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Mauritania's Campaign of Terror: State-Sponsored Repression of Black Africans

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Mauritania's Campaign of Terror: State-Sponsored Repression of Black Africans MAURITANIA'S CAMPAIGN OF TERROR State-Sponsored Repression of Black Africans Human Rights Watch/Africa (formerly Africa Watch) Human Rights Watch New York $ Washington $ Los Angeles $ London Copyright 8 April 1994 by Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 94-75822 ISBN: 1-56432-133-9 Human Rights Watch/Africa (formerly Africa Watch) Human Rights Watch/Africa is a non-governmental organization established in 1988 to monitor promote the observance of internationally recognized human rights in Africa. Abdullahi An- Na'im is the director; Janet Fleischman is the Washington representative; Karen Sorensen, Alex Vines, and Berhane Woldegabriel are research associates; Kimberly Mazyck and Urmi Shah are associates; Bronwen Manby is a consultant. William Carmichael is the chair of the advisory committee and Alice Brown is the vice-chair. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was written by Janet Fleischman, Washington representative of Human Rights Watch/Africa. It is based on three fact-finding missions to Senegal - - in May-June 1990, February-March 1991, and October-November 1993 -- as well as numerous interviews conducted in Paris, New York, and Washington. Human Rights Watch/Africa gratefully acknowledges the following staff members who assisted with editing and producing this report: Abdullahi An-Na'im; Karen Sorensen; and Kim Mazyck. In addition, we would like to thank Rakiya Omaar and Alex de Waal for their contributions. Most importantly, we express our sincere thanks to the many Mauritanians, most of whom must remain nameless for their own protection and that of their families, who provided invaluable assistance throughout this project. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY OF FINDINGS... 1 The Need for Accountability............................................. 4 Summary of Findings ........................................................ 5 2. BACKGROUND............................................................... 7 3. FORCIBLE EXPULSIONS ............................................ 11 The Riots in Dakar and Nouakchott................................ 12 Forcible Expulsions ......................................................... 15 Villages in the South .............................................. 17 Peul Herders ........................................................... 20 Cities....................................................................... 22 Abuses Associated with Expulsions................................ 25 Detentions Prior to Expulsion................................ 27 Sexual Harassment ................................................. 29 Theft of Possessions ............................................... 30 Confiscation of Land.............................................. 31 Destruction of Legal Documents ........................... 34 Settling Private Scores............................................ 36 Impact of the Expulsions ................................................. 38 4. LAND EXPROPRIATION ............................................. 39 Background: A Social Order under Threat ..................... 40 Traditional Land Tenure in the Senegal River Valley .... 42 Early Years of Conflict.................................................... 44 Discriminatory Application of the Land Reform of 1983.................................................................................. 46 Methods Used to Expropriate Blacks' Lands .................. 49 Confiscation Through Registration........................ 50 Establishment of Fake Cooperatives...................... 53 Enforcement of Confiscations ......................................... 54 Continuing Abuses Since 1989.............................. 57 5. MASSACRE OF 1990-91............................................... 58 The Arrests....................................................................... 58 Conditions of Imprisonment............................................ 61 Torture.............................................................................. 63 Deaths in Detention ......................................................... 69 The Government Response.............................................. 72 Public Protests Over Deaths ............................................ 74 Intellectuals' Letter.................................................. 74 Workers' Declaration.............................................. 75 Women's Petition.................................................... 75 The Widows............................................................ 77 6. SLAVERY....................................................................... 79 Mauritania's Legal Obligations to End Slavery............... 80 The Historical Roots of Slavery ...................................... 81 The El Hor Movement..................................................... 82 Slavery in Mauritania Today ........................................... 83 The Buying and Selling of Slaves.......................... 85 Religion................................................................... 86 Education................................................................ 86 The Economy of Slavery........................................ 87 The Psychology of Slavery..................................... 89 Torture As Punishment........................................... 91 7. DISCRIMINATION VIA ARABIZATION: DENIAL OF ASSEMBLY AND ASSOCIATION........ 93 Freedom of Assembly and Association........................... 93 8. ARREST AND DETENTION OF BLACK ACTIVISTS ................................................................... 101 Legal Guarantees ........................................................... 101 The Manifesto of 19....................................................... 102 The Manifesto of the Oppressed Black Mauritanian .... 103 Other Trials in 1986 and 1987....................................... 108 The Arrest of the Military Officers................................ 109 Torture and Prison Conditions ...................................... 110 Torture............................................................................ 115 Forced Labor.................................................................. 117 Deaths in Custody.......................................................... 118 Family Visits.................................................................. 122 9. DEMOCRATIZATION ................................................ 125 The July 1991 Referendum on the Draft Constitution.. 126 New Legislation............................................................. 127 The Presidential Elections ............................................. 129 Electoral Malpratice....................................................... 130 Post-Election Violence .................................................. 132 Legislative Elections...................................................... 132 10. THE SENEGAL RIVER VALLEY UNDER MILITARY OCCUPATION......................................... 134 Continued Conflict over Land....................................... 135 Extrajudicial Executions................................................ 137 Military Reprisals against Civilians .............................. 139 Arbitrary Arrest and Detention...................................... 140 Abuses against Women ................................................. 142 Indirect Expulsions ........................................................ 143 The Refugees ................................................................. 145 11. THE INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE ........................ 147 U.S. Policy ..................................................................... 147 French Policy ................................................................. 150 The World Bank ............................................................ 152 The European Union and the European Parliament...... 153 European Union.................................................... 153 European Parliament ............................................ 155 Organization of African Unity (OAU) .......................... 155 12. RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................. 157 To the Government of Mauritania ....................... 157 To the International Community.......................... 157 1 Introduction 1 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY OF FINDINGS Long before "ethnic cleansing" entered popular parlance, its effects were painfully apparent in Mauritania. Since 1989, tens of thousands of black Mauritanians have been forcibly expelled, and hundreds more have been tortured or killed; an undeclared military occupation of the Senegal River Valley, where many of the blacks live, subjects those who remained to harsh repression. The campaign to eliminate black culture in Mauritania, orchestrated by the white Moor rulers, reached its height in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and continues today. The Mauritanian authorities flatly deny these human rights violations, and they continue to block efforts to seek accountability for past abuses. Part of the government's strategy has been to deny access to Mauritania by international observers; Human Rights Watch/Africa, for example, has been denied permission to conduct a human rights investigation in Mauritania, despite repeated requests since the fall of 1989.1 Mauritania is ripe for government manipulation of ethnic conflict. Straddling the seam between the Arab world and black Africa, the population has been ruled by the beydanes -- literally "white men" of Arab-Berber
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