DOCSLIB.ORG

\T FEDERAL RAPE LAW REFORM

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
\T FEDERAL RAPE LAW REFORM If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. ~ . ~' .. \t FEDERAL RAPE LAW REFORM HEARINGS BEFORE'i'HE SUBCOMMITTEE ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE OF THE OOj\fMITTEE ON THE JUDIOIARY HOUSE OF REPRESENTA.TIVES NINETY-EIGHTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION ON FEDERAL RAPE LAW REFORM GUST 31 AND SEPTEMBER 12, 1984 Serial No. 162 ~ '-~ i for the us~_, o~ theJ,committee on the Judiciary ~ u.s. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1986 44-361 0 - 86 - 1 - .... ",.. t::.".- COMMITl'EE ON THE JUDICIARY PETER W. RODINO, JR., New Jersey, Chairman JACK BROOKS, Texas HAMILTON FISH, JR., New York ROBERT W. KASTENMEIER, Wisconsin CARLOS J. MOORHEAD, California DON EDWARDS, California HENRY J. HYDE, !llinois JOHN CONYERS, JR., Michigan THOMAS N. KINDNESS, Ohio JOHN F. SEPlERLING, Ohio HAROLD S. SAWYER, Michigan ROMANO L. MAZZOLI, Kentucky DAN LUNGREN, California WILLIAM J. HUGHES, New Jersey F. JAMES SENSENBRENNER, JR., SAM B. HALL. JR., Texas Wisconsin MIKE SYNAR, Oklahoma BILL McCOLLUM, Florida PATRICIA SCHROEDER, Colorado E. CLAY SHAW, JR., Florida DAN GLICKMAN, Kansas GEORGE W. GEKAS, Pennsylvania BARNEY FRANK, Massachusetts MICHAEL DEWINE, Ohio GEO. W. CROCKETT, JR., Michigan CHARLES E. SCHUMER, New York BRUCE A. MORRISON, Connecticut EDWARD F. FEIGHAN, Ohio LAWRENCE J. SMITH, Florida HOWARD L. BERMAN, California FREDERICK C. BOUCHER, Virginia ALAN A. PARKER, General Counsel GARNER J. CLINE, Staff Director ALAN F. COFFEY, Jr., Associate Counsel SUBCOMMI'ITEE ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE JOHN CONYERS, JR., Michigan, Chairman DON EDWARDS, California GEORGE W. GEKAS, Pennsylvania JOHN F. SEIBERLING, Ohio BILL McCOLLUM, Florida HOWARD L. BERMAN, California MICHAEL DEWINE, Ohio FREDERICK C. BOUCHER, Virginia THOMAS W. HUTCHISON, Counsel MICHAEL E. WARD, Assistant Counsel GAIL E. BOWMAN, Assistant Counsel RAYMOND V. SMIETANKA, Assistant Counsel BENNIE B. WILLIAMS, Clerk ANNE 1. WEST, Clerk CHERYL D. REYNOLDS, Clerk (II) CON'rENTS HEARINGS HELD Page August 31, 1984 ............................................................................................................... , 1 September 12, 1984 .......................................................................................................... 65 WITNESSES Boyle. Hon. Patricia, justice, Michigan Supreme Court........................................... 11 Boyle, Terrence, chief, appellate,division ancl special services, Wayne County Prosecutor's Office ....................................................................................................... 11 Carr, Hon. Robert, a Representative in CongrHss from the State of Michigan.... 3 Prepared statement ................................................................................................. 9 Coady, Carol, Committee on Violence Against Women, National Organization for Women, on behalf of the National Coalition Against Sexual Assault ........ 98 Prepared statement ........................................ ;,....................................................... 107 Collier, S. Aesha, on behalf of the Women's Action Team Against Violence ...... 60 Cuza, Patricia, director, office of criminal justic\~, State of Michigan ................... 33 Prepared statement .......................................... ,...................................................... 37 Fiedler, Hon. Bobbi, a Representative in Congre~:s from the State of California 67 Prepared statement ............................................ ,.................................................... 82 Flaharty, Jane, community education coordinator, HAVEN, Pontiac, MI .......... 53 Harrison, Charlie J., Jr., State representative, Po.'1tiac, MI................................... 31 Holtzman, Hon. Elizabeth, district attorney, Kingll County, Ny .................... ,...... 83 Prepared statement ............................................... .................................................. 88 Hoyer, Hon. Steny, a Representative in Congress from the State of Maryland.. 67 Prepared statement ................................................................................................. 79 Martini, Lt. Audrey, commanding officer, sex crimes unit, Detroit Police Department .................................................................... ............................................... 40 Reynolds, Judy, legislative assistant to Michigan State Representative Mary Brown and a member of the Ingham County Commission on Women.............. 56 Prepared statement of Mary Brown .................................................................... 57 Toensing, Victoria, Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Criminal Division, U.S. Department of Justice ........................................................................................ 91 Prepared statement ................................................................................................. 95 ADDITIONAL MATERIAl, McConnell, Robert, Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legislative Affairs, letter to Hon. John Conyers, Jr., September 28, 1984 .......................................... 97 APPENDIX Bient'm, Leigh, prepared statement submitted for the record ................................. 113 (III) \,• NCJRSi • ~ \ SEP 15 1986 i 102524 U.S. Department of Justice National Institute of Justice This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the person or organization originating it. Points of view o. opinions stated in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the National Institute of Justice. Permission to reproduce this ~d material has been granted by Public Domain =-0'. S~_..B.0~~~ o:fB.epresentat1ves: to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). Further reproduction outside of the NCJRS system requires permis­ sion of the'C!:7J'l'YT'i!:t owner FEDERAL RAPE LAW REFORM FRIDAY, AUGUST 31, 1984 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SUBCOMMITTEE ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE, COMMIT'l'EE ON 'l'HE' JUDICIARY, Pontiac, MI. The subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 10:25 a.m., in Oak­ land County Commissioners chambers, Pontiac, MI, Hon. John Conyers, Jr. (chairman of the subcommittee) presiding. Present: Representative Conyers. Staff present: Thomas W. Hutchison, counsel. Mr. CONYERS. The Subcommittee on Criminal Justice will come to order. Good morning, I'm Congressman John Conyers, chairman of this subcommittee. We are meeting to hold hearings on H.R. 4876, the Sexual Assault Act. of 1984. I'm accompanied by the counsel for the subcommittee, Tom Hutchison. This is the first hearing on this legislation, which has been spon­ sored by my friend and distinguished colleague in the Congress, Representative Robert Carl', to reform the Federal rape statutes. The Federal rape laws date back to the 19th century, and the pur­ pose of the Carr bill is, frankly, to bring them into the 2'1th centu­ ry. There are basically three Federal rape statutes. The first simply makes it a Federal offense to commit rape. The second makes it an offense to assault someone with the intent to commit rape. These two provisions incorporate the common law definition of rape that requires that the prosecution show that the defendant had sexual intercourse with a woman forcibly and against her will. The third statute is what is commonly called a statutory rape provision, which makes it an offense for someone to carnally know a female, not his wife, who has not attained the age of 16 years. Thus, only a woman can be the victim of a Federal rape offense. Federal statutes do not proscribe homosexual rape. The common-law tradition from which the Federal statutes come is not particularly inspiring. The rape laws ostensibly existed to protect women from having unwanted, coerced, sexual intimacy, but the legal system seemed to be more concerned with protecting males from conviction than with protecting females from criminal­ ly injurious conduct. The notable exception is when the defendant was black and the victim was white. There the system worked with remarkable speed and vigor. The legal system's undue concern with protecting males is seen in doctrines concerning spousal exemption, utmost resistance, cor­ n} 2 rob oration , and evidence of the victim's character and reputation. All of these things have made it extremely complicated and diffi­ cult, and sometimes impossible, to obtain a conviction that might otherwise be readily arrived at. The spousal exemption doctrine held that a man could not ralle his wife no matter how brutally the act was carried out. The ra­ tionalization for this doctrine was that a woman, when she mar­ ried, gave continuing consent to sexual intercourse, and her con­ sent could be revoked only by having the marriage dissolved. This rationalization reflected a view of marriage entailing the husband's ownership of the wife. Rape was unique for being the only crime of violence for which marriage was a defense. The Federal law of rape, sad to say, prob­ ably incorporates this common-law doctrine. The doctrine of utmost resistance, at its most rigorous, required not only that the victim struggle with an intensity reflecting her physical capacity to resist the unwanted sexual intimacy, but also that her efforts not diminish at any time during the COUl'se of the offense. Such a doctrine served only to increase the risk of harm to vic­ tims, and Federal law fortunately seems to have avoided incorpo­ rating it. Federal law, likewise, seems to have avoided incorporating the corroboration requirement. At its most stringent, the doctrine re­ quired corroboration
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Rape System: Old Roles and New Times
    Catholic University Law Review Volume 27 Issue 4 Summer 1978 Article 3 1978 The Rape System: Old Roles and New Times Sally Gold Martha Wyatt Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.edu/lawreview Recommended Citation Sally Gold & Martha Wyatt, The Rape System: Old Roles and New Times, 27 Cath. U. L. Rev. 695 (1978). Available at: https://scholarship.law.edu/lawreview/vol27/iss4/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by CUA Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Catholic University Law Review by an authorized editor of CUA Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE RAPE SYSTEM: OLD ROLES AND NEW TIMES Sally Gold and Martha Wyatt* I. INTRODUCTION A rape victim who chooses to report the attack upon her to the authori- ties endures particular embarrassment and shame. The progress of her case through our criminal justice system has been compared to a second rape; the victim is made to feel that she, rather than the attacker, is on trial. If her assailant is adjudged not guilty, she must also endure damage to her reputation. What is most unfortunate, however, is that the shameful treat- ment she receives is a direct result of our society's rape laws, which are not designed to protect her, but rather the male possessory interest in her. Two elements are involved in the crime of rape: the penetration with force by the attacker and the lack of consent of the attacked. Each element is separate and distinct; one does not necessarily constitute evidence of the other.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparison of Sexual Assault in the U.S., Canada, and England Catie Carson
    Undergraduate Review Volume 3 Article 11 2007 A Comparison of Sexual Assault in the U.S., Canada, and England Catie Carson Follow this and additional works at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/undergrad_rev Part of the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation Carson, Catie (2007). A Comparison of Sexual Assault in the U.S., Canada, and England. Undergraduate Review, 3, 57-69. Available at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/undergrad_rev/vol3/iss1/11 This item is available as part of Virtual Commons, the open-access institutional repository of Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts. Copyright © 2007 Catie Carson A Comparison of Sexual Assault in the U.S., Canada, and England Catie Carson Catie Carson is a senior majoring in criminal Abstract justice and psychology. She plans to attend s the sexual offense rate in the United States higher than that of other graduate school for criminal justice and developed nations? If so, why and if not, why not? This exploratory wanted the experience of conducting research was conducted by funding through the Bridgewater State College formal research. This project was initiated Adrian Tinsley Grant Program during the summer of 2006. It will provide by her advisor, Dr. Richard Wright, who information that may help criminal justice professionals and psychologists acted as her mentor during the research Iunderstand more about factors in sexual assault, which may be unique to the process. Ms. Carson hopes to have a career United States. This comparative research examines the role of culture, politics, gender, historical foundations, legal structures, and sexual assault in three in investigations. highly industrialized Western democracies.
    [Show full text]
  • Incredible Women: Sexual Violence and the Credibility Discount
    UNIVERSITY of PENNSYLVANIA LAW REVIEW Founded 1852 Formerly AMERICAN LAW REGISTER © 2017 University of Pennsylvania Law Review VOL. 166 DECEMBER 2017 NO. 1 ARTICLE INCREDIBLE WOMEN: SEXUAL VIOLENCE AND THE CREDIBILITY DISCOUNT DEBORAH TUERKHEIMER† Credibility is central to the legal treatment of sexual violence, as epitomized by the iconic “he said/she said” contest. Over time, the resolution of competing factual accounts has evidenced a deeply skeptical orientation toward rape accusers. This incredulous stance remains firmly lodged, having migrated from formal legal rules to informal practices, with much the same result—an enduring system of disbelief. Introducing the concept of “credibility discounting” helps to explain the dominant feature of our legal response to rape. Although false reports of rape are uncommon, † Class of 1940 Research Professor of Law, Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law. J.D., Yale Law School; A.B., Harvard College. My thanks to Ronald Allen, Miranda Fricker, Terry Fromson, Andrew Gold, Emily Kadens, Sherry Kolb, Andrew Koppelman, Jennifer Lackey, Sarah Lawksy, Gregory Mark, Janice Nadler, and John McGinnis for their helpful suggestions and insights. Sarah Crocker and Tom Gaylord, Faculty Services and Scholarly Communications Librarian, contributed outstanding research assistance, and the Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law Faculty Research Program furnished generous financial support. (1) 2 University of Pennsylvania Law Review [Vol. 166: 1 law enforcement officers tend to default to doubt when women allege sexual assault, resulting in curtailed investigations as well as infrequent arrests and prosecutions. Credibility discounts, which are meted out at every stage of the criminal process, involve downgrades both to trustworthiness (corresponding to testimonial injustice) and to plausibility (corresponding to hermeneutical injustice).
    [Show full text]
  • Legitimate Concern: the Assault on the Concept of Rape
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Via Sapientiae: The Institutional Repository at DePaul University DePaul University Via Sapientiae College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences Theses and Dissertations College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences 9-2013 Legitimate concern: the assault on the concept of rape Matthew David Burgess DePaul University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://via.library.depaul.edu/etd Recommended Citation Burgess, Matthew David, "Legitimate concern: the assault on the concept of rape" (2013). College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences Theses and Dissertations. 153. https://via.library.depaul.edu/etd/153 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences at Via Sapientiae. It has been accepted for inclusion in College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Via Sapientiae. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Legitimate Concern: The Assault on the Concept of Rape A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts By Matthew David Burgess June 2013 Women’s and Gender Studies College of Liberal Arts and Sciences DePaul University Chicago, Illinois 1 Table of Contents Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………….3 A Brief Legal History of Rape………………………………………………………………….....6 -Rape Law in the United States Prior to 1800…………………………………………….7 -The WCTU and
    [Show full text]
  • Online Anti-Rape Activism EMERALD STUDIES in CRIMINOLOGY, FEMINISM and SOCIAL CHANGE
    Online Anti-Rape Activism EMERALD STUDIES IN CRIMINOLOGY, FEMINISM AND SOCIAL CHANGE Series Editors: Sandra Walklate, School of Social Sciences, Monash University, Australia. Kate Fitz-Gibbon, School of Social Sciences at Monash University and Monash Gender and Family Violence Prevention Centre, Australia. Jude McCulloch, Monash University and Monash Gender and Family Violence Prevention Centre, Australia. JaneMaree Maher, Centre for Women’s Studies and Gender Research Sociology, Monash University, Australia. Emerald Studies in Criminology, Feminism and Social Change offers a platform for innovative, engaged, and forward-looking feminist-informed work to explore the interconnections between social change and the capacity of criminology to grapple with the implications of such change. Social change, whether as a result of the movement of peoples, the impact of new technologies, the potential consequences of climate change, or more commonly iden- tified features of changing societies, such as ageing populations, inter-generational conflict, the changing nature of work, increasing awareness of the problem of gen- dered violence(s), and/or changing economic and political context, takes its toll across the globe in infinitely more nuanced and inter-connected ways than previously imag- ined. Each of these connections carry implications for what is understood as crime, the criminal, the victim of crime and the capacity of criminology as a discipline to make sense of these evolving interconnections. Feminist analysis, despite its conten- tious relationship with the discipline of criminology, has much to offer in strengthen- ing the discipline to better understand the complexity of the world in the twenty-first century and to scan the horizon for emerging, possible or likely futures.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hidden Truth: an Institutional Look at the Underreporting of Rape
    The Hidden Truth: An Institutional Look at the Underreporting of Rape Nathaniel Louderback Creighton University I. Research Question Every six seconds a woman somewhere in the United States is raped (U.S. Department of Justice, 1999). This issue is one of the many concerning women’s rights in the United States. There are many female activist groups in the country, and they offer many services that are aimed at the bettering women’s lives. Looking at the number of reported rapes for cities showed that there were vast differences between cities, even with cities that were close together in population. The cities of Miami, Phoenix, and Seattle all have approximately three million citizens, but Miami reported 113 rapes, Phoenix reported 422, and Seattle reported 181. This is a large discrepancy over a small population variable. So how do we explain the variation in the number of rape reports per capita for a metropolitan area? A metropolitan area is defined as all areas included in a city area according to the metropolitan area data on the United States Census. The official rape report is the number of rapes a metropolitan area reports to the Uniform Crime Reports for the year of 1999. Per capita is defined by the number of people living in a given metropolitan area and will be determined by the Census. The research for this project will concentrate on metropolitan areas with more than one million residents. This is done to ensure there is not a statistical error for smaller cities where one rape case would be a substantial portion of their population.
    [Show full text]
  • A Theory of Rape Culture in American Public Policy
    THE UNITED STATES OF RAPE: A THEORY OF RAPE CULTURE IN AMERICAN PUBLIC POLICY ______________ A University Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, East Bay _______________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Sexuality and Social Justice _______________ By Alexandra Kelner September, 2013 Abstract Rape is a crime in the United States. But it is also one of the most underreported crimes in America, has very low prosecution and conviction rates compared to other violent crimes, and the level of social disdain attached to rape is rarely reflected in the formal punishments enacted for its perpetration. "Rape Culture" has become a popular term in rape prevention education and advocacy; it refers to a society that contains within it practices and ideologies that minimize the negative impacts of victimization, while condoning and perpetuating the perpetration of acts of sexual violence. This paper outlines some of the characteristics of a so-called "rape culture" and explores how these characteristics are manifested in law and policy at the federal level in the United States through the examination of marital rape laws, sexuality education policy and welfare policy. i ii Table of Contents Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………1 Methods and Limitations………………………………………………………………………………………9 Why “Rape Culture?”: Key Definitions and Assumptions……………9 Culture………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………9 Rape……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………11 Ideology and Practice in Public Policy…………………………………13 Paper Organization………………………………………………………………………………………17 Chapter One: American Rape Culture……………………………………………………………………………………………22 The American Rape Narrative………………………………………………………………22 Defining Rape Culture………………………………………………………………………………29 Chapter Two: Law and Order: Rape Culture In American Public Policy………51 To Have, To Hold and To Rape: U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Rape and Sexual Assault In
    RAPE AND SEXUAL ASSAULT IN THE LEGAL SYSTEM Carol E. Tracy Terry L. Fromson Women’s Law Project Jennifer Gentile Long Charlene Whitman AEquitas1 2013 ÆQUITAS | WOMEN’S LAW PROJECT 125 S. 9TH STREET PHILADELPHIA, PA 19107 MAIN | (215) 928-9801 FAX | (215) 928-9848 WWW.WOMENSLAWPROJECT.ORG AEQUITAS: THE PROSECUTORS’ RESOURCE ON VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN 1100 H STREET NW, SUITE 310 WASHINGTON, DC 20005 MAIN | (202) 499-0314 FAX | (202) 393-1918 WWW. AEQUITASRESOURCE.ORG This paper has been reprinted with permission from the National Academy of Sciences, courtesy of the National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. See CANDACE KRUTTSCHNITT, WILLIAM D. KALESBEEK & CAROL C. HOUSE, EDS., NAT’L ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, ESTIMATING THE INCIDENCE OF RAPE AND SEXUAL ASSAULT (2013), available at http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=18605. This project was supported, in part, by Grant No. 2009-TA-AX-K024 awarded by the U.S. Department of Justice, Office on Violence Against Women. The opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Justice, Office on Violence Against Women. The information in this document does not constitute legal advice and is being furnished strictly for informational purposes without any representations or warranties. This project was also supported, in part, by the Committee on National Statistics and the Van Ameringen Foundation. ÆQUITAS | ABSTRACT Rape and sexual assault laws are complex and evolving. Rape originated as a crime against property, not a crime against a person. As such, the crime related to patriarchal inheritance rights and a female’s reproductive capacity, and was limited to crimes against unmarried virgins and included only forcible penile/vaginal penetration.
    [Show full text]
  • The Injustice of the Marital Rape Exemption: a Survey of Common Law Countries
    American University International Law Review Volume 4 | Issue 3 Article 3 1989 The njuI stice of the Marital Rape Exemption: A Survey of Common Law Countries Sonya A. Adamo Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/auilr Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Adamo, Sonya A. "The nI justice of the Marital Rape Exemption: A Survey of Common Law Countries." American University International Law Review 4, no. 3 (1989): 555-589. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington College of Law Journals & Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in American University International Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NOTES AND COMMENTS THE INJUSTICE OF THE MARITAL RAPE EXEMPTION: A SURVEY OF COMMON LAW COUNTRIES Sonya A. Adamo* INTRODUCTION A woman is raped by her husband the day after undergoing gyneco- logical surgery, which causes her to hemorrhage and return to the hos- pital.' Another woman is forced to have sex at knifepoint by her es- tranged husband. Conscience and justice dictate that the perpetrators of such crimes must suffer some punishment. Many common law coun- tries, however, still sustain the misbelief that a husband is incapable of raping his wife, due to the presumption of a wife's absolute, irrevocable consent to any sexual acts during the course of marriage.3 These laws provide a husband with immunity from prosecution for marital rape simply because of his status as husband.4 Yet, this prospect is unsound.
    [Show full text]
  • The Abuse of Patriarchal Power in Rome: the Rape Narratives of Ovid’S Metamorphoses
    The Abuse of Patriarchal Power in Rome: The Rape Narratives of Ovid’s Metamorphoses A Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Classics By K. Tinkler Classics Department University of Canterbury 2018 Table of Contents Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4 Abstract……………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6 CHAPTER ONE: Gender in Rome………………………………………………………………………………………. 12 A Woman’s Place in a Man’s World: Patriarchy in Rome…………………………………………………… 12 Lucretia’s Legacy: The Cultural Template of the Raped Woman……………………………………….. 18 The Intimacy of Rape: The Body of a Woman in Antiquity…………………………………………………. 22 CHAPTER TWO: Rape in the Metamorphoses…………………………………………………………………… 29 The Rape Stories of the Metamorphoses………………………………………………………………………….. 29 The Characteristics of Ovid’s Perpetrators………………………………………………………………………… 30 Gods and Non-Human Perpetrators………………………………………………………………………………….. 34 The Characteristics of Ovid’s Victims…………………………………………………………………………………. 40 The Rape of Philomela………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 44 The Male Gaze………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 48 CHAPTER THREE: The Aftermath of Rape…………………………………………………………………………. 55 The Non-Metamorphic Consequences………………………………………………………………………………. 55 The Psychological Effect on the Victim……………………………………………………………………………… 60 The Eternal Link between the Victim and the Rapist…………………………………………………………. 63 The Second Rape: The Goddesses’ Wrath………………………………………………………………………….
    [Show full text]
  • An Evidence-Based Review of Sexual Assault Prevention Intervention
    The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: An Evidence-Based Review of Sexual Assault Preventive Intervention Programs Author(s): Shannon Morrison, Jennifer Hardison, Anita Mathew, Joyce O’Neil Document No.: 207262 Date Received: October 2004 Award Number: 2002-WG-BX-0006 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. September 2004 An Evidence-Based Review of Sexual Assault Preventive Intervention Programs Technical Report Prepared for National Institute of Justice 810 Seventh Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20531 Prepared by Shannon Morrison, Ph.D. Jennifer Hardison, M.S.W. Anita Mathew, M.P.H. Joyce O’Neil, M.A. RTI International Health, Social, and Economics Research Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 NIJ Grant Number: 2002-WG-BX-0006 This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department.
    [Show full text]
  • Drug-Facilitated, Incapacitated, and Forcible Rape: a National Study
    The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Drug-facilitated, Incapacitated, and Forcible Rape: A National Study Author(s): Dean G. Kilpatrick, Ph.D. ; Heidi S. Resnick, Ph.D. ; Kenneth J. Ruggiero, Ph.D. ; Lauren M. Conoscenti, M. A. ; Jenna McCauley, M. S. Document No.: 219181 Date Received: July 2007 Award Number: 2005-WG-BX-0006 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Drug-facilitated, Incapacitated, and Forcible Rape: A National Study Dean G. Kilpatrick, Ph.D. Heidi S. Resnick, Ph.D. Kenneth J. Ruggiero, Ph.D. Lauren M. Conoscenti, M. A. Jenna McCauley, M. S. February 1, 2007 Prepared by the NATIONAL CRIME VICTIMS RESEARCH & TREATMENT CENTER 165 Cannon Street PO Box 250852 Charleston, SC 29425 Ph (843) 792-2945 FAX (843) 792-3388 http://www.musc.edu/ncvc This document is a research report submitted to the U.S.
    [Show full text]