Rape Culture PAWS: Providing Awareness for Wildcat Students 2016-2017 PAWS Staff

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Rape Culture PAWS: Providing Awareness for wildcat students 2016-2017 PAWS Staff

Jessica Blough ‘17 Maggie Horan ‘17 Rowan Lindsay ‘17 Danika Lyle ‘17 Nitin Srinivasan ‘17 Cameron Wehr ‘18 ALice Bibaud ‘19 Andy braham ‘19 Sami Linden ‘19 Alec Marcellin ‘19 Alex Niles ‘19 Justin quan ‘19 Renin surucu ‘19 Nancy Offer Kathleen Wehr Our staff would like to thank the Los Gatos High School Administration for their support. A huge thank you goes out to our advisors, Nancy Offer and Kath- leen Wehr, and our editors, Jessica Blough, Maggie Horan, and Nitin Srinivasan, for pioneering this issue. Table of Contents Introduction...... 1 WHat is rape culture...... 2-4 Statistics...... 5 acquaintance rape...... 6-8 ‘‘boys will be boys’’ and other misconceptions...... 9-10 victim blaming...... 11-12 reality check stories...... 13-14 gender stereotypes and expectations...... 15-16 Myths and facts...... 17-18 How colleges respond to sexual assault...... 19-20 resources...... 21-22 conclusion...... 23

All artwork by alice bibaud and sami linden Statistics compiled by Nitin Srinivasan and rowan lindsay Introduction by Alice Bibaud

Rape is rarely talked about in high school. It’s a dirty word; everyone knows the gravity of the topic, but not how to address the problem itself or even start a conversation to get there. PAWS chose to write about rape culture because the global political climate is changing; people are seeing their lives change often for the worse and feel ever more powerless to fight back. Such a power struggle is reminiscent of rape. However, everything is not as bleak as the news makes it seem. The People vs. Turner case, Donald Trump, the feminist cause, and the internet have all brought rape culture to the forefront of society’s col- lective consciousness. People are talking, for better or for worse, and the R-word is coming up. Let this issue of PAWS be a guide to enlighten students about such a sensitive topic. 1 What is rape culture The term rape culture first by Maggie Horan surfaced in the 1970s as a way to describe the way society blames victims of rape and Alex Niles and sexual assault and normalizes male sexual violence. Rape culture is a phrase used to describe the implicit - although sometimes explicit - ideology that rape is a fact of life. In lence against wom- rape culture, both men and women perceive en. Jamie Foxx’s 2010 sexual violence as an inevitable norm of life; song “Blame it on The Al- that sexual violence is not only acceptable, cohol” encourages rape through but impossible to eradicate. Rape culture is lyrics that suggest that men know what perfectly depicted in the concern our society women want and the concept that alcohol feels for the young men who have violently is an acceptable excuse for rape. The song raped women, but not for the survivors of the expresses the idea that women should be crime. Regardless of any prior indications or coerced into doing things they object to with previous actions, consent is necessary for the lyrics “I hear you saying what ya won’t any and every sexual encounter. No means do/But you know we probably goin’ do”. This no. Nothing means no. Only an explicit yes description encourages men to force them- means yes. selves on women despite clear and obvious Rape culture can be perpetuated by protesting. Constantly objectifying women in jokes, TV programs, music, advertising, and pop culture establishes principles that pro- imagery that depict sexual aggression as mote sexual violence. It sends the message normal. The use of euphemistic phrases by that women are sexual prizes to be sought the media, such as “inappropriate behavior” after and won through persistence and sultry and “sexual misconduct” to describe sexu- pick-up lines. Objectification has led to the al assault, glosses over the concept of the “friend-zone” lifelong effects of rape and which encourages men to con- downplays its severity. Scruti- tinue making sexual advances nizing a survivor’s behavior by towards women who have re- asking about their personality, jected previous advances, and clothes, alcohol consumption, has contributed to the omni- or excessively questioning presence of cat callers on city their allegation deters survi- streets. The American Apparel vors from speaking while de- advertisement below depicts flecting blame off the rapist. the sexual objectification of Defending rapists, worrying women in society. The same about their wasted potential, shirt is advertised for both considering the harm to their men and women, but in hugely reputation, or tolerating rapists different ways. The man is pic- because they are famous (Woody Allen, Ro- tured standing plainly to best display the shirt. man Polanski, Kobe Bryant), condones vio- The woman, however, is shown in her under- 2 wear turned so her body is most revealed the word rape in their coutroom. These barriers and the shirt is unimportant. This advertise- are all a result of society’s lack of sensitivity for ment relies on the objectification of women rape survivors due to a culture that promotes as sexual objects to sell clothes. The modern sexual violence and rape. media perpetuates rap culture by sexualizing In everyday life rape culture affects the women and encouraging way people perceive com- unwanted sexual pressure mon situations and perpet- from men. uates the idea that women The American crimi- can be taken advantage of. nal justice system not only Cat calling on the streets, discourages women from “pick up artists”, the “friend reporting rape, but also zone”, rape jokes, the ex- punishes them for it, and often lets the crim- pectation for women to avoid rape rather than inals go free or serve light sentences. Sexual for men to not rape, the promotion of wearing assault survivors fear police hostility or not conservative clothes, and the idea that women being taken seriously when reporting rape. In must protect themselves and not make them- many cases, women who report sexual as- selves a target are all examples of ways society saults are accused of lying or told to relax. If places the blame of rape on women. Breast- women make it past that and to court, they feeding in public is viewed as inappropriate de- face the task of re-living their worst experi- spite its natural and healthy benefits, yet pop ence in front of many people and being ac- culture and the media consistently depict edgy, cused of “asking for it” by the defense. Ad- graphic images of sex and rape. Rape culture ditionally, some judges give light sentences is an unspoken understanding in which rape is to rapists, blame victims, and ban the use of normalized and explained out of existence.

3 Rape culture is perpetuated by: • Preventative measures that encourage women to dress modestly, stick together, not drink too much, or in any way protect themselves, rather than educate men about rape and punish those who cannot restrain themselves. • Assuming that rape survivors are liars, when in reality only 2-8% of them are lying. • The infrequency of justice for survivors; only 3% of rapists ever serve time in jail. • Parents who blame their daughters for posting provocative photos online instead of talking to their sons about taking responsibility for their action. • People who blame survivors for being too drunk, leading him on, dressing too provocatively, and “asking for it” in any way. If the survivor was truly asking for it, it would be sex not rape. • The distinction people draw between sex and consensual sex. If the sex was not consensual it was not sex at all. It was rape. • Requiring girls but not boys to accept responsibility for their actions. “Boys will be boys”. • Assuming only “promiscuous” women and “weak” men get raped.

4 statistics • 1 in 3 (33%) women are survivors of sexual violence or intimate partner violence. • 1 in 6 (17%) men are victims of sexual violence. • 600 people are raped every day in the USA, one every two minutes. • 1 in 3 (30-35%) men would rape if they knew they’d get away with it. • 1 in 6 or 7 (14-16%) reported cases will ever see the inside of a courtroom. • 1 in 16 (6.5%) men are rapists. • Only 27% whose assault met the legal definition of rape consider themselves rape victims • Only 40% of rapes are reported to the police. • There’s a 50% chance a person will develop PTSD after rape. • Between 60% and 99% of rapes and sexual assault are perpetrated by men. • Between 65% and 85% of rapes are perpetrated by someone the victim knows. • 91% of victims of rape/sexual assault are female and 9% are male. • 97% of rapists will never spend even a single day in jail. • 98% of reported rapes are true, only 2% are false. 5 Acquaintance Rape by Jessica Blough and alec Marcellin

Seven in ten rapes are committed by is portrayed as a commodity whose attain- someone known to the survivor, according to ment is the ultimate male challenge.” Robin Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network Thicke’s chart-topping song “Blurred Lines,” (RAINN). The large majority of rape cases qual- released in 2013, promotes this sexually ify as acquaintance rape, which covers sex- dominant, lacking-obvious-consent rheto- ual assault perpetrated by friends, romantic ric. The conception of consent as “unsexy” interests, family, and distant acquaintances. pervades throughout popular culture. Socie- One in ten high school girls have been raped tal pressures on men to be “aggressive” and by an acquaintance. So why, then, does the women to be “submissive” continue to cre- word “rape” trigger images of hooded figures ate dangerous situations for both parties. in dark alleys? All rapes share one common quality: This deviation between the percep- lack of consent. The standard definition of tion and reality of rape leads to dangerously consent just requires both parties to not say “blurred lines” regarding consent and power no, a standard that fails to account for peo- dynamics during sex. The American Acade- ple who might be intoxicated, unconscious, my of Experts in Traumatic Stress (AAETS) afraid, or otherwise unable to voice their pro- explains the role of gender stereotypes and test. Date rape often occurs not with the pres- mainstream media in blurring the lines be- ence of a no, but with the absence of a yes. tween consensual sex and rape: “Acquain- Any sexual act that occurs without an em- tance rape is not typically committed by psy- phatic “YES” from both parties is considered chopaths who are deviant from mainstream nonconsensual by California Bill SB695, and society. Direct and indirect messages given is therefore sexual assault. “No means no” to boys and young men by our culture about is no longer an acceptable standard for pre- what it means to be male (dominant, aggres- venting sexual assault; it has been replaced sive, uncompromising) contribute to creating with “yes means yes,” a phrase that demands a mindset which is accepting of sexually ag- verbal consent. Consent must also be con- gressive behavior. Such messages are continuous: a yes one day, one hour, one minute stantly sent via television and film when sex does not apply to any situation beyond that 6 one. SB695 also requires school health cur- preted and misunderstood, and this can lead riculums to include the following information to people ignoring this serious issue. The on different forms of sexual harassment and misconception that acquaintance rape is not violence: “instances that occur among peers as serious as stranger rape causes people to and in a dating relationship, a discussion of fail to recognize the magnitude of the prob- prevention strategies, how pupils report sex- lem. The reality is that acquaintance rape is ual harassment and violence, and potential a felony, and it is just as traumatic to the sur- resources victims can access; discussions of vivor as any other form of rape. Still, the evi- the affirmative consent standard...and skills dence clearly reveals that acquaintance rape pupils use to establish boundaries in peer is ignored more than other forms of sexual and dating relationships; discussion of legal assault. Research demonstrates that even aspects of sexual harassment and violence though only 21 percent of stranger rape is under state and federal law.” reported to the police, a frighteningly low 2 Survivors of acquaintance rape are percent of acquaintance rape is reported. On often hesitant to call the incident “rape,” es- top of this, only 27 percent of victims think of pecially if the survivor was unable to protest, themselves as victims of rape. had had sex with the perpetrator before, or A central reason acquaintance rape is was intoxicated. According to Mary Koss’s underreported is due to the lack of support groundbreaking research on sexual assault that survivors receive from friends and fam- on college campuses, “Only 27 percent of ily. Survivors who tell their friends and fami- those women whose sexual assault met the lies about their experience are often subject legal definition of rape thought of themselves to subtle blame, known as victim blaming. as rape victims” and “Only five percent of the Loved ones may engage in victim blaming by rape victims reported the crime to the police.” questioning the survivor’s decision-making, This research does not differ- a reaction that causes shame entiate between acquaintance for the survivor and destroys rape and other rapes, but the the opportunity for an empa- great majority of all rapes are thetic response. Though never considered to be acquain- outright said, this subtle vic- tance rape. tim blaming can lead to self- Alcohol consumption blame, which may be the most accompanies most acqain- significant reason behind low tance rapes, especially in the report rates. A hesitancy to high school setting. Alcohol share often occurs because impairs judgment and makes of the guilt that can form in it easier for rapists to target and assault intox- the survivor’s mind. Though survivors under- icated people, whether they are conscious or stand how wrong rape is, the feeling that they not. Rapists may also use drugs like Rohyp- could have done more to prevent it or could nol, GHB, and Ketamine, known as date rape have made better decisions is prevalent and drugs. These can severely reduce brain activ- leads to a lack of reporting. ity, causing victims to lose awareness of their Though acquaintance rape is commit- surroundings, forget recent events, or pass ted by someone the survivor is familiar with, out. These drugs are tasteless and colorless; that doesn’t mitigate the crime in any way. as a result, they are often slipped into drinks Without consent, rape is rape, no matter who without anyone noticing. the attacker is. Because of this, what survi- Acquaintance rape is often misinter- vors need most is support, which is the best 7 way to prevent victim blaming and a lack of at parties, awareness is important for every- disclosure. With support from people the one. All people should avoid those who do survivor trusts, they will be more inclined to not show them respect; also it is important to call the attack what it is and report it to au- avoid isolation and speak up when a situation thorities. seems dangerous. Bystanders almost always Finally, preventing acquaintance rape have the ability to prevent acquaintance rape is not the responsibility of the survivor. The by recognizing the danger signs, stepping attacker will often time attempt to justify their in, and confronting the perpetrator. The ob- actions and blame the victim. Education and vious fear faced by all bystanders needs to awareness are necessary in order to limit be suppressed in order to attempt to resolve the number of attackers who may attempt the more important matter before them. This, rape. That being said, it is nearly impossible along with awareness and an understanding to completely eliminate sexual assault, so of the issue is important for everyone in or- there are also some important ways to stay der to prevent cases of acquaintance rape. safe. The first is the important understand- Everyone has an opportunity to truly make a ing that sexual intercourse without consent difference in preventing rape with awareness, is rape; it is a felony no matter who the rapist education, and support. is. Since acquaintance rape often happens

8 ‘‘boys will be boys’’ and other misconceptions by rowan lindsay and sami linden

From a young age, children are used ingless, it discretely implies that malevolent or to hearing phrases such as “boys will be destructive actions are “normal” and “okay” for boys” in response to rowdy behavior. While young boys, and that ‘uncontrollable’ outbursts this phrase is normally used to describe of aggression, like rape, are in their biological harmless actions, it has the potential to nature. On the contrary, “boys will be boys” be ingrained into the minds of individuals, teaches girls that this is the expected behav- which can lead to multitudes of social con- ior of boys around them, and that it should not sequences. When repeated over and over be taken seriously. When this idea is repeated again, it is accepted as an excuse and a over and over again during childhood, it can reason for certain types of behavior. This stick with children as they grow up and be ex- commonly-used excuse could be one basis pressed later, with even more severe repercus- of rape culture today. sions. When this phrase is viewed as mean- Phrases like this, and the culturally ac- 9 cepted meaning behind them, are arguably rape and sexual crimes provide little indica- one of the most powerful yet avoidable caus- tion that the use of normalizing statements es of rape, harassment, and other sexual or their effect on the mindset of our society crimes. Unfortunately, these ideas are com- is declining. Rather, the youth of our day monly enforced by parents when children are are becoming potentially more desensitized as young as preschoolers. Most adults would to the true definition and severity of these never dream of encouraging or even tolerating crimes and are increasingly exposed to of- behaviour in their children that could be seen fenders getting away with little punishment. as reflective of sexual violence, but the prob- Just last year, the Silicon Valley communi- lem in our culture lies not in the behaviour it- ty witnessed the ridiculously forgiving judi- self, but the response to it; when we examine cial treatment given to rapist Brock Turner, a the way that problems are often dealt with in a young man whose own father refused to ac- youthful school setting, the issues with soci- knowledge the severity of Brock’s crime nor ety’s parenting become very clear. As Soraya the need for a true punishment, arguing, “that Chemaly explains in her article for Huffington is a steep price to pay for 20 minutes of ac- Post, small acts of unkindness or bullying, tion out of his 20 plus years of life”. As a soci- such as knocking over another child’s blocks ety we have somehow reached a point where during play time, are too frequently dismissed a man serves an absolute minimum sentence with phrases like “He’s such a boy, he loves of six months for “20 minutes of action” that destroying things!” To make matters worse, permanently changed the life of an innocent girls are given the short end young woman. of the stick when it comes Solving this problem in to this tolerance for misbe- our society begins with in- haviour, often being scorned stilling the right message in while the actions of their the minds of children and male peers are attributed to adults. It shouldn’t need to physiological predisposition. be said that dismissing rape When boys are taught as “boys will be boys” is ig- that anger and aggression are norant and wrong, but the normal for their gender, they lesser-known problem is in might adopt the idea that this the way we raise young boys is the appropriate way to act. and girls. There will always As this evolves with age, it be members of society who becomes an excuse for cer- grow up to have little to no tain types of behavior. This also compounds respect for other people’s boundaries or bod- gender stereotypes, as the phrase “boys will ies – a social-cultural issue in itself – but part be boys” and others like it most likely do not of the problem lies with boys thinking (and apply to all individuals of the male popula- often rightfully so) that they will get away with tion. Furthermore, excuses like these are not it, or that it is part of their biological make-up. a healthy nor a constructive way to resolve Even if we cannot always make sexual pred- any harmful incidents, especially when the ators receive the punishment they deserve, claim is not rooted in truth. Men and boys are we can at least teach young boys that their not inherently violent, so it seems irrespon- actions have consequences and that their sible to use it as a statement to justify any harmful sexual desires are not legitimized by action at all regardless of the severity. an unwritten code – that nobody, even boys, Recent trends and events related to is above the law. 10 Victim Blaming by Danika Lyle and Renin Surucu

According to the National Research Council, 80 percent of all sexual assault cases go unreported. Why is it that people initial intentions feel they can’t openly report their experi- will change that. ences? Victim blaming not One of the largest reasons for this is only reduces the victim blaming: the act of an uninvolved or number of rapes reported by marginalizing involved party putting partial or full respon- and shaming the victim, but also reassures and sibility of a crime or wrongdoing on the vic- almost motivates abusers to commit sexual tim. In rape cases, this often means blaming assault. The mere statistic that “only 344 out the survivor for putting herself in the situ- of every 1,000 sexual assaults are reported to ation, dressing provocatively, drinking, etc. police which means that about 2 out of 3 go None of these factors in any way warrants unreported” is enough motivation for some to sexual assault, and each creates a societal commit assault. standard of doubt towards the victim. Of- Educator and author in the field of gen- ten, rape culture focuses on preventative der violence, Jackson Katz, explains how the behavior targeted towards women instead human mind unconsciously shifts the focus of placing attention on the perpetrators. from the perpetrator to the victim through a se- As said by Amber Stevenson, the ries of sentences. He starts simply with “John clinical supervisor and therapist at a sexual beat Mary”. This transforms into “Mary was assault center, “As long as we as a com- beaten by John” which now makes Mary, not munity continue to make victim-blaming John, the focus. This then becomes “Mary was statements, such as, ‘She put herself in beaten” and “Mary is a battered woman”. At this situation,’ … ‘She didn’t fight back, she this point Mary’s entire identity centers around must have wanted it,’ we will continue to the abuse and John is no longer considered to see rapes go unreported. The conversation be involved. Katz emphasizes how this mind- needs to shift to the person who chose to set correlates with victim blaming.The lack of rape.” Victim blaming needs to end in or- responsibility connected to rapists after the der for people to feel comfortable reporting fact shifts the focus from rapist to victim. rape. The guilty must take responsibility for So, what can you - as an uninvolved per- their actions. son - do to stop victim blaming? Here are sev- In a court of law, sober, informed, eral suggestions provided by Southern Con- and continuous consent is what determines necticut State University: whether or not a case is rape or not, and • Avoid using or agreeing with language that no article of clothing, party atmosphere, or objectifies or degrades women. Ex: “Why 11 don’t you just sit there and look pretty,” Ex: Do not ask what the victim was wear- “She’d make a great wife,” “You throw like ing or whether or not he/she was sober. a girl,” “Trophy wife,” “You’re too pretty to This communicates that the victim could be frowning,” “That’s what she said!” have changed his/her fate if his/her ap- • Speak out if you hear someone else mak- pearance or demeanor were different. ing an offensive joke or trivializing rape. • Hold rapists accountable for their actions: Ex: “That test raped me,” “Don’t drop the do not let them make excuses like blam- soap!” ing the victim, alcohol, or drugs for their • If a friend says they have been raped, take behavior. Ex: You and your friends are your friend seriously and be supportive. at a party and someone is clearly mak- Believe him or her and get help from a ing advances to someone who obviously trustworthy adult. doesn’t want them. Be an upstander by • Think critically about the media’s messag- firmly confronting them in a serious man- es about women, men, relationships, and ner: “Seriously!?” “Get off of her!” “Take a violence. Ex: “these women get the notion hint and cut it out!” Prepare to be physical that they runnin’ the game - Drake” This only if it is necessary. implies that women do not have the same • Always communicate with sexual partners authority of being in charge or running the and do not assume consent. music industry as men. Ex: No means no. Silence means no. Only • Be respectful of others’ physical space yes means yes. even in casual situations. Ex: If someone • Define your own manhood or - woman makes it clear he/she does not want to be hood. Do not let stereotypes shape your approached through their body language, actions. communication, or words, respect their • Don’t be a bystander, be active. boundaries. • Let survivors know that it is not their fault.

Reasons Why Victim Blaming is Not Acceptable Yet Present in Our Culture Harms: -marginalizes the victim and makes it difficult for the victim to come forward and report the crime -reinforces that it is the victim’s fault this crime has occurred -reassures and almost motivates abusers to continue or start abusing

Examples: “She/he must have provoked the abuser and is also at fault” “She/he shouldn’t have been under the influence” “She/he was as in control of the situation as the abuser”

These examples are incorrect and are harmful, because in reality the abuser has the ultimate choice whether or not to commit this crime. It also validates common ‘excuses’ like ‘suggestive’ clothing, being under the influence, or angering the abuser and makes the victim feel as if it is their fault which is not true. 12 Reality check

It has taken me two years to finally tell my story. I didn’t hold back from telling someone because I was afraid to; I didn’t tell anyone because it took me two years to realize that I had been raped. When I was fifteen I began to experiment with alcohol. One Saturday night a couple friends and I decided to have a few drinks. I had mixed a few different types of alcohol and after about only twenty minutes I was beyond extremely drunk. One of the guys I was with was my best friend. I was so heavily intoxicated that night it took over a week to have parts of the night come back to my memory. I had flashbacks but could not put the pieces together. I was aware that I had been with this guy and that something had happened. The question remained however: did we actually have sex. As time moved on, more and more memories came to me and I eventually came to realize that he had taken my virginity that night. After that night my life turned upside down. I became severely depressed. I did not focus on school or sports. I isolated myself from my friends and treated my family horribly. I was angry all of the time and there was nothing I could do about it. I began to drink heavily and before long I was drunk from 12 in the afternoon to 12 at night everyday. I had no intention of suicide; however I would constantly think of how I did not care for my life. The one person I did turn to was my rapist. I dated him for two years. Today it puzzles me how I did this. Did I think he was the only one who could possibly love me? Did I love him? Part of me felt that I needed to make him love me because I’d lost my virginity to him and that is supposed to be shared with someone you love. Therapists say that perhaps I did it to right my wrongs, for I figured it was my fault this happened to me. The consequences I have suffered from those years have turned out to be more severe than I would have imagined. Due to the period when I did not care about school, colleges are not accepting the grades I present to them. Because I dated him, therapists say I have not learned anything about myself and have not grown mentally since that night. Thankfully now I am free from him and thanks to someone flat out saying, “You were raped” I can finally work towards moving on. I am finally seeing what this incident did to me and I hope what people can take from this is to be responsible for yourself. I am not telling you to never go drink with a few friends; that is your decision. However, I am asking you to please be responsible. To this day, two years later, I still lay in bed at thinking about that night. I lay there wishing I could remember more, wishing I was not blacked out as some guy was “having sex” with me. It is not worth the haunting because there is no way to say how... long it is going to last. Be careful. Please. I’ve always read a lot of books. Growing up it was nearly all I spent my time doing - I’d procrastinate on my homework with a story, even one I’d read before. I could grow so attached to the characters and make them exactly what I wanted them to be in my mind. I would just drift away and then the book would be finished and it would be 9PM and I still wouldn’t have finished my assignment. And that was when the books I read were only 100 pages each. Now, on my harder days, I find myself feeling like a character in one of my story books. It’s like I’m reading a book about myself instead of actually living my life. Or maybe I’m writing the book; I’m making choices and thinking about them but none of it feels real. I don’t feel the repercussions of my decisions, I just see the fall out and think “well done” or “we’ll do better next time” and move on. I feel so numb sometimes. 13 When I think about my being a real person and then I think about what happened to me it hurts too much. I can’t stand remembering that that was me they did that too. When I force my brain to put my face on the girl in my mind that they hurt it’s like I’m back there again, and I can’t stop it, and all I want is for it to not have happened and for me to not be a rape victim. I know that it did and I know that I am. But I feel so separate. When I can relegate the horrible things that happened to this place in my mind; it’s as if it just happened to my favorite character in a story. It’s sad and upsetting, and it can still make me cry, but not the debilitating storm of anger and fear and horror that overtakes me when that girl is me. And then I can focus on being a happy successful girl with a loving boyfriend and a thriving social life and a cute dog who is going to spend the rest of her life helping people like that girl in the story. ... I have written it over and over again, in different voices; I have changed the back- ground, the circumstances, the names, the color of my hair, the month/year/day/hour. I’ve striven to be as graphic, or poetic, or straightforward, or dispassionate, or heartbroken about it as I can be, and underneath all of that, the story remains just what it is, what is was: “untellable” Some lady on the internet described my silence better than I ever could. Rape is simply “untellable.” I find it ironic that all my years of useless vocabulary memorization can’t help me now. Yet I want to explain all of it to you so that you will hate him or at least hate the crime of rape just as much as I do, so that you will understand that a part of me continues to be raped today, even though the actual event happened several years ago. I want you to know that rape kills; all that I was, all that I knew about me and the world in which I lived was an- nihilated just one night, by just one person. I want to explain how the night I was raped, the act of penetration was an act of violence and how I can’t imagine that that violence comes in another form that is considered beautiful and sacred. I want you to feel the pounding of my heart because fear has grown in every open space in my soul. I had to lay there that night and experience the most gruesome sense of powerlessness that I could ever imagine. I walk down the street knowing that every man has that power. I have yet to discover how I can face that fact and not be haunted. But, as I look around my life today, I know that the fear has dulled. I promised myself that if I were to write this, I would not lie about the devastating effects of both enduring rape and surviving the aftermath. But for all the rape victims who read this, I will also write that life has continued. There were therapy sessions, angry hate mail, never sent, journ- aling exercises, a pair of really worn in tennis shoes for when all I could do was run away, anger followed at last by tears, and lots of bath and body products for all the time I spent in the shower. Almost despite myself though, it has eased the pain and memories. What remains now is only the little things: the gold chain he wore around his neck, the cold floor that pressed against my back, the color of the walls and the ceiling. Most of all, though, I will never forget that one moment when I looked up at the ceiling. I knew that if I couldn’t find a place to escape to, inside my mind, I would not survive. But as I soon learned, all that really survived was the opportunity for me to begin again. Me, all sixteen years of me, had to be left in that room. I had to decide a long time ago that the quality of my life now was going to remain my responsibility. He had one night to hurt me. He could not, and did not, take the rest of my life.

14 Gender Stereotypes and expectations by cameron wehr and alice bibaud

Men are breadwinners, and women weaker, demure, and emotional member of the are homemakers; or so the general stereo- family. Essentially, there is a power struggle types for men and women go. The general between the couple; the male is the head of the idea of gender roles has been around since household, while his wife or partner is subject the rise of the middle class in the 1700s. to his demands. This is where gender roles be- There are certain rules that are implicit in come a major problem. These values, ground our everyday lives: men should know how in by time and practice, fuel the fire of rape by to deal with business while women should endorsing male dominance over females. This know how to cook for their husbands and gives lots of otherwise “good” men the idea children. Many of the cultural norms for re- that asserting their power in harmful ways is spective genders are harmful to the future okay. Rape is an assertion of power, which is of an ever-changing generation of gender why the psychological effects of the action are equality. Gender roles impose unrealistic ex- extremely damaging to survivors; in that mo- pectations upon both genders and produce ment they lose control of their bodies and feel a sexist system that is inherently flawed. completely helpless as a result. Gender Roles + Rape Men + Rape Gender roles, if taken lightly, are not Men are rapists, men are raped. The lat- harmful: they show what old America valued ter fact is often overlooked - rape is often seen in its men and women. They are pieces of as an issue that concerns only women, which history. According to these ideas, men are is far from the truth. Living in a society that supposed to work all day and bring home promotes hyper-masculinity, the stories of men “the bacon” that the family is to rely upon, who have been raped are stifled due to the and women are meant to be the caretakers stigma around being effeminate. Many choose of their children and homes. Men are seen instead to sacrifice their voices and experienc- as physically strong, aggressive, and emo- es in order to retain their dignity. Traditional tionally removed; women are seen as the gender roles endorse the idea that men are 15 strong and shouldn’t have weaknesses. Sta- • 44 percent of lesbians and 61 percent of tistically, one out of every ten rape victims is bisexual women experience rape, phys- male, and one out of every thirty-three males ical violence, or stalking by an intimate is raped, according to the Rape, Abuse, & In- partner, compared to 35 percent of het- cest National Network (RAINN). The precon- erosexual women ceived idea that women are always victims • 26 percent of gay men and 37 percent of diminishes the fact that everyone, including bisexual men experience rape, physical men, is susceptible to rape. violence, or stalking by an intimate part- Women + Rape ner, compared to 29 percent of heterosex- Nine out of ten survivors of rape are ual men. women. Blame for rape, though, is often • 46 percent of bisexual women have been placed upon these victims. If a woman wears raped, compared to 17 percent of hetero- a suggestive dress or a tight shirt, people say sexual women and 13 percent of lesbians that she is “asking for it”. The public often • 22 percent of bisexual women have been thinks this because people are trained to raped by an intimate partner, compared to sexualize women. Why would somebody 9 percent of heterosexual women ask for rape? The complete • 40 percent of gay men loss of control over one’s body and 47 percent of bisexual and the accompanying devas- men have experienced sex- tation are not routinely asked ual violence other than rape, for. Regardless of a woman’s compared to 21 percent of appearance, she should never heterosexual men be blamed for rape or assault. • Nearly half (48 percent) Blame is also given to survivors of bisexual women who are of rape if they seem to have put rape survivors experienced themselves in danger. For ex- their first rape between ages ample, if somebody is drunk at 11 and 17 a party and is raped, he or she • Among black transgender may be blamed for the whole people, 15 percent reported situation. Because, some say, the victim was physical assault and 7 percent reported not aware of his or her surroundings, this sur- sexual assault by police vivor was the one who allowed the rape to Part of these harsh trends could be happen. Sex requires two consenting indi- caused by the fact that there is very little rep- viduals. Those who blame rape on survivors resentation of healthy, LGBTQ+ relationships seem to have lost sight of that. The fact that in the media. Healthy relationships between the person at the party had his or her guard queer people are uncommon or stereotyped down was no invitation to let somebody sex- in the media; therefore, queer people have ually attack him or her. An appearance of more difficulty discovering and embracing vulnerability does not excuse rape. their identity. LGBTQ + Rape Rape and sexual violence are not fe- People of different sexual orientations male issues. They are not male issues. They are often overlooked because of the substan- do not discriminate against sexual orienta- tial statistics involving heterosexual men and tion. Rape affects everyone, and it is every- women. What about the queer population? one’s duty to fight such dehumanizing acts As it turns out, rape is all too present in these and to prevent such crimes from continuing. communities as well. Some numbers: 16 Mythsmyths and facts Compiledcompiled by cameron wehr The following myths are common and impact survivors of assault or abuse, as well as Thethe behaviorfollowing andmyths effectiveness are common of andfriends, impact family, survivors medical, of assaultsocial service, or abuse, and as law well en- as theforcement behavior personnel. and effectiveness This sheet willof friends, help clarify family, some medical, of the socialmost commonservice, myths.and law en- forcement personnel. This sheet will help clarify some of the most common myths. Myth: Sexual assault is an act of lust and passion that can’t be controlled. Myth: Sexual assault is an act of lust and passion that can’t be controlled. Fact: Sexual assault is about power and control and is not motivated by sexual gratifi- Fact:cation.[1] Sexual assault is about power and control and is not motivated by sexual gratifi- cation.[1] Myth: If a victim of sexual assault does not fight back, they must have wanted it.

Myth:Fact: ManyIf a victim survivors of sexual experience assault tonic does immobility not fight orback, a “freeze they muresponse”st have wanted during it. an assault where they physically cannot move or speak.[2] Fact: Many survivors experience tonic immobility or a “freeze response” during an as- saultMyth: where A lot of they victims physically lie about cannot being rapedmove oror givespeak.[2] false reports.

Myth:Fact: OnlyA lot 2-8%of victims of rapes lie about are falsely being reported, raped or thegive same false percentage reports. as for other felo- nies.[3] Fact: Only 2-8% of rapes are falsely reported, the same percentage as for other felo- nies.[3]Myth: A person cannot sexually assault his or her partner or spouse.

Myth:Fact: NearlyA person 1 in cannot 10 women sexually have assault experienced his or rapeher partner by an intimate or spouse. partner in their life- time.[4]

Fact:Myth: Nearly Sexual 1assaults in 10 women most often have occur experienced in public or rape outdoors. by an intimate partner in their life- time.[4] Fact: 55% of rape or sexual assault victimizations occur at or near the victim’s home, Myth:and 12% Sexual occur assaults at or near most the often home occur of a infriend, public relative, or outdoors. or acquaintance.[5]

Fact:Myth: 55% Rape of does rape not or happen sexual that assault often. victimizations occur at or near the victim’s home, and 12% occur at or near the home of a friend, relative, or acquaintance.[5] Fact: There is an average of 293,066 victims of rape or sexual assault ages 12 or older Myth:each yearRape in does the US. not On happen average, that sexual often. assault happens every 98 seconds.[6]

Fact:Myth: There People is that an averagehave been of sexually 293,066 assaulted victims ofwill rape be hysterical or sexual and assault cry. ages 12 or older each year in the US. On average, sexual assault happens every 98 seconds.[6] Fact: Everyone responds differently to trauma–some may laugh, some may cry, and others will not show their emotions at all.[7] Myth: People that have been sexually assaulted will be hysterical and cry. Myth: Men are not victims of rape. Fact: Everyone responds differently to trauma–some may laugh, some may cry, and othersFact: On will average, not show 1 outtheir of emotions every 33 menat all.[7] is a victim of rape. 1 out of 10 rape victims is

17 male.[8]

Myth: If a parent teaches a child to stay away from strangers, they won’t get raped.

Fact: 60% of child sexaul abuse cases are perpetrated by someone the child knows outside the family, and 30% are assaulted by family members.[9]

Myth: Prostitutes cannot be raped because they are selling sex.

Fact: Prostitutes have the right to give and withhold consent to any sexual activity, and therefore, can be raped just like anyone else.[10]

Myth: Getting help is expensive for survivors of assault.

Fact: Services such as counseling and advocacy are offered for free or at a low cost by sexual assault service providers.[11]

Myth: There is nothing we can do to prevent sexual violence.

Fact: There are many ways you can help prevent sexual violence including interven- ing as a bystander to protect someone who may bet at risk.[12]

[1] Groth, A., Burgess, W., & Holmstrom, L Rape: Power, Anger, and Sexuality. American Journal of Psychia- try, 134(11), 1239-43. Pubmed.gov.

[2] TeBockhorst, S, O’Halloran, M., & Nyline, B. (2014). Tonic Immobility Among Survivors of Sexual Assault. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 7(2). 171-178.

[3] Lonsway, K., Archambault, J., & Lisak, D. (2009). False Reports: Moving Beyond the Issue to Successfully Investigate and Prosecute Non-Stranger Sexual Assault. The Voice, 3(1).

[4] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey. (2011). [5] Planty, M., Langton, L., Krebs, C., Berzofsky, M., & Smiley-McDonald, H. (2013). Female Victims of Sexual Violence, 1994-2010. Bureau of Justice Statistics.

[6] U.S. Department of Justice. National Crime Victimization Survey. 2009-2013.

[7] Fanflik, P. (2007). Victim responses to Sexual assault: Counterintuitive or Simply Adaptive?

[8] “Victims of Sexual Violence: Statistics | RAINN.” Victims of Sexual Violence: Statistics | RAINN. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2017.

[9] The National Child Traumatic Stress Network: The Truth About Sexual Abuse.

[10] Sullivan, B. (2007). Rape, Prostitution, and Consent. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology (Australian Academic Press), 40(2), 127-142.

[11] “Find Help Near You | RAINN.” | RAINN. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2017.

[12] “Your role in Preventing Sexual Assault | RAINN.” Victims of Sexual Violence: Prevention | RAINN. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2017.

18 How colleges respond to sexual assault by Nitin Srinivasan and andy braham

Sexual assault is arguably the most degrees of effectiveness. Elon Univeristy of pressing safety issue on college campuses North Carolina forced students to take an on- today. According to a 2016 poll of college line course on sexual ethics and alcohol. At the students, an astonishing twenty three per- moment it is not clear that this program works cent of female respondents reported that but many feel that Elon’s program is a move they had been assaulted. To combat this in the right direction and helps stir a broader figure, colleges pursue a number of strate- campus discussion about sexual assault by gies to reduce and prevent these incidents. making the course required There are four main ways that they do this: Stiffer penalties which include expulsion • Utilizing educational programs that at- or longer suspensions also do not have sta- tempt to teach about consent, healthy tistical evidence backing them but are argued sexual relationships, and how to stay more from a moral point of view. safe while drinking and partying. Directly targeting parties with security or • Enforcing stiffer penalties for sexual as- requiring fraternities to keep sober watchmen sault (expulsion instead of suspension). has been effective in limited instances as a de- • Directly targeting parties and areas of terrent. However, a sober watchmen is of little drinking by requiring fraternities to keep use if people are unaware of the prevalence members sober and on guard or provid- and definition of rape. ing security at parties. When colleges find out about incidents • Banning alcohol, directly or indirectly. of sexual assault, they most often react by: Some feel that sexual assault is not • Forming tribunals of teachers and adminis- intrinsically due to alcohol consumption, trators. that the banning/restricting of it only acts • They hire private investigators when law- as a scapegoat. Drinking may decrease in- suits are on the line. hibitions, but it does not cause sexual as- These psuedo-courts are required to in- sault. Therefore, controlling drinking is not vestigate sexaul assualt cases because of Title the correct approach to preventing sexual IX, which states that sexual assault is a form of assault. gender-based discrimination that schools must Educational programs offer varying work to prevent and punish. 19 Each school has its own code of con- men to proactively intervene and prevent duct as it relates to these hearings and they people being taken advantage of. Through can vary widely. Some schools permit the use direct work with school administrators, the of lawyers by the accused or accuser during campaign aims to increase transparency in these hearings but many prohibit them. sexaul assualt investigation. Vice President Since these courts are only governed Biden spoke about this campaign at the Uni- by school rules, their rulings are not always versity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign two applicable to any following civil or criminal in- years ago. He mentioned a greater need to vestigations. include men in the discussion about the top- Survivors are often forced to relive their ic. One victim of sexaul assualt remarked that assault in court due to the excessive ques- the speech left her feeling empowered and tioning of the defense. One survivor stated, “I supported. felt like I had survived a semester of torture, Though many solutions to the complex of being forced to relive what was the worst issue of rape have been proposed and enact- day of my life over and over again, and I felt ed, society will always deal with this issue. like it was for nothing”. The best to do is to have an open discussion President Obama responded to con- about it and provide every rape victim sup- cerns about campus sexual assault through port and a way to be heard. The weight of a series of Department of Education reviews sexual violence ultimately rests on every per- and a new campaign called “It’s On Us”. The son’s shoulders as everyone is responsible to campaign hopes to encourage women and be aware and look out for the vulnerable.

20 by jessica blough resources and justin quan

RAINN (Rape, Abuse & Incest YWCA Rape Crisis Center National Network) San Jose, CA 95112 rainn.org ywca-sv.org 24/7 Hotline Phone: 24/7 Hotline Phone: 408-287-3000 800-656-HOPE (4673) or (650) 493-7273 Business Phone: 408-295-4011 San Francisco Women Against Rape San Francisco, CA 94110 Alliance Against Family Violence & sfwar.org Sexual Assault 24/7 Hotline Phone: Bakersfield, CA 93301 415-647-RAPE (7273) kernalliance.org Business Phone: 415-861-2024 24/7 Hotline Phone: (661) 327-1091 LGBTQ Hotline: (661) 322-2869 Bay Area Women Against Rape Business: (800) 273-7713 Oakland, CA 94612 bawar.org National Association of Crime 24/7 Hotline Phone: 510-845-7273 Victim Compensation Boards Business Phone: 510-430-1298 Alexandria, VA 22302 nacvcb.org Crisis Text Line: 741741 crisistextline.org

Supporting Rape Survivors: adapted from S2S Acquaintance Rape presentations 1. Believe them: do not doubt the reality of their assault. 2. Help them choose their own path to recovery. Show them the resources above. Let their preferences outweigh what you think is best. There is no right way to react to sexual assault. 3. Listen: ask questions with the purpose of being a better support system. Do not pry. 4. Never blame them for being assaulted. 5. Recognize physical boundaries. Rape survivors may be hesitant about physical con- tact. Ask before you touch them. 6. Suggest that they seek mental health support, via a psychologist or therapist. Re- member that you are not a qualified professional, and as a result cannot be their only support system. Remember that recovery takes time. 7. Give them power. Remind them of their strength. Rape is a loss of power. Survivors want to know that they still have some control. 8. Respect their privacy and don’t spread their story. 9. Reflect on your own mental health and recognize that you may need to get help for yourself; rape impacts family and friends as well as the survivors 21 Recovery Immediately following assault, there are several important steps that should be taken. The first thing you need to do is get to a safe place, and receive a medical exam, even if you don’t think you need one. Following the immediate actions, notifying the police to report the crime as soon as possible is recommended, but if are uncomfortable, you can consult someone you trust about your situation first. We’ve also provided some helpful resources for recovery that we strongly recommend using following sexual assault.

Immediate actions After immediate actions These are actions to be taken immediately These are recommended actions that you after being sexually assaulted: can choose to take after immediate recov- • Get to a safe place away from the loca- ery: tion of the crime. • Report the crime to the police as soon • Preserve all of the evidence of the as- after the assault as possible. sault by not showering, bathing, douch- • Schedule an appointment with CASSY ing, eating, drinking, brushing your (Counseling and Support Services for teeth, or washing your hands until after Youth) in CAF2. CASSY is an on-cam- medical examination pus support service made up of trained • Even if you don’t think you have phys- professionals. ical injuries, go to a hospital to receive • Call a rape crisis center (refer to provid- medical examination and discuss risk of ed resources). sexually transmitted disease and preg- • Call a rape hotline number (refer to pro- nancy. Specialized forensic clinics provided resources). viding treatment for sexual assault vic- • Consult a friend, family member, or tims also exist, so you may also choose someone you trust about your situation. to receive medical care there instead. If • Speak to a counselor specializing in as- you suspect you were given a rape drug, sisting rape victims. Such counselors request to have a urine sample tested. can be found by calling the provided Physical evidence is also saved during hotlines. a medical exam. • Look into the Victim Compensation • Place clothing worn during the rape in Fund (refer to provided resources). The new paper bags. Refrain from using sexual assault should be reported within plastic bags, as they retain moisture and 5 years. can damage DNA. • Write down everything you remember about the sexual assault, including description of the assailant, time, location, and other details pertaining to the sexual assault.

22 by the paws Conclusion staff

“Before working on this issue of PAWS, I felt like vivors and knew the standard definition of rape, I I knew a lot about rape and what it means to ev- was unaware of how common it was in our com- erybody who experiences it. I learned just how munity. While it is easy to see statistics that display little I actually understood; this was especial- information, such as how many people are raped ly true in the seemingly less significant, small each year, or the situations where rape is most things that people don’t always talk about. The common, it was hard for me to truly understand staggering amount of people who have to deal how this applied to our society. After researching with sexual assault astounds me. I find I look and writing, I was able to comprehend more infor- at people a little bit differently because of such mation about rape and rape culture.” numbers. Statistically, one out of every five of -Sami Linden, Class of 2019 my friends already have been or will be raped. “Through our discussions on this topic and re- Not only did I not know how scary those num- search, I have learned quite a few things about rape bers are; I have come to realize that every per- culture and gender relations in general. I learned son has a story, but parts of that story can be about the sheer number of women who experi- too much to reveal even to tell oneself.” ence sexual violence worldwide. Most surprisingly, -Alice Bibaud, Class of 2019 I learned about how pervasive rape culture is and “I have always associated the fear of rape with how far we are from combating it. Despite learning the many articles my mom would read to me these unfortunate facts, I felt good doing my part to about teen boys raping teen girls at parties or educate people about this topic, even if it is small.” random men assaulting a passing by woman. In -Andy Braham, Class of 2019 that sense, to me it felt as though my mom was “Rape and sexual assault is a topic that is so per- just trying to prevent her own daughter from the sonal that it is rarely discussed. Because of this, I opportunity of rape, and it almost felt like some- had very little knowledge about rape at our school. thing for my mom to worry about and not my I had always heard the numbers like “1 in 5 wom- own. But as I learned more about the statistics en are raped”, but I never had thought that these of rape and heard life stories I was able to em- numbers would ever relate to Los Gatos, that such pathize more and become much more passion- acts could go unnoticed by a community so close- ate about being informed to my fullest capacity knit. But through the research in this article, the sad about the topic of rape. This topic especially, truth is more prevalent than ever, and the stigma because it is so extremely universal and relat- surrounding it is profound. From this experience, I able, has been the most perspective-changing have a deeper understanding and a deeper appre- journey I have embarked on so far.” ciation for the victims of rape.” -Renin Surucu, Class of 2019 -Cameron Wehr, Class of 2018 “Sadly, “rape” and “sexualt assault” are terms “Within the last year, two of my friends confided in I have seen abundantly scattered throughout me that they had been sexually assaulted. Despite media, and while I acknowledged the stigma a full year of health class and a decent amount of behind such terms, it turned out that there was research, I was incredibly ill-equipped to console so much more behind sexual assault that I had them or understand their experience. That’s why never considered. The details of rape and rape this issue was so important to me and why it was culture that I’ve learned further emphasizes the so critical that we did it right. My hope is that with atrocity of rape, and I’ve been able to learn how this issue, we can fulfill the true purpose of PAWS: to take steps to reduce it.” to provide awareness, the kind of awareness that -Justin Quan, Class of 2019 can prevent assault; protect students; and allow us “Before this issue of PAWS, I had never done to be more educated, more supportive friends.” in-depth research on the topic of rape and sex- -Jessica Blough, Class of 2017 ual assault. While I had heard stories about sur- 23 sources

• https://goodmenproject.com/raising-boys/6-ways-accidentally-teach-kids-rape-culture/ • https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/02/its-time-we-stop-using-the-boys-will-be-boys-line • https://socialistworker.org/2013/01/07/victim-blaming-system-excuses-rape • http://www.thisisnotanexcuse.org/rape-and-sexual-assault/ • http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/stop-making-excuses-end-rape-culture_us_57584b90e4b0b6c496002679 • http://thefederalist.com/2016/06/08/being-a-stanford-athlete-is-no-excuse-for-rape/ • https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/gender-and-schooling/201403/the-danger-boys-will-be-boys • http://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/3186555 • https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.babble.com/parenting/ways-we-accidentally-teach-our-kids-rape-culture • http://tuftsasap.org/learn/what-is-rape-culture/ • https://www.southernct.edu/sexual-misconduct/facts.html • https://www.rainn.org/statistics/criminal-justice-system • http://www.cbeinternational.org/blogs/release-brock-turner-and-boys-will-be-boys • http://www.rcgd.isr.umich.edu/garp/articles/eccles90f.pdf • http://www.ariel.ac.il/images/stories/site/personalsites/sarahbendavid/mamrim/mamrim2/rape_perceptions.pdf • https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/sociology/sex-and-gender/gender-roles • https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4244004/ • http://www.huffingtonpost.com/daniel-r-schwarz/the-greek-system-should-a_b_8697362.html • http://www.oneinfourusa.org/statistics.php • http://thehuntinggroundfilm.com/2016/06/its-on-us-to-see-act-stop/ • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oQbei5JGiT8 • http://www.hrc.org/resources/sexual-assault-and-the-lgbt-community • http://nctsn.org/nctsn_assets/pdfs/caring/preventingacquaintancerape.pdf • http://www.wavaw.ca/what-is-rape-culture/ • http://everydayfeminism.com/2014/03/examples-of-rape-culture/ • https://www.southernct.edu/sexual-misconduct/facts.html • (https://icdv.idaho.gov/conference/handouts/False-Allegations.pdf) • http://everydayfeminism.com/2014/11/barriers-report-sexual-assault/ • https://icdv.idaho.gov/conference/handouts/False-Allegations.pdf (source of 2-10% statistic) • http://www.wavaw.ca/what-is-rape-culture/ • http://www.shakesville.com/2009/10/rape-culture-101.html • http://everydayfeminism.com/2014/03/examples-of-rape-culture/ • https://psychologybenefits.org/2014/02/18/3-components-of-rape-culture-and-what-you-can-do-to-fight-back/ • https://www.southernct.edu/sexual-misconduct/facts.html • http://www.rantnow.com/2015/06/12/15-real-life-examples-of-rape-culture-in-our-society/ • http://www.911rape.org/getting-help/what-to-do-if-you-are-raped • http://www.pandys.org/articles/ifyouareraped.html • http://www.csbsju.edu/chp/sexual-assault-survivors-guide • https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6308a1.htm • https://www.aau.edu/uploadedFiles/AAU_Publications/AAU_Reports/Sexual_Assault_Campus_Survey/AAU_Cam- pus_Climate_Survey_12_14_15.pdf • http://jiv.sagepub.com.ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/content/26/18/3640.long • http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/ccsvsftr.pdf • http://thinkprogress.org/health/2013/06/20/2186551/who-violence-against-women-epidemic/ • http://www.rainn.org/statistics • http://www.rapetraumaservices.org/rape-sexual-assault.html • https://wearawhitefeather.wordpress.com/survivors/the-rape-spectrum/ • http://www.jimhopper.com/male-ab/ • http://www.oneinfourusa.org/statistics.php • http://freethoughtblogs.com/almostdiamonds/2013/08/23/i-am-a-false-rape-allegation-statistic/ • http://www2.binghamton.edu/counseling/documents/RAPE_FACT_SHEET1.pdf • http://www.union.edu/offices/dean/sart/campus/ • http://www.wcsap.org/sites/www.wcsap.org/files/uploads/webinars/SV%20on%20Campus/Repeat%20Rape.pdf