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Front Matter Template Copyright by María Rebeca Castellanos 2009 The Dissertation Committee for María Rebeca Castellanos Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: The Foundational Rape Tale in Medieval Iberia Committee: Michael Harney, Supervisor Matthew Bailey, Co-Supervisor Madeline Sutherland-Meier James Nicolopulos Jennifer Ebbeler The Foundational Rape Tale in Medieval Iberia by María Rebeca Castellanos, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin December, 2009 Dedication Para Médar Acknowledgements This dissertation was finished with the help of several people. Professor Professor Matthew Bailey introduced me to Latin and guided me patiently and generously through my graduate studies. Professor Michael Harney generously took me under his wing, and challenged me to polish my work. Professor Nicolopulos, who introduced me to the chronicles. Professor Jennifer Ebbeler, whose careful reading improved my manuscript. Professor Sutherland-Meier, whose door was always open and graciously accepted to be in my committee. Special thanks to Professor Leslie Jarmon, whose course on academic writing taugh me and many others how to plan, write and finish a dissertation. My dear friends Filadelfo Martínez, Francisco (Paco) Plata, Alanna Breen, Scott Spinks, Danny Méndez, Adalberto Yánez and Kim Díaz, who trusted I would finish my dissertation. I give special thanks to Luis Marcelino Gómez (el Muso) who tirelessly repeated ―nena, tú puedes‖. To my father, José Tiberio Castellanos, and to my mother, Ari Castellanos, and to my sister, Ana Rocío Castellanos, who knew I would be a ―doctora‖ some day. Finally, to my husband, Médar Serrata, who has walked this path with me, sharing the discoveries and the happiness of doing what we love. Thank you for everything. v The Foundational Rape Tale in Medieval Iberia Publication No._____________ María Rebeca Castellanos, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 2009 Supervisor: Michael Harney and Matthew Bailey The present study examines the rape episodes in Muslim and Christian historiography of the Iberian Peninsula between 9th and 13th century. These episodes possess a structure which the author defines as ―rape tale.‖ The rape tale has a stock cast of characters—a rapist ruler, the female rape victim, and her avenging guardian, and a predictable ending: the ruler will be deposed. In the works studied in this dissertation, every version of the rape tales is part of a discourse that legitimates an occupation, an invasion, a conquest. The stable structure of the rape tale may reveal its mythic origins. It is possible that before these stories were put into writing, they were elaborated orally. The importance of these allegorical tales requires the necessity of memorization by means of oral repetition, which is possible only through a paring down of details in order to obtain a clear pattern. The images, the actions, must be formulaic in order to be vi recovered effectively. Characters—no matter their historicity—are simplified into types. Hence in all myths, heroes are brave and strong; princesses in distress are beautiful; tyrannical rulers, lustful. The myth studied here appears in chronicles and national/ethnic histories written by a community that saw itself as the winning character in a story of conquest—or Reconquest. It is a myth that features not one but two rape tales: the rape of Oliba (also known as Cava), daughter of Count Julian, which brought about the Moorish invasion of Spain, and the rape of Luzencia, which signaled a Christian rebirth with Pelayo‘s rebellion. vii Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ......................................................................................1 The Rape tale in Foundational Narratives ...................................................1 A brief history of Rape and Marriage .........................................................2 Rape and representation.............................................................................8 The rape tale as myth............................................................................... 12 The structure of the foundational rape tale ................................................ 16 Dramatis personae in the rape tale ............................................................ 21 Concluding remarks. ............................................................................... 24 Chapter 2: Rape, Conquest and the Re-Conquest of Spain ................................. 26 Oliba in Muslim Historiography: Rape and the Conquest of Spain ............ 37 The Anonymous Ajbar Machmua (also known as Anónimo de París)........ 40 Ibn-al-Kutiya‘s History of the Conquest of Spain ..................................... 43 Oliba and her cousin Luzencia: the Reconquest of Spain........................... 45 Reconquest as crusade ............................................................................. 47 The translatio imperii .............................................................................. 49 Narratives of Conquest ............................................................................ 52 Crónica de Alfonso III ............................................................................. 53 Crónica Najerense ................................................................................... 57 Oliba .............................................................................................................60 Luzencia ................................................................................................. 61 Translatio imperii ................................................................................... 63 Lucas de Tuy‘s Chronicon Mundi ........................................................... 63 The author and his work .......................................................................... 65 The rape tale in the Chronicon Mundi ...................................................... 66 Who sinned the most, the king or his priests? ........................................... 67 Count Julian ............................................................................................ 69 Pelayo..................................................................................................... 71 viii Lucas‘ nostalgic translatio imperii ........................................................... 72 Concluding remarks ................................................................................ 75 Chapter 3: Rape and the re-creation of A Visigothic past................................... 76 Isidore‘s histories .................................................................................... 80 Rodrigo Ximénez de Rada, Bishop and magnate ...................................... 89 a departure from Isidorian tradition .......................................................... 90 From The Sack of Rome to the Rape of Oliba .......................................... 94 Ximénez de Rada and the rape tale........................................................... 97 Dramatis Personae................................................................................... 98 The king‘s transgression: rape................................................................ 101 The rape of Luzencia or the case for a Christian translatio .................... 106 Dramatis personae ................................................................................. 107 The Rape function ................................................................................. 108 Translatio imperii ................................................................................. 108 Chapter 4: Alfonso X and rape tale ................................................................. 112 The king as historian ............................................................................. 116 The Estoria ........................................................................................... 117 The Visigoths in the Estoria .................................................................. 119 Rape of Count Julian‘s daughter ............................................................ 122 Rodrigo, king or tyrant?......................................................................... 124 Lord and vassal ..................................................................................... 129 The Rape of Luzencia............................................................................ 131 Alcalde Munnuza as the tyrannical ruler................................................. 132 Rape tale, or the botched marriage of Luzencia ...................................... 133 Pelayo‘s rebellion.................................................................................. 136 Translatio imperii ................................................................................. 137 ix Final Remarks ............................................................................................... 141 Notes.................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. APPENDIX A: History of the Conquest of Spain, by Ibn Abd-al-Hakam (Egypt, 9th century) (Oldest extant version of Oliba‘s rape)...................................... 150 APPENDIX B: Ajbar Machmuâ (anonymous, 11th century) ............................ 155 B. 1. Rape of Julian‘s Daughter ............................................................
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