Early Modern Rape Culture(s): Women’s Confrontations with Religion and Law Attending to Early Modern Women: Action and Agency 2018 Conference Greta Kroeker/Devon Sherwood

In 1680, an unmarried woman named Mary Knowles defended herself against accusations of infanticide by telling the harrowing story of her rape by a stranger at her home in Arncliffe, North Yorkshire. 1 She had not publicly shared her rape experience prior to her hearing. This was not uncommon in Early Modern Europe, as the very rape culture that enabled sexual violence also served to silence and shame its victims. In seventeenth century Europe, most instances of sexual assault went unreported, unless the perpetrator was accused by a male family member or employer, a practice that had continued from the medieval period. In both medieval and early modern culture, therefore, the accusation of sexual violence faced obstacles, obstacles that we submit were part of an emerging and particularly Early Modern rape culture that have yet to be fully explored. In recent decades, the topics of sexual assault and modern rape cultures have become prominent in a variety of scholarly disciplines. While modern sexual assault has been and continues to be studied in detail, however, less scholarly attention has been devoted to studying the nature of sexual violence in Early Modern Europe and its connections to and distinctions from its medieval roots. Significant changes in religion, law, socioeconomics, and politics during the early modern period affected the ways in which rape and sexual assault were perceived, experienced, and prosecuted. The impact of religio-legal changes on Early Modern rape culture, in particular, could benefit from additional study. This workshop will focus on how these religious and legal changes affected perceptions of sexual assault in Early Modern Europe. Recently, scholars like Sara M. Butler and Caroline Dunn have discussed sexual assault and the law in the medieval world. Butler’s “ I will never consent to be wedded with you!: Coerced Marriage in the Courts of Medieval England” (2004) focuses on forced marriage and its connections to assault, whereas Dunn’s “The Language of Ravishment in Medieval England” (2011) explores the ways in which sexual assault was discussed by contemporaries. Emma Hawkes’ articles “ Preliminary Notes on Consent in the 1382 Rape and Ravishment Laws of Richard II” (2007) and her earlier “'She was ravished against her will, what so ever she say': Female Consent in Rape and Ravishment in late-medieval England” (1995) focus on the place of the female victim and the law in cases of sexual assault. While the majority of available scholarship focuses on medieval England, articles like Elise Histead’s “Mediaeval Rape: A Conceivable Defence?” (2004) study assault on a wider scale. Scholarship on sexual assault in early modern Europe has been more geographically varied. Renato Barahona’s Sex Crimes, Honour, and the Law in Early Modern Spain: Vizcaya, 1528-1735 (2003) discusses the concept of female honour, its loss via victimization by sexual """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" #"Miranda Chaytor, “Husband(ry): Narratives of Rape in the Seventeenth Century,” Gender & History 7 (1995): 378. "

#" " assault and its redemption through recourse to the law. Abigail Dyer’s “ Seduction by Promise of Marriage: Law, Sex, & Culture in 17th-Century Spain” (2003) explores sexual contact in relation to marriage, and Laura Gowing’s scholarship (1996, 1998, 2003) studies gender differences in sexual litigation, encompassing sexual assault and insult, as well as marriage contracts based on rape. Manon Van Der Heijen’s “Women as Victims of Sexual and Domestic Violence in Seventeenth-Century Holland: Criminal Cases of Rape, Incest, and Maltreatment in Rotterdam and Delft” (2011) discusses women as victims in Holland, and Sharon P. Johnson’s “The Toleration and Eroticization of Rape: Interpreting Charles Perrault’s Le Petit Chaperon Rouge within Seventeenth-and Eighteenth-Century French Jurisprudence” (2003) focuses on connections between culture, literature and the law . Less scholarship has focussed on the connections between religious changes in Early Modern Europe and changes to the perceptions and prosecutions of rape. As a result, these questions will guide the workshop: How did the establishment of Protestant consistories and other religious courts affect the raped? What legal changes affected the raped and how? Why were these legal changes instituted and on what were they based? What were the regional differences for victims of sexual violence? Did these vary according to religious boundaries? Linguistic lines? Cultural boundaries? Community by Community? What are the changes and continuities between medieval rape cultures and early modern rape cultures? Are these changes attributable to the religious changes of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? How were these continuities and/or differences depicted in art, literature, religious homilies and teachings, and law?

Reading: Garthine Walker. 14 Mar 2013 ,Sexual Violence and Rape in Europe, 1500–1750 from: The Routledge History of Sex and the Body, 1500 to the Present Routledge. Accessed on: 23 Oct 2017 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203436868.ch23 Suggested texts: Crawford, Katherine, European Sexulaities, 1400-1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), especially pages 55-99. Witte, John Jr, and Robert M. Kingdon, Sex, Marriage, and Family in John Calvin’s Geneva, Vol. I, Courtship, Engagement, and Marriage (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2005), especially pages 262-284.

" " This article was downloaded by: University of Michigan On: 11 Mar 2018 Access details: subscription number 11531 Publisher:Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG, UK

The Routledge History of Sex and the Body 1500 to the Present Sarah Toulalan, Kate Fisher

Sexual Violence and Rape in Europe, 1500–1750

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203436868.ch23 Garthine Walker Published online on: 14 Mar 2013

How to cite :- Garthine Walker. 14 Mar 2013 ,Sexual Violence and Rape in Europe, 1500–1750 from: The Routledge History of Sex and the Body,1500 to the Present Routledge. Accessed on: 11 Mar 2018 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203436868.ch23

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR DOCUMENT

Full terms and conditions of use: https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/legal-notices/terms.

This Document PDF may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproductions, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.

The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Downloaded By: University of Michigan At: 21:36 11 Mar 2018; For: 9780203436868, chapter23, 10.4324/9780203436868.ch23 EULVOEC N RAPE AND VIOLENCE SEXUAL atXII Part Downloaded By: University of Michigan At: 21:36 11 Mar 2018; For: 9780203436868, chapter23, 10.4324/9780203436868.ch23 Downloaded By: University of Michigan At: 21:36 11 Mar 2018; For: 9780203436868, chapter23, 10.4324/9780203436868.ch23 ru ananpltcladsca oiac over dominance social and political maintain group eulvoec rmAcetBblna oit o17sAeia eulvoec and violence sexual America, 1970s to society the Babylonian were Ancient rape from violence sexual oit ihislt g fmrig n rsrpino r-adetamrtlsexual extra-marital and European pre- modern of Early proscription not. and analyses. was marriage feminist itself of drives rape to libidinal age if restricted contained male late even activity not that its constant asserted was with historically 1977, rapists society in be potential Brownmiller to are to appear men responding Shorter, all Edward that maxim The Brown- Susan as female such both feminists accounts of feminist when experience radical 1970s the in miller that the forcefully assumed most di in work articulated perpetrators enquiry perspective, early male This historical and it. of to victims subject attention their the turned became violence Sexual di era. sexual practical modern the of early 1500 historical considers the history period for during the the matters in change to fi of rape are approaches and accounts and out violence to time Sexual attention sketching over particular by change paying begins violence, may inevitable chapter or violence Nor This obvious history. sexual an investigation. no to follows have change attributed aggression historical sexual ings of of Yet speci direction forms periods. as The the other historical categorize pattern. that and all may suppose in rape we we known that acts should been assume have sexual not to for must appear transhistorical, we violatory seem and/or may violent rape coerced, and violence Sexual eulvoec a rmr n nvtberelease. inevitable and primary a was violence sexual clari third the rape; ishing buto n te om fsxa ilneas time. violence over sexual change of of issue forms other and abduction s salse h ea rmwrswti hc eulvoec a iutd h second the situated; was violence sexual which within frameworks legal the establishes rst ’ s gis u il e,WmnadRape and Women Men, Will: Our Against AEI UOE 1500 EUROPE, IN RAPE inevitable fi EULVOEC AND VIOLENCE SEXUAL ‘ ue etesms fsxal rsrtdmen frustrated sexually of mass restless huge, a icmtne,gnrlcnet,adcletv n niiulmean- individual and collective and contexts, general circumstances, c osqecso men of consequences ffi fi ute neeti cuig rsctn,cnitn n pun- and convicting prosecuting, accusing, in inherent culties rtn h itr frape of history the Writing stentr n signi and nature the es ff rdltl vrtm n ewe utrs rmthis From cultures. between and time over little ered atieWalker Garthine 23 429 ’ aue rmr en ywihmna a as men which by means primary a nature, s – 17) hc teddt h su fmen of issue the to attended which (1975), 70i hndsusdi orscin:the sections: four in discussed then is 1750 ‘ property fi 2 ac fteerymdr rm of crime modern early the of cance oercnl,crancontributions certain recently, More all oe nptirhlsocieties. patriarchal in women ’ rms ial,w eii the revisit we Finally, crimes. – 1750 ’ o hmrp and rape whom for ’ 1 s Downloaded By: University of Michigan At: 21:36 11 Mar 2018; For: 9780203436868, chapter23, 10.4324/9780203436868.ch23 edrrelations. gender oe o ocnuttesle namne htmgtecuaete.Sc ideas Such them. encourage might that manner a in inviting themselves out and rape act conduct avoiding about both merely to for men not responsible aggressive women are sexually women ultimately If that rape. notion the to tribute rmteprpcieo vltoaypyhlg auaieml eulvoec nways in violence sexual male naturalize o psychology to evolutionary appear of that perspective the from oe swa n unrbevciswsoewyi hc rape which in and limited way maintain was one agency to was female used victims which then vulnerable through was mechanism and that weak discourse as a women urges, sexual a male strengthen dangerous of victims identities sexual modern ie fsxa eaiuswr eesrl oiiefrwmn The women. prac- for and positive to necessarily attitudes changing were that behaviours notion sexual the of eschew similarly tices which Foucault, Michel napc frp hti itrclycntn:avci frp osntcnett e or sex to consent not does rape of victim a constant: historically is that only rape of aspect an esnrte hna h rpryo e ubn rfather or husband her of sen- property modern the pre-modern were as the centuries than in nineteenth rather and began person eighteenth criminalized later su and the sibilities in stigmatized only became century, violence sixteenth male which by htcutespemrtlpennisi al oenErp nudfrom ensued Europe modern early in pregnancies pre-marital countless that ie oit sadvc es.Tepeientr,crnlg n enn fchanges of meaning and chronology they nature, as precise urges The and versa. drives of vice their account and identi control an is e to with society violence learn aggression given Sexual gradually sexual modern. men for more which propensity become in natural time a over have change men that acceptance However, di cases. experienced or rape understood in contexts. be verdicts may and and same places opinion the times, popular seem of that things surveys even to television and cinema oae terir ntesvnenhcnuy ee h l iwi n frp sasexual a but as rape women of against one violence is view interpersonal old of the form here, century; a seventeenth as the o rape in earlier, to it attitude locates new same the etn na nprpit oain ta g hn[ae eulugsbcm too became urges sexual [male] it when demanded age nature, an of not at location, inappropriate demanding an in meeting oe ob h itm frp while rape of victims the be to women mlcto htwmnbogtrp pntesle aei adrfrte to them for harder The it them. raped made who themselves men putting upon the and for protection rape domestic game male private brought it. fair without the report women about were in and they that remain out where to implication being situations supposed business were in no women themselves separate had as held of (many) words, they be development the other sphere, to the of In came one and 1750. women that after that industrialization 1983 was of in ideology women argued spheres for Clark consequences Anna history, negative socialist-feminist of tradition ff hrvrw ih tn nteeise fcniut n hne emgtareon agree might we change, and continuity of issues these on stand might we Wherever uhhsoia rtn bu eulvoec nfc ed ocmiea essentialist an combine to tends fact in violence sexual about writing historical Much o vroevescagsi tiue orp ic 50a oiiefrwmn nthe In women. for positive as 1500 since rape to attitudes in changes views everyone Not nefrwihwmnwr atyclal.Ete way, Either culpable. partly were women which for ence ‘ consents fi dvr.Oesuyo h eeomn fattdst e n eaiu argued behaviour and sex to attitudes of development the of study One vary. ed 6 ffi eae rueti on nhsoiso eult nprdb h okof work the by inspired sexuality of histories in found is argument related A ’ aysc nonesprobably encounters such Many . –‘ inl eeoe o aet evee as viewed be to rape for developed ciently ‘ e n debilitating and new ’ aemyths rape oi ne ues hs cue e ek nhsoial aibewy,to ways, variable historically in seek, men accused Thus, duress. under it to ff 3 ra xlnto n,agal,an arguably, and, explanation an er lhuhpeual o h authors the not presumably Although ’ ’– nteegtet etr osrce oe stepotential the as women constructed century eighteenth the in ’ . 4 r vdn nmn utrlmda rmtepplrpress, popular the from media, cultural many in evident are teshv rudta lhuhtepoeso civilization of process the although that argued have Others ATIEWALKER GARTHINE ’ oe fpsie sxa eiiiy hsepai on emphasis This femininity. asexual passive, of model ‘ pre-modern ff cieypoie ag fhow of gauge a provides ectively 430 ‘ odrdo ae troye ftetm,if time, the of stereotypes rape: on bordered ‘ natural ’ more oit osnot. does society ’ . apologia 7 ’ ’ upbefrilctsxa activity sexual illicit for culpable neto,ti oiinmycon- may position this intention, ‘ euliple,teou son is onus the impulses, sexual rm gis oa sa as woman a against crime a ‘ modern ’ . o hsaprn osatof constant apparent this for 5 nte con identi account Another ’ ff oit acknowledges society ‘ eaeadiscursive a became rnl nparticular in erently ‘ fi s recognizably rst ‘ modern ‘ chance a ’ any fi es Downloaded By: University of Michigan At: 21:36 11 Mar 2018; For: 9780203436868, chapter23, 10.4324/9780203436868.ch23 e eeaiigaotsxa ilnei al oenErp sls tagtowr than straightforward less rate. is conviction Europe low modern a early had in at and violence might prosecuted sexual rarely about was generalizing rape Yet jurisdictions, modern early by all whether In will, her against sex legitimate. have not to is forced it is perspective same the her woman be from a not not, if may or But when women force places. and against physical if and used concerning times be Arguments complicity legitimately all force. own may in threatened their otherwise) or disprove or actual to (physical used seek force rapist victims the will; prove free to their and of consented victims that prove h aiu rbnl nwihcsswr er,vre ieybt ihnadbeyond and within both signi widely a varied have heard, could were of variations disparity cases Such the which boundaries. from in state arise tribunals also various Problems the under-reported. vastly that doubt evidence without was rape saincnenn eulitrorea osqec of consequence a as intercourse sexual concerning islation rneutl20,i h K ie emn,teNtelns wteln,adalUS all and Switzerland, in Netherlands, it was the (nor Germany, Europe Eire, modern UK, early the in in recognized 2006, legally until not France was rape marital Moreover, o of categories emncadCnnlw h ea onain frp eesmlrars h continent. de the across intercourse, similar sexual were criteria: rape three of required foundations legal commonly the today. Rape law, rape Canon with and associated Germanic sex coerced of type the with consonant those Europe, e modern what early with In and whom, by whom, ftevgn smtmssiuaigeauainto;fre(h ereadntr fwhich of nature and victim degree female) (the (necessarily force too); the ejaculation and stipulating varied), (sometimes vagina the of ere fpyia ilne i o eal constitute legally not did violence, physical of degrees ehial en ohrp n euto,bti rcietecut distinguished courts the practice in but as seduction, known and also rape both between meant technically rmnr ihteitnint ar hmt h butro oen le Abduction else. ( someone marry or forcibly abductor (elopement, to the marriage intention to associated the them clandestine was with marry women abduction of rape to away rape, intention Europe, carrying and forcible the one Throughout and diminished with violent women. a minors the aggravated indigenous and abduction: or with women used. an or language white was slave and distinctions: on force legislation men on in further physical black men no or prompted white and enslaved consent rule by assented by of enacted had colonial age rape child the of European the category under of if children shock- even dynamics especially female rape as The with as viewed intercourse counted everywhere sexual years) was (12 countries, a children (by some of noblewoman In rape a ing. nun, The a applied. husband), o rules her each particular than were other heiress, man an and a commoner), (by woman married a woman, fspeci of uoe h aeo ign( occurred. virgin act a the of which rape in the circumstances the Europe, and them, di between These relationship the victim, eetees sErpa ea ytm n oiso a hrdrosi Roman, in roots shared law of bodies and systems legal European as Nevertheless, fi ff estupro fi ea aeoiso aedpnigo h ttso h eptao and/or perpetrator the of status the on depending rape of categories legal c rdfo lc opae vrtm,adb rbnl o xml,i at of parts in example, For tribunal. by and time, over place, to place from ered s per hsi o u nyt nasneo vdneaotrape about evidence of absence an to only due not is This appear. rst does ff eulceco n a nErp,1500 Europe, in law and coercion Sexual urad mujer de fuerza sdcinb rms fmrig)and marriage) of promise by (seduction ne rcs de Precise ence. xs.Lw oenn aeadsxa ilne n h rcdrsof procedures the and violence, sexual and rape governing Laws exist. EULVOEC N AE 1500 RAPE, AND VIOLENCE SEXUAL ‘ rape eti cso eulceco,ee hs novn high involving those even coercion, sexual of acts Certain . ’ de eoe ag ficdnsrltdt u o iie to limited not but to related incidents of range a denoted fi fl iin aid nSan o ntne h term the instance, for Spain, In varied. nitions oratio ff c uhat eerpre,poeue n punished. and prosecuted reported, were acts such ect ravissment , ff estupro ne nteronrgto uctgre owhich to subcategories or right own their in ences ’ o-osn.Teewr,hwvr number a however, were, There non-consent. s 431 , , atsd seduction de raptus tpoforzoso stupro fi atipc nhw hn against when, how, on impact cant ‘ rape tpoforzoso stupro at raptus rapt, ’ ,a nare rwidowed or unmarried an ), tal smyb eni leg- in seen be may as all, at ‘ persuasion – fi 1750 e spnl penetration penile as ned , estupro – rp) hl aewas rape while (rape), 1750 ,adadcinand abduction and ), ’ eeallegal all were ) and ‘ – seduction although estupro ’ . Downloaded By: University of Michigan At: 21:36 11 Mar 2018; For: 9780203436868, chapter23, 10.4324/9780203436868.ch23 atio ttsutlte19s rAsrautl18) aspoiiigpotttsfo bringing from prostitutes prohibiting Laws 1989). widespread. also until were Austria rape or of 1990s, charges the until states io n ot-atr nln eual er ae fadcino oe fhigh o of these women Seville false of in abduction a yet of give rape, cases Venice, child also heard in and courts can regularly the status violence century, England social and sixteenth south-eastern sexual early temporal the and The concerning in did punishment. Dijon instance, Contemporaries cases For similar Europe. universality. meriting court of modern nor impression of heinous the early indicates equally incidences in carried as violence geographic they all sexual penalties them of of view spectrum topic not the the and of range their complexity period, entire the over enhl,the Meanwhile, o aeadatmtdrp serya 68ado are women. married of sentences and and 1618 of as convictions possibility early accusations, as the discuss rape by acknowledged to attempted covered proceeds presumably and were author incest rape which and for the 1580, abduction rape Yet that only and against coition). previously law 1540 that forced law marriage also (of Dutch but a legislation remit, no when its Dutch that 1656, in sex until only its have centuries not and to seventeenth rape told in and of the are violence sixteenth status criminalized domestic We and the the sources. sexual about in own of even existed study her unclear one in is In author prosecution thing. same the the Holland, to seventeenth-century refer sources their that ncranpae.Gn ae fpotttsadohrwmnalgdyof allegedly women other and prostitutes of rapes Gang places. certain in ttmn fwa the what of statement oenErp opiaea led ope itr.Bten10 n 70 few 1750, and 1500 Between picture. complex already an European complicate Europe modern like. with h iisi otenIay rneadSani h late the in Spain and France Italy, southern in cities the asugmnrh rteHl oa mie hs ueosGra territories German Empire numerous the the Thus, of as Empire. such aspects Judicial units Roman adopted institutions. political latter Holy legal composite the of the and within parts laws or constituent own monarchy the its in Habsburg even with of diverse much principalities, each were kingdoms, and city-states, practices quasi-autonomous Italy, and or Switzerland, independent bishoprics Germany, of as duchies, up know made was now Europe we central what comprising territory the oe uigwdigclbain omdart fvoec nyi oeGra com- German young some towards in only aggression violence of sexual rite Similarly, a formed elsewhere. munities. celebrations unfamiliar wedding during been women have to appear opnainwssuh o h aaedn otevci.Pnlisfrrp varied rape for Penalties victim. the to done damage the for accordingly. sought was compensation no f10.I diin aewsntsll rmnlmte.Lk te sexual other Like matter. criminal a solely of or Act moral not secular the was the in under system rape Germany, its legal imposed addition, separate England its In standardized While retained o thus 1707. country. Scotland appeal, the 1536, of of in of court Union Wales half highest upon privi- one the system as and only legal role over traditions its punishments legal in and distinct Paris, sentences possessed de that Parlement provinces The leges. several contained state French Carolina inalis ff hl o l fteatvte etoe bv eedsgae o designated were above mentioned activities the of all not While rcdrladpnldi penal and Procedural ne,rp aewti h uidcino h hrhcut r nReformation in or, courts church the of jurisdiction the within came rape ences, terp fvirgins). of rape (the 9 ‘ hnerymdr itrasdiscuss historians modern early When countries e eandtereitn ea ntttos vnterltvl centralized relatively the Even institutions. legal existing their retained yet , only ‘ seduction ’ omo aeruieyse nRome in sued routinely rape of form eeuni were ‘ crime 8 rcie n iul fsxa ilneas okpriua forms particular took also violence sexual of rituals and Practices ’ ff ’ of rne ntecmlxadoelpigjrsitoso early of jurisdictions overlapping and complex the in erences frp osse fw ontko fw r oprn like comparing are we if know not do we of consisted rape of fi ‘ dsae ihcnrlzdciia utc ytm.Ms of Most systems. justice criminal centralized with states ed honourable ATIEWALKER GARTHINE ‘ marriage ’ 432 on il nlddfrigo odn them goading or forcing included girls young ’ ’ ors tas e ocvlatosb which by actions civil to led also It courts. ea oeo 52 the 1532, of code legal s ‘ rape ff ne eeslo rsctda all. at prosecuted seldom were ences ’ hn ecno aefrgranted for take cannot we then, , ’ fi anciia or was court criminal main s tet n itet centuries sixteenth and fteenth 10 ff ihu clearer a Without ne everywhere ences osiui Crim- Constitutio ‘ o morals low de ’ fl or- in Downloaded By: University of Michigan At: 21:36 11 Mar 2018; For: 9780203436868, chapter23, 10.4324/9780203436868.ch23 itdrpsswr,frisac,dcpttdi ra deigt the to adhering areas in decapitated instance, for were, rapists victed ntesxenhaderysvnenhcnuiswr mn hs eree n dis- not and ought We reprieved galleys. those the among in were servitude centuries of seventeenth lifetime a early to and patched sixteenth the in o-aia uihet as punishments non-capital eetetdas treated were itet-etr eieicue h muaino adadbidn;i Sardinian in blinding; and hand a a of incurred rape amputation law the customary included Venice sixteenth-century a be to tyranny, year. and that murder of like comet rape, the proclaiming by in portended typical was 1619 rhne nprso h uc eulc rkno h he rhne nFac,and France, in hanged re was or rape wheel of the odiousness The on Ireland. broken in and Republic, Wales Dutch and England the in of hanged parts in hanged or other and sodomy, murder, agdi his nVnc,i 53 nodie retwowscnitdo obn and gibbet. robbing the of on convicted displayed was quarters who his quartered, priest and ordained decapitated respec- commuted an was be 1513, women 1612 not 16 in raping and Venice, could In penalty 1576 chains. death England (in in the of hanged which added several for In was felonies branding. aggravated rape to of Ireland, list the and to England tively) In conventions. penal nitdfo neigcnetgonswtoto without grounds convent entering from entiated ig rnigadbnsmn,ntdah hl nAsedmjde a h discretion the whip- had were judges sentences. Rotterdam Amsterdam corporal in in or while rape capital were death, for rapists pass not punishments convicted to banishment, practice, Republic, and in Dutch branding banishment; the ping, by In followed executed. mutilation rarely of option the open iebnsmn rmtect teeylsn i aiy oe cuainadcommunity) modest. and punishment occupation his home, sen- found family, was have his rape, to losing for (thereby unlikely pun- city is conviction severe the second and from years a rigorous banishment 12 most life on branding, whipping, the who, severe of man to one Rotterdam tenced was The too, available. insu Banishment, ishments so caught. galleys if the executed in being slavery of conditions the found oiiain hywr rhbtdfo ern ofsin eoe rmterparishes, their monastery. even from a and removed in force confession, live without to seduction hearing con- for sent from those during sometimes as prohibited women and same raped were the who they were priests all) solicitation: on after sacrament, imposed (a penalties fession highest the Europe, Catholic n-hr fhspoet otevci n aehsns u o cut nose his give have rapist and the being victim that as the stipulated well to law as property secular raped, Byzantine his they while women of exile, young one-third and the beatings for to dowries sentenced provide to compensation hefty iual ud.Teo The muddy. ticularly a ohv otamputated. foot a have to was ntesxenhcnuyta twsn i o oa okl nsl-eec a who man a for self-defence Fauresse in Agnès kill pardoned to Paris woman de a Parlement for (secular) that. sin the just no 1541, doing in was Indeed, it and her. that raped imprisonment century sixteenth to the penance in and death) delicta spiritual and money (social re to excommunication supposed also from were rape for ments nprso eomto emn a uihbeb n month one by punishable was Germany Reformation of parts in aewsnt oee,a xlsvl aia rm.Snecsfrrpn io in minor a raping for Sentences crime. capital exclusively an however, not, was Rape o heinous most a as condemned was abstract the in Rape ln ihassiainadtesn omc ota rnhcnnlwesopined lawyers canon French that so much so treason, and assassination with along fi e,cnnlwddnt nter,rgr aelgty twscasda an as classed was it lightly: rape regard theory, in not, did law canon nes, 17 ‘ rape e o l om fsxa orin vntoeivligpyia force, physical involving those even coercion, sexual of forms all not Yet EULVOEC N AE 1500 RAPE, AND VIOLENCE SEXUAL ’ itntosbetween Distinctions . ff neof ence ‘ lenient ‘ ooiu o notorious 13 fi e u fi a o enpi ihn1 asteo the days 15 within paid been not had it if but ne, ‘ The persuading ’ oois ait priual fte eesae)were slaves) were they if (particularly rapists colonies, s ’ etil o l eeitne ob o aymen Many so. be to intended were all not certainly ; 14 Carolina 11 fl odme ait nFec n pns courts Spanish and French in rapists Condemned c h rvt fteo the of gravity the ect otciia a oe aeoie aewith rape categorized codes law criminal Most ff 19 433 ences ’ ‘ persuasion ’ igno io ohv eulintercourse sexual have to widow or virgin a nVnc,terp fannwsntdi not was nun a of rape the Venice, In tpltdapnlyof penalty a stipulated nacrto thr aor n thereafter and labour, hard at incarceration ’ 15 htmrtdcptlpnsmn.Con- punishment. capital merited that ffi ff nRsi,mnwr etne opay to sentenced were men Russia, In rbeta hydsre tters of risk the at deserted they that erable ilapproval. cial ’ , ‘ seduction ff ne pns laa of almanac Spanish A ence. – ff 1750 ff ne hl hs ranged these While ence. . automatically 16 20 ’ ’ imprisonment. s clsatclpunish- Ecclesiastical and ‘ eulvoec and violence Sexual Carolina body ‘ fl rape ce nfurther in ected or ‘ ra misery great decapitated , odesignate to life ’ eepar- were ’ leaving , ff 12 enormis ender 18 ff er- In ’ Downloaded By: University of Michigan At: 21:36 11 Mar 2018; For: 9780203436868, chapter23, 10.4324/9780203436868.ch23 2rp ae eetidec er rn uishvn led honotoe afof half over out thrown already having juries grand about year, Ireland, only In and each seventeenth-century centuries. assault, tried initiated. eighteenth In sexual were and those or decade. seventeenth cases rape the each for rape in three prosecuted 12 Amsterdam were or in men rape two while relative 14 for trials, than mere and eight rape a more two absolute Rotterdam, only no in and with heard few Delft dealt Frankfurt Geneva were in in rape tribunals for those 1695, and prosecutions 1562 formal Between Europe, terms. modern early In enough common other was be that can rape which of aspect of an none to history, nevertheless one turn than us everywhere. more Let has here. thus sketched Europe than modern early in rape afo h adms n ouaino rne er ee hntreeeytnyears ten every three than fewer heard France, centuries. of seventeenth population and and sixteenth mass the land during the of half eesrl novdadsrpino e.Ti okdt h datg faccused of advantage the to worked This de sex. to able of were description even who rape Yet a men, alleged law. an involved to common con so) necessarily less English declare (perhaps as ear-witnesses seldom or such could cases) systems rape in accusatorial (uncommon in victim eye-witnesses and the penetra- law and penile-vaginal Romano-canon rape, violence), for threatened criteria or legal di the (actual of force proof tion, Producing fewer. were victions oy vnmtltdbde a ob nepee,admdie n surgeons and midwives and interpreted, be to had bodies mutilated Even mony. pnoswr audoe victims over valued were opinions n oteseesesol lr tesa ona osbe hrb raigwtessto witnesses creating thereby possible, no as brought soon cries as her afterwards. others If others physically. alert to resist resistance should and and physical she time scream her scene or the the shout at to to assailant had one her she the to assault the communicated thus During been was have Consent to concerned. clearly woman the of consent the issue. with central but intercourse sexual aetu eurdfml oist eeltuh bu hi xeine.Ytautor adult Yet experiences. their of about Proof truths distress. reveal emotional to and bodies hair, women female dishevelled post-pubescent clothing, required soiled thus or rape torn elsewhere, and eryte frcidrp,seblw.I ipywsnttecs that case the not was simply time It every below). testimony see trumps rape, body child mutilated (for them betray a eidta eertv e a curdo lie twscnesa,teewslittle o was legal there consensual, persuade was to it do claimed or could occurred woman had a sex penetrative that denied man before. not if act the after consent her woman a ieytknt inf osn.Wmnworpre aeol after only rape a reported who Women conception for consent. pregnancy, of signify light to later the taken in negated widely be might was tale convincing initially an ot;udrEgihsauelw 0dy;i h tla iysaeo err,15. Ferrara, of city-state Italian the was this in instance, days; for 40 Württemberg, law, of Duchy could statute the rape English In which under within passed. limit month; long time then a legal by the had for disclosed damned, be doubly were pregnant themselves ffi o al oencut oacp htawmnhdbe ae,hrnncnethad non-consent her raped, been had woman a that accept to courts modern early For npatc,cssfeunl olddw ooeperson one to down boiled frequently cases practice, In ut ins etmn a rca nbt nustra ea ytm ae on based systems legal inquisitorial both in crucial was testimony Witness cult. ’ iec a nepee safr fclaoainwt e saln,suggesting assailant, her with collaboration of form a as interpreted was silence s 21 h almn ePrs ihjrsito sacuto peloe one over appeal of court a as jurisdiction with Paris, de Parlement The ’ – ois rrte te people other rather or bodies, s vdne rosadculpability and proofs Evidence, eosrtdb rie,ct,adlcrtosi h eia area genital the in lacerations and cuts, bruises, by demonstrated fi fl etywehrteeciei eepeet eciigrape Describing present. were criteria these whether dently c nacsto frp yasrigta they that asserting by rape of accusation an ect ATIEWALKER GARTHINE ’ fi s-adacut fwa a apnd Moreover, happened. had what of accounts rst-hand ffi il hti a eadntsewowslying. was who she not and he was it that cials 434 ’ . 23 22 tdpne nwoebd,woetesti- whose body, whose on depended It ffra hre frp eefw con- few, were rape of charges formal If ’ ednso hm eeatto apt were them, of readings s ’ ’ odaantanother against word s o-osn,wsextremely was non-consent, s ‘ h ipa fa of display the had ’ enjoyed fi ’ expert .I a If s. nding 24 A Downloaded By: University of Michigan At: 21:36 11 Mar 2018; For: 9780203436868, chapter23, 10.4324/9780203436868.ch23 infrvcisbtas oa itr vra saln hs euainwsb de by was reputation whose assailant an over in victory only moral not a also resulted but rapists victims for against tion actions civil successful Meanwhile, Men udno epniiiyfrsxa icnuto oe.A et hsmgtma that by mean had might victims this deemed best, At they women. where on defendants. cases misconduct dismissed sexual for judges responsibility of rape. burden prosecuting successfully of chance poorest the had women uoe aywr ett slm oudroapormeo oa reform. moral of programme a undergo to asylums to sent were many Europe, net oecide by swl sgrs ovce fics eesbett corporal to subject to were accessories incest children as of while treated convicted were girls) assailants, banishment. time as of their life well period and as alongside a (boys punishment over adultery children relatives Some male or incest. by raped fornication or for molested punished were si omnyspoe,bcueerymdr ie eevee sterhusbands their as viewed were not, was wives This modern women. early unmarried because were than supposed, ‘ husbands) commonly their is than as other men (by violence eue.Mn ae eedatwt nohrwy,a hnarps a hre with society charged and was government Venetian rapist of of a demotion women. evidence when as such for as interpreted tempt Venice been ways, In has other women example. in adult for with dealt assault, were simple rapes Many secuted. fssin oscr ec odta etteragesraa rmte nfuture. in them from away aggressor their kept were out that magistrates sentences bond to where peace complained courts a others guaranteed; criminal secure almost to lower prose- was sessions instance, in conviction of for assault a women, where simple Welsh but for and light English assailants account. sexual to cuted rapists bring to determination ef siecuti 68snecdNeteCrei o4 years 40 to Cornelis Neeltje sentenced 1658 in court Assize Delft ytemnte accused. they men also monetary the could by labour, rape about forced out spoke imprisonment, who of terms various tarnished. ati aegvnta lee itm eeawy eae n fe adevnsor rape of maidservants late two-thirds often In servants. nearly them. and example, domestic over female, for authority were of Geneva, always victims positions eighteenth-century were in early often victims and males seventeenth- adult alleged were that defendants and given children, rape in vant servants over yslir eet epnse o oncto ntegonsta hywr probably were they that grounds the on raped fornication been for had punished they be claimed to liars. who were women soldiers pregnant by unmarried 1646, after Württemberg hmtePreetd ai adndi 51frin sin for married assault other 1541 a in the or pardoned that to adultery Paris led explicitly de of that Parlement stated guilty situation the jurists whom the not law in was Canon herself raped placed chastity. was her who about woman doubts woman married by a mined contrary, the to oetr nfc ple nyi iie otxs ie,ntterhsad,wr the were husbands, their not Wives, contexts. limited in only applied o fact in Coverture rigt aeher. rape to trying property ffi oevr eua n eiiu apin ocnrladpns oa o moral punish and control to campaigns religious and secular Moreover, are oe eegnrlybte evdb h ea rcs ncsso sexual of cases in process legal the by served better generally were women Married ofotdb hshs fdi of host this by Confronted ilvcisi ae fvoec n eulvoec.Rte,uls hr a evidence was there unless Rather, violence. sexual and violence of cases in victims cial ’ 28 etmn a eeal rvlgdoe women over privileged generally was testimony s uc oe n il h a leel o re u o epdrn nattack an during help for out cried not allegedly had who girls and women Dutch ’ 33 aighsad h ea n hrfr oescesu itm nsc cases. such in victims successful more therefore and legal the husbands making , 26 ohmridadsnl oe sdteestrategies. these used women single and married Both ’ hs fhge vrtoeo oe oilsau.Ti a atclryrele- particularly was This status. social lower of those over higher of those , twrt itm fsxa ilnewr hmevspnse.I Catholic In punished. themselves were violence sexual of victims worst, At 31 34 EULVOEC N AE 1500 RAPE, AND VIOLENCE SEXUAL e eln ihrp yatraiemasas ugsswomen suggests also means alternative by rape with dealing Yet hswsnt oee,teeprec falmridwmn The women. married all of experience the however, not, was This 30 ffi 25 ute,i shrl upiigta aewsslo pro- seldom was rape that surprising hardly is it culties, 29 ti ocicdneta on,umridlow-born unmarried young, that coincidence no is It ’ opan frp rsxa sal a o under- not was assault sexual or rape of complaint s fi nteergos eate o oncto included fornication for penalties regions, these In dtesle rsctdfrsadraddefamation and slander for prosecuted themselves nd 435 ’ tws elnl,amridwoman married a tellingly, was, It . fl ’ cigamra on nteman the on wound mortal a icting ,adults s, fi ‘ e,ee aihet Those banishment. even nes, regular ‘ odo deed or word – ’ 1750 vrchildren over ‘ vni h voluntarily she if even ’ aecssinvolving cases rape fi ’ aca compensa- nancial mrsnetfor imprisonment ff ne adthe laid ences ’ encouraged ’ ,masters s, fi ’ con- s nition 27 In 32 ’ s ’ ’ Downloaded By: University of Michigan At: 21:36 11 Mar 2018; For: 9780203436868, chapter23, 10.4324/9780203436868.ch23 rgatb egbu hmsesi a ae e;frhspr,h a aihdfor banished was he part, became his for she her; after raped years had 50 adultery. said another for for she 1670, banished years, whom in ten was brother; neighbour her absent, a by was by times pregnant husband several raped whose been woman had married she after incest and adultery o eeldb h child the by revealed not adult an of that over privileged normally not was surpris- child seem may had a This prosecuted, of sentences. formally word severest category the the children largest in that the resulted given formed and ing rape rate, Child conviction highest (12). the consent of age the hlrnwr fe icvrdb hr at,uulytechild the usually party, third a by discovered often were children hn nohrpiyprsadhr e reosyadte etsmtigwtt come to wet something felt then and grievously English her an hurt Golding, and Mary parts him women. privy from adult her or gave into typically teenage thing younger language than or 11 sexual sex aged of that labourer Girls children. accounts consensus by graphic a uttered more when suggest incriminating records so not court was seventeenth-century and teenth- htgv uhdti ftesxa act. sexual the of detail much gave that nevnino dlspstoe hlrna n eoefo hi bsr,wihperhaps which abusers, their from remove children one to at children contributed positioned adults of intervention httedshrewsasmtmo eeeldsae h itegr a enraped. been had su girl little or the disease; genitals, venereal torn of symptom or a swollen was discharge bruised, the had that walk, or down sit to painful it found tag icag,Ctrn rget okhrt iwf nVnc h con who Venice in midwife a to her had took 7-year-old Brighenti her noticing Caterina upon discharge, Immediately strange discharge. unhealthy a an or bleeding vaginal signi and nature the understanding of incapable fpruywsjs n ntne hshdepca moti eulo sexual in import especial had we This what instance. attained one have to just involved not intercourse was considered perjury widely were of consent of term age might the under children hs odb otpbsetgrsadwomen. and girls post-pubescent by told those children at o a h epnil naywyfri,for girls it, are for an Dinah way or as any age, point: alive in of very responsible are Luther years this she Indeed, 12 on was girls. rested nor or little to part, 34) 11 to attributed (Genesis than way widely not Dinah same more complicity law of the similar no and in rape in a responsibility presumed the apply on the were not of was consent) Thus, did interpretation It of rape. encounters such. age a sexual as male out for it (the carry women 14 experience to of to able age be capacity the to physical under su the boys lack and that to act premise believed sexual also a were as Children rape dubious. was manner this in etdt e iha dl a rbeai.Sm ttsfraie hsi eilto:in child legislation: the in with this even con- formalized 1576 she of states in that she Some cases that idea rape problematic. recognized rape the statutory was law intercourse, in became the adult sexual it which issue an to at England, with key courts consent age sex the which the withholding to attained in or was not sented giving ways had noted, of the child previously capable a informed If was as consent ages. of Consent, all of age rape. females legal child the with else, dealt all Above girls? teenage n omo eulvoec,hwvr tnsotfo l tes h aeo il under girls of rape the others: all from out stands however, violence, sexual of form One hl aennteeshdt espotdb vdne ae n oetto of molestation and Rapes evidence. by supported be to had nonetheless rape Child ’ ’ ’ wr etmn a sal ndisbei or eas hywr considered were they because court in inadmissible usually was testimony sworn s liso aewr a were rape of claims s agtrae ,frisac,epandta e saln had assailant her that explained instance, for 9, aged daughter s ’ . 38 ‘ h g fknowledge of age the nsxenhcnuyVnc,csso hl aeo netwr the were incest or rape child of cases Venice, sixteenth-century In ‘ ’ anlknowledge carnal . 37 35 ’ tre frp en oeraiyacpe ytecut than courts the by accepted readily more being rape of stories s lhuhnteeyn ocre ihLuther with concurred everyone not Although ’ pnaeu cuain usin eeakdwe children when asked were Questions accusation. spontaneous s ff ATIEWALKER GARTHINE ’ re rae rdneta hs fautwmnor women adult of those than credence greater orded fwihterpeue goac fteimplications the of ignorance presumed their which of , ’ u h ointa hl could child a that notion the but , 39 436 ’ xeineo e osiue osno her on sin no constituted sex of experience s fi ac fa ah o a t hn that then, it, was How oath. an of cance ‘ tta g hyd o vnko they know even not do they age that at ’ consent. s ’ ohro te adult, other or mother s ffi in nesadn of understanding cient ’ tnpit six- standpoint, s 36 ‘ ff know ‘ al modern Early hutagreat a thrust ne.Sexual ences. ’ ‘ infant only nadult an 40 fi ff rmed Such ones ered ’ of ’ – s Downloaded By: University of Michigan At: 21:36 11 Mar 2018; For: 9780203436868, chapter23, 10.4324/9780203436868.ch23 a de law a fpiayconcern. primary of was e.Tevci frp a o h eaewohdbe iltdbtrte e father her rather but violated been had who she e whom female were to the children man not the and was husband, women rape or of because victim theft, The of the men. before form that a assert crime, often erty violence sexual of Histories nywstetr o abduction for term the was only related a abduction, and rape sexual brie and note pur- men nonetheless the of might within We comes intercourse it volume. sexual such, this forced As of sodomy. age: sections as other any constituted of of legally view was victims boys male with to intercourse apply not did eto of tection eas,ulk eeoeulatvt,sm-e eulatvt,a de as activity, sexual culpable. de same-sex legally scripturally were activity, sodomy transgressed heterosexual of act di unlike an a because, in of parties is both This sex, male-on-male in participants h hf fhnu,adatog woman a although and honour, of theft the ae eeee eslkl hngrso oe orpr h rm.Tehsoyo male of history The crime. the report been to had who women written. boys or be that girls to perhaps, than yet meant, is likely this rape less crime, even capital were a raped was sodomy where Europe, hr h eednshdfre on ost aesxwt them. those with were sex have concerned to most boys were young authorities forced Lutheran had defendants the the which where about allegations the ewe ea tiue orp n ooy lhuherymdr utr clearly by intercourse culture sexual have modern between to forced distinctions early be of to Although acknowledgement boy or despite sodomy. man and a and man, for possible another rape was it to that recognized attitudes legal between tepigt ooiehmi 51wshmefbnse rmtect o oryears. who re four shoemaker was for and 21-year-old people, city a modern the imposed: early from punishments to banished shocking the of himself more in slave clearly was stren- a ted was accused resistance 1581 boys who physical in Valencian little of him 18-year-old Sodomizing form an sodomize any Thus, to scarcely criteria. was their attempting their meet there to against that enough narrow sodomized uous inquisitors so been Spain, was had In cases they exonerated. sodomy that themselves claims found rarely with will sodomy of accusations countered euecssweecide a envoae,te i onta itm ftet u as but theft, of victims as pro- not to care. so their had did in course, they children of violated, of adults, been guardians while had or men and parents children by parties, not where wronged concerned, cases the women secute be the to her by prosecutions perceived of plainti initiated ecclesiastical nonetheless the that frequently and Where not secular were behalves. hers, their Europe, sex on of was coerced parts stolen for other sued honour and that the Spain, because In precisely relatives. male cases rape in The complainants family. and household pn h eto i iea alyslave. to and galley lashes a of as number life unknown an his to of sentenced rest was the instance, for spend 1575, in Barcelona betfo hsacuto hl aei h aeo os al oenrp legislation rape modern Early boys. of rape the is rape child of account this from Absent h upsto htrp a rpryciei ae atyuo h con the upon partly based is crime property a was rape that supposition The fi iin frp.Mroe,sclradcinlw i ou rmrl on primarily focus did laws abduction secular Moreover, rape. of nitions … buto,sdcinadrp spoet crimes property as rape and seduction Abduction, rpryadnttewlaeo women of welfare the not and property ff rn re oteclaiiyacie owmnfrsxa encounters sexual for women to ascribed culpability the to order erent EULVOEC N AE 1500 RAPE, AND VIOLENCE SEXUAL 43 nfc,ti a o o vnweerp a ocpulzdas conceptualized was rape where even so, not was this fact, In fi e onaisi l icmtne.Mnadby who boys and Men circumstances. all in boundaries ned Carolina – e distinct yet rapt ‘ ff belonged u buto a rtro nlt eivlcanon medieval late in criterion a was abduction but , eehsad rmridculs h oe were women the couples, married or husbands were s f13,freape xetdwmnt ethe be to women expected example, for 1532, of 437 – ’ 41 o ’ twsdmg ohshnu,nthr,that hers, not honour, his to damage was it ; 44 oorwside eta ota fher of that to central indeed was honour s ff ne h ofso sudrtnal:not understandable: is confusion The ence. nsdm rasi rnfr mMain, am Frankfurt in trials sodomy In ’ . 45 ‘ modern hs oee,wsntbecause not was however, This, ’ de – ’ 1750 fi eid aewsaprop- a was rape period, ff ‘ iino o-osn in non-consent of nition cieytepoet of property the ectively raped ‘ active fl 42 oedi some y fi ’ e legislatively, ned nms at of parts most In on o in boy young a ’ and fl ‘ ff h pro- the ‘ to of ation passive erences fl ec- ’ Downloaded By: University of Michigan At: 21:36 11 Mar 2018; For: 9780203436868, chapter23, 10.4324/9780203436868.ch23 otnl sudad fe h i-eetet etr,pyeto aae a increas- was were damages sex pardons of either imposed. practice payment of sentence century, in minor mid-seventeenth the although a the ingly marrying capital, after 1579 and, potentially parents in issued became permitted routinely and 1557 consent covertly, of parental married edict An without who coercion. children other disinherit or violence to no involved and consensual o ntne ept clsatclijntost h otay eua rnhlegislation French secular contrary, the to injunctions ecclesiastical de despite instance, For abductor. the by abductee used the tion of account taking often The property. male as socially or legally constituted were women n e aiy rvddalohl loigyugpol omrydsieparental whether despite marriage, marry clandestine to counter people to young elopement, developed allowing by loophole preceded legislation a Abduction provided opposition. family) her and o the after hlrnwr rae scmoiisi ohteoe araemre n h lii one illicit and the women and elite role. market many marriage a that open played argue the abduction to both possible which in certainly commodities male in pertained is as also jurisdictions It treated sometimes some consent. were and of in heiresses children age of and the marriage wealthy under subsequent the and heirs by abduction prosecuted the to was exclusively it marriage, by mitted xml,cssaoeweenneieprnshdcnetdpasfrmrigsdsrdby desired marriages for for Ireland, plans eighteenth-century contested had later parents in children. non-elite their law): where by arose stipulated cases example, where (except fortunes stantial arae buto n aeitne orsl ntemrig fteadce and abductee the the of by marriage bride the the of in seduction result cynical forced the to and following intended abduction marriage clandestine existed: rape rapist; categories transmitters and common the abduction Europe, as marriage; throughout viewed identical not were o were classed heirs sexual nonetheless and a jurists any Heiresses even medieval rather but yet her. abducted stolen, married child property or who woman person the of other other body or the not dowry was inheritance, protect to designed were n lpmn.Pnsmnsrne rmeeuin mrsnetadcroa punish- corporal and imprisonment execution, from to ment ranged Punishments elopement. and naldtecryn wyo oa rcidaantsomeone against child or woman men a were, of they away if carrying as the treated entailed were or were, generally women that property. nor crime, property hto e aeto urinbt aaoial,ntncsaiyaanttewl fthe of will the against necessarily not paradoxically, but, guardian or parent ‘ her of that netv:tebride the incentive: r-o otnpilfriainadteicdn tl oewti h ei fadcin It abduction. such of to remit of consent the that free fact within not and the come and violence full still context, sexual her incident this of give the in victim is and might the fornication she be post-nuptial equally might or but girl pre- marriage, abducted after An all. and/or not before but marrying, into latter coerced the of consent the se abductee u ahrtevldt n oetal iatoscneune fcadsiemarriage. clandestine of consequences disastrous potentially and validity the rather but fi y10,tecnnlwoto fmrig ewe aitadvci prisbeonly (permissible victim and rapist between marriage of option law canon the 1500, By h ujc oiino bute sptnilyabgos h o The ambiguous. potentially is abductees of position subject The ned frp n ftemryn aitaebs understood. best are rapist marrying the of and rape of all fi ’ e,cmesto and compensation nes, nms uidcin,adcinwsde was abduction jurisdictions, most In . ff nosta okpaeaantparents against place took that unions ne a negn eac n ihtefl n recneto h girl the of consent free and full the with and penance undergone had ender 51 ff ne u rm fvoec gis h esn hl buto laws abduction While person. the against violence of crime a but ence, ’ or rihrtne h ou a hrfr o eulviolence sexual not therefore was focus The inheritance. or dowry s ’ ‘ aet rgada.Mn oe n il eeundoubtedly were girls and women Many guardian. or parents s seduction 46 50 fi hr buto aswr ocre ihpoet trans- property with concerned were laws abduction Where aca eteetta ol ecamdb h butror abductor the by claimed be could that settlement nancial o i buto ae lasivlehiesst sub- to heiresses involve always cases abduction did Nor ‘ – ATIEWALKER GARTHINE oa sproperty as woman ’ 47 , ooree shockingly eyes our to ‘ ’ persuasion g n h ereo hsclvoec n decep- and violence physical of degree the and age s oee,ti snteiec htrp tefwsa was itself rape that evidence not is this However, 438 ’ ,orde ’ fi ’ e yisproe araewithout marriage purpose: its by ned ihsas wishes httentosbt fconsent of both notions the that , fl rto,b eoigthe removing by oration, rapt – araet h ilabducted, girl the to marriage o sapoet rm,nor crime, property a as not 48 rapt ‘ ’ property will s vnwe hywere they when even ff neo abduction of ence – ’ lasagainst always httelaws the that ‘ abductor fi nancial after per 49 of ’ ’ s , Downloaded By: University of Michigan At: 21:36 11 Mar 2018; For: 9780203436868, chapter23, 10.4324/9780203436868.ch23 oplteflo h a ae e fe niighrt ethmi secluded a in him meet to her inviting after her raped had who garden. fellow the compel hndsorgdfriain oehls,a h n ftesxenhcnuy Maria century, sixteenth the the well of (as end rather ordinance encouraged this the it evoked feared father at that her Nonetheless, authorities and by Verborgen fornication. abolished was discouraged later years than four and way, any aesxwt hm letwt h rvs httewmnhdnot had women the that proviso the with albeit them, with sex have artaVnyleafrhrdwya ela en etne oabaigadeiet a to exile rapist and the beating of a one-third to of sentenced sum being the as case, well another as in dowry monastery; her for Ventysleeva Mavrutka nerymdr uoe hn the then, Europe, modern early In vdneo on oe h,frtesm nso araeo or,themselves dowry, intercourse. a sexual into or them marriage deceived Governor of or the ends them to same suits raped bringing allegedly the Girls had for who who, men women prosecuted young of evidence udteei 50 nwihtedfnat h opann n e tpahreach stepfather her and complainant the defendant, the which in 1570, modi in there sued ign eetobdytitdt trc n te utri,teeoe ipae.Nrwas Nor misplaced. therefore, is, suitor Italy. other in any only attract to known tainted this badly too were virgins a for dowry generous a secure fund to to attempts else. compensation in someone gain court to to to least assailants marriage at took future or raped been them, had between who marriage girls of families Europe, htmnhdt ar oe hmte had they whom women marry to had men that euto n vnrp n hi rscto a o ipyo xlsvl htof that exclusively or simply not was prosecution their and rape even and seduction lolv n miin hti,proa elnsaditnin which intentions and say them feelings had personal have would is, world their that what ambition, with part and notwithstanding outcome: positions, legal love subject successful also a of for range said a be from di could spoke what on alleged, constraints was legal rape which in those hywr ujce.Ytdsieti,sm oe ucsflyngtae h a rma from argues, it which law Cohen the when to Elizabeth negotiated especially, violence position girls successfully sexual weak lower-class women and extremely For some emotional an weakness. this, physical, of in despite for position Yet were justice subjected. orders seeking were lower or they the avoiding of to women came above, saw we noetawsn ign fe h ug eoitdabte or ihInnocentia with indeed had dowry he better that of a asserted and guilty negotiated claim not judge earlier was his the de he retracted nights that After publicly three insisted Vespasiano virgin. her, stepfather, but wooing no betrothal, dowry to was a paltry admitted Innocentia and de the Vespasiano sex, discovering and provide. consensual on to raped of mind prepared then his was courted, stepfather changing had her before for marriage he Vespasiano promised that called afterwards claiming man marriage, young a securing prosecuted Innocentia named ff fl h ointa on oe rterfmle rse o araeol eas non- because only marriage for pressed families their or women young that notion The de and seduction rape, some underlie concerns Similar rn agaeadwt di with and language ering wrdhsnwitne bride. now-intended his owered fte pk otejde o spsievcisbta atcpnsi the in participants as but victims passive as some not manoeuvre, physical for fate. judges even room own the and scant their girls of to demands left making spoke persistent parental other, the them the and on morality and of lovers, standard hand, would-be which of one in force the experiences on of aftermath expectations, the in [e]ven fi dterpsto ni hyrahdamtal geal ucm.Teappositely The outcome. agreeable mutually a reached they until position their ed 56 nte18s ucvt olmnwsodrdt ie50rulsto roubles 500 give to ordered was nobleman Muscovite a 1680s, the In EULVOEC N AE 1500 RAPE, AND VIOLENCE SEXUAL 55 nBsl h eomto riac f12 a mandated had 1529 of ordinance Reformation the Basel, In 58 ff rn emphases ering 52 54 ‘ ’ property or nRm for Rome in Court s the is perhaps, perspective, our from startling More 439 ’ htwsls n/raqie nabduction, in acquired and/or lost was that … ‘ deceived o nydsa,fa,adagr but anger, and fear, dismay, only not ’ . 53 nte td eae aepur- case a relates study Another stuprum … Carolina ’ fl rprywsclaimed. was property s rto ae.I southern In cases. oration – nasdciemanner seductive a in 1750 rde or stuprum n xds2:6 to 22:16) Exodus and ‘ h il pk with spoke girls The ‘ fl provoked fl rto,including oration, wrdhr and her, owered stuprum samasof means a as fi tdol in only tted ’ hmin them because 57 ’ As to ’ s Downloaded By: University of Michigan At: 21:36 11 Mar 2018; For: 9780203436868, chapter23, 10.4324/9780203436868.ch23 eullnug n oslne hlrnwohdbe bsd hl nFac,tesame the France, have rape in in while abuse child historians abused, own to been a their Yet sensibility had describe fostered who to increased. phenomena children children silenced rate for historical so unthinkable and acquittal it rape) language made the child sexual allegedly (including the this time of England, rape same In consequences for as prosecutions in the pro- these increased England also at explained rape in itself child while but Europe for terms, in trials decreased, France, rape relative eighteenth-century and and In violence absolute position. sexual a regarding such changes blematizes of Evidence gress. before. emfmla.W ol d oti nei eot frp yslir nwartime, may in above soldiers by outlined rape Europe of modern reports endemic early this in to rape add could and We violence familiar. sexual seem of aspects Many women e ok dleyadics eed-aiaie nteltrsvnenhcnuy while century, seventeenth and later Massachusetts the in in de-capitalized century: were seventeenth incest o the rape and capital in adultery a instance, York, not for New was Rape colonies, seriously. American taken North not was women against fteps.O h n ad n ih associate might one the view hand, with teleological one rape a the to for attached On ments judgements past. value the scrutinize we of that demand similarly turies ilneaantwmnwsbcmn estlrtd e,fo eae perspective, related going a as from seen be Yet, that could indication tolerated. rape an for less sensibilities, penalty becoming modern death of was the development establishing women the of against evidence violence as viewed be may iain nsxenhcnuyFac,terp fapottt a eal eonzd u in but recognized, legally insigni was so prostitute declared a was of it rape 1555 the France, sixteenth-century In nization. gi,i sntetrl la hr this where clear entirely not is it again, oei nyoeovoso nvtbedrcin o i paetyunchanging apparently did nor direction, inevitable or thing. obvious same the one mean always only phenomena in move oa rgr herself. girl or woman h unrblt fehi rust eulvoec,sc sta eptae yInquisitors by perpetrated that Spain. as sixteenth-century such in violence, women sexual Morisco to on groups ethnic of vulnerability the n ooiaino h e ol,mre h einn fgnrtoso indigenous of generations of on beginning violence the sexual marked to World, subjected New being the women volume of this colonization in and later discuss Burton il syuga 2bigrpd eta ocbns rfre nopottto by prostitution into forced or concubines, as kept raped, being 12 as Europeans. young as girls ua Brownmiller, Susan 1 the between rape for available punishments in Changes e ok .P utn 1974. Dutton, P. E. York: New h l-mrcncrime all-American the 95 e loKt Millett, Kate also See 1975. became 62 ’ ois n the and bodies, s 61 agn o hanging a uhpeoead o i aiywt eelgclveso itr spro- as history of views teleological with easily sit not do phenomena Such ocuin eulvoec,rp and rape violence, sexual Conclusion: ’ gis u il e,Wmn n Rape and Women, Men, Will: Our Against ff npriua,ads oecidrpswr eotdta ever than reported were rapes child more so and particular, in ‘ traditional nei h eighteenth. the in ence ’ ‘ , ownership Ramparts fi eulPolitics Sexual atacieta twsn ogrwrh fpunishment of worthy longer no was it that crime a cant ATIEWALKER GARTHINE ‘ enrsniiiytwrssxa violence sexual towards sensibility keener ’ – 03 91 p 26 pp. 1971, 10:3, ’ or h al oenpro,wt uoeninvasions European with period, modern early the fsc a o lassmoeohrta the than other someone always not was such of same fi ‘ Notes backward si ovninlaccount. conventional a in ts e ok obea,17;SsnGri Susan 1970; Doubleday, York: New , 440 hn:teeegneo oensensibilities. modern of emergence the thing: 60 ‘ nupeeetdscale unprecedented an Yet 63 ’ h adnn fsnecsfrrape for sentences of hardening The auso oit nwihviolence which in society a of values ‘ – mild – sJnta utnadAntoinette and Burton Jonathan as 5 nraDworkin, Andrea 35; ’ e ok io n Schuster, and Simon York: New , oprlo oeaypunish- monetary or corporal fi tet n ihenhcen- eighteenth and fteenth ‘ against progress ff nei l fEngland of all in ence h rn fmoder- of trend the ’ 64 ihwmnand women with , hneddnot did Change ’ ’ oa Hating Woman and ffi n, ‘ 59 new a ‘ Rape: and ’ – s , Downloaded By: University of Michigan At: 21:36 11 Mar 2018; For: 9780203436868, chapter23, 10.4324/9780203436868.ch23 9MryE Wiesner-Hanks, E. Merry 19 0Mr Laven, Mary 20 Roper, Lyndal 18 1Geo 11 0MnnvndrHeijden, der van Manon 10 3QoigFacsFerguson, Frances Quoting 23 7JmsA Brundage, A. James 17 Heijden, 14 Ruggiero, 13 Sanudo, Marino 12 5Heijden, 15 1Jlu .Ru R. Julius 21 Kollmann, Shields Nancy 16 2GogsVigarello, Georges 22 i Hitchcock, Tim 7 ae .Brundage, A. James 8 Flandrin, 9 dadShorter, Edward 2 atnJ Wiener, J. Martin 5 Flandrin, Jean-Louis 4 naClark, Anna 6 ad hrhl n ri .Palmer, T. Craig and Thornhill Randy 3 odnadNwYr:Rulde 03[94,p 62. Practice p. Reforming [1994], 2003 Routledge, York: New and London p 27 pp. arcaH aam n ar agieiWie rn.LnaL arl,Blioe Johns Baltimore: Carroll, L. Linda trans. 130 White, pp. 2008, Sanguineti Press, Laura University and Hopkins Labalme H. Patricia nIeadi h r fte19 Rebellion 1798 the of era the in Ireland Heijden, in 141; p. 2001, Press, 865 pp. 2001, France Sixteenth-Century 96 in Tellers their oe nlt easac Rome Renaissance late Cohen, S. in Elizabeth 530; women p. 1990, Press, Chicago etr oln:ciia ae frp,ics,admlramn nRtedmadDelft and Rotterdam in maltreatment and incest, rape, History Social of of cases Journal criminal Holland: century Germany Modern 34 Early pp. 38. of p. 2005, Interpretation 1997, Press, An Ritual: University of Cambridge Reformation York: New edn, sidered Century p 88 pp. 92 p 141 pp. 1982, (eds), Brundage A. James Experience 74 43, European pp. 1999, the Press, to University Metropolis Preindustrial a 124. p. from 1984, Press, Repression University of Cambridge Evolution the nLno eiitHsoyGop(ed.), Group History Resistance Feminist London in 97 p 0,108. 101, pp. 1997, oa:Prpcie nGne n h tla Renaissance Italian the and 169 Gender pp. on Perspectives Woman: oln,Lno:Rulde 91 .262; p. 1991, Routledge, London: Collins, 2000. Press, MIT MA: Cambridge, ilne edr oo,adRtasi oenErp n America and Europe Modern in 197 pp. Rituals 1998, and Press, University Honor, Gender, Violence: – 97. ff e Parker, rey rn.Ja irl,Ofr:Plt,20,p 54. p. 2001, Polity, Oxford: Birrell, Jean trans. , – – ’ , 1 (90). 112 – 7(34 47 odn lt rs,18,p.13 pp. 1983, Press, Pluto London: , 91. mrcnHsoia Review Historical American ‘ ‘ e nteWsenWorld Western the in Sex oe svictims as Women oe svictims as Women onaiso Eros of Boundaries ff ‘ aeo euto?Acnrvryoe eulvoec ntenntet century nineteenth the in violence sexual over controversy A seduction? or Rape – – , – ‘ e n eiayi al oenVenice modern early in celibacy and Sex 35). 8(885). 88 8(4,145 (143, 48 ilnei al oenErp,1500 Europe, Modern Early in Violence odnadNwYr:Rulde 00 .119. p. 2000, Routledge, York: New and London , eiu n h ei:Wthrf,SxaiyadRlgo nEryMdr Europe Modern Early in Religion and Sexuality Witchcraft, Devil: the and Oedipus nls eulte,1700 Sexualities, English eie iàEclnism:Slcin rmteRnisneDaiso ai Sanudo Marin of Diaries Renaissance the from Selections Excelentissima: Cità Venice, ‘ EULVOEC N AE 1500 RAPE, AND VIOLENCE SEXUAL ‘ nwiigtehsoyo rape of history the writing On rssadctsrpe h lblcii ftesvnenhcnuyrecon- century seventeenth the of crisis global the catastrophe: and Crisis ‘ h itra rmnlzto fmen of criminalization Victorian The itr fRp:Sxa ilnei rnefo h itet oteTwentieth the to Sixteenth the from France in Violence Sexual Rape: of History A ‘ e nteWsenWrd h eeomn fAttdsadBehaviour and Attitudes of Development The World: Western the in Sex aeadsdcini h eivlcnnlaw canon medieval the in seduction and Rape a,SxadCrsinSceyi eivlEurope Medieval in Society Christian and Sex Law, 33 00 p 623 pp. 2000, 33:3, eulPatcsadteMdea Church Medieval the and Practices Sexual yHnrBud tt n oit nEryMdr Russia Modern Early in Society and State Bound: Honor By ‘ .9;Brundage, 95; p. , oe svciso euladdmsi ilnei seventeenth- in violence domestic and sexual of victims as Women hitaiyadSxaiyi h al oenWrd euaigDesire, Regulating World: Modern Early the in Sexuality and Christianity ’ ’ – .625. p. , .65 itrSpierenburg, Pieter 625; p. , ‘ 6;NtleZmnDavis, Zemon Natalie 46); oe svictims as Women ‘ aeadters ftenovel the of rise the and Rape – p 273 pp. , 1 (199 212 1:,20,p.1053 pp. 2008, 113:4, – 76. ’ loigo:Safr nvriyPes 90 p 81, pp. 1990, Press, University Stanford Bloomington: , nMrlnMge n uin cisr (eds), Schiesari Juliana and Migiel Marilyn in aua itr fRp:Booia ae fSxa Coercion Sexual of Bases Biological Rape: of History Natural A – – 1800 – – 31. – 441 0,206). 200, 4 dadMuir, Edward 74; h eulDnmc fHsoy Men History: of Dynamics Sexual The ’ fi 4(624 44 , – s ulse nFec n1981. in French in published rst ihenhCnuyIeadIi nd chultúr dá an Ireland/Iris Eighteenth-Century 27. a,SxadCrsinSociety Christian and Sex Law, odnadNwYr:Plrv Macmillan, Palgrave York: New and London , ’ ’ .65 ihe Durey, Michael 625; p. , , ‘ olne ign:sl-rsnainb young by self-presentation virgins: longer No Signs – – 5 3 .22). n. 639 25, 1800 taa onl nvriyPes 1991, Press, University Cornell Ithaca: , ,17,p.471 pp. 1977, 3, – 9(1061 79 ’ odnadNwYr:Routledge, York: New and London , ito nteAcie:Pro ae and Tales Pardon Archives: the in Fiction abig:CmrdeUniversity Cambridge Cambridge: , h pcal fSu of Spectacle The ’ nPee peebr (ed.), Spierenburg Pieter in , – itrclJournal Historical ,Bu 5 ua .Karant-Nunn, C. Susan 35; iuli al oenEurope Modern Early in Ritual oubs H hoState Ohio OH: Columbus, , – ff ’ 1750 – , l,N:Poehu Books, Prometheus NY: alo, 62). Representations ’ hcg:Uiest of University Chicago: , nVr .Blog and Bullough L. Vern in – .531. p. , 2(474). 82 ‘ buto n rape and Abduction ff rn:Eeuin and Executions ering: ’ oe,Women Power, s taa Cornell Ithaca: , 44 December 44:4, Cambridge: , 01 1987, 20:1, rn.Sue trans. , 1 2006, 21, Re e and Men fi 2nd , guring ed. , The ’ ’ s , , ’ , Downloaded By: University of Michigan At: 21:36 11 Mar 2018; For: 9780203436868, chapter23, 10.4324/9780203436868.ch23 4Iae .Hull, V. Isabel 44 9Walker, 39 0NdaMraFilippini, Maria Nadia 40 5Heijden, 35 6Teaestb hssauews1 er,cuigicnitnyi rciea h g fconsent of age the as practice in inconsistency Schroeder, causing A. years, Joy 10 was statute 37 this by set age The 36 3JlaRudolph, Julia 43 2MraR Boes, R. Maria 42 Berco, Cristian 41 4Davis, 34 Brundage, 33 7Fradcinadmrtlsrtge mn h uoeneie e ekvnNierop, van Henk see elite, European the among strategies marital and abduction For 47 Bashar, Nazife Quoting 45 8Ctdi ar Gowing, Laura in Cited 38 9Heijden, 29 Ru 25 Rublack, Ulinka 24 2Grhn Walker, Garthine 32 Ruggiero, 31 Hindle, Steve 30 6Grhn Walker, Garthine 46 8Rublack, 28 Wiesner-Hanks, 27 Harrington, Francis Joel 26 eetet-etr Spain seventeenth-century ilnei rnefo h 6ht h 0hCentury 20th the to 16th the from 2001 France in Violence rs,19,p 2 bgi Dyer, Abigail 62; p. 1997, Press, est rs,20;GyeK Brunelle, K. Gayle 2000; Press, versity thought political and phone Women 317 Modern pp. Early 2003, to Presses, Attending Change: and ihenhcentury eighteenth p 396 pp. a 12 was stealing 82 pp. 1993, oiiyo oln:Fo ngt oRgns 1500 Regents, to Knights From Holland: of Nobility ooyi al oenEurope Modern Early in Sodomy Journal Century a fteHsoyo Sexuality of History the of 153 nal pp. 1993, Routledge, York: New and London nvriyPes 03 p 9 55 49, pp. 2003, Press, University nerymdr England modern early in n seduction and 55 (1550 pp. 2000, Press, (eds), Wales Clarke Simone and Roberts (ed.), Group History xeineo oennei al oenWürttemberg modern History early German Rublack, Modern in Ulinka Early governance 256; of p. 1995, experience Press, University Cambridge 01 p 8;17 ttt fWsmntr Brundage, Westminster; of Statute 1275 184; pp. 2001, uhrt nerymdr England modern early in authority lt rs,18,p.28 pp. 1983, Press, Pluto ff , ’ ’ ide artvso aei eetet-etr pns Literature Spanish Seventeenth-Century in Rape of Narratives Girdle: s , – ilnei al oenEurope Modern Early in Violence 1730) h Historian The ito nteArchives the in Fiction ’ – – . ‘ 97. eraigrape Re-reading ‘ ‘ rmso Women of Crimes si a lehr nEurope. in elsewhere was it as oe svictims as Women oe svictims as Women onaiso Eros of Boundaries ‘ aeadseduction and Rape xodadNwYr:Ofr nvriyPes 95 .9;Brundage, 90; p. 1995, Press, University Oxford York: New and Oxford , – ’ p 141 pp. , 8 97 p 775 pp. 1997, 28, 2 Sanudo, 92; ‘ ‘ eult,SaeadCvlSceyi emn,1700 Germany, in Society Civil and State Sexuality, h hmn fMrae nwly osp edradteeprec of experience the and gender gossip, Knowsley: Margaret of shaming The ‘ aeadrssac:wmnadcneti eetet-etr nls legal English seventeenth-century in consent and women resistance: and Rape rdcn aracy aesdm n edri al oenSpain modern early in gender and sodomy male patriarchy: Producing hitaiyadSexuality and Christianity h rmso oe nEryMdr Germany Modern Early in Women of Crimes The ‘ ntilfrsdm nerymdr Germany modern early in sodomy for trial On ’ rm,Gne n oilOdri al oenEngland Modern Early in Order Social and Gender Crime, ‘ ‘“ h aeo ia:Luther Dinah: of rape The nHlr aln (ed.), Marland Hilary in 53 03 p 773 pp. 2003, 65:3, tag ido stealing of kind Strange ’ , h eulDnmc fHsoy Men History: of Dynamics Sexual The – ora fBiihStudies British of Journal 2(327 32 – ‘ h hrh h tt n hlbrh h iwf nIaydrn the during Italy in midwife the childbirth: and state the church, The ‘ 42. p 3,184. 239, pp. , ’ – oisadstories and Bodies – ’ , ‘ ’ Ruggiero, ; abig:CmrdeUiest rs,20,p.200 pp. 2002, Press, University Cambridge Cambridge: , 2(30). 42 2 ae ihr Farr, Richard James 62; aei nln ewe 50ad1700 and 1550 between England in Rape , 7 08 p 351 pp. 2008, 17, p 95 pp. , ereigMrig n oit nRfrainGermany Reformation in Society and Marriage Reordering edr&History & Gender p 8 .1,96 11, n. 189 pp. , itet etr Journal Century Sixteenth ’ ’ acetr acetrUiest rs,20,p.27 pp. 2002, Press, University Manchester Manchester: , eie iàExcelentissima Cità Venice, p 630 pp. , p 629 pp. , – ATIEWALKER GARTHINE ’ .145. p. , 28). – 91. – ‘ oe n edri al oenWales Modern Early in Gender and Women .142. p. , euto ypoieo arae a,sx n utr in culture and sex, law, marriage: of promise by Seduction – ’ 3 atieWalker, Garthine 63; , 96. otniy&Change & Continuity – – onaiso Eros of Boundaries .125. p. , 1 628. 31, 32. – ‘ eiwo ere Vigarello, Georges of Review 74. rnuy J n odn soitdUniversity Associated London: and NJ, Cranbury, , 442 ’ 0 98 p 1 pp. 1998, 10, h r fMdiey al oenMdie nEurope in Midwives Modern Early Midwifery: of Art The nMrae ieeladAeeSee Adele and Mikesell Margaret in – ” – 92 00 p 157 pp. 2000, 39:2, 6(361 76 buto nerymdr Wales modern early in abduction : ’ 1650 nepeaino ilclnarrative biblical a of interpretation s rn.Ja irl,Cmrde oiyPress, Polity Cambridge: Birrell, Jean trans. , – 7 Brundage, 97; – 4 03 p 439 pp. 2003, 34, uhrt n eult nEryMdr Burgundy Modern Early in Sexuality and Authority 6(153). 76 abig:CmrdeUiest Press, University Cambridge Cambridge: , p 132 pp. , – .90. p. , 63). ,19,p.391 pp. 1994, 9, a,SxadCrsinSociety Christian and Sex Law, ’ ‘ oe,Women Power, s eraigrp n eulviolence sexual and rape Re-reading ’ – xod xodUiest Press, University Oxford Oxford: , nUik ulc (ed.), Rublack Ulinka in 25. – ‘ tt omto,gne n the and gender formation, State 1815 – 4 Walker, 34; a,SxadCrsinSociety Christian and Sex Law, – ahil:Vnebl Uni- Vanderbilt Nashville: , 4 acaL Welles, L. Marcia 84; taa onl University Cornell Ithaca: , ’ – abig:Cambridge Cambridge: , nTmBteig (ed.), Betteridge Tom in 55. itr fRp:Sexual Rape: of History A ’ Cardi , – ’ nLno Feminist London in Resistance s 419. ‘ tag idof kind Strange ff nvriyof University : ff Cambridge: , ’ (eds), – .484. p. , nMichael in London: , 2 (205). 220 ’ – , edrin Gender 46. Sixteenth ’ Culture , ‘ Rape Perse- Jour- The , , Downloaded By: University of Michigan At: 21:36 11 Mar 2018; For: 9780203436868, chapter23, 10.4324/9780203436868.ch23 4Sr .Mthw Grieco, Matthews F. Sara 64 3Sur Banner, Stuart 63 7Kollmann, 57 9BinSandberg, Brian Cohen, 59 S. Elizabeth 58 2Vigarello, 62 2Toa Cohen, Thomas 52 Durey, 51 4Toa Cohen, Thomas Cohen, 54 S. Elizabeth 53 6SsnaBurghartz, Susanna Cohen, 56 S. Elizabeth 55 Flandrin, 50 0Rnl .Surtz, E. Ronald 60 1KrnVer Powers, Vieira Karen 61 8Brundage, 48 9DneaLombardi, Daniela 49 rs,20,p.6 pp. 2003, Press, eka rs,19,p.46 pp. 1993, Press, Belknap (eds), Davis Zemon 05 .148. p. 2005, aia ilne nEgihFml itr,1660 History, Family English An Violence: Marital ujciiydrn h rnhWr fReligion Parker, of Wars 65); French the during subjectivity ae araeCourt Marriage Basel ol:YctcClueadScey 1550 Society, and Culture Yucatec World: oenHistory Modern Farr, Carroll, Marriage Reordering nRnisneItaly Renaissance in Florence seventeenth-century eh (eds), Hecht nai:WlrdLuirUiest rs,19,p.215 pp. 1996, Press, University Laurier Wilfrid Ontario: Journal oit,1500 Society, h uae aa 1545 Maya, Yucatec the Chuchiak, uhrt n Sexuality and Authority 22 01 p 421 pp. 2001, 32:2, ‘ buto n aei Ireland in rape and Abduction lo n ilnei al oenFrance Modern Early in Violence and Blood e nteWsenWorld Western the in Sex itr fRape of History ‘ ‘ yHnrBound Honor By h iso h ahr:Facsa ras aihpiss n h eulcnus of conquest sexual the and priests, parish friars, Franciscan fathers: the of sins The aeadseduction and Rape – ‘ 1600 rssadcatastrophe and Crisis Pro 7:1 h et eat:A mrcnHistory American An Penalty: Death The fi ‘ ‘ . – euto fInnocentia of Seduction EULVOEC N AE 1500 RAPE, AND VIOLENCE SEXUAL e fAaats oe:SxenhCnuyRfrigPioneers Reforming Sixteenth-Century Women: Anabaptist of les ‘ abig:CmrdeUiest rs,19,p.142 pp. 1994, Press, University Cambridge Cambridge: , oriui e:tesdcino noeta(oe 1570) (Rome, Innocentia of seduction the bed: in Bourdieu – ‘“ luuru,N:Uiest fNwMxc rs,20,p 5 onF. John 95; p. 2005, Press, Mexico New of University NM: Albuquerque, , oic oe,witntxs n h aecaInquisition Valencia the and texts, written women, Morisco ,20,p.55 pp. 2003, 2, 10. eeosAaoscm otebreach the to came Amazons Generous itr fWmn easac n nihemn Paradoxes Enlightenment and Renaissance Women: of History A ‘ ‘ nevninb hrhadsaei araedsue nsxenh and sixteenth- in disputes marriage in state and church by Intervention ‘ ‘ ‘ ae fsdcin ae fvoec:agmnaiesrtge eoethe before strategies argumentative violence: of tales seduction, of Tales olne virgins longer No olne virgins longer No olne virgins longer No ’ , oe nteCuil fCnus:TeGnee eei fSaihAmerican Spanish of Genesis Gendered The Conquest: of Crucible the in Women p 8 80 78, pp. , emnHistory German – .108. p. , 1808 p 3 75 73, pp. , – ‘ h oy perneadsexuality and appearance body, The – 3(429 33 ’ 4(66). 84 nTeo enadK .P oe(eds), Lowe P. J. K. and Dean Trevor in ’ , ’ p 141 pp. , .6;Wiesner-Hanks, 65; p. , Ethnohistory – – 5(70). 85 – ’ 1 Bashar, 81; – .16;C rodSye n id gè Huebert Agnès Linda and Snyder Arnold C. 1066; p. , 32). 1850 – 71 99 p 41 pp. 1999, 17:1, ’ ’ ’ ’ 76. p 177. pp. , .176. p. , .174. p. , .33. p. , – ’ . 443 43. tnod A tnodUiest rs,1997. Press, University Stanford CA: Stanford, , 4 07 p 69 pp. 2007, 54, – xod xodUiest rs,20,p 241; p. 2006, Press, University Oxford Oxford: , 1875 ’ , ‘ aei England in Rape edr&History & Gender abig:CmrdeUiest Press, University Cambridge Cambridge: , abig,M:HradUniversity Harvard MA: Cambridge, , – – hitaiyadSexuality and Christianity 18. 6(47 56 – ” 2;MthwRestall, Matthew 127; eigdwmn gnyand agency women, besieged : – ’ – 63 04 p 654 pp. 2004, 16:3, ’ 48). 1750 nAlteFreadNatalie and Farge Arlette in .3;EiaehA Foyster, A. Elizabeth 38; p. , rm,SceyadteLaw the and Society Crime, eh Waterloo, Hecht , abig,MA: Cambridge, , – ’ ’ , , 6 Harrington, 56; .11 Stuart 121; p. , itet Century Sixteenth ora fEarly of Journal – h Maya The 8(662 88 –