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MAURITANIA Food Security Update August 2009

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MAURITANIA Food Security Update August 2009 MAURITANIA Food Security Update August 2009 • Food insecurity levels in rainfed farming areas (zone Figure 1. Estimated food security conditions, August 2009. 6) and agropastoral areas (zone 5) in the southern and southeastern parts of the country are stable (Figures 1 and 2), where the rainy season is already underway, facilitating planting activities and improving conditions for small animals. However, shortages of on‐farm or commercial supplies of selected seeds forcing farmers to turn to the market have reduced the size of areas planted in crops compared with last year. • Conditions for livestock in the central reaches of oasis, pastoral, and cultivated wadi areas (zone 2) have also improved. In contrast, most of the Senegal River Valley and most transhumant pastoralist areas have still not gotten any rain, where sedentary and transhumant pastoralists have begun to sell female For more information on the FEWS NET food insecurity severity scale, visit and, in some cases, even milking animals in order to www.fews.net/FoodInsecurityScale. buy animal feed. However, with supplies still at a Source: FEWS NET Mauritania reasonable level, pastoralists are not yet considered to be in crisis. • Markets are still well supplied with food crops and coarse grain prices are still generally stable, except for the price of rainfed sorghum, millet, and cowpea crops driven up by the need for seeds. Seasonal calendar and timeline of critical events Renewed Hunger season imports Rainy season Flood- Flood- from Rain-fed and winter irrigated recession recession Land preparation, sowing Senegal harvests sowing harvest May-09 Jun-09 Jul-09 Aug-09 Sep-09 Oct-09 Nov-09 Dec-09 Jan-10 Feb-10 Mar-10 Livestock April 09 Livestock depart for April 10 return from Elections Demonstrations in migration Nouakchott migration Source: FEWS NET FEWS NET Mauritania FEWS NET Washington FEWS NET is a USAID-funded activity. The authors’ views expressed in this Nouakchott 1717 H St NW publication do not necessarily reflect the view of the United States Agency Tel: 222 525 39 18 Washington DC 20006 for International Development or the United States Government [email protected] [email protected] www.fews.net/mauritania MAURITANIA Food Security Update August 2009 Overview of food security conditions The onset of the rainy season in July and the good Figure 2. Livelihood zone map of Mauritania temporal distribution of rainfall have been of considerable help in lowering food insecurity levels. Thus, in general, food security conditions are in keeping ALGERIA with normal seasonal trends in all livelihood zones with the exception of transhumant pastoralist areas and western agropastoral areas, where large rainfall deficits are affecting both farming and livestock‐raising TIRIS ZEMMOUR activities. The government’s « Homeward Bound » program subsidizing travel costs for migrant workers in Zouérat urban areas wishing to return home to their farms as a way of boosting nationwide crop production has still not WESTERN SAHARA Nouadibhou begun as expected after the elections. A shortage of ADRAR DAKHLET NOUADHIBOU Atar farm labor at this crucial land and seed preparation INCHIRI stage could adversely affect the size of the area planted Akjoujt in crops during the growing season. Markets are still well supplied with imported food crops. Tidjikdja TAGANT Nouakchott HODH ECH CHARGUI NOUAKCHOTT TRARZA The improvement in pastoral conditions is beginning to Aleg BRAKNA Rosso Kîfa Ayoûn el 'Atroûs Néma have a positive effect on food insecurity levels in rainfed ASSABA HODH EL GHARBI Kaédi farming areas (zone 2), agropastoral areas (zone 5), and GORGOL SENEGAL GUIDIMAKA the eastern reaches of the Senegal River Valley (zone 7), Sélibaby 0 100 200 MALI particularly in Maghama and Kaedi departments. Terms Kilometers of trade are improving in the face of the rising prices of Source: FEWS NET Mauritania livestock and stable prices of imported grain (rice and wheat), particularly in agropastoral areas (zone 5) and the southeastern reaches of livelihood zone 6, where Malian exports have significantly improved coarse grain supplies. There has been a visible improvement in environmental conditions for the pursuit of farming and livestock‐raising activities in rainfed farming areas (zone 6) over conditions in previous months despite rainfall deficits compared with the 2004/08 average and figures for the same time last year. As a result, food insecurity levels are down sharply, particularly in the southeastern reaches of this livelihood zone, which had been classified as highly food‐insecure. The physiological condition of animals has improved with the growth of fresh pasture, with livestock prices rising from 18,000 UM at the beginning of July to over 20,000 UM by the end of the third dekad of July, though they have since fallen back down. There is a steady flow of exports of Malian grain and market supplies of food crops are still ample, as the rains have not yet disrupted shipments of supplies from Nouakchott. There are two different trends in agropastoral areas (zone 5), according to the geography of the area in question. On the one hand, food access has improved considerably in southern and eastern agropastoral areas as local rainfall conditions spurred the growth of new pasture and the maturation of wild fruits (boscia senegalensis or “anza” berries) and allowed for the gathering of wild foods (mostly leaves). On the other hand, the late start of the rainy season in northern and western agropastoral areas is affecting agropastoralists engaged mainly in livestock‐raising. Though local markets are well supplied and livestock prices are rising, this group is still plagued by poor food access due to the sharp deterioration in terms of trade. In fact, knowing that low and moderate‐income households in these agropastoral areas are under pressure to sell their livestock to meet household food and animal feeding needs and to pay back loans from tradesmen, traders are offering them very low prices (11,000 to 12,000 UM for an average sheep for example) and reselling the animals on the Boghé market for more than 15,000 UM. Migrant remittances, which were the main source of income and food access in these agropastoral areas, are down sharply with the return of migrant workers. Borrowing has become the main source of food access for households in this part of livelihood zone 5 forced to limit their sales of animals to prevent the depletion of their herds. Famine Early Warning Systems Network 2 MAURITANIA Food Security Update August 2009 Harvests of hot off‐season rice crops in southern transhumant pastoralist areas (zone 4) are ending, but grazing conditions in these areas are still poor due to a shortage of rainfall, particularly in the north and the east housing over 80 percent of the local animal population. Pastoralists in livestock‐raising areas of Mederdra and R’Kiz departments are selling more cows than bull calves in order to buy animal feed. These female animals, in some cases cows still accompanied by their calves, are being bought primarily by businessmen and government officials. Bulls and bull calves are still being sold on livestock markets, oftentimes for slaughter. While, in the first case, the absence of middlemen allows households to keep the entire price paid for their animals and, thus, benefit from favorable terms of trade, in the second case, marketing costs (the cost of shipping, animal feed, water, overhead, etc.) can add to as much as a third of the price commanded for each head of stock, creating unfavorable terms of trade for livestock‐selling households. There has been little if any change in the food situation in coastal areas (zone 3) since July. Prices for rice, oil, and sugar long held in check by government price control measures have been rising since the end of the elections in mid‐July. There is still no sign of food price increases liable to significantly affect household food access in rural areas, where fish prices are on the rise. Virtually the entire rural population of this livelihood zone is directly or indirectly dependent on fishing. On the other hand, a small rise in prices is creating hardships for poor, market‐dependent households in urban slum and fringe areas of Nouakchott and Nouadhibou with low, erratic incomes. The heavy rainfall in northern oasis and pastoral areas has produced significant amounts of pasture which, in turn, have considerably improved the physiological condition of animals in these areas. Though livestock prices are stable, milk production has visibly improved household food access. As usual, poor households have planted sorghum, cowpeas, and watermelons in depressions. This new food source should further strengthen conditions in this reasonably food‐secure area with a highly diversified local economy (based on the growing of dates, vegetables, barley and forage crops in oasis areas and sorghum and cowpea crops in depression areas, extensive cattle‐raising activities, and a highly lucrative cross‐border trade). UNICEF nutrition and health survey UNICEF has just released the findings from its nutrition and health survey conducted in conjunction with the Mauritanian Health Ministry (MS) and National Bureau of Statistics (ONS) using the SMART method. It is a cross‐sectional, descriptive survey with a stratified, two‐stage sampling approach. The sample covers all parts of the country, which is broken down into the following seven [sic] survey areas: • The southeastern area (1), encompassing the Hod El Charghy and Hod El Gharby regions; • The central area (2), encompassing the Tagant, Brakna, and Assaba regions; • The southern area (3), encompassing the Guidimakha and Gorgol regions; • The Nouakchott area (4), encompassing the 9 districts of Nouakchott; • The northern area (5), encompassing the Tiris, Adrar, Inchiri, and Dakhlet Nouadhibou regions; • The Trarza area (6), encompassing the Trarza region. As expected, according to the survey, the nationwide prevalence of global acute malnutrition is 11.8 percent (Figure 3a), which is normal in the midst of the hunger season, after a year marked by good rainfall conditions.
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