The Shaping of People's Space

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The Shaping of People's Space The Shaping of People’s Space An Inquiry of Human Environmental Experiences and Planning Practice, China zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor-Ingenieur (Dr.-Ing) an der Bauhaus-Universität Weimar vorgelegt von DU Juan Master of Science geb. am 10.05.1976 in Xi’an, V.R.China Weimar, 2010 Mentor der Arbeit Prof. Dr. habil. Frank Eckardt Tag der Disputation: 25.08.2010 PhD Thesis Du Juan ii Ehrenwörtliche Erklärung Ich erkläre hiermit ehrenwörtlich, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit ohne unzulässige Hilfe Dritter und ohne Benutzung anderer als der angegebenen Hilfsmittel angefertigt habe. Die aus anderen Quellen direkt oder indirekt übernommenen Daten und Konzepte sind unter Angabe der Quelle unmissverständlich gekennzeichnet. Teile der Arbeit, die bereits Gegenstand von Prüfungsarbeiten waren, sind ebenfalls unmissverständlich gekennzeich- net. Weitere Personen waren an der inhaltlich-materiellen Erstellung der vorliegenden Arbeit nicht beteiligt. Insbesondere habe ich hierfür nicht die entgeltliche Hilfe von Vermittlungs- bzw. Beratungsdiensten (Promotionsberater oder anderen Personen) in Anspruch genom- men. Niemand hat von mir unmittelbar oder mittelbar geldwerte Leistungen für Arbeiten erhalten, die im Zusammenhang mit dem Inhalt der vorgelegten Dissertation stehen. Die Arbeit wurde bisher weder im In- noch im Ausland in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form einer anderen Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegt. Ich versichere ehrenwörtlich, dass ich nach bestem Wissen die reine Wahrheit gesagt und nichts verschwiegen habe. Ort, Datum Unterschrift iii PhD Thesis Du Juan We cannot plan, only LIVE — intensively and fully! Tom Bender, 1973 iv Acknowledgment In the course of conducting this doctoral research, I benefited from the support of many institutions and individuals. Firstly, my formost appreciations must go to my academic supervisor Prof Dr. Frank Eckardt of Bauhaus-University Weimar. He has been strongly encouraging me and supporting me during the past three years, which is quite a tough period for me. He has been guiding me from a hot-tempered novice urban planner to a goal-oriented researcher. He witnessed my growth as an academician. He enlightened me PhD research is open-ended, as a learning and self-developing process for the researcher. It cannot be completely perfect and mistakes are part of this development. Without his understanding, patience and tolerance, the success of this research will not be enabled. I have to also thank Prof Dr. Max Welch Guerra of Bauhaus University Weimar and Prof Dr. Wolfgang Sonne of Technology University Dortmund. They have appreciated this study and raised interesting perspectives of this research. Their constructive comments, criticisms and advice have greatly contributed towards shaping the work to its present form. I am also equally indebted to my former colleagues, esp. Mr. Alan Wang Xing. Certain fieldwork of this research has been assisted by them. It has to admit that the data collection is an up-hill trivial work and quite time- and energy-consuming. Meanwhile, it demands a profound understanding of the local cultural, language, life values and the peoples themselves. However, the teamwork and peer review appears as a merry cooperation and rediscovery of Chinese vernacular environment, a group of people and their great culture. Therefore, the process also turns out the most interesting parts of this research. I coached the IIUS students of Bauhaus University on Chinese Planning and Urban Design from 2008-09. They are a batch of young academicians who prepared themselves for an exchange study in Shanghai. With the pressure of delivering my seminar, I have tried to synchronize and systemize the seminar content with my own doctoral research. The students have rendered me many unexpected insights and enabled me to take many academic challenges. I am particularly grateful to my lovely student and also my friend Sharareh Ghanavizchian from Iran. She has worked with me for partial data processing, despite her tight university schedule in Weimar. v PhD Thesis Du Juan I am greatly indebted to my family. My Chinese family shows the greatest understanding and has been rendering me worry-free years to pursuit my study. This time span is to me so much precious. My German family has been providing me moral and material support to bring this dissertation to the present shape. I wish to express my gratitudes to Bauhaus Research School and Free State of Thuringia (Freistaates Thüringen) for granting me scholarship to speed up this research completion. Finally, since it is not possible to list every individual, let me take this opportunity to thank all those, whose names have not been mentioned for their contributions to my work. Thank you all. DU Juan Dortmund, Germany April 2010 vi The Shaping of People’s Space to my husband Hendrik vii PhD Thesis Du Juan viii Kurzreferat Problemstellung und Zielsetzung der Arbeit Diese Forschungsarbeit hat erläuternden Charakter und konzentriert sich wissenssuchend und normativ auf ein aktuelles, reales Phänomen. Die zentrale Forschungsfrage lautet: „Wie wird menschliche Umwelterfahrung durch das Leben und kulturelle Handlungen geprägt?“ Die vorgeschlagene grundsätzliche Hypothese „Das Leben der Menschen und ihre soziale Interaktion haben einen festen Anteil am Entwurf und der Gestaltung ihrer Lebensum- stände und ihres sozialen Raumes“ wird überprüft. Im chinesischen Kontext ist es entschei- dend, die dort vorherrschenden politischen, ökonomischen, kulturellen und historischen Systeme und Institutionen zu berücksichtigen, da diese dort wesentlichen Einfluss auf städtisches Leben und Raum nehmen. Das Forschungsproblem wird zu einer Reihe substantieller Fragen verdichtet, um die fol- genden Forschungsziele zu erreichen: • Öffentlichen Raum in China zu verstehen und begrifflich zu definieren; • Handlungen von Menschen in Bezug auf den öffentlichen Raum in ausgewählten Siedlungen zu untersuchen; und • entstehende Probleme darzustellen und entscheidende Aspekte, die in der Planungspraxis berücksichtigt werden sollten, zu betonen. Stand der Wissenschaft In der modernen chinesischen Stadtentwicklung gibt es nur wenige Forschungsarbeiten über menschliche und kulturelle Einflüsse auf den öffentlichen Raum. Der öffentliche Raum erscheint allgemein als wenig erforschtes Thema. Zudem lässt sich beobachten, dass dieser Begriff bei Entscheidungsträgern, Fachleuten und in der Öffentlichkeit einen jeweils unterschiedlichen Bedeutungsumfang hat. Darüber hinaus ist Städtebau in China weder legitimiert noch in die Stadtplanung integriert. ix PhD Thesis Du Juan In den letzen zwei Jahrzehnten hat sich jedoch ein dringender Bedarf an weiterer Forschung auf diesem Gebiet entwickelt. Dieser Bedarf ist praxisbezogen und verflochten mit der sozio-räumlichen Restrukturierung im Rahmen des sozioökonomischen Wandels in China. Die vorliegende Studie deckt hauptsächlich die folgenden Gebiete ab: • Gesetze und sonstige Normen des Planungsrechts und Bodenmanagements, um die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen darzustellen; • Planungsphilosophie und -methodologie sowie deren Geschichte und Entwicklung als Forschungshintergrund; • städtebauliche Theorien zur Untersuchung der wesentlichen Aspekte von öffentlichem Raum und Landnutzung; und • das Konzept des „human-responsive environment“, um die Bedeutung der Kultur und des sozialen Raumes aufzuzeigen. Die eingesetzten Methoden Diese Dissertation besteht aus zwei Teilen, in denen jeweils theoretische und normative Herangehensweisen verwendet werden: der theoretischen Erhebung und der empirischen Untersuchung. Der theoretische Teil beginnt mit einer kritischen Bewertung der historischen Entwicklung der chinesischen Stadtplanung und der diesbezüglichen Gesetzgebung. Er untersucht die Bedeutung und Begriffsdefinition öffentlichen Raumes in den drei Zeitabschnitten kaiser- liches China (vor 1919), sozialistisches China unter Mao (1949 bis 1976) und modernes China im ökonomischen Wandel (1978 bis heute). Im Zusammenhang mit den im theoretischen Teil gewonnenen Erkenntnissen erscheint die Fallstudie als geeignetes Instrument zur Untersuchung, wie menschliche Bräuche zur Konzeptionalisierung von Räumen genutzt werden und welche intrinsische Räumlichkeit von einer bestimmten Gesellschaft erzeugt wird. Folglich konzentriert sich die empirische Untersuchung auf Aktivitäten von Menschen im öffentlichen Raum und auf die kulturellen Bräuche und Werte, die ihre gelebte Umwelt beeinflussen. Aufgrund des durch den Forschungsansatz und den gewählten Schwerpunkt vorgegebenen Rahmens sowie der Art der untersuchten Daten wird „Space Syntax“ als Analysewerkzeug für die erste Stufe der Datenverarbeitung eingesetzt. Es werden hierbei nur Daten verwen- det, die durch mehrere Quellen gestützt sind, um die Gültigkeit und Verlässlichkeit der Ergebnisse zu gewährleisten. In diesem Zusammenhang hat sich die systematische, ziel- gerichtete Beobachtung verbunden mit Interviews als leistungsfähige Methode erwiesen, um menschliches Verhalten im öffentlichen Raum zu untersuchen. x The Shaping of People’s Space Wesentliche Ergebnisse Die Ergebnisse bestätigen, dass sowohl die jeweiligen Regierungsbehörden als auch der Konfuzianismus die Entwicklung des öffentlichen Raumes deutlich beeinflusst haben. Öf- fentlicher Raum wurde im chinesischen Kontext begrifflich definiert, was eine der Vo- raussetzungen für die zukünftige Gestaltung des städtischen Raumes im Einklang mit kulturellen Werten und Bräuchen ist. Die betrachtete Siedlung wurde bezüglich der Gliederung des öffentlichen Raumes hin- sichtlich der Lebensbräuche
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