be there stressful times of pressure for the freshmen during those be accepted. toward conformity and trying to this campus In regard to date rape specifically, of the problem and the needs .to make students more aware is already developing issues involved. The I.C.A.R.E program it is an optional program, that awareness. However, presently only nine• fraternities have and in the past two years the Dean of Student Life's participated in it ( data from be~. requirement for all office). Instead, the program should Freshmen orientation would students, Greeks and independents. incoming students with the be an ideal time to present the

117 are those most vulnerable, program. Considering that freshmen made aware of the factors I think it is important that they be they start partying on the creating conditions for rape before also think that a course on hill and become victims of it. I requirement for students in Human Sexuality should be made a course is. beneficial in all three colleges. This type of to promote a healthy, understanding the sexes and in helping the sexes on this campus. positive, equal environment between on rape should be In addition, further research of time, in order to conducted here over a longer peribd more students. If any observe more fraternities and interview Lehigh's campus, it would of my suggestions are implemented on impact not only upon the be interesting to see if there is any patterns and attitudes on incidence of rape, but on dating also think it would be both this campus between the sexes. I a study focused on the interesting and beneficial to do it is a major contributor drinking patterns of students, since to the incidence of rape on campus.

118 XIII. REFERENCES

Rape. Chicago: Amir, Menachem. Patterns in Forcible University of Chicago Press, 1971. of unmarried women Belknap, Joanne. The sexual victimization Violence in Dating Relationships: by acquaintances. Publishers, Emerging Social Issues. New York: Praeger 1989, Chap.11. Rape Issues. The Brown and White editors. Lifestyle -Date Brown and White, May 1, 1990, pp.11-14. New York: Simon and Brownmiller, Susan. Against Our Will. Schuster, . 1975. of sexual arousal on men's and Byers,E. Sandra. Effects The behavior in sexual disagreement situations. women's pp. 235-254. Journal of Sex Research, 1988, vol.25, effort to prevent Campus Life Editor. Frank drama highlights rape. N.Y. Times,• Dec. 30, 1990, p.31-33. the unspeakable. Caputi,J., Russell. Femicide: speaking MS. Magazine, Sept/Oct. 1990, p.34-38. an trying to draw line between sex and Celis, W. Students Al. assault. N.Y. Times, Jan. 2, 1991, section and its Senders,c., King,P. Sexual violence Chollar,s., p.70-74. aftermath. Psychology Today, Sept. 1989, into a F. Scott. An initial investigation Christopher, Journal of Sex continuum of premarital sexual pressure. Research, 1988, vol.25, pp.255-267. in Anthropology. Crane, J., Angrosino,M. Field Projects Chicago:Waveland Press, 1984. course at· Lehigh Csandl, R., Lecture for Human Sexuality University, Fall 1990. of Investigation. Uniform Crime Reports. Federal Bureau 1987. Wa~hington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. Of Justice, Acquaintance rape on campus: responsibility Fenstermaker, s. in Dating attributions of crime. Violence and New York:Praeger Relationships: Emerging Social Issues. Publishers, 1989, Chap.14.

119 London:Sage Fetterman,D. ~E~t=h~n_o~g~r~a~p=h~Y~----s~t~e~p----=b~Y-----S~t~e~P· Publications, 1989. Dec. 17, 1990, More. Psychology Today, Freeman, P. Silent No ..Jo p.94-104. Newsweek, July The mind of a rapist. Gelman, David et al. 23, 1990, pp.46-53. sexual fantasies of V. & Byrne, D. Coercive to Greendlinger, of self-reported likelihood college men as predictors The Journal of Sex and overt sexual aggression. rape pp.1-11. Research, 1987, Vol.23, and Courtship aggression Gwartney-Gibbs,P. & Stockard,J. in Dating peer groups. Violence mixed-sex s_o___ c~i~a~l _____ I_s_s_u_e ____ s. New York:Praeger _R_e_l_a_t_i_o_n_s_h~1-·p_s___ :~E~m~e~r_g~i~n_g __ Publishers, 1989, Chap.lo. Women- Women- A Feminist D. The Rape Culture. pp.20-35. Herman, Publishing Comp; 1984, Perspective. Mayfield Sept/Oct. of Fear. Ms.Magazine. Hirsch, K. Fraternities 1990, p. 52-56. Chapel Hill: Community Power Structure. Hunter, Floyd. Press, 1953. University of North Carolina Inc.; Human Sexuality. McGraw-Hill Hyde,J. Understanding 1990, pp.474-486. of date rape: .. The attribution Jenkins,M., Dambrot,F experiences and the attitudes and sexual observer's of Applied Social Psychology, dating situation. Journal 1987, vol.17, pp.875-895. Groupthink.Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, Janis, I.L. Victims of 1972. pp.174-333. National in Our Colleges. New York: Johnson,c. Fraternities 1972. Interfraternity Foundation, effective avoidance Acquaintance rape: vol.lo, Koss, Mary. Women Quarterly, 1986, strategies. Journal of pp.311-320. attitudinal, rape victim: personality, Koss,Mary. The hidden Psychology of Women situational characteristics. and pp.193-211. Quarterly, 1985, vol.9,

120 risk Discriminant analysis of Koss,Mary & Dinero,Thomas.· a national sexual victimization among factors for of Consulting and of college women. Journal sample vol.57, pp. 242-249. Clinical Psychology, 1989, and acquaintance Dinero, T., Seibel, c. Stranger Koss~ M., Quarterly, 1988, vol.12, pp. rape. Psychology of Women 1-24. Experiences Survey: reliability Koss,M.& Gidycz,c. Sexual and Clinical validity. Journal of Consulting and pp.422-423. Psychology, 1985, vol.53, and The scope of rape: incidence Koss,M. & Gidycz,c. and victimization in a of sexual aggression of prevalence education students. Journal national sample of higher vol.#55, Clinical Psychology, 1985, Consulting and ~~ pp.162-170. sexual »· Oros,C .. Nonstranger Koss,M., Leonard,K., Beezley,D., of of the psychological characteristics aggression Roles, 1985, vol.12, pp.981- undetected offenders. Sex 993. the & Brannigan,G. Living LaPlante, M., McCormick, N., influence in college students' views of sexual script: of Sex Research, Nov. sexual encounters. The Journal 1980, Vol.16, pp.338-355. Lehigh. Unpublished notes Ralph. Sexism at & Lindgren,J. and Law .221, Fall 1988 collected by Philosophy 221 Fall 1989. • Motivational factors in Lisak,David & Roth,Susan. of sexually aggressive Men. Journal nonincarcerated 1988, vol. 55, pp. Personality and Social Psychology, 795-802. A critique of Janis's & Pruitt, D. Groupthink: Longley, J. i ty and Social Psychology, theory. Review of Persona 1 1980, Vol.1, p.74-93. Robert. Date Rape: and Geffner, model. Lundberg-Love,Paula factors, and a proposed prevalence, risk Social Issues. in Dating Relationships: Emerging Violence 1989, Chap.15. New York: Praeger Publishers, ~ Sept/Oct. 1990, Maio, K. Hooked on hate? MS.Magazi·ne. p.42-44.

121

{ Predictors of naturalistic sexual Malamuth, Neil. and Social aggr~ssion. Journal of Personality Psychology, 1986, vol.SO, pp.953-962. and rape on Martin, Patricia and Hummer, Robert. Fraternities campus. Journal Gender & Society, Dec.1989, p.457-473. Date Rape: time for a new look at Miller, Beverly. Development, prevention. Journal of College Student 1988, vol.29, pp.553-556. Coercive sex on the university caips. Miller,B., Marshall,J. Vo 1 . 2 8 , Journal of College Student Personnel, 1987, pg.38-47. and Charlene. Misinterpreted dating behaviors Muehlenhard, and Clinical the risk of date rape. Journal of Social Psychology; 1988, Vol.6, pp.20-37. in Linton,M. Date Rape and sexual aggression Muehlenhard,C. & Journal of dating situations: incidence and risk factors. Counseling Psychology, 1987, vol.6, pp.186-196. men's and Franzee,B. Correlates of college Peterson,S. College Student sexual abuse of women. Journal of Personnel, 1987, pp.222-228. behavior of Pirog-Good, Maureen & Stets,Jan. The help-seeking and sexually abused college students. physically Emerging Social Violence in Dating Relationships: Issues. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1989. & Burke,P. Gender identity, self Pirog-Good,M.& Stets,J., in dating esteem, physical abuse and sexual abuse Violence in Dating Relationships: relationships. Publishers, Emerging Social Issues, New York: Praeger 1989, pp.72-94. Cambridge, MA: MIT Pleck, Joseph. The Myth of Masculinity. Press, 1982, p.160-171. Campus. Princeton: Pritchard, c. Avoiding Rape On And Off State College Publishing Company, 1988. Gursslin,o. Social· Stratification in the Roach,J., Gross,L., 1969. United States. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, the Female Power and Male Dominance: On Sanday, Peggy. York: Cambridge origins of Sexual Inequality. New University Press, 1981.

122 Sanday, Peggy Reeves. Fraternity Gang Rape; Sex, Brotherhood, and Privilege on Campus. New York University Press, 1990. Sanders, Cheryl. Moral reasoning of male freshmen. Journal of College Student Development, Jan. 1990, Vol.31, p.5-8.

Sherwin, R. , Corbett, s. Campus sexual norms and dating relationships: a trend analysis. The Journal of Sex Research, 1985, vol.21,#3, pp. 258-274.· Shotland,R.Lance. Close Relationships. Chap.lo - A model of the causes of date rape in developing close ~ relationships. Published 1989:pp. 247-269. Tiger, Lionel. Men in Groups. New York:Random House, 1969. Warshaw,Robin. I Never Called It Rape. New York: Harper&Row Publishers, 1988. Warshaw, R. In the bonds of fraternity. The Nation, Aug.21/28, 1989. West, Candace, and Zimmerman, Don. Doing Gender. Gender & Society, June 1987, Vol.1, p.125-151. Worth,D., Matthews, P., Coleman,W. Sex role, group affiliation, family background, and courtship violence in college students. Journal of College Student Development, 1990, vol.31, pp.250-254.

123 XIV. Appendices Appendix A: Brown and White article on campus Rape This appendix is added to show that the student body and administration are aware and concerned about the issue of date rape.

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• . I • I .. . -•-. .. - . -· ...... - . ~- -- .... -·-- - . .. RAPED I wrote this, however, more for u,e. people who are like me. For people.. . . From Page11 . . who have been victimized and can'-r . ~ I I walked into the bathroom and· ·tell anyone, won't tell anyone of Uie • . vomited. I vomited for an hour. Then 1' plighl You can get help. It has helpec.\ . toie off my clothes and showered. 1' me go on living. tried to shower his smell off of me. J. He called me the very next day. .. . . was bleeding and covered in his smell . tal~ He had no idea why I was sO upse\- · · : ·._: ·.. -. . . I tried to make myself clean again. . F1 nally after a week of ignoring h1S ··: >· : .· ··· · .· _:. ·. .It was impossible. · · · ...... calls, his house, his parties, and U,e . .. . · · · · . -· ; . This happened three years ago. . . . class we had together, he stoppe.(\ . . . . . ··.. , ··. I dream about it every night. It pursuing me. Thank God . . ·__ . : ·.. ·. . . . . ·:, creeps into my days. I think about it · I hope he hasn't done ·· · ,:, ·:: '. ' · · ,. _:,.. :_ · • everyda~. It is a recurring n_ightmare. l this to anyone else-I . . . I see him around. He'll graduate this; wish no one else has had .. · -year-unpunished for what he· did to · to go through what· I've ·. _. .: . -: : · . me-unpunished because I couldn't . . . . ·been through. . . . . ~- ·- .- ..· }>.· .-. :·. . ·:- =:_ · t=:." tell anyone. I cciuldn't press charges." . But I know differently. • ·-~- .._. · . · ··.; <~ :· ~ Why? I felt humiliated, embarrass- .. · · · · · · ed, ashamed. I thought it was my faull I I thought I had led him on. . · A thousand tim.es I have asked mys ' . . - elf why I went upsta!rs with him? Why had I dated him? Why had I kissed ...... him? Why had this happened to me? My parents still don't know. My

. . . · .· sorority sisters don't know. My friends .~ don't lo1ow. Only, Tom, me and my psychologist know. But I even wonder if he reali2es what he did to me that .. night I wish I could make him pay. It's ta1cen me three years of therapy LONDON · to be able to talk about this, about my BERLIN .. rape. It's taken me until this year to HELSINl

124c \

( .,

.. ~ .

- ..•

Appendix B: The ''Rape Subculture'' at Lehigh. Notes collected

by Ralph Lindgren•s Philosophy 221 and Law 221 classes.

The following appendices (Band C) are notes that

were collected as an assignment for philosophy 221 and law 221

during the 1988 and 1989 fall semesters. Appendix B demonstrates more overt sexual abuse of women on this campus.

·.. \

125

(., l'l .. .,,_- . -~.... t.Alison ' Alison, a freshman who lives in B&M, has a boyfriend at home to whom she is faithful. This seemed to irk Mike, a freshman who also lives in M&M. At first Mike and Alison were friends. That began to change when he hit her on the butt with a tray in the cafeteria. He continued to bother her. on one occasion he and a bunch of other guys came into Alison's room and started asking blatantly obscene questions: "What is .your bra siz.e?. .. -Ho~.... l_ong is .. ·your boyfriend •·s· ·ui:ck? 11 -· The other boys were laugh±ng-·and-6'-egging him on to ask more questions. Alison said nothing because the more she would say the more he would bother her. Cindy, a friend from across the hall, has also been harassed by Mike and in the same way. Neither have taken any -action, "After all, he doesn't actually do anything -5us~ ta:tk.~ ~, ' ' ' \ Alice \ /_.,,. wn·en----· she was a freshman the fraternity's Little Sisters ;· program was sold to her as a good way to be involved in the social scene on campus. Each.little sister was to have the advantage of ~ffiliation with. the fraternity. After two years Alice felt misled and used. ''Sure, we are show-cased during rush, allowed at the house for parties, for studying and for just hanging around .. In. that sense we are one of the family. But, whe."1. it comes to knowing the fraternity 'secrets•, to taking part in pledge training, even to electing our own members, we' re told to I get the hell out o e to house. ' 11 s e and some of the other l1tt e sisters comDlained the house president that they feel like second class citizens and in the activities of the house. 11 ·e \ want be included more full \ 11 ' : 1f we di~n't like it, we cou quit. '·• I t a told us • 0 J. . C \. __,,__ r ---~. i •. '\· , • .t',m _: I • • /-. \ ---~~~~m·. t ---· :!. ~...bout 40 girls from a '· ,!# Tom rememb~~the line-up vividly. v.___ sorority stood before him and 30 of the brothers of his house • .• .: charge, arranging the girls alphabetically i Bill, a senior, took the wall. He next asked for volunteers to answer some "funny along two questions. 11 After a lot of embarrassed looks and giggling, II girls stepped forward •. Bill asked the first to state their full name and tell the brothers explicitly about her favorite sexual her's a little hesitation, Sarah W. began reciting I fantasies.· With I the girls were • cheered loudly. Most of I as the brothers laughed and ' that one girl ; blushing and twisting around nervously. Tom noticed I at the end of the line had her head down. Sarah finished and stepped back. The other volunteer was asked to tell the brothers her name and bra size. Once again the cheering erupted and at that moment the girl at the end of the line ran for the door crying. With this the laughing got louder and the line-up continued. someone who was there that night went to the Dean of Students with I · the entire story with the result that the brothers found themselves on disciplipary and social probation for one semester. Tont recalls I and felt l that many of the brothers were bitter toward the sorority that the house was unfairly punished. Others who knew the whole of being ridiculed. .... was wrong kept quiet out ·of fear . ....-· activity ' ...... -·· . ..-, ..... • ------:---·---ii12sa ••••• • • •

\ u.;,.... I Jr'..l,,,.,Ull1 ... '• "At the big parties the males constantly crowd in on us, brushing up against us and touching our body parts. •accidentally' rude they start getting drunk some of them even ask really Once asked so quest·ions, '' Mimi observed. When she was a freshman she .l, guests so , of t she like h the brot ers reat their ~ . e..... emales . -~--- poorly .....-The--ans1·.1~r ... -she remembers .. rece1vin .. was.:--.!!.I.f_. ,-~- ·don't like--th w- ,- ~ ... e·ma es eave-with them, ... ·th·ey-~.!rot:'ld·11-9~·c9~.e-- r '' She didn I t ask-that question again, but aid ~. to the par;;tie:, really notice that after a night of hard partying the brother get rowdy, ''they start to sing songs about women, making lewd remarks Women who are present often regret not having and insinuations.'' "It left earlier. One Saturday Mimi had lost track of the time. late, I was standing at the bar talking to George. I was really a bunch· could hear the guys getting rowdy. Then all of a sudden .I and poured a pitcher of I grabbed me, held me down .. ' of the brothers I get loose, but before I ,.• over my head. I yelled and tried to I beer ,. anothe~ _. knew it one of them sprayed lemon pledge up my skirt and ,.'. / : Fortunately for me, George was able~ I poured water down my shirt. i quickly as ·... :· to stop them long enough for me to get out of there as I careful since then." · {. I could. I've been more -----~---- -· /=------~------_§S~U!=_e----.-----~-- -- Joe graduated last y~ar. He was.back at the house for the the house Lafayette weekend. Sue, who had been hanging out at to Lehigh, and Bob, her boyfriend, had been friends since coming next with Joe for years. She was sitting on the azm of the couch to him when Joe pulled her over onto his lap and asked, "jokingly," later, "if I wanted to hook up with him." Just as she Sue said on top said "no" a bunch of brothers came into the room and piled "This was okay with me until I felt someone's hand inside of them. to get the front of my_ pa~s. I panicked and screamed for them hand was Joe Is. Disappointed off. II As they did Sue .... ?aw that the Sue fled,· trying- .. !'not to attract attention." She later and hurt, my_ Bob about what happened. He defended Joe. "He's told it." ''I fraternity brother, and besides you probably asked for hurt, '' Sue said later, but I let the matter pass. "All felt deeply I do?" the brothers would just take .his side too. What could by me as wc•ks- later, when Joe was visiting again, ''he walked '' _ -..tb.ough nothing had happened. ... .---...... _ ____ -·--- -· . . - ---·- -=-·------~------Jan of A sophomore, Jan hangs out at the fraternity a lot. Most in that her friends .. do too. Ben, he~ boyfriend, is a brother feels_ comfortable there except for one thing. ''They house. She She are always saying sexual things about me and my friends." being called into one of the rooms by Jack, one of Ben's recalls were buddies. About twelve brothers and a few of their ·girlfriends. turned to her and said, "I know you will be offended, there. Jack the but what bra size do you take?'" Everyone there was laughing, embarassed. • brothers and their girlfriends. Jan was shocked and

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. . "We were taking bets," Jack explained. "Not wanting to looi-l'i~ a fool," Jan said, "I asked what they thought, told them they haa all guessed too small and left as quickly as I could." She talked with her friends later about how hurt she felt. ''The guys just put their arnt around me as if nothing was wrong. 11 Some of the girls said that they resented being treated like sex obJects every t1~e the come into the house, but all agreed that 11 it 1 s better to ut \ wi we / /. up hit than lose a our_guy.as -- Joe \ Karen joined a bunch of friends in the snack bar during a {quiet week in her freshman year. Joe was talking about a Friday ;night party at his house two years earlier. The beer and alcohol flowed all even_ing as usual. A girl from Kutztown University was really out of it. No one seemed to know much about her except that .. . . several of the brothers had sex with her that night. Everyone at the table kept ref erring to her as a slut. According to Joe ''this . ,. . . -- ... slut was crying the next morning - she wanted someone to drive her to her apartment in Kutztown. " Joe obliged her after she paid him I : $15 for his trouble. "Hey, I have no sympathy for that slut -- she • I • ; can't handle her·alcohol and sleeps around." ''Anyway," he boasted, :· ''the slut left this ·acket that I'm wearin so I got something out , , • r t • ~ the deal." Karen remarked at the double stan ar ev1 ent 1n Joe's .·• . ·. I attitude, but no one heard her. • • • . ' .. . ., ..,;\ I L C>, . . - r ~ . ' . ' ...... I \. ../'Mike.; -...... __ __ .. -- The brothers were looking for~ard to the party that evening. The talk around the house had the usual common theme. ·· 11 r 'm going

to hook up tonight" ---"I.__ want t_o_ get laid tonight!" #·.. •tr•m going hunt' n for women!" "±-1-m-goi:-ng·-hunting._f or-bush!!! That night Mike, who had a reputation for never scoring, proved himself to the brothers. He had sex with Jeanne in a public shower in the house wpile the brothers watched. He made· sure that she was positioned where she couldn I t see that there were · other people who were watching. Mike didn' know muc ut Jeanne, only that she didn't ,.. . go to Lehi and that s e was onl sl1 t · a '-ractiv That ' . ' 1dn 1 t matter to him or the brothers. They all had a big laugh about it. ••sure " one of them said "she would have she knew we were watching, ut she's on ya s eaze, _a bimbo anyway. Hey,· great party. 11 . ..

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125c Appendix c: sexism at Lehigh. Notes collected by

Philosophy 221 and Law 221 This appendix illustrates the more subtle and pervasive forms of discriminatory treatment of women (we usually call

"sexism'') that is present on this campus.

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MaryBeth has learned to be subdued. senior Math major MaryBeth discount As a that some of her professors over the years she noticed to help her. In that most people are reluctant when her potential and on only male ·students of her professors call a double class some MaryBeth feels that being introducing a new concept. students --to . as~~e.. that many of her fell ow are minority has -.prompt;ed does·;· to the point·-wher~--they ·less·"'that:--She·-actually She feels ·-·she knows to the class discussions. surprised when she contributes seriously." She the extra mile to be taken that she has to ''go one voluntarily invites no alternative. "No or resents that but sees left to study on my own their group and I am often in need me to join deoartment. '' "When I am few other blacks in the ... for something with the is like begging, begging someone's assistance it of for." I shouldn't have to beg Gwen great deal of learned to brush off a As a senior Gwen has especially annoying. paternalistic gestures to abuse. She finds who bend over backwards she runs into professors Occasionally for white men. The professor but won't do the same be helpless help her the image that women would appears to her to reinforce without special help. academically incompetent class at some and blacks marvels in his marketing Johnson constantly in a patronizing Professor that obvious by saying, points and makes 11 that of Gwen's Miss Brown. Another professor "That's very insightful remarked at the end ton~, in interviewing skills she asked to coach her enrolling in the armed that she might think of The of the session present itself at first. a job opportunity did not am confident forces if she brushed it off. "I seemed clear, but disregarded his implication a rewarding job, so I just in my ability to secure statement." • Ursula Ursula," system in your home works "Tell us how the heating class. When she in her Chem Engineering at said the professor slightest idea, he commented that she didn't have the involved in confessed don't understand the mechanics length about how women unmechanically minded their own homes and how familiar features.of student had been ridiculed Previously no other fear '' some people'' are. upset but said nothing in class. Ursula was extremely in that against her. of having him turn more Suzanne stereotypes use of blatantly sexist Professor Jones' regular class and told She went to see him after deeply o~fended Suzanne. but not for his offending He apologized, having him of her objections. he was sorry for not Instead, he said that that his conduct. sensative." He explained that she was ''so personal attacks. realized intended as jokes, not as classroom examples were

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Suzanne no one else had spoken up, t!lat, and realizing that Hearing a little guilty. left feeling foolish and Donna White repeatedly referred year Professor the During her sophomore entire class. Despite dumb blond" before the White to Denna as "the grade in the class, Mr. had an above average but soon fact that she At first she ignored it, to "poke fun" at her. teasing·~· ponna . continued was more than innocent ·.. _ it became .clear~:th·a~-;:this After receiving no answer one experience ·quite vividly. to Donna, recalls class, P~cfessor Wnite turned to his question from the class queen of again, and asked if "the stated the question burst into laughter and Donna could answer it? The class fashion" a hole . felt like crawling into

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• Jill The professor in Computing Science course spoke with such a thick accent that fe,.., students could understand him. Jill and Susan turned to Bob, the T.A. in the course, for help. Bob was extremely friendly toward both women. That was okay with Jill, but Susan was annoyed by it. "She is very attractive and had grown to resent T. A. s hitting on her all the tjme. 11 As a result, their . .relationships with Bob took :very .-:41.f f erent turns. -~Throughout ·-semester .. the. Jill :'and Susan worked··c]:·osely· together I but ·susan Is grad·e:s·· were consistently lower. Jill received a full grade better even when they turned in identical projects. When Jill told her the grade that she had received Susan would just smile. Two years later Jill remarks, "I guess I still feel very guilty about it, though I am not at all sure why." Grace Grace was not doing well in Engineering 1. While out on the .. Hill she met Mike, ~er T.A. in the course .. Mike was .anxious to tell her how attractive he found her and to pursue a social relationship with her. Grace felt trapped. She had no social interest in Mike, but could really have used his help in the course. She found him so intimidating that she had to turn to someone else for additional help. Marlane Professor Mart's course had the reputation of being the toughest in the Engineering college. Marlane and Tammy were proud that they consistently received the highest scores in the class. During the last week of class Professor Mart asked three males to be tutors in the course the following se!Ilester, an honor and an important opportunity. All had poorer scores and missed a lot of classes. Marlane and Tammy were furious and went to see the professor during his office hours. He explained that "students prefer male tutors since that is the norm:" "Male students would be hesitant to ask helo- from female tutors which would defeat the whole point of offering tutors if more than half the class would not use it. In addition it is important that the teacher and the tutors maintain a good working relationship.'' Marlane and Tammy thanked Professor Mart for the exolanation and left. Both knew 6) - what was going on but said nothing because they had to take other courses·from him and knew "it wouldn't be good classroom politics I 1 to '' make waves.• Ellen Ellen and Joe. who are partners on a term project in their Civil Engineering class went to see their professor to receive his input. Ellen began the convers~tion with a quest~on. The professor immediately cut her off and told her not to interrupt • Thereafter he spoke only to Joe, never even glancing• at Ellen. She was not surprised. On the rare occasions that he h~d spoken to her in class he had always been condescending. What she did feel was anger and confusion -- anger because she had been treated 126c • . ' t, • .- ,• I •• ' ...·~ • • '•'" f ,.,. •' O 1 • I f ' flf , I f ' f . . . . ' .

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.·· .. . . . - . - . . ,· . .. -.. " ...... ' wanting to look___ l'ike ''We were taking bets," Jack explained. "Not "I asked what they thought, told them they hacl a fool," Jan said, talked too small and left as quickly as I could." She all guessed guys just put with her friends later about how hurt she felt. ''The 11 of the girls arnt around me as if nothing was wrong. Some their obJects every time said that the resented bein treated like sex house, but a agree 1 s er to ut they come into the ,/ /. \ up w1 hit than lose al our.guy.as we -· .- Joe the snack bar during a 't aren joined a bunch of friends in her freshman year. Joe was talking about a Friday {quiet week in and alcohol :night party at his house two years earlier. ~he beer as usual. A girl from Kutztown University was flowed all eve~ing that of it. No one seemed to know much about her except ...... ·. really out . . her that night. Everyone at . . the brothers had sex with several of to Joe "this the table kept referring to her as a slut. According . . - she wanted someone to drive her . . · slut was crying the next morning in Kutztown." Joe obliged her after she paid him , to her apartment slut -- she his trouble. "Hey, I have no sympathy for that :. $15 for boasted, her· alcohol and sleeps around." "Anyway," he ; can't handle something out ''the slut left this jacket that I'm wearing so I got .. ! standard evident in Joe's i deal. 11 Ka·ren remarked at the double -. - the . . . • -I but no one heard her. . ,. attitude, C>-, L - r ~ t.v'Mike~ I . ~. ,. ,· I -...... _ ___,_~ .. that evening. The brothers were looking forNard to the party ·· 11 'm going around the house had the usual common theme. r The talk 1 going up tonight" ---"I ___ want t.o. get laid tonight!" '·· tI'm to hook That night Mike, hunt' n for women!" "~ 'm-go-i-ng·-hunting--for-bush!" for never scoring, proved himself to the who had a reputation house had sex with Jeanne in a public shower in the brothers. H~ positioned the brothers watched. He made· sure that she was wpile people who were where she couldn't see that there were · other only that she didn't I watching. Mike didn' know muc ut Jeanne, she was only slig t y a ractive. That I \ to Lehig and that go all had a big laugh . ' matter to him or the brothers. They didn't have about it. "Sure" one of them said "she would ut she's on ya s eaze, a bimbo anyway. she knew we were watching, .. Hey,· great party. " . ----. .4.---·--·· .. .. ~----- ..... ~_ ...... / .•. ·,· -- ...... • . . ... ·-· .. . --.....\I __ __ ...-·· ......

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OVERT SEXISM III. r~- --.. ' boys ~steps of Dravo a couple of ''As we walked up the front to my room front windows: 'You,· come started to yell out the times they would fatty, loose some weight'. Many tonight', 'You, That first happened to Pam on our body parts ar1 worse." comment as. a high. school senior:-~witµer she visited .. the_.-~campus ·-same-scene when now and recalls ·:·how often the parents. She·· is -a: ·s·en±or'· girls walking ''Shouting rude comments at has been replayed since. it all seems to while playing loud music over up the Dravo steps to me again just last around here. It happened be a tradition meet with r:,ur study group going there with a friend to week. I was rude comments at us. She fell two of them started shouting three more when just egged _them on. Two or and skinned her knee. That tears, sh~ made she was clumsy. Finally, in started shouting that males in the hall 11 Pam confronted the the door. Furious, 11 cretins it to an explanation: Why do you outside their rooms demanding fun, you know, year after year?'' ''It's hit on us like that knows we' re kidding, do after class. Anyway, everyone something to all said as though it were laugh most of the time," they on the girls of the girls in Dravo are high Another added, "Many it still rehearsed. matter what we s·cream at them, themselves." "It doesn't how they react.". down. It's just funny to see doesn't bring them they put up with the her study group said that The women in and besides, if you make a because it was ''no big deal badgering something worse!" fuss you're just asking for Rene of an engineering course first meeting of their section ,. At the after explaining the usual freshman year the T.A., for in her to the class on his reasons detail, lectured appalled, administrative not be enginee~s. R~ne was thinking that women should · g-because it wa-s _!lie firs~d~·~=y-o-:--fClass-=-.------~ but . ~ : 1 "\ \ Pete 11 Lab. Every time 1 only one girl in··Pete's Physics There was the semester 1 for the first six weeks of she walked into the room "get out" in pretending to cough, would say I he and the other boys, so they figured she voice. She gave them no re~ponse I a loud husky at least that what he told were saying, II what they Pete I didn't hear Sandy's question, ; home. Answering ' Sandy, his girl friend from ''you know, ,a male I I thought the conduct was funny, I that he they are I indicated of the girls at Lehigh, , Il hate most I Anyway, I I kinda thing. I so naive and gullible." .. • t--.:c=-:-~;-::~~=Peggy---·------___. on a Paula was assigned a task 7 r~'th.two (emale peers When they .___-=-..-===~~:il:~~1: dne of her. engineering courses. in the class the professor -it in a week ahead of the men those turned believe you didn't get it done, remarked to the men: '' I can't . 126e • xv. Brief Biography

A. Ayres Boswell, daughter of the late Peyton Boswell III and Lane H. Franz, was born in Washington 22, 1967. Her family moved to Long Island, N.Y., D.C.June In where she graduated from South Side High School in 1985. 1989, she received a B.A. in Psychology from Lehigh University, with a minor in Theater. After graduation, Ayres remained at Lehigh University to continue her education. She will receive an M.A. in Social Relations in May 1991. Ayres was a Teaching Assistant in the Social Relations Department for Human Sexuality and Social Psychology from the fall of 1989 to the spring of 1991. During her Lehigh career, Ayres ran varsity track in and cross country. She received Lehigh's Cross Country MVP of 1989 and 1987. Ayres was also the 1989 East Coast the fall an Conference Cross Country Champion; and was appointed Assistant Cross Country Coach in the fall of 1990 at Lehigh. Other honors Ayres received include an E.C.A.C. Scholar Athlete Award in 1989, the Bethlehem Boys Club ''Athletic and Academic Achievement Award, 11 and the South Side Boosters ''Outstanding Athlete Award. 11 She was also a member of the Dean's List several semesters. Ayres also participated in many activities and clubs. She was a member of; I.C.A.R.E (Individuals Concerned About Rape Everywhere), L. U. V. (Lehigh University Volunteers), Peer Counselors, and ··Gamma Phi Beta Sorority.

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