Encyclopedia of Rape

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Encyclopedia of Rape Encyclopedia of Rape MERRIL D. SMITH Editor GREENWOOD PRESS Encyclopedia of Rape Advisory Board Julie Campbell-Ruggaard Psychologist, private practice Oxford, Ohio Elizabeth Reis Department of Women’s and Gender Studies University of Oregon, Eugene Rickie Solinger Independent Scholar Lake Mohonk, New York Encyclopedia of Rape Edited by MERRIL D. SMITH GREENWOOD PRESS Westport, Connecticut • London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of rape / edited by Merril D. Smith. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–313–32687–8 (alk. paper) 1. Rape—encyclopedias. I. Smith, Merril D., 1956– HV6558.E53 2004 362.883'03—dc22 2004044213 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright ᭧ 2004 by Merril D. Smith All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2004044213 ISBN: 0–313–32687–8 First published in 2004 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America TM The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10987654321 Contents Preface vii Introduction ix Chronology of Selected Rape-Related Events xiii Alphabetical List of Entries xix Topical List of Entries xxiii The Encyclopedia 1 Resource Guide 273 Index 277 About the Editor and Contributors 295 Preface This book takes a new approach to the examination and understanding of an old problem: rape. The subject of rape encompasses much more than the actual physical act. There are the people involved; times and places in which rapes have taken place; laws and customs regarding rape; movements against it; art, literature, and other cultural depictions of rape; and social and political events concerning it. The format of an encyclopedia is especially effective for covering this topic because readers can look at the specific entry or entries that interest them, as well as reading further in related entries. The volume is aimed at general readers and students who desire to learn about rape and rape-related issues. For those who want additional information, there is suggested reading listed under each entry. Additional information can be obtained from the list of resources at the end of the volume. For two years, 79 scholars from all over the world and from a wide variety of fields—the humanities, social sciences, and medicine—have gathered information and written articles on a variety of topics concerning rape for this project. There are 186 entries in this encyclopedia. The coverage provides explication and descrip- tions of key terms, concepts, organizations, incidents, institutions, laws, influential works, theories, movements, cases, and individuals associated with rape. Although it is impossible to include every item of significance to the topic in a one-volume reference book, I have tried to be as comprehensive as possible. Readers will note the emphasis in this encyclopedia is on the contemporary United States, but entries that are historically significant, as well as worldwide events and movements, have been included. The result is a volume that covers rape from antiquity to the present. Entries are listed in alphabetical order. Readers will generally find the subject listed under the most common or popular name. For example, there is an entry under the headwords “Boston Strangler” rather than under Albert DeSalvo, the man convicted of the crimes. However, readers who turn to “Albert DeSalvo” will be directed to the appropriate entry. Each narrative entry explains the term, gives an overview, and describes its sig- viii PREFACE nificance. In our rapidly changing world, new information is constantly being re- vealed, while concepts and ideas are transformed almost before our eyes. All attempts have been made to keep the entries in the volume up to date, accurate, and consistent. Each entry contains cross-references in bold type, related entries at the end, and a list of reading suggested by the author of each article. There is a chronology of key rape events, people, and places following the Introduction. The volume contains a Resource Guide of books, movies, and Websites at the end and is fully indexed. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks go to many people who helped in bringing this project to fruition. The process began when Wendi Schnaufer, one of my editors at Greenwood Press, called me to ask if I would be interested in editing this encyclopedia. She was extremely helpful in guiding me through the early stages of this work. Anne Thompson, my other editor at Greenwood, has been a careful and thoughtful reader. She’s an- swered my barrage of emails with efficiency—and sometimes just that needed bit of humor. My advisory board, Julie Campbell-Ruggaard, Elizabeth Reis, and Rickie Solinger, read and offered suggestions on entries. Julie went beyond this role to act as go-between when a contributor became ill. Thanks, Julie! I could not have completed this book without the help of the contributors who wrote entries for this volume. Some of them wrote multiple entries, and some picked up last-minute entries and delivered polished work to me in record time. I have enjoyed corresponding with all of you, and I have made some friends along the way. It is indeed helpful to have a supportive and talented family, one willing to listen to me discuss rape at the dinner table. Special thanks to Megan Smith for organizing my computer files, retyping the entries that my computer ate, and doing some proof- reading. Sheryl Smith helped me organize lists and cooked some great dinners. Doug Smith read entries, helped me with printing the manuscript, and kept the household going while I worked. Introduction Rape has always been a part of human culture. The myths of antiquity included accounts of rape; ancient societies counted rape among the crimes listed in their law codes; and even the Bible contains stories of rape. Throughout the centuries, rape has had an impact on individual women (as well as men and children of both sexes), but it has also affected the evolution and development of cultures all over the world, as women have been abducted as brides, claimed as prizes of war, and enslaved. Unfortunately, rape remains a concern of modern life. Recent headlines make this all too clear, as stories on date rape drugs, attacks by serial rapists, the molestation of children by Catholic priests, and genocidal crimes in Bosnia, Rwanda, and elsewhere pervade the media.1 The physical reality of rape has not changed over time: the penetration of a vagina, or other orifice, by a penis (or other object) without the consent of the woman or man being penetrated. What have changed over time and place are def- initions about rape, ideas, perceptions, and laws concerning it. Modern laws on sexual assault in the United States and elsewhere recognize that both women and men can be raped, that wives can be raped by their husbands, and that victims often know their attackers. Although rape survivors are still sometimes blamed for provoking their attacks, they may also find support and counseling available to them. For much of history, however, rape has been considered a crime against the woman’s father or husband, rather than a crime against the victim. In some areas of the world, that still holds true. In 2002, the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan reported that over 150 women had been sexually assaulted and about 40 women had been killed in “honor killings” in southern Punjab.2 Within the United States, rape is all too common, but it remains an underreported crime, since many victims cannot or do not press charges against their attackers. However, in the last few decades, reforms in rape laws have made the process somewhat easier for victims. For example, before the 1970s, rape shield laws and the category of spousal rape did not exist.3 The alteration of rape laws within the United States, as well as many other coun- x INTRODUCTION tries, reflects changing ideas about gender and sexuality, as well as redefinitions of rape itself. The feminist movement of the 1960s and 1970s helped to spur along these changes, as many feminists asserted that rape is a crime of violence that threat- ens all women. In her influential 1975 book Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape, Susan Brownmiller argued that rape is “nothing more or less than a conscious process of intimidation by which all men keep all women in a state of fear.”4 Against Our Will was the first major history of rape. Since its publication, scholarly interest in rape, the study of rape, and the history of rape has grown tremendously. Yet stigmas against discussing rape and stigmas against rape victims remain. The topic still elicits smirks and innuendo, or religious or moral pronouncements, while actual cases often get bogged down in accounts of “he said/she said.” Legal scholar Leslie Francis notes, “Rape is criminal. Rape is gendered. Rape is sexual. In yet another three-word sentence, rape is controversial.”5 But rape is controversial pre- cisely because it is a crime that involves sex acts. At the same time, today there seems to be more freedom to discuss both rape and its effects on victims and survivors. Several survivors of rape have published stories of their ordeals within the last few years. In 2003, for example, Trisha Meili, who previously had been known only as the Central Park Jogger, published an account detailing her experiences since her 1989 attack.6 Within the United States, the history of rape is tangled with and connected to race.
Recommended publications
  • The Rape System: Old Roles and New Times
    Catholic University Law Review Volume 27 Issue 4 Summer 1978 Article 3 1978 The Rape System: Old Roles and New Times Sally Gold Martha Wyatt Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.edu/lawreview Recommended Citation Sally Gold & Martha Wyatt, The Rape System: Old Roles and New Times, 27 Cath. U. L. Rev. 695 (1978). Available at: https://scholarship.law.edu/lawreview/vol27/iss4/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by CUA Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Catholic University Law Review by an authorized editor of CUA Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE RAPE SYSTEM: OLD ROLES AND NEW TIMES Sally Gold and Martha Wyatt* I. INTRODUCTION A rape victim who chooses to report the attack upon her to the authori- ties endures particular embarrassment and shame. The progress of her case through our criminal justice system has been compared to a second rape; the victim is made to feel that she, rather than the attacker, is on trial. If her assailant is adjudged not guilty, she must also endure damage to her reputation. What is most unfortunate, however, is that the shameful treat- ment she receives is a direct result of our society's rape laws, which are not designed to protect her, but rather the male possessory interest in her. Two elements are involved in the crime of rape: the penetration with force by the attacker and the lack of consent of the attacked. Each element is separate and distinct; one does not necessarily constitute evidence of the other.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparison of Sexual Assault in the U.S., Canada, and England Catie Carson
    Undergraduate Review Volume 3 Article 11 2007 A Comparison of Sexual Assault in the U.S., Canada, and England Catie Carson Follow this and additional works at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/undergrad_rev Part of the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation Carson, Catie (2007). A Comparison of Sexual Assault in the U.S., Canada, and England. Undergraduate Review, 3, 57-69. Available at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/undergrad_rev/vol3/iss1/11 This item is available as part of Virtual Commons, the open-access institutional repository of Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts. Copyright © 2007 Catie Carson A Comparison of Sexual Assault in the U.S., Canada, and England Catie Carson Catie Carson is a senior majoring in criminal Abstract justice and psychology. She plans to attend s the sexual offense rate in the United States higher than that of other graduate school for criminal justice and developed nations? If so, why and if not, why not? This exploratory wanted the experience of conducting research was conducted by funding through the Bridgewater State College formal research. This project was initiated Adrian Tinsley Grant Program during the summer of 2006. It will provide by her advisor, Dr. Richard Wright, who information that may help criminal justice professionals and psychologists acted as her mentor during the research Iunderstand more about factors in sexual assault, which may be unique to the process. Ms. Carson hopes to have a career United States. This comparative research examines the role of culture, politics, gender, historical foundations, legal structures, and sexual assault in three in investigations. highly industrialized Western democracies.
    [Show full text]
  • Incredible Women: Sexual Violence and the Credibility Discount
    UNIVERSITY of PENNSYLVANIA LAW REVIEW Founded 1852 Formerly AMERICAN LAW REGISTER © 2017 University of Pennsylvania Law Review VOL. 166 DECEMBER 2017 NO. 1 ARTICLE INCREDIBLE WOMEN: SEXUAL VIOLENCE AND THE CREDIBILITY DISCOUNT DEBORAH TUERKHEIMER† Credibility is central to the legal treatment of sexual violence, as epitomized by the iconic “he said/she said” contest. Over time, the resolution of competing factual accounts has evidenced a deeply skeptical orientation toward rape accusers. This incredulous stance remains firmly lodged, having migrated from formal legal rules to informal practices, with much the same result—an enduring system of disbelief. Introducing the concept of “credibility discounting” helps to explain the dominant feature of our legal response to rape. Although false reports of rape are uncommon, † Class of 1940 Research Professor of Law, Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law. J.D., Yale Law School; A.B., Harvard College. My thanks to Ronald Allen, Miranda Fricker, Terry Fromson, Andrew Gold, Emily Kadens, Sherry Kolb, Andrew Koppelman, Jennifer Lackey, Sarah Lawksy, Gregory Mark, Janice Nadler, and John McGinnis for their helpful suggestions and insights. Sarah Crocker and Tom Gaylord, Faculty Services and Scholarly Communications Librarian, contributed outstanding research assistance, and the Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law Faculty Research Program furnished generous financial support. (1) 2 University of Pennsylvania Law Review [Vol. 166: 1 law enforcement officers tend to default to doubt when women allege sexual assault, resulting in curtailed investigations as well as infrequent arrests and prosecutions. Credibility discounts, which are meted out at every stage of the criminal process, involve downgrades both to trustworthiness (corresponding to testimonial injustice) and to plausibility (corresponding to hermeneutical injustice).
    [Show full text]
  • Marital Rape – a License to Rape?
    Lex Assisto Journal On Legal Exploration & Evolution Vol. 1 Issue 1 MARITAL RAPE – A LICENSE TO RAPE? By: Atal Bihari Choudhary & Priti Kumari Mewar University, Gangrar, Chittorgarh, Rajasthan Abstract: Marriage is a sacrosanct process in which husband and wife promises to live together with love, care, understanding, trust, mutual respect. It is a meeting of two souls: physically, mentally, and sexually. But here question arises whether this also gives right to husband to do sex without consent of wife or to do it forcefully. When husband do sex without consent of wife or forcefully it refers to word marital rape. It is forcible and non- consensual sexual acts between spouses. The term rape is well defined under section 375 of IPC. But it is covered by its exception ( 2 ) being husband, if you have a forcible or non-consensual sexual act with your wife it is not illegal in India. India is still enlisted among 36 countries across the globe who not yet criminalised marital rape. The government of India itself says that criminalising marital rape, may destabilize institution of marriage and may act as easy tool to harass the husband as section 498(A) of IPC , is usually used on a false pretext to harass the husband and his relatives. Keywords: marriage, non-consensual sex, pornography, husband’s chattel, victimization. Introduction: "Marriage is a mosaic you build with your spouse. Millions of tiny moments that create your love story " - Jennifer Smith Marriage also called matrimony or wedlock. It is a culturally recognised union between two people called spouses. It establishes rights and obligations between them and as well as between them and their near future children and between them and their in law.
    [Show full text]
  • Legitimate Concern: the Assault on the Concept of Rape
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Via Sapientiae: The Institutional Repository at DePaul University DePaul University Via Sapientiae College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences Theses and Dissertations College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences 9-2013 Legitimate concern: the assault on the concept of rape Matthew David Burgess DePaul University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://via.library.depaul.edu/etd Recommended Citation Burgess, Matthew David, "Legitimate concern: the assault on the concept of rape" (2013). College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences Theses and Dissertations. 153. https://via.library.depaul.edu/etd/153 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences at Via Sapientiae. It has been accepted for inclusion in College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Via Sapientiae. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Legitimate Concern: The Assault on the Concept of Rape A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts By Matthew David Burgess June 2013 Women’s and Gender Studies College of Liberal Arts and Sciences DePaul University Chicago, Illinois 1 Table of Contents Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………….3 A Brief Legal History of Rape………………………………………………………………….....6 -Rape Law in the United States Prior to 1800…………………………………………….7 -The WCTU and
    [Show full text]
  • Performinq CPR on Admiral Boorda. I Made My Way to the Scene to See If I Could Provide Assistance by Way of CPR/First Aide
    - l.llA- ..... STATEMENT PLACE: :... """U , -;~ nr DATE: 'au.a yqg b)( 6), (b )(7)(C) ,_J_______ .1-. ____ ...v.;b :vi)(6Ri'JI,(h'ib )'7(7v;)(Ci"i);-----,...___ , make the following free and voluntary statement to_'\.._______ _,_ __________ _ whom I know to be a Special Agent of the United States Naval Criminal Investigative Service. I make this statement of my own free will and without any threats made to me or promises extended. I fully understand that this statement is given concerning my knowledge of the death of Admiral Jeremy Michael Boorda, USN. For the purpose of identification, I am a male, D inches tall, weighing approximately pounds. I have h~;,.. ~nd eyes. My social s ecurit v nnmhP.l'" ;ct and I was born on on or about 1330 hours, while I was sitting in my office at the Naval Historical Center, I observed from the window, a white male in civilian attire (suit) running out from Admiral Boorda's driveway in a full sprint. I then saw the same gentleman, with a white male Navy Lieutenant who I later learned was running back toward the driveway of the Admiral's resiaence. At that point, I notified a coworker, that something didn't look right. I proceeded to leave the Historical Center and head over to the Admiral's residence. I heard a commotion (men yelling) coming from the garden located in the Admiral's residence. I made my way back to the garden and observed performinq CPR on Admiral Boorda. I made my way to the scene to see if I could provide assistance by way of CPR/First Aide.
    [Show full text]
  • Plural Visions on Gender Inequality Some Faces of Exclusion and Social Assymetrie
    Comunicación e Xénero ISBN-13 978-84-690-4140-6 NATALIA FERNÁNDEZ DÍAZ Plural visions on gender inequality Some faces of exclusion and social assymetrie Visións plurais sobre a desigualdade de xénero Algunhas caras da exclusión e asimetría social Resumo: This article is a reflection, more than an analysis, about the theoretical framework we have to use to focus on gender violence beyond a feminist point of view. At the end gender violence is a specific way of violence in general. Actually what we expose here is a quite simple theory consisting in the belief that a vio- lent world generates a generalized violence. Generalized violence is connected to a lack of solidarity, where we systematically experience situation of people not being involved with each other. And this is our starting point. After that we give some data to confirm this globalised and generalized violence against wo- men but also against all kind of victims of a society where human links have be- come feeble. At the same time we emphasize the fact that violence, including gender violence, is now more visible since in several occasions it exists when it exists in an image. The violence is not only important by itself but also because it is reproduced and consumed as a cultural product. Keywords: General violence, gender violence, solidarity, feminism, globaliza- tion, images, mass media. Abstract: Este artigo formula unha reflexión, máis do que unha análise, sobre o marco teórico que debemos utilizar para achegarnos á violencia de xénero, alén do ponto de vista do feminismo. A fin de contas a violencia de xénero non é máis do que unha forma específica da violencia en xeral.
    [Show full text]
  • “Revolutionary Change at Evolutionary Speed”: Women and the United States Naval Academy
    A Global Forum for Naval Historical Scholarship International Journal of Naval History Volume 1 Number 1 April 2002 “Revolutionary Change at Evolutionary Speed”: Women and the United States Naval Academy H. Michael Gelfand On the evening of 4 May 1972, the Brigade of Midshipmen at the United States Naval Academy hurriedly left their mess hall.1 As they usually did every night, many midshipmen took pieces of fruit for evening snacks.2 But that night, instead of returning to their rooms or going to study, the midshipmen filed in to the Academy’s Field House. There, Superintendent James Calvert introduced a guest lecturer, feminist leader Gloria Steinem.3 Steinem approached the podium, and began her speech by remarking that “women have been much too docile and too law abiding for too long, but I think that era is about to end.”4 Once the laughter subsided, Steinem declared that “there are very few jobs that require a penis or a vagina, and all other jobs should be open to everyone.”5 Some midshipmen reacted to these comments, “tossing fruit in the air.”6 Others threw oranges onto the stage, but as one alumnus recalled, “we were just yanking her chain.”7 Steinem, in fact, enjoyed the “excitement and high spirits” of the midshipmen.8 She concluded by telling them that the Academy would be a different place in ten years; “some day,” she predicted, “there will be 50 percent female cadets here and some day the mystique will have changed.”9 Although her estimated percentage was off, Steinem was correct in her prophecy: by the early 1980s, women were indeed both midshipmen and Naval Academy graduates.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 EVITA Lloyd Webber & Rice the Marriage of Figaro Mozart the Manchurian Candidate Puts & Campbell Oklahoma! Rodgers & Hammerstein
    seagle music colony 2019 EVITA Lloyd Webber & Rice The Marriage of Figaro Mozart The Manchurian Candidate Puts & Campbell Oklahoma! Rodgers & Hammerstein Vespers Monkey & Francine Concerts in the City of Tigers * seaglecolony.org Bringing Music to the Adirondacks Since 1915 The Beechwood Group of Wells Fargo Advisors is proud to support The Seagle Music Colony Joseph Steiniger Senior Vice President - Investment Officer CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER™ [email protected] Mary E. McDonald First Vice President - Investments [email protected] The Beechwood Group 845-483-7943 www.thebeechwoodgroup.com Investment and Insurance Products: NOT FDIC Insured NO Bank Guarantee MAY Lose Value Wells Fargo Advisors, LLC, Member SIPC, is a registered broker-dealer and a separate non-bank affiliate of Wells Fargo & Company. ©2013 Wells Fargo Advisors, LLC. All rights reserved. 1113-02329 [74127-v4] Table of Contents General Information About Seagle Music Colony Restrooms are located in the Shames Rehearsal Notes from the Directors 3 Studio. Handicapped accessible restroom Seagle Music Colony Board of Directors 4 is at the rear of the theatre lobby. Seagle Music Colony Guild 4 History of Seagle Music Colony 7 Refreshments are provided in the theatre lobby 2018-2019 Seagle Music Colony Donors 8 by the Seagle Music Colony Guild. Donor Opportunities 12 2018-19 Alumni Updates 35 So that all our patrons may enjoy the performance, please turn all cell phones and pagers The Seagle Music Colony Gala 17 to the silent or off positions. The Productions Thank you for attending today’s performance. Evita 14 Monkey & Francine in the City of Tigers 16 The Marriage of Figaro 18 The Manchurian Candidate 22 Seagle Music Colony Oklahoma! 24 999 Charley Hill Road 2019 Fall Season 26 PO Box 366 Schroon Lake, NY 12870 2019 Faculty/Staff & Emerging Artists (518) 532-7875 Faculty & Staff 27 Emerging Artists 33 seaglecolony.org [email protected] Our Mission To identify, train and develop gifted singers and to present quality opera and musical theatre performances to the public.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation and Management of the Sexually Assaulted Or Sexually Abused Patient Second Edition
    Evaluation and Management of the Sexually Assaulted or Sexually Abused Patient Second edition eBOOK Evaluation and Management of the Sexually Assaulted or Sexually Abused Patient Evaluation and Management Preface to the Second Edition of the Sexually Assaulted This handbook was first produced by the American College of or Sexually Abused Patient Emergency Physicians in 1999. This project was an enormous undertaking at the time and was produced under its contract 98- 2nd Edition 0347(P) with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Maternal and Child Health Bureau. Several key stakeholder organizations were The American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) makes every effort to ensure that contributors assembled to produce and review this handbook (see next page). to its publications are knowledgeable authorities in their fields. Readers are nevertheless advised that the statements and opinions expressed in this book are provided as recommendations and should not be Since the first production of this handbook, “A National Protocol for construed as College policy. The College disclaims any liability or responsibility for the consequences of Sexual Assault Medical Forensic Examinations” was developed by the any actions taken in reliance on those statements or opinions. This handbook has been written to provide a US Department of Justice/Office for Violence Against Women. This consensus-based set of recommendations. The materials contained herein are not intended to establish policy, was revised in 2013. In addition, ACEP created the Forensic Medicine procedure, or a standard of care. Section in 2009. One of the goals of the section was to revise and update this handbook.
    [Show full text]
  • Act II, Signature Xvii - (1)
    We can also trace that peculiar social movement which led some factories, ships, restaurants, and households to clean up their backstages to such an extent that, like monks, Communists, or German aldermen, their guards are always up and there is no place where their front is down, while at the same time members of the audience become sufficiently entranced with the society's id to explore the places that had been cleaned up for them [Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self (New York: Anchor Press, 1959), p. 247]. II — xvii — What Was That Good For? Coalition forces pour into Ossian. In Las Vegas, Roveretto Messimo ponders taking on a new client to pay his bills. A U.S. detachment breaks into the Impersonal Terrace while Fuald, deported back to Ossian, plots revenge by organizing the looting of the Hermitage. Charles, drugged by Ferguson’s alien soporifics, agrees to print an article exposing the eco– terrorist aims of the Founder’s League. In the 13th century, the fanatical inquisitor Conrad prepares to declare anathema against Fr. Anselm. ~ page 215 ~ This is the cover art for the single "War" by the artist Edwin Starr. The cover art copyright is believed to belong to the label, Gordy, or the graphic artist.* "War" Act II, Signature xvii - (1) *[Image & caption credit and following text courtesy of Wikipedia]: "War" is a soul song written by Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong for the Motown label in 1969. Whitfield first produced the song — a blatant anti-Vietnam War protest — with The Temptations as the original vocalists. After Motown began receiving repeated requests to release "War" as a single, Whitfield re-recorded the song with Edwin Starr as the vocalist, deciding to withhold the Temptations ' version so as not to alienate their more conservative fans.
    [Show full text]
  • Egypt: Situation Report on Violence Against Women
    » EGYPT Situation report on Violence against Women 1. Legislative Framework The Egyptian constitution adopted in 2014 makes reference to non-discrimination and equal opportunities (article 9, 11 and 53). Article 11 is the only article that mentions violence against women, stating that: “…The State shall protect women against all forms of violence and ensure enabling women to strike a balance between family duties and work requirements…”. Article 11 states the right of women to political representation as well as equality between men and women in civil, political, economic, social and cultural matters. Article 53 prohibits discrimination on the basis of gender, and makes the state responsible for taking all necessary measures to eliminate all forms of discrimination. Egypt has ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), although with reservations to Article 2 on policy measures and Articles 16 regarding marriage and family life and article 29 . The reservation to Article 9 concerning women’s right to nationality and to pass on their nationality to their children was lifted in 2008. Egypt has signed but not ratified the Rome Statute on the ICC and is not yet a party to the Council of Europe Istanbul Convention on preventing and combating violence against women. Articles 267, 268, 269 and 289 of the penal code relating to crimes of rape, sexual assault and harassment fail to address the wave of sexual assault and rape in Egypt following the 2011 revolution. For instance, article 267 of the penal code defines rape as penile penetration of the vagina and does not include rape by fingers, tools or sharp objects, oral or anal rape.
    [Show full text]