HUGHES ADV AIRBORNE UlFACTURER Hughes Advanced Airborne Computer Model III Hughes Aircraft Company

Photo by Hughe s Aircraft Company APPLICATIONS AR ITHMETI C UNIT Control of aircraft and aircraft equipment. In the Exclud Stor Access specific application for which the computer was Micro sec built, it performs navigation, flight control, and Add time 200 weapons control, receiving target and flight data as Mult time 1,700 inputs and generating flight and weapons control Div time 1,700 signals as outputs. The system was developed for Construction Vacuum tubes the U. S. Air Force for automatic control use in Rapid access word registers 3 high speed aircraft. Basic pulse repetition rate 162 Kc/sec Arithmetic mode Serial Timing Synchronous with PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM magnetic drum Internal number system Binary Operation Sequential Binary digits/word 17 Binary digitS/instruction 17 Binary digitS/instruction STORAGE not decoded 2 Media Words Access Microsec Instructions per word 1 Magnetic Drum 1,984 3,750 average Arithmetic system Fixed point Magnetic Drum 8 400 average Instruction type Modified two address Total capacity is 37,648 binary digits. All programs are coded for minimal latency.

HUGHES ADVANCED AIRBORNE III 300 Photo by Highes Aircraft Company

INPUT The arithmetic and control unit of the computer Medium Speed occupies approximately 0.6 cu ft and weighs 20 Ibs. Analog D. C. Voltage 200 micro sec O-lOOV D. C. other analog inputs are available. This is used RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE, as a control computer with analog inputs and outputs; AND TIME AVAILABILITY however, paper tape is used as an additional input Ratio of good time to unscheduled down time is medium. approximately 9. The computer is part of a complete control system. The characteristics of the computer is determined by OUTPUT the characteristics required by the system in which Medium it is to be used. Analog D. C. Voltage O-lOOV D. C. The flip flops and diode matrices are mounted on Other analog outputs are available. Magnetic tape individual plug-in wafers and standardized as much as ultimately feeding a Flexowriter is used as an aux­ possible so that the bulk of the computer is a multi­ iliary output. plicity of a few basic components. Etched circuits and subminiature tubes are used throughout. CI RCU tT ELEMENTS OF ENTI RE SYSTEM Tubes 481 Crystal diodes 3,364 I NSTAllATI ONS Hughes Aircraft Company Culver City, California POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION Power, computer 1.5 Kw Volume, computer 5 cu ft

30l HUGHES ADVANCED AIRBORNE III HUGHES 8M GU I DANG E MANUFACTU RER Hughes Ballistic Missile Guidance Computer Hughes Aircraft Company Digital Systems Departme:o.t

Photo by Hughes Aircraft Company

APPLICATIONS OUTPUT System is a special purpose computer for guidance Media Speed of ballistic missiles. It performs steering and Digital 81.6 KilOCYcle/sec To pre-launch computer timing calculations for the missile. Digital 50 Pulses/sec To missile Pulsed To missile STORAGE No. of No. of Access Medium Words Digits Microsec POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION M~gnetic Cores 16 280 625 max. Power, computer 0.030 Kw Wired problem constants and programming. Volume, computer 0.4 cu ft Area, computer 1.1 sq ft Weight, computer 231bs INPUT Media Speed Special Digital 81.6 Kilocycles/sec Controlled by pre-launch digital computer Incremental Accelerometers 800 pulses/sec

HUGBES BM GUIDANCE 302 Photo by Hughes Aircraft Company RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE, AND TIME AVAILABILITY ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS Estimated mean-time-to-failure is greater than Outstanding features include small volume, weight, 1000 hours. power dissipation and high reliability. All solid Above figures based on period from Feb 59 to May 60. state components, and replaceable subassemblies. Date this system passed Customer Acceptance Test: Adopted procedures for storage, shipping, and pro­ Development Apr Final Jan 59, 60. tection from humidity, temperature, and physiCal, Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ electrical, fire, or other damages include molded tions. polyurethene pads between subassemblies for shock Development model was operated continuously for absorption and thermal conductivity. 2200 hours with no failures. Special purpose digital differential analyzer, fixed programmed using "nor" logic elements. Consists of 21 logic cards, 2 clock cards, 2 input cards, 4 mag­ netic core cards, with redundant. etching and connec­ tors and 1 special "shift drive and oscillator" assembly.

303 WGHES EM GUIDANCE HUGHES D PAT MANUFACTU RER Hu.ghes Drum Progrrumned Automatic Tester Hughes Aircraf-C Company Digital Systems Department

Photo by Hughes Aircraft Company APPLICATIONS System is used for automatic testing, checkout, fault isolation, sequencing and control of missiles, aircraft, vehicles, and electronic equipment. NEX'f CHANNEL OPERATION .AND ADDI­ SECTORS TIONAL SECTORS TO TO PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM DELA.Y DELAY Internal number system Binary DESTINATION SOURCE Bj.nary digits/word 19 Binary digits/instruction 19 Automatic built-in subroutines Instructions/word 1 Operator's console scanning and branching Instructions decoded 40 Visual display output Arithmetic system Fixed point Printer output Instruction type Modified three address Input selecti9n and measurement Number range 18 Frequency measurement (1 - 2- ) to - 1 Bulk loading from tape Registers 4 word register for frequency and time interval measurements 32 word register for digital and analog outputs

Hughes Drum Programmed Automatic Tester ARITHMETIC UNIT OUTPUT Operation Exclud. Store Access Media Speed Microsec. Contact Closures 40 char/sec Add 84 1 to 10 bits/character Mult 84!bit Transistor switches 168 microsec/char Div 84!bit 1 to 10 bits/character Construction (Arithmetic unit only) Decimal readout panel 25 millisec/char Vacuum-tubes 0 8 decimal digits plus sign Transistors 975 Analog Voltages Diodes 6,300 Programmable A-C or D-C Magnetic Cores 60 Arithmetic mode Serial Timing Synchronous, Computer clock pulses re- CI RCU tT ELEMENTS OF ENTI RE SYSTEM corded on magnetic drum memory Type Quantity Operation Sequential Tubes o Diodes (Crystal) 5,400 All times given in table above exclude access tj~e Transistors 1,800 to command. There are three l-word accumulators, Magnetic Cores 60 two 4-word circulating registers, one 16-word cir­ / culating register, and two 32-word circulating reg­ ". r' isters. The two's complement system of arithmetic CHECKI NG FEATURES is used. Set of diagnostic test routines STORAGE Subunit checking facilities Single order simulation with toggle switching No. of Access Partial program Media Words Microsec Magnetic Drum 40,640 84 - 26,880 Built-in test and maintenance equipment. Self­ Magnetic Core 3 84 test program stored in memory to provide complete Magnetic Drum 8 84 - 336 verification and fault isolation. Magnetic Drum 16 84 - 1,344 Magnetic Drum 64 84 - 2,688 All stored words are 19 binary digits POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION Power, computer 0.3 Kw Volume, computer 68 cu ft Area, computer 17 sq ft INPUT Weight, computer 1,800 lbs Media Speed No special site preparations required. A 120/208, Analog Voltages 6000 samples/sec 3-phase, 4-wire, 400 cps power required. A-C and D-C voltages Pulse and Analog Volt 0.1 cps to 1 Mcps Frequency measurements Off-On Signals 6000 samples/sec Decimal Keyboard Manual Paper Tape Reader 400 char/sec Magnetic Drum Loading

305 Hug.lJ.es Drum Programmed Automatic Tester HUGHES DIGITAIR MANUFACTURER Hughes Digital Airborne Computer Hughes Aircraft Company Digital Systems Department

Photo by Hughes Aircraft Company APPLICATIONS Computer is used for real-time computing and con­ PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM trol in complex aircraft systems. The computer in­ Internal number system Binary cludes extensive analog and digital input-output Number binary digits/word 17 capability. In the application for which it was Number binary digits/instruction 17 designed, the computer performs automatic aircraft Number instructions/word 1 control, navigation, attack steering, weapon control, Arithmetic system Fixed point intercept computation, data-link processing, and Instruction type Three address automatic system testing, for Air Force interceptors. X-Modified In this application, the program and input-output Number range - 1 to (+ 1 _ 2-17) are closely integrated with other electronic and Instruction word format mechanical portions of the system. 9 bits - relative 4 bits-source 4 bits-desti- address of next order for data nation for transfer data transfer 8 bits - instruction other than data transfer

HUGHES DIGI'r.Am. 306 Automatic built-in subroutines include input con­ 925008 3, 827 version (analog, digital data link) and output con­ 925010 () version (analog, digital) (independent of program). 9250ll Automatic coding includes conversion from mnemonic Diodes are Hughes type code to memory-loading tapes and program documents, Transistors o via punched-card machinery. System is normally pro­ Magnetic Cores 51 grammed in minimum-latency fashion. Registers and B-boxes include 3 one-word registers, 2 multiword circulating registers for fast-access CHECKI NG FEATURES storage, 1 multiword circulating register for out­ Checking features include a fully automatic self­ puts, and 1 multiword circulating register for data test program, remotely initiatable, making use of link. built-in self-test features. Semi-automatic diagnos­ tic program diagnoses faults to one or two units. External equipment (ground-based) used for detailed ARITHMETIC UNIT diagnosis in conjunction with semi-automatic diag­ Operation Incl. Stor. Access Exclud. Stor. Access nostic program. Microsec Microsec Add 210 105 POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION Mult variable-105 + 105!bit 105 per bit-variable Div variable-105 + 105!bit 105 per bit-variable Volume, computer 3.2 cu ft Volume, input-output 3.3 cu ft Construction (Arithmetic unit only) Weight, computer 122 lbs Vacuum-tubes 182 Weight, input-output 178 lbs Transistors None Weight, total 3001bs Condenser-Diodes 1,926 System mounted in aircraft electronics racks Magnetic Cores 51 Arithmetic mode Serial STORAGE PRODUCTION RECORD Computer is in large scale production No. of No. of Access Several hundred have been produced Media Words Digits Microsec Several hundred are on order Magnetic Drum, 13,000 17 Min latency(normal)-104 Pre-recorded Max possible- 12,500 Magnetic Drum, 360 Same Same PERSONNEL REQU I REMENTS Variable Designed for operation and maintenance in unfavor­ Magnetic Drum 22 Same Min latency - 104 able environments by military personnel with rela­ Register Max - 1040 or 1250 tively little training. Core Shifting 3 104 Registers RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE, AND TIME AVAILABILITY INPUT Total system time approximately 30,000 hours to date. Media Speed Mean time to failure approximately 60 hours, in­ Voltages (ac and dc) 315 microsec conversion cluding input/output. 24 inputs, electronically switched Pulses (Data Link) 5 KC On-Off Signals ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS 54 inputs, electronically switched Inputs available to program on demand Outstanding features include the utilization of vacuum tubes and semiconductor diodes, very high maintainability, modified 2-address code designed OUTPUT for minimum-latency programming, serial fixed­ Media Speed point arithmetic, programmer can control input Voltages (dc) 0.5 sec full scale slew selection. 16 silulta~eous outputs On-Off Signals 10 micro sec Relay Contacts INSTALLATIONS Various U. S. Air Force Bases CI RCU tT ELEMENTS OF ENTI RE SYSTEM Type Quantity Tubes 6814 269 Flip-flops 6021 63 Triode Amps 5639 33 Write Amps 5703 18 5840 16 6110 10 Diodes 90125 257 925002 147

307 HUGHES DIGlTAIR HU GHES LRI X MANUFACTURER Hughes LRI X Computer AN/ABG 18 Hughes Aircraft Company Digital Systems Department

Photo by Hughes Aircraft Company APPLICATIONS PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM System is used for real-time computing and control Internal number system Binary in complex aircraft systems. Computer includes Binary digits/word 19 advanced displays and extensive analog and digital Binary digitS/instruction 19 input-output capability. In the application for Instruction/word 1 which it was designed, the computer performs inertial Arithmetic system Fixed point and non-inertial navigation, weapon control, attack Instruction Modified three address computations, data-link processing, intercept compu­ 18 Number range -1 to (1 _ 2- ) tations, and automatic fests of over-all system, for Air Force interceptors~ In this application, the Instruction word format program and input-output are closely integrated with other electronic and mechanical apparatus in the 9 bits 5 bits source 3 bits source 2 bits over-all system. relative address of operand of operand func- of next order No. 1 No.2 and tion destination

This structure applies to add, subtract, in­ put, output, clear and absolute value. Other orders have slightly different structures.

AN/ASG 18 Hughes LRI X Computer 308 Automatic built-in subroutines include input con­ version (analog, digital, incremental, data link); output conversion (analog, digital, data link); real CI RCU IT ELEMENTS OF ENTI RE SYSTEM time count; frequency measurement (Independent of Type Quantity program). Transistors 1,683 Automatic coding includes conversion from simpli­ fied mnemonic code to memory-loading tapes and pro­ gram documents, via IBM data processing machinery. CHECKI NG FEATURES Checking features include fully automatic self-test Registers include 4 one-word registers, 3 multi­ program including marginaJ_ test, remotely initiata­ word circulating registers for fast-access storage, ble, making use of built-in self-test featQres. 2 multiword circulating registers for analog and Automatic self-diagnosis to unit level. Diagnostic digital outputs, 3 multiword circulating registers program to aid more detailed diagnosis. External for data link processing, 1 multiword circulating ground-based test equipment for detailed diagnosis, register for frequency count, and 1 multiword cir­ in conjunctioll with diagnostic program. culating register for incremental inputs and real time count. The system uses four-phase logic and is normally POWER, SPACE, WEI GHTv AND SITE PREPARATI ON programmed in minimum-latency fashion. Power, computer 0.850 Kw Volume, computer 2.1 cu ft Volume, input-output excl displays 1.7 cu ft AR ITHMETI C UNIT Weight, computer 135 Ibs Incl. store Access Excl. Store Access Weight, input-output 50 Ibs Microsec Microsec Weight, total 185 Ibs Add 84 84 (3 address code) System is mounted in aircraft Mult variable-84 + 84/bit variable-84 per bit Div variable-84 + 84/bit variable-84 per bit Construction (Arithmetic unit only) PERSONNEL REQU I REMENTS Vacuum tubes none System is designed for operation and maintenance in Transistors 810 unfavorable environments by military personnel with Arithmetic mode Serial relatively little traininG. STORAGE RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE, No. of Access AND TIME AVAILABILITY Media Words Microsec Total system time is approximately 3000 hours to Magnetic Drum, 40,960 Minimum Latency (llOrmaJ.) - date. Pre-recorded 84 Mean-time-to-failure approximately 150 hours ~nclud­ Maximum possible - 25,000 ing input-output. Magnetic Drum, 1,280 Same Variable Magnetic Drum 188 Minimum Latency 84 Registers Maximum varies 84 to 1,700 ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS Outstanding features include semiconductor circuits, very high maintainability, modified 3-address code INPUT designed to facilitate minimum-latency programming, Media Speed serial fixed-point arithmetic, input-output flexibly Voltages (ac and dc) 200 microsec/conversion accessible to program. 64 inputs, electronically switched Pulses (incremental and 5 KC data link) On-Off Signals 130 inputs, electronically switched Operator Controls (Analog and Digital) Frequencies 100 KC Inputs available to program on demand.

OUTPUT Media Speed Voltages (dc) 0.7 sec. full scale slew On-Off Signals (Toggles) 100 ma., 28 V. Shaft Positions 80 steps/second Operator Displays (Analog and Digital)

AN/ASG 18 309 Hughes LRI X Computer HUGHES M 252 MANUFACTURER HughesM-252 Digital Computer Hughes Aircraft Company Digital Systems Department

Photo by Hughes Aircraft Company APPLICATIONS PROGRAMMf'NG AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM The computer is currently bei.ng produced for use Internal number system Binary as a guidance computer to be used in a Minneapolis­ Binary digits/word 20 Honeywell Inertial Guidance System for the Fairchild Binary digits/instruction 10 SD-5 Surveillance Drone. In this capacity, it aligns Number instructions/word 2 the platfolm, sets drift trims, performs the Schuler Arithmetic system Fixed point tuning of the platform, navigates the drone through­ Instruction type One-address out the surveillance mission, turns sensors on and Number range of'f, and feeds positional information to the data -1 ~ N < 1 processor for proper identification of photographs. Instruction word format A mod.ified version of the computer is being xx XXX XXX designed for installation in a standard relay rack XX ] to be used as a ground based computer for space ~ W Operation Code Next Channel probe guidance.

~xxxxx~:t Right ~1 Gro~ (Second word of 2 word order when used)

Hughes M-252 Digital Computer 310 RETURN TO POSITION MONITOR ,..-______M- 262 DIGITAL COMPUTER ------.f---. 1---, 1------PLATFORM HEADING DRIFT ANGLE I RADAR I L-----If----..:..=~~~~------_l.1 ~------+-~--~~ COMPLEX I I INERTIAL PLATFORM I l COMPUTATION I ·AND CUMB ANGLE 1~ ___--4------J __....:1 - _ J I COMPUTATION I I PLATFORM ELECTRONICS I VELOCITY INCREMENTS ~I---~-\l..!g--+--- '-S~S; i -- - r L- __ -.J ---- VELOCITY COMPUTATION t-t-_____---1+.U_T_M_G_RI_D_VE_~_OC_IT_IE_S_ -+.....J (CORIOUS,CENTRIFUGAL t-t-";c~;-:;;;:-;:::;:;:----t.... +_T-- ___---+-+------. , _ _ _ --, GRAVITY ANOMALY ALTITUDE RATE , CORRECTIONS) Y·COURSE ANGLE I -'------, I BAROMETRIC L PRESSURE ALTITUDE EARTH REFERENCED ---, I ALTI_MET_ER --,1'----+-+-;...... ;;;;;.;;.;;....;.:...;..::;;.;..;,.:.;=----:__ --,,----.- ______-'I--'~ VELOCITIES COM PUT ATION f--+"'<"'-'G-RI-D--.I I L _ _ COURSE I DATA ANGLE I PROCESSOR I ~~ 1 I POSITION H~..,.G~R::::ID::_:P"""O.;::SI==TI~ON=-+----+l.I COMPUTATION I (ZO~~~~::~ING. -- -.J ,- --~ GRAVITY ANOMALIES 1 ALTIMETERRADIO ILI __ f-1-R~A~D~IO~A~~~IT~U~D~E ______f-~====::::::~~~---t---~-~-f-----~~~~~~~~~ ALTlTU~~NS;:~~ING GAIN L _____ -' GEOCENTRIC ALTITUDE LATITUDE AND STEERING COMPUTATION LONGITUDE "" i PRECISIONTIf~E ll...-_I--+-T_IM..:;E...;;IN.;;.P.:,.UT'--____--I ~"";:"'-I-.J-----....J ALTITUDE ERROR L ~E~R~CE_-.J ALTITUDE ANGULAR RATE 1---­ POSITION INPUTS AND POSITION I GROUND BASED I COMPUTATION I POSITION MONITOR I DfSIRED L _ _ _ _ r--_+-~P..::O::::SI.:.:TI::::ON.:...... ;\l:.:::AL:::ID:::..-----L ______,.___--...J ALTITUDE I :- TE~ME~Y - -, CHANGE FLIGHT PLAN , SET ~-t-+-~R~E~TU~R~N~ro~BA~S~E~-----·----+------~ DESTINATION ~ L _____ --1 STEERING MEMORY t COMPUTATION SELECTION mDESIRED UTM. DESTINATION LOGIC 'DESIRED I--- SURVEILLANCE _L I" ------I INIT~~tT:~~~MENT PATTERN AZIMUTH STEERING 1 AUTOTHEODOUTE ll--+~..::~:;;;I~""~.;.;~~.:..M-EN-T-- AND GYRO f--- L-~If------I--' __1-1-_ 1 SURVEILLANCE I FLIGHT COMMAND L _ __ __ ~ DRIFT TRIM 1 l cJJ~5~i~1oN If-+j~'::':'::==-'" CONTROL I COMPUTATION I MACH REFERENCE· SYSTEM I MEMORY TERRAIN CLEARANCE PRE-STORED REFERENCE ---~ FUGHT PLANS 8 OFF· ON OUTPUTS ..... GYRO TOROUING COMMANDS

M252 FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

Chart by Hughes Aircraft Company

Registers include 3 - 1 word register for arith­ STORAGE metic operation, and 1 - 10 word register for short No. of Access term temporary storage. Medium Words Microsec 1 - 6 word register and 1 - 30 word register are Magnetic Drum 2,640 88 used for Input-Output only. Access time is mlnlillum 4 temporary number storage channels are used. An additional 14 channels of 60 words are used for input-output registers, temporary storage, word-origin origin track, clock pulse tracks, and spare channels. AR ITHMETI C UNIT A fixed head drum has been used in this application Incl. Stor'. Access Exclud. Stor. Access for maximum reliability. Microsec. Microsec. Add 264 88 Mult 1141+ 968 INPUT Div 2112 1936 Media Speed Remarks Construction (Arithmetic unit only) 2 Serial Digital 250 KC Pulses Vacuum-tubes 0 3 Incremental 3600 sec (max.) Transistors 750 Primarily 2N697, 2Nl132, 6 Switching Program Control and 2N1253 2 A-C o to 8 V -8v to +8v Diodes 3000 3 D-C Magnetic Cores 66 Timing Reference 400 cps Arithmetic mode Serial DC conversion accuracy: 0.3 percent.

311 Hughes M-252 Digital Computer RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE, OUTPUT AND TIME AVAILABILITY Media Speed Remarks Date this system passed Customer Acceptance Test 1 Serial Digital 250 KC 14 April 60 3 Incremental 1800 sec Tor~uing Comraands 10 Switching Program Control Estimated mean-time-to-failure is greater than 400 hours. The limited experience to date tends to 11 D-C Continuous to +8V -8v bear this out. D-C conversion accuracy

CI RCU IT ELEMENTS OF ENTI RE SYSTEM ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS Outstanding features include design for 5G vibra­ Type Quantity Tubes o tions without isolators. Operates over temperature range from -6~F to +1850 F. All modules are repair­ Diodes 4,000 able. Transistors 1,100 M'3.gnetic Cores 66 Uni~ue system advantages includes high accuracy navigation performance in conjunction with a high quality inertial platform. CHECKI NG FEATURES ]~rior to use, the computer is checked by a self­ test program of 70 seconds duration. FUTURE PLANS Versions of this computer have been proposed for several applications. A contract has been received for a relay rack version to serve as a ground based POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION computer for space probe guidance. Power, system 0.37 Kw 0.46 KVA 0.8 pf VollDD.e, system 2.13 cu ft Capacity, air conditioner 2.3 Ibs/min cooling in at 1100F INSTALLATIONS Weight, system 85 Ibs System is for field use in the Fairchild SD-5 Drone. Above figures include power supply and input-out­ put e~uipment. Central computer is 1.3 cu ft and 53 Ibs. Computer is designed for airborne installation. A test control unit and drum record unit are re­ quired for loading the drum and checking the com­ puter prior to flight.

Hughes M-252 Digital Computer 312 313 Hughes M-252 Digital Computer IBM 305 RAMAC MANUFACTU RER IBM 305 RAMAC Data Processing System International Business Machines Corporation "Random Access Method of Accounting and Control

Photo by International Business Machines Corporation

card and printed output. Additional features which APPLICATIONS may be added to this basic RAMAC for further versatil­ MamL"facturer ity in~lude punched paper tape input, remote printing Inventors control, manufacturing control, billing stations, dual disk files, dual access arms, dual (invoicing and order writing), parts substitution, system control, and faster, more flexible printing. payroll, hospital accounting, sales analysis, accounts Letterkenny Ordnance Depot receivable, fiscal accounting, and Air Force parts Located in Building No.3, Letterkenny Ordnance Depot, inventory and accounting. Chambersburg, Pa., the system is used to apply ADPS The IBM RAMAC 305 (Random Access Method of Account­ o~ly to accomplishment of supply, stock management ing and Control) is a complete, compact data process­ and related financial accoUI).ting functions with a ing system built around a disk memory unit which c6n­ view of expediting supply and pr~iding a means of sists of 50 magnetic metal disks. The RAMAC 305 is· rapid expansion of activity without a proportionate designed to provide continuous, or "in-line", accourit­ increase in personnel and equipment. Experience and ing for all types of businesses. Data is'recorded on skills gained in these applications will facilitate or read from each side of the disks in random order progressive integration of other applications utiliz­ by a rapidly-moving access arm. The disk units are ing the same basic system by adding relatively inex­ available with storage capacities of 5 million digits pensive disk storage units. Such applications in­ and 10 mil:lion digits and may be used either singly clude payroll, cost accounting, etc. or in any combination of two to provide storage capac­ U.S.A. Louisville Medical Depot Hies of 5, 10, 15 and 20 million digits. Located at the Louisville Medical Depot, Louisville 1, Control .::enter of the IBM RAMAC 305 is the opera­ Kentucky, the system is used for stock accounting and tor's console. The system also has arithmetical and inventory control (Navy Single Manager), for depot logical ability, punched card input, and both punched property accounting, and for Post Engineer property accounting.

IBM 305 RAMAC 314 Photo by Western Electric Company

U.S.A. Mt. Rainier Ordnance Depot balance cards for inventories of material, and other Under the Director for Services, the system is used miscellaneous calculating programs. for supply and inventory accounting and for financial USAF 78 Fighter Wing, Hamilton AFB and stock fund accounting. Located at Base Supply, Hamilton AFB, California, the U.S.A. Raritan Arsenal system is used for automation of supply record keep­ System is used for distribution supply, availability ing. Includes all transactions effecting balances, editing, and F. I. A. updating and reporting. due-in and due-outs, item records, inventory control. U.S.A. Red River Arsenal Incompasses records for 46,000 line items (averages) Maintenance of stock accounting and related financial with 72,000 transactions per month. records to include daily updating of all quantitative USAF Hq SAC Offutt AFB fields, periodic updating of pertinent data in each With 19 locations in the command, (sites and program record, daily processing of all type transactions are similar), the 305 EDPS has been designed to in­ (issues, receipts, adjustments, etc.) and creating crease dependability of supply activities in support documentation for same in punched card form. of SAC combat readiness through an improved mechanized U.S.N. Charleston Shipyard system. The design of the system provides for: Located in the Supply Department, fields of applica­ Instantaneous and positive response by on line pro­ tion include expenditure processing (processing issues cessing. of all types, including availability tests, reorder The immediate and automatic availability of all initiation, and attendant funds control), receipt interchangeable assets. processing (all types of material receipts), stock The immediate and automatic availability of like record load/unload (loading and unloading stock records items in all weapons systems. as required), obligation/planned requirement review The immediate and automatic requisitioning of not­ (cyclic review of material obligations (back orders) in-stock items. and planned requirements), status read-off (to pro­ Guaranteed increased required items availability. vide visible records for review as required), ware­ Accurately computed stock levels after every approp­ house location load (to insert warehouse locations riate transaction. into stock records), stock status reporting (to re­ Automatic stock replenishment requiSitioning. port status of items in accordance with schedules Current and accurate stock balance consumption re­ established by supply demand control points), inven­ ports. tory cut-off to provide inventory cut-off and trial Provides an integrated item and monetary accounting

315 IBM 305 RAMAC Photo by U. S. Army Red River Arsenal

system simultaneously updating monetary balances at Ford Motor Company, Wayne the same time item balances are updated. Located at the Wayne Assembly Plant, the system is The designing and progrannning of the EDPS features used for inventory control of productive material, the accomplishment of supply transactions with a vehicle invoiCing and price labels, manufacturer's minimized possibility of human error. With this in­ certificate of origin, and pricing and calculations creased accuracy comes increased supply effectiveness for payment to vendors. for our combat organization. Sun Oil Company, Philadelphia 3 USAF 328th Fighter Group, Richards-Gebaur AFB Located at 1608 Walnut Street, Philadelphia 3, Pa., Located in Building 619, Richards-Gebaur Air Force the system is used for payroll preparation, payroll Base, Missouri, the system is used for base supply accounting, and deduction and payroll tax accounting. item and dollar accounting. Maintains tbe supply Sun Oil Company, Southland Center accounting and financial accounting records on a Located at Southland Center, Dallas, Texas, the sys­ current basis by automatically updating in accordance tem is used for computation of volumes of natural with various transactions affecting these records in gas produced, used, and disposed of and valuing, tax­ accordance with Volume XVIII, AFM 67-1. By-products ing, and accounting for proceeds for natural gas and of this system provide management documents containing natural gas liquids, including disbursement of pro­ information needed to satisfy requirements for con­ ceeds to all interested parties. sumption rates, supply requirements, transaction Western Electric Company, Aurora analysis, item location and expense distribution. Located at the Montgomery Shops, Aurora, Ill., the Boeing Airplane Company system is used for inventory and production control Located in Boeing Warehouse No.3, Wichita, Kansas, of relay manufacture, including scheduling relays, the system is used for maintenance of an inventory components and raw material reqUirements, input, of government furnished parts located at Boeing­ billing and investment control of relay accounting. W'ichita. Western Electric Gen Frog Camm New York Ford Motor Company, Transmission & Chassis Div. Located at 222 Broadway, New York, the system is used System is used for payrolls and related accounting, to process customers' orders and enter such orders inventory control, production analysis and control, on appropriate sources of supply. It also maintains product cost and cost analysis reports. records of purchase contract balances.

IBM 305 RAMAC 316 Western Electric Co., Tel. Sales Div., New York Located at 61 Broadway, 4th Floor, New York 6, New York, this computer is used to develop programs prior STORAGE to the installation of similar RAMAC Systems in the Manufacturer Distributing Houses (Regional Warehouses and repair No. of Access shops). The primary application is inventory control Media Words Microsec including billing, maintaining stock balances, order­ Process Drum Tracks 10,000 ing, receiving and vouchering; all on an inline basis. Disk File 100 char/record 600,000 avg. Shop costing, shop scheduling payroll and headquarters 50,000 records/file reporting are batch processed. This computer has been 10,000,000 char with 2 files used to develop and test the Dataphone III Transmiss­ Disk File 100 char/record 600,000 avg. ion System. MOnthly operating statistics from all 100,000 records/file the Distributing Houses are verified and summarized 20,000,000 char with 2 files for printed monthly reports. Magnetic Tape (Special Order) Western Electric, Winston-Salem No. of units that can be connected 3 Units 729-1 The system is used for production control, including 4 Units 727 inventory control, machine load, material movement, No. of char/linear inch of tape 200 Char/inch order requirements and schedule, and shop orders. Channels or tracks on the tape 7 Tracks/tape Georgia State College of Bus. Admn. Blank tape separating each record 0.75 Inches Located at 33 Gilmer St., S. E., Atlanta 3, Georgia, Tape speed 75 Inches/sec the machine is used in faculty research and in the Transfer rate 15,000 Char/sec teaching of programming methods. Start time 10 Millisec Stop time 10 Mill1sec Average time for experienced 90 Seconds PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM operator to change reel of tape Internal number system Binary coded alphanum Physical properties of tape Alphanumeric char/record . Up to 100 Width 0.498 Inches Alphanumeric char/instruction 10 Length of reel 2,450 Feet Instruction/Process Drum Track 10 Composition Mylar base Instructions decoded 200 on 10 tracks, std. Connects through 1901 Tape Control Unit (Special Arithmetic system Fixed point Order) • ADD-SUBTRACT-MULTIPLY-DIVIDE USA LOD Floating point By program sub-routine Medium No. of Char Access Microsec Instruction type Two address Disk Storage 30,000,000 30,000 Gontrol panel logic (stored program) also. 20 program tracks, 10 working tracks, 4 input-out­ Number range Decimal ° - 9 put tracks and 1 accumulator track per processing Instruction word format unit (two units); 3 type 350 double density files. USA Medical Depot I FROM TO NO. CHAR. CONTROL Magnetic Disk 10,000,000 Track to track access time same disk 100,000 - Automatic coding includes the RAMAC Symbolic Assem­ 25,000 microseconds. bly Program. Disk to disk access time 400,000 - 800,000 microsec. USA Mt Rainier Ord D Medium No. of Words No. of Digits AR ITHMETI C UNIT Magnetic Disk Memory 200,000 20,000,000 Incl Stor Access 5 - 10 seconds required per transaction. Microsec 100 characters to a record, twenty 100 character Add 30,000 records on each 100 tracks on each 50 disks. Mult 60,000-190,000 USA Raritan Access Div 100,000-370,000 Medium No. of Words No. of Char Micro sec Construction (Arithmetic unit only) Magnetic Disk (2) 100,000 ea 10,000,000 ea 600,000 Type Quantity Magnetic Drum (2) 200 ea 2,000 ea Tubes Magnetic drum used for storing program and process­ 2D21 21 ing data. 6211 169 Magnetic disk used primarily for bulk storage. 6350 20 Both disk units under control of console A and B. 5919 124 This is dual control and dual access. 7044 4 USA Red River Arsenal Diodes Disk Files 300,000 30,000,000 4,000 avg. AM 12 High Speed Magnetic 300 3,000 300 avg. Timing Asynchronous Drum Operation Sequential Each record stored consist of 100 digits each.

317 IBM 305 RAMAC Hamil ton AFB Access Offutt AFB Medium No. of Char Microsec Medium Speed Magnetic Disk 5,000,000 500 Card 125 cards/min 50 disks has 100 tracks each of which is divided USAF Richards-Gebaur AFB into ten 100 character records. This provides 5 Cards 125 cardS/min million characters of storage or 50,000 addressable This speed is maximum and will decrease depending records. on type of proceSSing being accomplished. Offutt AFB Access WE TSD New York Media Alphanum Char Microsec 380 Card Reader 125 cards/min, max. Disk File 10,000,000 600,000 797 Card Reader-Punch 120 cardS/min, max. Core 100 5,000 This machine is an adapted 537 Reader Punch of IBM Magnetic Drum 3,300 5,000 650 System. The 797 is a combination card reader and USAF Richards-Gebaur AFB punch. This machine moves the cards to various sta­ Medium No. of Char Access Microsec tions in a parallel motion. The machine has 2 sets Disk File 5,000,000 600,000 of read brushes, punch, and a punch read brush sta­ Boeing, Wichita tion for checking. Disk 5,000,000 600,000 Drum There are 34 tracks on the drum (19 program tracks, E3 working or storage tracks, 2 accumulator tracks, OUTPUT 1 typewriter track, 1 punch output track, 1 printer Manufacturer output track, 1 multiplicand track and 1 input track). Media Speed WE Winston-Salem Card 100 cards/min 323 Card Punch No. of Access Printer 150 lines/min 407 RI-R2 Printer Medium Records No. of Char Micro sec 29-84 lines/min 370 Printer Magnetic Disk 200,000 20,000,000 600,000 Typewriter 10 Char/sec 381 Remote Printing Station 380 Console Typewriter Card 125 cards/min 797 Card Read-Punch (Spec- INPUT ial Order) Manufacturer Magnetic 15 Kc 727, 729 I Tape Unit Media Speed Tape (Special Order) Cards 125 cards/min 380 Console Card Reader USA LOD Paper Tape 20 char/sec 382 Paper Tape Reader Medium Speed Card 125 cards/min 797 Card Read Punch Card Punch (4) 100 cards/min, ea 4 type 323 Punches :enquiry Input Variable 380 - 381 Keyboard Typewriter (2) 10 char/sec Magnetic Tape 15 Kc 727, 729 I Tape Unit USA Medical Depot (Special Order) Punch 100 cards/min USA LOD Printer 150 lines/min Card Reader (2) 125 card/min, ea. 2 type 380 consoles Typewriter 600 strokes/min USA Medical Depot Speeds depend on application under control of pro- Punched Card 125 card/min, max gram. Card speed depends on application under control of USA Raritan program. Cards (2) 100 cards/min ea IBM 323 Card Punch USA Mt Rainier Ord D Cards (2) 100 cards/min ea IBM 323 Card Punch Additions 5 sec 300 lines Printed Document 10 Char/sec Console-typewriter Heceipt 5 sec 500 lines Printed Document 10 Char/sec Console-Typewriter Adjustments 5 sec 300 lines Typewriter mounted on console used largely for in­ :Issues 9 sec 1,500 - 2,500 lines quiries. There are four card punch units on line. Receipts and adjustments 300 program steps. USA Red River Arsenal Financial inventory accounting 1,150 steps. Cards 400 cards/min Customer demands 550 steps. Four punch units at 100 cards/min. File maintenance 900 steps. USN CNS USA Raritan Cards 100 cards/min, max Gards 125 cards/min Card Reader on Console A Printed Docu- 150 lines/min, max Cards 125 cards/min Card Reader on Console B ments USA Red River Arsenal Hamilton AFB Punched Cards 250 cardS/min Media Speed Two card readers, 125 cardS/min each. Card-Mainline 5.4 sec 160,177 transactions USN CNS Card-File Maintenance 3.8 sec 52,402 transactions Cards 12 5 cards/min, maximum Card-Stock Leveling 3.3 sec 17,410 transactions Hamilton AFB Card-Requisitioning 10.8 sec 19,307 transactions Card-Mainline 18.4 sec/trans 46,639 transactions Each routine used has a different output speed. Routine Examples given are the most frequently used and speeds Card-File 7.6 sec 26, 516 transactions and transactions are averages. Maintenance Offutt AFB Card-Stock 2.2 sec 26,397 transactions Card Punch 100 cards/min Leveling Printer 30-175 lines/min Card-Requi- 7.8 sec 26,711 transactions Typewriter 10 char/sec sitioning USAF Richards-Gebaur AFB Each routine has a different input speed. Examples Cards 100 cards/min are given are the most frequently used and speeds and Printed Listings 30 lines/min transactions are averages. Type Listings 6 lineS/min

IBM 305 RAMAC 318 Media Speed Boeing, Wichita Card 100 cards/min CHECKI NG FEATURES Printer 80 positions 30 lines/min Manufacturer 20 positions 83 lines/min Built-in checking features include parity (odd bit) Typewriter 100 char/line 6 lines/min on all internal data transfers and printing, input Ford MOtor Company from cards by two readings, and input from paper tape Cards 100 cards/min by count of data punches by record (T.C.C.C.). Printed Document 150 lines/min Programmed checks include control to pre-establish­ (407) ed totals, comparing addresses and part numbers in Printed Document 60 lines/min program, and arithmetic proof factors and reverse (Typewriter) arithmetic in program. Ford, Wa;yne Card (Type 323) 100 cards/min Printer (Type 370) Printer (Type 407) 105 lines/min POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT p AND SITE PREPARATION Summary Punch (Type 2 cards/min Manufacturer 523) (Dependent upon application) Power, computer 12.6 KVA The 407 and 523 are added on line, but not used Area, computer 370 sq ft for all applications performed on the RAMAC. Room size, computer 18 ft 1 in x 20 ft 4 in(min) SUNOCO Philadelphia Floor loading 50 Ibs/sq ft Printed Page 150 lines/min IBM 407 on line Capacity, air conditioner 4 Tons Typed Page RAMAC 305 Typewriter Humidity not to exceed 80%. Two feet of headroom Punched Card 100 cards/min above 350 Unit. Physical Planning Manual and assist­ SUNOCO Southland Center ance are available. Punched Cards 100 cards/min USA LOD Stick Printer 30 to 80 lineS/min Power, computer 42.5 Kw 53.1 KVA Typewriter 10 Char/sec Power, air cond 20 Kw 14 KVA WE Aurora Volume, computer 856.4 cu ft Card 100 cards/min Volume, air conditioner 9,375 cu ft Printer (80 positions) 29 lines/min Area, computer 178 sq ft WE GPC New York Area, air conditioner 400 sq ft Type 323 Card Punch 100 cards/min Room Size, computer 40 ft x 40 ft Type 370 Printer 29 lines/min 1,600 sq ft Type 407 Printer 150 lines/min Room Size, air conditioner 25 ft x 25 ft WE TSD New York Floor loading 36.8 Ibs/sq ft 797 Card Reader-Punch 120 cards/min 543 Ibs concen max 323 Punch 100 cards/min Capacity, air conditioner 62.5 Tons 380 Typewriter 10 Char/sec Weight, computer 18,484 Ibs Typewriter format control is pOSSible, but infre­ 1,600 ft. (40 x 40 ft) were inclosed within the quently used. Machine Accounting Services area which in itself was WE Winston-Salem an inclosure of 167 x 87. Although the entire area Cards 100 cards/min was air-conditioned, additional ducts and vents were Printer 125 lines/min concentrated in the computer area. Georgia State USA Medical Depot Card 100 cards/min Power, computer 16.4 KVA at 208 volts Printer 83 lines/min (20 positions) 44.9 amps at 208 volts Printer 30 lines/min (80 positions) Volume, computer 914.4 cu ft Typewriter 10 Char/sec Volume, air conditioner 48,000 cu ft Area, computer 146.3 sq ft Area, air conditioner 3:200 sq ft CI RCU IT ELEMENTS OF ENTI RE SYSTEM Room size, computer 18 ft 1 in x 20 ft 4 in Manufacturer Floor loading 50 Ibs/sq ft Type Quantity 50 Ibs concen max Tubes Capacity, air conditioner 20 Tons 6211 1,054 Weight, computer 8,432 Ibs 6350 81 Space in same building with conventional EAM equip­ 5919 626 ment was available. Wiring for 3-phase, 208 volt, 7044 72 100 ampere power supply, including receptacles and a 2D21 205 separate transformer was installed. Air conditioning 5965 6 was available; however, humidity control was added. Diodes Temperature range is maintained at 600 to 800 F and AB 13 humidity is maintained between 40% and 60% relative. AD 2 The following components of the 20-ton air conditioner AM 112 with an evaporative condenser are operated from a AL 275 120/208 V, 3-phase, 4 wire grounded "Wye": F 4 Electrical system refrigeration compressor motor - Magnetic Cores 20 H. P.; supply air fan motor - 5 H. P.; evaporative 14 100 condenser motor - 3 H. P.; 1 zone re-heat of 18 Kw; Selenium Rectifiers 360 (IBM PiN 315903 (For stacks and 1 zone re-heat of 25 Kw. of 10) Unit is equipped with electric control system with Germanium Rectifiers 28 IBM PiN's 2100111, 2100110, humidistat controlling of coil temperature. 2100119, 2114085, 2100108, Thermostat controlling re-heat. Operation is checked 512073. with recording thermcmeter and hygrometer equipped

319 IBM 305 RAMAC with alarm facilities. Floor loading 125 Ibs/sq ft CapaCity, air conditioner 10 Tons USA Mt Rainier Ord D We:i.ght, computer 11,065 Ibs Power, comlluter 34.4 KVA 0.90 pf False ceiling and walls, rewired for lighting, re­ Power, air conditioner 29.0 Kw 0.90 pf wired for power distribution, refloored in tile. Volume, computer 50.54 cu ft Hamilton AFB Volume, air conditioner 103.68 cu ft Power, computer 12.6 KVA 208v, 34.5 amps Area, computer 152.40 sq ft 60 cycle, 3 phase, 4 wire service Area, air conditioner 15.36 sq ft Power, air conditioner 220 V. 3 phase, 60 cycle Room size, computer 50 ft x 20 ft Volume, computer 375 cu ft Room size, air cond 12 ft x 12 ft (Area 2 in Volume, air conditioner 48 cu ft car decking 2nd floor Area, computer 18 ft x 20 ft Floor loading 109 Ibs/sq ft (dist load) Area, air conditioner 8 sq ft 1,800 Ibs/sq ft (pressure Room size, computer 24 ft x 24 ft under greatest load) Floor loading 50 Ibs/sq ft Capacity, air conditioner 15 Tons, total (2 sys) Capacity, air conditioner 7 1/2 H. P. Weight, computer 8,299 Ibs Weight, computer 10,162 Ibs (two disk stor­ Weight, air conditioner 1,850 Ibs age unit (1730 Ibs ea) The RAMAC room is located in one end of a frame Weight, air conditioner 750 Ibs warehouse converted to office space. The room height A total of $17,616.00 was expended to prepare 24 ft :i.s 11 ft 2 in. with a honeycomb false ceiling 9 ft x 24 ft room for the machine, a 324 sq ft room for from tile floor. The room is illuminated by 428ft key punchers, a 576 sq ft for programmers from exist­ flourescent tubes (strip) and has a distribution of ing facilities. Breakout of costs: Air condition approximately 60 ft/candles. A unique feature is the unit - $1,400, exhaust fan - $285, cooling tower - perforated hardboard wall which acts as the air dis­ $500, electrical work - $7,256, ductwork - $325, tribution panel from the air conditioner mounted on material $4,440, and labor for the balance. the second floor. The air conditioner duct system Offutt AFB has a 117 i.nch wide x 16 inch deep x 30 in high plenum Power, computer 16.4 KVA 208v chamber. Aerial services is provided from three (3) Power, air conditioner 220V new 25 KVA XFMR's. Floor is 6 inch reinforced con­ Volume, computer 8,000 cu ft crete on grade. Volume, air conditioner 240 cu ft USA Raritan Area, computer 800 sq ft Power, computer 40.1 Kw 44.2 KVA 0.90 pf Area, air conditioner 24 sq ft Power, air condi 18.9 Kw 21 KVA 0.90 pf Room size, computer 20 ft x 40 ft Volume, computer (2) 13,750 cu ft Floor loading 50 Ibs/sq ft Volume, air conditioner 960 cu ft 50 Ibs concen max (Dunn & Bush Package - Water) CapaCity, air conditioner 5 Tons Area, computer (2) 1,375 sq ft Weight, computer 8,432 Ibs Area, air conditioner 80 sq ft Weight, air conditioner 500 Ibs Room size, computer 25 x 55 x 10 ft Must be enclosed in a dust free room with humidity Room size, air conditioner 8 x 10 x 12 ft control not to exceed 80% relative humidity at any Floor loading 1,000 Ibs/sq ft time. Must have lightning arrestors, 2 4-wire branch 4,000 Ibs concen max circuits with voltage from either a 208 or 230, 60- Capacity, air conditioner 20 Tons cycle 3 phase 4-wire service line not to exceed + or Weight, computer 17,500 Ibs -10%. Weight, air conditioner 2,100 Ibs USAF Richards-Gebaur AFB Site preparations included existing building, mason­ Power, computer 15.1 KVA ry walls, concrete floor, and wood roof deck with Power, air condit 12.7 Kw 25.8 KVA 0.5 pf automatic water sprinkler. Leveled and tiled floor Volume, computer 3,240 cu ft and removed wood columns. Hung fire resistant insula­ Volume, air conditioner 378 cu ft ted ceiling and installed duct work for air condition­ Area, computer 1,536 sq ft ing. Replaced partitions with fire resistant material. Area, air conditioner 54 sq ft Installed electric lighting and power, and air condi­ Room size, computer 20 ft 4 in x 18 ft 1 in tioning unit. Room size, air conditioner 6 ft x 9 ft USA Red River Arsenal Floor loading 55 Ibs/sq ft Power, air condit 52 Kw 59.1 KVA 0.87 pf Capacity, air conditioner 15 Tons Volume, computer 800 cu ft Weight, computer 8,925 Ibs Volume, air conditioner 3,960 cu ft Weight, air conditioner 2,250 Ibs Area, computer 160 sq ft Air conditioning and soundproofing. Area, air conditioner 330 sq ft Boeing, Wichita Room size, computer 1,200 sq ft Power, 340 Power Unit 12.6 KVA 208 volts .Floor loading 50 Ibs/sq ft Power, 350 Console 3.8 KVA 208 volts Capacity, air conditioner 44 Tons Power, air conditioner 12.0 KVA Weight, computer 19,540 Ibs Volume, computer 380.46 cu ft Weight, air conditioner 14,000 Ibs Volume, air conditioner 68.89 cu ft Air conditioning services an additional 2,000 sq Area, computer 142.67 sq ft ft of machine area. Area, air conditioner 13.77 sq ft USN CNS Floor loading 50 Ibs/sq ft Power, CODlputer 17.6 KVA 230 V. AC Capacity, air conditioner 10 Tons Power, air conditioner 230 V. AC Weight, computer 8,432 Ibs, all components Volume, computer 858 cu ft Weight, air conditioner 1,510 Ibs Area, coml)Uter 143 sq ft The room where the RAMAC is located is a partitioned, Room size, computer 21 ft x 25 ft fireproofed division of a cement vault and provides Room size, air conditioner Ceiling mounted

IBM 305 RAMAC 320 800 square feet of office spage. Th6 allowable tem­ WE Aurora perature variation is from 50 to 90 with humidity Power, computer 11.8 Kw 15.1 KVA 0.80 pf 208V not exceeding 80%. Volume, ccmputer 3,888 cu ft Ford MOtor Canton Area, computer 432 sq ft Power, computer 22,000 Kw 25 KVA 220V 3 phase Room size, computer 18 ft 1 in x 20 ft 4 in Volume, computer 8,640 cu ft Floor loading 50 lbs/sq ft Area, computer 7,200 sq ft 150 lbs concen max Room size, computer 28 ft x 42 ft Weight, computer 8,925lbs. Floor loading 1.3 lbs/sq ft Site preparation included glass and wall partition­ 100.0 lbs cone en max ing, and air conditioning controls in room itself. Capacity, air conditioner 6 Tons Central System WE GPC New York Weight, computer 9,000 lbs Power, computer 12.6 KVA Electrical distributions, exhaust system and neces­ Volume, computer 1,925 cu ft sary fire preventive system. Area, computer 385 sq ft Ford Wayne Room size Large room w/other equipment Power, computer 28.8 Kw 15.1 KVA Floor loading 100 lbs/sq ft Power, air condit 2.3 Kw 47.3 KVA 200 lbs concen max Volume, computer 400 cu ft Weight, computer 11,189 lbs Volume, air conditioner 66.9 cu ft Computer will be located in building now under con­ Area, computer 86 sq ft struction - additional power and floor loading pro­ Area, air conditioner 20 sq ft vided during construction. Room size, comp & air cond 15 ft x 30 ft WE TSD New York Floor loading 50 lbs/sq ft Power, computer 15.7 KVA 2,140 lbs concen max Power, air cond 19.4 Overhead units Capacity, air conditioner 8 Tons (Two GE No. FCA-50) Weight, computer 8,925 lbs Volume, computer 430.9 cu ft Weight, air conditioner 1,050 lbs Volume, air conditioner 210 cu ft SUNOCO Philadelphia Area, computer 92.4 sq ft Power, computer 15 KVA Room size, computer 24 ft x 28 ft Volume, computer 4,000 cu ft Floor loading 150 lbs/sq ft Volume, air conditioner 140 cu ft 1,362 lbs concen max Area, computer 400 sq ft Capacity, air conditioner 10 Tons Area, air conditioner 20 sq ft Weight, computer 9,370 lbs Room size, computer 24 ft x 42 ft Weight, air conditioner 3,000 lbs Capacity, air conditioner 12 Tons The computer is presently installed in leased space. Weight Lbs. A move to our new building is expected in about 6 Key Punch 204 months. The two air conditioning units of 5 tons Key Punch 208 capacity each, are suspended from the ceiling. A Key Punch 208 temporary wooden ramp has been provided to protect Verifier 222 the exposed cables connecting the machines. Afeeder Sorters 492 cable was installed from the ground to the fourth Collator 840 approx. floor. Reproducing 1,289 WE Winston-Salem Tab-off-line 3,286 Power, computer 38.3 Kw 15 KVA Tab-on-line 3,286+ Power, air conditioner 25 KVA Interpreter 770 approx. Volume, computer 402.6 cu ft RAMAC-Console 1,015 Volume, air conditioner 14,400 cu ft Desk Unit 2,140 Area, computer 84.1 sq ft Process Unit 1,945 Area, air conditioner 1,200 sq ft Power 1,810 Floor loading 164.5 lbs/sq ft Punch (RAMAC) 760 631 lbs concen max Site preparation included sound absorbent tile on CapaCity, air conditioner 12 Tons walls, air conditioning added, and power lines added Weight, computer 13,835 lbs with floor outlets. Building perimeter heating removed and insulated SUNOCO Southland Center sound deadening wall installed. Air handling unit Power, computer 9.339 Kw 16.4 KVA 0.57 pf utilizing existing steam and chilled water installed. Volume, computer 3,200 cu ft Extensive rearrangement of personnel and electrical Volume, air conditioner 248 cu ft telephone facilities to provide the necessary space. Area, computer 400 sq ft Special plenums constructed over power units for heat Area, air conditioner 31 sq ft outtake. Floor loading 50 lbs/sq ft Georgia State 100 lbs concen max Power, computer 9. 34 Kw 16.4 KVA 0.57 pf Capacity, air conditioner 7 1/2 Tons Volume, computer 534 cu ft Weight, computer 8,925 lbs Area, computer 161 sq ft Weight, air conditioner 750 lbs Room Size, computer 17 ft x 21 ft Site preparation included electric outlets, supple­ Floor loading 52.4 lbs/sq ft mental air conditioning, and heat discharge plenums. Weight, computer 8,432 lbs Installed in exi sting building modified only to the extent of partitioning the area so that the caQlpUter itself occupies a separate room. Two 100 ampere cir­ cuits for system and exhaust head with 3,000 c~ ft/min fan installed.

321 IBM 305 RAMAC 5 Addn Compg Pos, RPQ E90165 5 10 Character Sel Split, RPQ E90163 15 30 wjp Cycle Overlap, RPQ E90164 25 25 PRODUCTION RECORD Latch Selectors, RPQ E90174 10 20 Manufacturer Single Dist 41 to 80, RPQ E90171 18 18 Time required for delivery 8 months 323 T 1rack, RPQ M86989 115 115 5 Blank Trans Sel Pos, RPQ 79638 5 10 Simult Rec Adv Pgm Adv, RPQ w86833 30 30 Tracks $ and *, RPQ E94512 17 17 COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES Dbl Punch Blank Col Detect 300 8 48 Manui'acturer Grp 4 Five Pos Co Selectors 705 5 25 Basic System Digit Selector 275 5 5 305 Processing unit $189,950, or 3,200/month and Group 5 Two Pos Pilot Select 703 10 20 350 Disk Storage unit up, (printed output) Digit Selector 275 5 5 370 Printer Group 5 Two Pos Pilot Select 703 10 20 323 Card Punch $167,850, or 2,875/month and Dbl Punch Blank Col Detect 300 8 48 380 Console up, (punched card output) Grp 4 Five Pos Co Selectors 705 5 25 340 Power Supply Dual Access, RPQ M90487 850 850 Details available on request. Auto Address Conv, RPQ E90l70 35 35 USA LOD Aux: Card Counter, RPQ E90162 15 15 $12,297 basic prime shift rental per month. $1,571 USA Medical Depot 305 Processing Unit Lot No.2, Basic System No. 1820 323 Card Punch Unit Price Amount/ 340 Power Supply MOdel Type per Month Month 350 Disk Storage RAMAC Processing 1 305 $1,250 $1,250 380 Console Unit 407 Printer Card Punch 1 323 225 225 Total Monthly Rental Cost: $4,510/month Card Punch 1 323 225 225 Additional Equipment Disk Storage 13 350 1,550 1,550 3 024 Card Punches Console 1 380 400 400 3 056 Card Verifiers Power Unit 1 340 325 325 2 083 Sorters Total $3,975 1 077 Collator 1 088 Collator Lot No.2, Additional Equipment System No. 1820 2 519 Document Originating Machines Unit Price Amount/ 1 557 Interpreter MOdel per MOnth MOnth 2 407 Accounting Machines Addn Char Sel Pos 128 $ 2 $ 2 Total Monthly Rental Cost: $3, 273/month Addn Cycle Delay Units 244 10 10 USA Mt Rainier Ord D Char Sel 1 Grp of 6 Spl 130 5 5 Basic System Pos Each system $4,000/month. Addn Latch Selectros 722 10 30 Additional Equipment Addn Gp Dbl Dist 284 8 8 Each system $2,472/month. Addn Process Tracks 610 10 20 USA Raritan Prog Entry Isolation 613 25 25 Lot No. 1 Basic System No. 1819 Program Exit Split 614 15 15 Unit Price Amount/ Printer Output Track 607 5 5 MOdel Type per MOnth MOnth 2nd Addn Gp Db1 Dist, RPQ E 90172 10 20 RAMAC Processing 1 305 $1,250 $1;250 5 Addn Compg Pos, RPQ E90165 5 10 Unit Character Sel Split, RPQ E90163 15 30 Card Punch 1 323 225 225 W/P Cycle Overlap, RPQ E90164 25 25 Card Punch 1 323 225 225 Latch Selectors, RPQ E90174 10 20 Disk Storage 14 350 1,600 1.600 Single Dist 41 to 80, RPQ E90171 18 18 Console 1 380 400 '400 323 T Track, RPQ M86989 115 115 Power Unit 1 340 325 325 5 Blank Trans Sel Pos, RPQ 79638 5 10 $4,025 Simult Rec Adv Pgm Adv, RPQ W86833 30 30 Tracks $ and *, RPQ E94512 17 17 Lot No. 1 Additional Equipment System No. 1819 Db1 Punch Blank Col Detect 300 8 48 Unit Price Amount/ Grp 4 Five Pas Co Selectors 705 5 25 Model per MOnth MOnth Digit Selector 275 5 5 Addn Char Sel Pos 128 $ 2 $ 2 Group 5 Two Pas Pilot Selec 703 10 20 Addn Cycle Delay Units 244 10 10 Digit Selector 275 5 5 Char Sel 1 Grp of 6 130 5 5 Grp 5 Two Pos Pilot Select 703 10 20 Spl Pos Db1 Punch Blank Col Select 300 8 48 Addn Lstch Selectors 722 10 30 Grp 4 Five Pas Co Selectors 705 5 25 Addn Gp Dbl Dist 284 8 8 Dual Access, RPQ M90487 (E93455) 850 850 Addn Process Tracks 610 10 20 Auto Address Conv, RPQ E90168 35 35 Frog Entry Isolation 613 25 25 Aux: Card Counter, RPQ E90162 15 15 Program Exit Split 614 15 15 Total $1,531 Printer Output Track 607 5 5 Disk Storage Control 282 80 80 (MOdel 14) 2nd Addn Gp Dbl Dist 10 20 RPQ E90172

IBM 305 RAMAC 322 USA Red River Arsenal Type/Model or Unit Total Device Code ~ Descri,Etion g!:z ~ ~ Basic Equipment for Red River Arsenal. 305 1. Processing Units 2 $ 1250 $ 2500 323 1 Card Punches 2 225 450 323 2 Card Punches 2 225 450 607 T Tracks 2 5 10 273511. M86989 323 on T Track 2 11.5 230 340 1. Power Units 2 325 650 350 1.3 Disk storage 1 1550 1550 350 1.4 Disk storage 1 1600 1600 350 1.4 Disk Storage (Third File) 1 1600 1600 282 Disk Storage Control 1 80 80 27278l w88425 Disk Storage Control (Third File) 1 ll5 l15 380 1 Consoles 2 "400 800 Dual Systems Control 1 Included in Disk Storage pric. M90487 Dual Access Arms for Model 13 1 850 850 M90487 Dual Access Arms for Model 1.4 1 850 850 M90487 Dual. Access Arms for Model 14 (Third File) 1 850 850 Special. Devices Type 305 Computer 263601 79275 Automatic Inquiry Address Conversion 2 $ 35 $ 70 l28 Character Selectors - 3 Additional Positions 2 2 4 244 Cycle Delays - 1 Group - 15 Additional 2 10 20 l30 Character Selectors - 1 Group of 6 Special. Positions X-No X, 0- No 0 2 5 10 722 Latch Selectors - 3 Groups - 10 @ $lO per group 2 30 60 27640l 73009 Latch Selectors - 2 Groups @ $10 per group 2 $ 20 $ 40 284 Double Distributors - 1 Group of 20 2 8 l6 270801 77106 Double Distributors - 2 Groups of 20 @ $10 2 20 40 21l60l 71105 Single Distributors - 2 Groups of 20 @ $9 2 18 36 610 Processing Tracks - 4 Additional (2 Groups @ $10) 2 20 40 614 Program Exit Splits 2 15 30 613 Program Entry Isolation 2 25 50 266401 79639 Comparing Units - lO Additional Positions @ $5 per group ot 5 2 1.0 20 275001 85259 Ex! t Cycle - To cycle overlap 2 25 50 27720l 81468 Character Selector Splits 2 30 60 26560l 79638 Blank Transmission Selectors - 2 Additional Groups @ $5 per group of 5 2 lO 20 82365 Erase on Transfer 2 10 20 277001 W86833 Simul taneous Impulse of Record Advance and Program Advance 2 30 60 W90592 W X Processing Tracks 2 25 50 w90592 Y Z Processing Tracks 2 25 50 ¥i90592 / U Processing Tracks 2 25 50 W90592 $ * Working Storage Tracks 2 17 34 Type 323 Card Punch

300 60 Additional DPBC @ $8 each 10 4 48 192 703 2 Groups 5-2 Position Pilot Selectors @ $10 per group 4 20 80 705 5 Groups 4-5 Position Co- Selectors @ $5 per group 4 25 100 275 Digit Selectors 4 5 20 TOTAL RENTAL $ l3,801 323 IBM 305 RAMAC USN CNS Boeing, Wichita Rental Rates for Basic System Basic System Machine Name Monthly Rental 305 Processing Unit $74,270 305 Processing Unit $1,726.00 340 Power Unit 24,700 323 Card Punch 270.00 380 Console 28,400 3ho Power Unit 325·00 Total $127,370 350 Disk Storage, Mdl II 1,050.00 Additional Equipment 350 Disk Storage, Mdl l2 1,100.00 323 Card Punch $12,580 h07 Prj.nter 1,oh2.50 350 Disk Storage 34,500 380 Console 495.00 370 Printer 22,100 Rental Rates for Additional Equipment Total $69,180 3i31 Remote Inquiry Station 208.00 System is not purchased. 1926 Remote Inquiry Station 250.00 Basic System Hourly Rates Maintenance service included in rental contract. 305 Processing Unit $7.83 $3.13 (Off-shiftj Hamilton AFB 340 Power Unit 1.85.74 (off-shift Actual Cost per month. 380 Console 2.27. 91 (off - shift Component Basic Use Charge Basic Use Additional Equipment Hourly Rates 305 Processing Unit $1,564 176 Hrs. 323 Card Punch $1.31 $ .52 (off-shift) 323 Card Punch 333 176 Hrs. 350 Disk Storage 3.69 1.48 (off-shift) 340 Power Supply 325 176 Hrs. 370 Printer 1.99 .80 (off-shift) 350 Disk Storage 650 176 Hrs. Ford Motor 350 Disk Storage 700 176 Hrs. Basic System 370 Printer 360 176 Hrs. $4,800 monthly contract, 176 hours/month. 380 Console 400 176 Hrs. Additional Equipment $1,600 monthly contract, 176 hours/month. $4,332 Ford, Wayne NOTE: Extra use charges average slightly over $2,000 Basic system $3,900 per month, including Type 370 per month for a total rental of $6,332 per month. Printer, 323 Punch, 305 Process Unit, and 380 Type­ 026 Printing Card Punch writer and Reader. 056 Verifier Additional EqUipment 082 Sorter Type 407 Accounting Machine $1,135 per month 089 Collator Type 523 Sunnnary Punch 85 per month. 407 Accounting Machine SUNOCO Philadelphia 519 Originating Machine 1 024 Key Punch 40.00 552 Interpreter 1 026 Key Punch 60.00 1 026 Key Punch 63.00 Machines are used jointly with Statistical Services, 1 056 Verifier 50.00 a total of $1,442 per month is for supply use only. 2 082 Sorters 55.00 ea. Offutt .AFB 1 085 Collator 125.00 The 305 Processing Unit, 323 Card Punch, 340 Power 1 514 Reproducing 149.00 Unit, 350 Disk Storage, 370 Printer, 380 Console, cost 1 407 Tab-off-line 835.00 $199,550 and rents at $3,600/month. 1 407 Tab-on-line 1,067.50 The additional equipment cost $18,418 and rents at 1 548 Interpreter 100.00 $443/month. Maintenance cost $494. 75/month. 1 380 RAMAC-Console 400.00 The additional equipment consists of: 1 350 Desk Unit 1,050.00 2 Gps of 5 Addn Comparing Positions 1 305 Process Unit 1,555.00 2 Gps of 2 Addn Work Processing Tracks 1 340 Power 325·00 2 Gps of Addn 20 Single Position Distributors 1 323 Punch (RAMAC) 24·5.00 3 Gps of 20 Addn Double Distributors }+ Gps of 10 Addn Double Position Latch Selectors Excise Tax 596.00 1 Gp of 3 Addn Character Selectors Penna. Sales Tax 270.82 1 Gp of 15 Addn Cycle Delays Total $7, ohl. 32 1 Program Exist Split 1 X No X Bit and Zero no Zero Bit Selectors SUNOCO Southland Center 2 Gps of 5 Addn Blank Transmission Selectors Basic System 1 Character Selector Split 305 Processing Unit, 323 Card Punch, 340 Power Supply, :1 Division 350 Disk Storage, 370 Printer, and 380 Console rents 1 Program Entry Isolation at $3, 833/month. 1 Multiple Record Transfer Additional EqUipment 1 Checking Multiple Record Transfer 08 3 Sorter, 077 Collator, 407 Printer, and 514 Summary 1 Compare Search Punch rents at $1, 432/month. 2 Gps of 5 Two Pos Pilot Selectors WE Aurora 1 Gp of 4 Five Pos Co Selectors Basic System Per Month 3 Gps of 10 Double Punch 305 Processing Unit $1,250 1. Cipher to Replace Numeric Zero 323 Card Punch 225 USAF Richards-Gebaur AFB 350 Disc Storage Unit 650 IBM 305, 340, 380, 323, 350, and 370 rents at $50,910 340 Power Supply 325 :per year. 380 Console 400 370 Printer 350 $3,200

IBM 305 RAMAC 324 Additional Equipment USA Medical Depot 284 (20) Double Distributor $ 8 Three 8-Hour Shifts 609 Printer Output Track 5 Used Recommended 610 Additional Processing Track 10 Supervi SOl'S 7 7 613 Program Isolation 25 Programmers 2 2 722 Additional Selectors 10 Coders 2 2 614 Split Program Exits 15 Clerks 3 3 128 Additional Character Selectors 2 Operators 10 10 Additional Blank Transmission 5 Engineers 1 1 l80 In-Output Opel' 1 1 Plus 10% Federal excise tax. Methods of training used includes IBM Customer WE GPC New York Education Program and on-the-job training. 305, 340, 380, 370, 232, and 407 rents at $70,250 Louisville Medical Depot utilizes an integrated per year. system of RAMAC 305 and conventional IBM electrical WE TSD New York accounting machines. All major program applications The 305 Process Unit, 350 File Unit, 380 Console, are dependent on the availability of both types of 340 Power Unit, and 323 Card Punch rent at $3,554 equipment. Two (2) personnel only are assigned. full per month plus 13% tax. time to operation of the RAMAC 305 and these ate The 797 Reader Punch rents at $1,100 per month, included in the figures. All other per sonnel are plus 13% tax. involved in operations as they pertain to RAMAC 305 WE Winston-Salem and/or conventional electrical accounting machines. The IBM 305, IBM 323, IBM 3401 IBM 350, IBM 407 The engineer is furnished by IBM at no charge. (on line), and IBM 380 rent at ~7,018. USA Mt Rainier Ord D The IBM 085 (2), IBM 553, IBM 514 (2), IBM 407, One 8-Hour Two 8-Hour IBM 083, IBM 024 (2), and IBM 056 (2) rent at $957 Shift Shifts monthly. Used Recomm Used Recomm Georgia State Monthly Supervisors 2 2 2 2 Type Description Rental Cost Analysts 1 2 305 RAMAC $1,250 Programmers 4 5 289 Direct Division Device 45 Clerks 1 1 323 Card Punch 225 Librarians 1 1 340 Power Supply 325 Operators 2 3 2 350 Disk Storage 650 Engineers 1 IBM Corp 370 Printer 350 In-Output Opel' 2 2 2 380 Console 400 Programmers and console operators are women, very Additional Equipment capable. 402 Accounting Machine 195 Methods of training used includes aptitude tests, 514 Reproducing Punch 70 schooling three (3) weeks under direction of IBM, 026 Printing Card Punch 60 additional six (6) weeks on special features, and. 082 Sorter 40 one (1) year on-the-job for productive programming, Monthly rates less 60%. coding and control panel wiring. USA Raritan Two 8-Hour Shifts Used Recommended PERSONNEL REQU I REMENTS Supervisors 4 4 Manufacturer Analysts 5 5 Number of people needed to define and develop a Programmers 3 3 program depends on complexity of application. How­ Clerks 2 2 ever, once programmed and running, one operator per Operators 4 4 shift can handle feeding of cards and removal of In-Output Opel' 2 2 printed reports. Coding is an integral part of programming, there­ Training made available at Educational Centers and fore, coders are not shown as a personnel requirement. local branch offices in principal cities. Engineers and technicians are supplied by th

IBM 305 RAMAC USN CNS Ford Motor Canton Two 8-Hour Shifts First 8-Hour Second 8-Hour Third 8-Hour Used Recommended Shift Shift Shift Supervisors 1 1 Supervisors 1 Analysts 2 2 Analysts 1 Programmers 4 4 Programmers 1 Operators 3 3 Coders 2 2 1 Methods of training include manufacturer's training Clerks 2 courses and on-the-job training. IJi brarians 1 Hamilton AFB Operators 2 1 One 8-Hour Shift Operation tends toward open shop. Used Recommended Methods of training used includes International Supervisors 1 1 Business Machine Corporation specialized training :Programmers 2 2 and local programs. Coders 3 3 Ford, Wayne Clerks 7 7 One 8-Hour Shift Two 8-Hour Shifts Engineers On call when operating Used Recomm Used Recomm In-Output Oper 2 2 Supervisors 1 1 Clerks are key punch operators (4) and input and Programmers 2 2 output (3) clerks. Coders 2 2 Customer Service Engineer is on call when operating. Operators 1 1 1 1 A full second 8-hour shift is not used. Operation tends toward open shop. Operation tends toward open shop. Methods of training used includes IBM Specialized Methods of training used includes formal on-the­ School. ,job (OJT) and formal classroom when required by pro­ SUNOCO Philadelphia gram or system changes. One 8-Hour Shift Offutt AFB Supervisors 1 First 8-Hour Second 8-Hour Third 8-Hour Operators 2 Shift Shift Shift 4 analyst-programmers prepared original system and U R U R U R program. They are not part of the department opera­ Supervisor 1 1 1 1 1 1 ting RAMAC. Coders 3 3 2 2 1 1 Operation tends toward closed shop. J.Jibrarian 1 1 1 1 1 1 Methods of training used includes a 2 week IBM Operator 2 2 1 1 1 1 school and on-the-job instruction. Engineers Contractor Personnel on call SUNOCO Southland Center Technician Contractor Personnel on call One 8-Hour Shift EDP program within SAC is controlled by the EDP Used Recommended Development Group assigned by SAC Hq. All programmers Supervisors 1 1 for supply application of EDP within SAC are assigned Analysts 1 2 to this Development Group. No programmers are assign­ Programmers 1 2 ed base level. Engineers and techs are on call 24 Clerks 1 1 hours a day from contractor service. Operators 1 1 Methods of training includes 8 week formal class­ Operation tends toward open shop. room training for console supervisors and operators. Methods of training used includes Equipment Supplier 2 week course for high level supervisors and managers. Schools and on-the-job training. No directed on-the-job training. We only contemplate single shift operations at this USA}' Richards-Gebaur AFB time. One 8-Hour Shift WE Aurora Used Recommended One 8-Hour Shift Supervisors 1 Supervisors 1 Programmers 2 3 Analysts 1 Coders 2 3 Programmers 1 Operators 3 3 Operators 1 In-Output Oper 4 4 Operation tends toward open shop. Operation tends toward open shop. Methods of training used includes selected employ­ Methods of training used includes on-the-job train­ ees with previous EAM experience and/or aptitude, ing and IBM school. attendance at IBM Educational Centers, and extended Boeing, Wichita de-bugging recording of common errors. First 8-Hour Second 8-Hour Third 8-Hour Views may change. Above based on four months of Shift Shift Shift "machinell experience. U R U R U R WE GPC New York Supervisor 1 One 8-Hour Shift Programmer 4 Supervisors 1 Operator 3 Analysts 2 In-Output Oper 2 Programmers 1 Six keypunch operators prepare the input cards from Clerks 16 source documents. Up to 22 different transactions Operators 2 are handled in a normal day's processing. Methods of training used includes IBM schools and Operation tends toward closed shop. two week class conducted by supervisor. Methods of training used includes IBM schools and on-the-job training.

IBM 305 RAMAC 326 WE TSD New York After six (6) weeks of operation programmers and One 8-Hour Shift off-line operational errors were decreasing, likewise Supervisors 2 machine down time and errors due to machine. Analysts 5 USA Raritan Programmers 8 Good time 59 Hours/Week (Average) ~~~~s 2 Attempted to run time 70 Hours/Week (Average) The computer is normally used on a single shift ~erating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.84 basis. The size of the staff is due to the high Above figures based on period 23 Mar 60 to 5 Apr 60 percentage of development work done on the computer. Passed Customer Acceptance Test 5 Apr 60 ~eration tends toward open shop. Time is available for rent to qualified outside or­ Methods of training used includes staff training ganizations. program (learn Distributing House Operation). Time The above time is based on a 16 hour shift because required is up to one year. IBM Program School for two computers are involved. They are tied together 305 RAMAC is two weeks. Apprentice period is from 6 with dual control, dual access devices making one months to a year. system. WE Winston-Salem The period designated is for the standard of per­ One 8-Hour Shift formance GSA contract. Supervisors 1 Latest information on reliability, operating exper­ Analysts 2 Programmers ience and time availability: 3 Good time 209 Hours/Week (Average) 1 ~erators Attempted to run time 255 Hours/Week (Average) In-Output ~er 5 Operating ratio 0.82 Methods of training used includes manufacturer's school and on-the-job training. Above figures based on period 1 Apr 60 to 30 Apr 60 The above information is based on two computers Georgia State scheduled for 24 hours during the testing and de­ One 8-Hour Shift Used Recommended bugging, file load and conversion period. No opera­ tional experience to date. Supervisors 1 1 USA Red River Arsenal Programmers 1 2 Good time 147 Hours/Week (Average) Clerks 1 1 Attempted to run time 157 Hours/Week (Average) Operators 0 1 Operation tends toward closed shop. Operating ratio 0.936 Methods of training used includes IBM schools and Above figures based on period 1 Mar 60 to 31 Mar 60 on-the-job training. Passed Customer Acceptance Test 29 Feb 60 Time is not available for rent to outside organiza- tions.

RELIABI LlTY p OPERATING EXPERIENCE, USN CNS AND TIME AVAILABILITY Average error-free running period 20 Hour$ Manufacturer Good time 112 Hours/Week (Average) System features and construction techniques utilized Attempted to run time 118 Hours/Week (Average) by the manufacturer to insure required reliability Operating ratio 0.95 Above figures based on period 1 Jan 60 to 30 Jun 60 includes internal machine checking for correct char­ Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ acter transfers. Arms retract during data altera­ tions. tions, disk heads float on air and lift off surface with power failure, designed to operate correctly Original machine with 5,000,000 characters of random with marginal voltage, selected components, final access storage was installed February 1958. Storage was expanded to 10,000,000 characters in November testing during manufacturing, and by customer engi­ neers. Availability is better than 85% average for 1958. installed systems. In March 1960 a new, double density machine with USA LOD 20,000,000 characters random access storage waS in­ Passed Customer Acceptance Test 15 Jun 60 stalled and accepted to replace original equipment. Hamilton AFB Time is not available for rent to outside organiza- tions. Average error-free running period No average error­ free period known. Machine is so reliable that USA Medical Depot it will not make any errors for weeks at time and Good time 34.5 Hours/Week (Average) then one or two errors could happen at any time. Attempted to run time 35 Hours/Week (Average) Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to tun time) 0.98 Good time 95 Hours/Week (Average) Attempted to run time 102 Hours/Week (Average) Above figures based on period 1 Jul 59 to 31 Mar 60 Operating ratio 0.93 Passed Customer Acceptance Test Apr 58 Above figures based on period from Jul 59 to Apr 60 Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Passed Customer Acceptance Test Feb 58 tions. System has operated without mechanical error during Time is not available for rent to outside organiza- the period on which figures are based. tions. Offutt AFB USA Mt Rainier Ord D Average error-free running period Fair during 1st Good time 72 Hours/Week (Average) Attempted to run time 78 Hours/Week (Average) two weeks Good time 60 Hours/Week (Average) Operating ratio 0.927 Above figures based on period 1 Jan 60 to 31 Jan 60 Attempted to run time 60 Hours/Week (Average) Passed Customer Acceptance Test May 58 ~erating ratio Good after five weeks in operation Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Above figures based on period 27 Jun 60 to 5 Aug 60 tions. Passed Customer Acceptance Test 24 May 60 Time is not available for rent to outside organization

327 IBM 305 RAMAC USAF Richards-Gebaur AFB Georgia State Average error-free running period 48 Hours Good time 37 Hoursjweek (Average) G·ood time 48 Hoursjweek (Average) Attempted to run time 40 Hours/Week (Average) Attempted to run time 48 Hours/Week (Average) Operating ratio 0.925 Operating ratio 1.0 Above figures based on period 1 Jun 60 to 30 Jun 60 Above figures based on period 1 Feb 60 to 30 Apr 60 Passed Customer Acceptance Test 1 Jan 60 Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Time is available for rent to qualified outside or­ tions. ganizations. Boeing, Wichita As a new installation dedicated to education, our Average error-free running period 28.18 current policy restricts use of the machine to teach­ Good time 121.20 Hours/Week (Average) ing and research. This policy is subject to change. Attempted to run time 139.43 Hours/Week (Average) Operating ratio 0.8693 Above figures based on period 1 Mar 60 to 31 Mar 60 Passed Customer Acceptance Test 10 Jun 58 ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Manufacturer tions. Outstanding features includes random access to Ford Motor Canton large capacity disk storage of up to 20 million al­ Average error-free running period 72 Hours phanumeric characters, variable record length, and Good time 37 Hoursjweek (Average) stored program coupled with control panel logic. Attempted to run time 42 Hours/Week (Average) Unique system advantages include the ability to Operating ratio 0.88 process data in-line as transactions occur and main­ Above figures based on period 4:00 am Monday to 8:00 tain current records for examination by inquj.ry at am Saturday any time. ]~ssed Customer Acceptance Test 1 Oct 59 Procedures for magnetic tape labelling, storing, Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ shipping, and protection from humidity, temperature, tions. electrical, fire, or other damage are the same as ]j'ord, Wayne for 700-7000 Systems using magnetic tape. Good time 50 Hoursjweek (Average) Many special features have been engineered to make Attempted to run time 52 Hoursjweek (Average) RAMAC a flexible machine for in-line processing. It Operating ratio 0.96 can be tailored to all applications as a result. Above figures based on period 15 Mar 60 to 15 Apr 60 USA LOD Passed Customer Acceptance Test Nov 59 Outstanding features include compatibility with SUNOCO Philadelphia present punch card applications and random access. Good time 40 Hours/Week (Average) Acquisition of IBM 305 RAMAC Systems for Ordnance Attempted to run time 40 Hours/Week (Average) distribution depots is identified as an interim pro­ Operating ratio 1.0 gram. If so, it is a unique method of transition Above figures based on period 1 Jul 60 to 26 Aug 60 from basic punch card concepts to more sophisticated Passed Customer Acceptance Test Nov 59 equipment which enable installations to grow into it Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ rather than experience the turmoil that usuaJ~y tions. accompanies the installation of radically new systems. WE Aurora USA Medical Depot Good time 12 Hoursjweek (Average) Outstanding features include faster, more accurate Attempted to run time 12.25 Hours/Week (Average) reporting; provides up-to-the-minute supply control Operating ratio 0.979 data on stocked items as required, provides for con­ Above figures based on period 1 May 60 to 31 Jul 60 siderable expansion without the need for additional Passed Customer Acceptance Test 1 May 60 personnel or equipment. Provides complete flexibil­ Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ ity of operations. tions. USA Mt Rainier Ord D Reliability of above figures may be questionable. Outstanding features include storage of records, Machine experience limited to eleven weeks of "on quick access, self checking accurate output, faster, hands" operation. access time, accurate record keeping, and accurate WE TSD New York processing of input. Operating ratio 0.91 Humidity and temperature control according to spec­ Above figure based on period 16 Jun 59 to 30 Jun 60 ifications are provided for magnetic tape. Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ tions. Configuration of Equipment WE Winston-Salem G-ood time 46 Hoursjweek (Average) 34c 305 Compres 380 Com 380 340 305 Attempted to run time 51 Hoursjweek (Average) sor pres sor Operating ratio 0.903 323 323 Above figures based on period from Jun 60 to present Passed Customer Acceptance Test Mar 52 ?Q3 350 350 323 Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Master Slave tions.

305 Processing Unit 350 Disk Storage Unit 380 Console 340 Power Unit 323 Card Punch

IBM 305 RAMAC USA Raritan Differentiating Punches. Outstanding features are random access machine, The Punch hubs located at co-ordinates AX, 33-36 stock transactions and financial inventory account­ are associated exclusively with the "s" output track. ing updated concurrently, and system permits immediate Those located at AW, 33-36 are associated exclusive­ inquiries of data held in bulk storage files. ly with the "T" output track. IBM RAMAC 305 System Configuration Communication with the punch panels. Overall System The Punch Communication hubs located at Y-AF, 1 Two identical IBM RAMAC 305 Processing Units are are associated with the "T"-track punch, and those interconnected through the Dual Processing Feature. at Y-AF, 5, with the "S"-track punch. Two Double Density RAMAC Disk Storage Files are Other Features on Central Processing Units accessible to each Processing Unit for a total file Exit Cycle-To-Cycle Overlap ("W/P Overlap") capacity of 20,000,000 alphanumeric characters in Simultaneous Record Advance/Program Advance 200,000 spearately addressable locations. The Record Advance In-Delayed hub at AH, 3 is Two access arms are available to each Processing associated with this feature. The other two Record Unit for addressing each RAMAC file. Thus, each Advance in hubs (AH, 1-2) are used for normal record RAMAC file unit contains four access arms. advancing. Two IBM 323 Card Punch Units are attached to each 323 Card Punch Control Panel Processing Unit instead of the usual combination of Double Punch-Blank Column Detection: 80 positions one 323 Card Punch and one 370 Printer. (Total) Drum Tracks Pilot Selectors (2-position): 10 (Total) Stored Program or Processing (20 tracks): 0 through Co-Selectors (5-position): 20 (Total) 9 and A through I Digit Selectors: 2 (Total) Processing (10 tracks): NOTE: The 323's are not equipped with the Offset WXYZU/.#$* Stacking Device. Input, Output, or Processing (4 tracks): K S T Q USA Red River Arsenal One 323 Card Punch on each 305 will be Outstanding features include dual process, double associated with the "s" output track and the other, density, extra processing tracks. Unique system with the "T" output track. advantages include additional plugboard functions, Accumulator Track (addressable as L or M) erase on transfer, simultaneous record advance and Multiplicand Track (addressable as V) program advance. Process Control Panel Features USN CNS Split Program Exists feature has control hubs at Outstanding features are fast random access to a co-ordinate C, 23-26. large colume of stored records, and in-line process­ Dual Processing Interlock Suspend hubs are located ing which involves the access, use and updating of at co-ordinates A, 37-38. several records in one pass rather than several Dual access control hubs are located at C, 27-31. separate, sequential operations. Character Selectors: Hamilton AFB Number 1 (48 exits) The outstanding features are that the Processing Numbers 2-13 . (13 exits each) Section has the ability to read or write in storage Special X, No-X (3 test positions) unit, transfer information between machine units, Special O{ No-O (3 test positions) compare information and perform arithmetic functions. Comparing Units: 20 (Total) There is random access to any record. Uses stored Blank Transmission Test Selectors: 15 (Total) program instructions and wired control panel logic. Units Counter. This is a visible counter located Additional storage units may be added to increase within the Process Control Panel enclosure and reset memory capability. manually. Hubs S, 8-9 labelled "CTR" will accept Adopted procedures for magnetic tape labelling, program exit impulses to cause an advance of 1 in. storage, shipping, and protection from humidity, the counter. temperature and phySical, electrical, fire, or other Cycle Delays: 30 (Total) damage include: Latch-type selectors (2-position): 60 (Total) Vibration: withstand vibration up to 0.25G. (G Group A Selectors 1-10 is gravitational acceleration) B 11-20 Stray Magnetic Field: Stray magnetic field in C 21-30 excess of 50 oersteds will affect the magnetic flux D 31-40 on the disk surfaces. E 41-50 Temperature and Humidity: Must be maintained be­ F 51-60 tween 50 and 90 degrees F. entering the RAMAC unit. The humidity of the air in the RAMAC area must be (NOTE: Each selector group has a corresponding maintained under 80% relative at all times. RESET hub.) Air Filtration: Normal filtration of the area Double Distributors: 120 (Total) for dust control can be met with filters that have 40, Numbered 1 through 40 an efficiency rating of 20% by the National Bureau 40, Numbered 81 through 120 of Standards discoloration test method. 40, Numbered 121 through 160 Offutt AFB Single Distributors: 80 (Total) Outstanding features are alphanumeric capability with 40, Numbered 41 through 80 variable word length up to 100 digits with binary 40, Numbered 161 through 200 coded decimal character code and random proceSSing Automatic Inquiry Address Conversion. of transactions by direct addressing. Related hubs are located at AX, 39-40 USAF Richards-Gebaur AFB Program Entry Isolation feature isolates Program The unique system advantage is the random access Advance hubs as well as Hundreds, Tens, and Units memory. Program Entry hubs.

329 IBM 305 RAMAC Boeing, Wichita editing purposes and with tape output for 1401 pro­ Outstanding features are that it allows for true cessing, a completely integrated system will be random access of any record at an average speed of possible. 600 milliseconds per record and general purpose USN CNS programming makes possible an in-line system of Plans for system improvement include increased pro­ processing. cessing speed through improved programming, output A 10-ton all-season air conditioning unit automa­ redesigned to use Standard Navy forms, and reduction tically controls humidity and temperature. Hourly in clerical/filing areas through redesigned output. inspection by a member of the Fire Marshall's Office Hamilton AFB during third shift, weekends and holidays is added A new program is under development at the present protection from physical, electrical, fire and other time that will more fully utilize the capabilities damage. of the 305. The new program will contain the follow­ Ford Motor Canton ing: Outstanding features are random access to disc stor­ Automatic recomputation of stock control levels age and limited files - high storage content. at re-order point. Ford, Wayne In-line special levels computation. ()utstanding features include a large storage capacity, Establishment and management of inviolate levels. very rapid availability of stored data, and a number Intra-account transfers and automatic selection of output documents and/or cards obtainable from one of interchangeable items. input card. Internal inventory accounting monetary (lAM) with SUNOCO Southland Center assignment of lAM transaction codes and functional Outstanding features include large capacity random expense and general ledger code. access storage and in-line data processing. Output of cards for cost distribution. WE Aurora Output of obligation cards for stock fund and Outstanding features are disc file, with direct local purchase items. record access. Self balancing daily transaction register. Disc file is punched into tab cards occasionally Internal stock balance and consumption reports. as a disaster file. In addition, a new 305 will be installed with the WE TSD New York latest configuration components that increase process­ ~[,he outstanding features are that the random access ing speed and logic capability. magnetic file permits each transaction effecting an USAF Richards-Gebaur AFB :ltem in stock to be processed in line, Le., as the It is planned to convert to a new system in accord­ transaction occurs and the 797 Reader Punch permits ance with Section 23, Volume II, AFM 67-1. punching and punch checking of data in the input Boeing, Wichita card, which saves cards. We are planning for installation of double density Georgia State (10,000,000 characters). Outstanding features are quick access to large stor­ WE Aurora age unit and random access storage. Planned applications include payroll, complete pro­ WE Winston-Salem duction control of all elements of relay manufacture, Outstanding features are increased processing speeds, departmental and shop summary of payment and account­ 407 on line printer, additional 10,000,000 digits ing results, and production control of commercial of disk storage, and dual process (two arms). screw manufacture. WE GPC New York future plans include performance of linear programs and multiple correlations for forecasting and main­ FUTURE PLANS tenance of item and price catalogues. USA Medical Depot WE TSD New York ~lture applications include fiscal accounting, cost An IBM 305 System with 20 million characters of accounting (ACMS) and civilian payroll and personnel magnetic file storage and the 797 Reader Punch is accounting. installed at the Illinois Distributing House in West USA Raritan Chicago, Illinois. This system will replace a stand­ It is proposed by this installation to install an ard IBM 305 System operated by the Illinois Bell RCA 501 Computer for two complex and high volume Telephone Company at the Illinois Distributing House. applications, Ordnance Supply Analysis Agency (Statis­ The initial application is the preparation of the tical Analysis) and Field Service Division (National customers' orders and billing. Approximately half of Inventory Control Point). This is independent of the the volume of the input data will be punched using present installation (IBM 305). the Dataphone III system of transmission. The custo­ The successful assimilation of logistic require­ mers supply employee has been equipped with the Data­ ments by the present computer installation may permit phone III Card Reader and a set of item cards at his the extension of this system to include some finance normal work location. To place an order, he tele­ and accounting applications, (Ordnance Corps Manage­ phones the Data Center at the Distributing House, ment System, Stock Fund Accounting) and/or the devel­ which is equipped with Dataphone III receiving equip­ opment of personnel statistics. ment. He feeds the card reader one card at a time, Plans are being formulated to improve data collec­ wh~ch duplicates this data at the Data Center. Then tion and data transmission facilities. he keys in the variable data. such as the desired USA Red River Arsenal quantity which punches variable data in the card at Plans for the present RAMAC System include addition the Data Center. This receiving equipment normally of tape uni.ts for utilization of tape input-output operates unattended. The remaining orders are tele­ and for possible utilization of Type 1401 equipment phoned to keypunch operators equipped with headsets, to process tape output. Feasibility studies on 1401 are mailed in, or received by teletype. equipment have just begun. It is anticipated tha~ All phases of material ordering control and customer RAMAC will be used for several years for availability return material procedures effecting the warehousing, repair shop and the customer are expected to be pro-

IBM 305 RAMAC 330 cessed through the computer. The emphasis is to An in-line printer such as the IBM 407 is desir- establish operational limits which eliminate the able on certain applicarions, and is expected to necessity for management to review transactions fall- be added to our IBM 305 System. ing within the acceptable limits. A broader objec- For the future, a study is underway to determine tive is to plan the operations of our computers so the feasibility of using an IBM 1401 System equipped that the data is available and compatable with data with a large random access file. processing equipment in other organizations in the Georgia State Bell System. Future plans call for eventual replacement of exist- A similar installation with smaller file capacity ing equipment with an IBM 1620 - 1401 System (or has been ordered for the Westchester Distributing its equivalent), with the possible addition of a House in Yonkers, N_e_w~Y~0~r~k~. ______-r.~M7~~-rR~0~y~al~_M~c_B~e~e_LG~P __ 3~O~.~ ______WE Winston-Salem Computer On Order Qty Application Remarks IBM 305 RAMAC 1 Production and Storeroom To be located at Burlington Plant Inventory Control IBM Card 1401 2 Payroll and Accounting To be located in Winston-Salem, and will records, Production Control replace one 650 computer presently in­ records, Quality Assurance, stalled. Scheduled delivery - Apparatus Type Test Card 1401 - 3rd Qtr. 1961 Card 1401 - 1st Qtr. 1962 Tape 1401 - 2d Qtr. 1962 IBM Card 1401 1 Payroll and Accounting records, To be located in Burlington Plant. Sched­ Merchandising Spare Parts Doc­ uled delivery - umentation, Zeus R&D Produc­ Card 1401 - 1st Qtr. 1962 tion Wiring Layout, Engineer­ Tape 1401 - 3rd Qtr. 1962 ing Bill of Materials, and Tool Records Monrobot XI 1 Job status, delivery perform­ To be installed in Printed Circuit Board (Paper Tape operated ance and load report for each Department, Greensboro, with teletype and of some 15 operating groups, Flexowriter equipment using in part Operation Research and Princeton designed techniques. data collection devices Under consideration is one card 1401 computer for Field Engineering and Technical Publication records currently processed on conventional equipment.

Sun Oil Company INSTALLATIONS 1608 Walnut Street u. s. Army Letterkenny Ordnance Depot Philadelphia 3, Pennsylvania Chambersburg, Pennsylvania Sun Oil Company U. S. Army Louisville Medical Depot Southland Center, P. O. Box 2880 Louisville 1, Kentucky Dallas 21, ~exas U. S. Army Mt. Rainier Ordnance Depot Western Electric Company, Inc. - Montgomery Shops Tacoma, Washington Aurora, Illinois U. S. Army Raritan Arsenal Western Electric Company, Inc. Metuchen, New Jersey General Program and Commercial Manager 195 Broadway U. S. Army Red River Arsenal New York 7, New York Texarkana, Texas Western Electric Company, Inc. U. S. Navy Charleston Shipyard Telephone Sales Division Charleston, South Carolina 195 Broadway 78th Fighter Wing, Base Supply New York 7, New York Hamilton Air Force Base, California Western Electric Company, Inc. Headquarters, Strategic Air Command 3300 Lexington Road, S. E. Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska Winston-Salem, North Carolina 328th Fighter Group (Air Defense) Georgia State College of Business Administration Richards-Gebaur Air Force Base, Missouri Computer Center Boeing Airplane Company 33 Gilmer Street, S. E. Atlanta 3, Georgia Wichita, Kansas Ford Motor Company Prudential Insurance Company of America Transmission and Chassis Division Newark, New Jersey Canton, Ohio General Insurance Company of America (Anticipated) 4347 Brooklyn Avenue Ford Motor Company Seattle 5, Washington 37625 Michigan Avenue Wayne, Michigan U. S. Air Force, 327 Fighter Group (Air Defense) Truax Field, Madison 7, Wisconsin

331 IBM 305 RAMAC IBM 604 MANUFACTURER IBM 604 Electronic Calculating Punch International Business Machines Corporation

Photo by International Business Machines Corporation APPLICATIONS Manufacturer coupon bonds, unit bids. Printing various notices, Business and scientific. name and address lists, envelopes, reports, assess­ Management Services Office, ment roll, bills, bonds, bond registers, bond pay­ White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico ment notices, sewer location post cards, etc. Capital System is used by Comptroller for business-type data projects cost distribution and progress reports. processing; civilian payroll, cost accounting, stock Capital outlay and M. & O. (equipment and furniture) accounting, etc. inventory. (Sewer desi~ tables) Miscellaneous en­ U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, China Lake ~ineering 3pplications (wind rose for Aviation Div.) Located in Room 1035, the system is primarily USPI1. (trend line data) etc. -for the ca.lculation of payroll, both civilian and The use of I.B.M. 604 Calculator and 407 Tabulator military, also for the calculation of material and for computing 10 or 20-year principal and interest labor costs. Because of the flexibility of the ma­ payments on street bonds and printing said bonds chine, it is also used for other tasks such as gang (with 30 or 60 coupons), a Bond Register and 10 punching, intersperse punching, verification of cards annual Notice of Payments due is a new application, for blank column and double punch tection. never attempted before, anywhere. Los Angeles County Engineer Bankers Life Insurance Company of Nebraska Located at 108 West Second Street, Los Angeles 12, LJcated at the Home Office, at Cotner and "0" Streets, California, the system is used for distribution of Lincoln, Nebraska, the system is used for commission costs (Time - Miles - Blueprints) by division, func­ extensions, dividend extensions, premium paid to-up tion, job no., etc. Payroll reporting (Mark Sense date, premium rate making, dividend schedules, mortal­ Cards). Blueprint plant - production and accounting ity studies (ratios), mortgage loan accounting, policy and invoicing. Utilities (water districts) - billing, reserve calculations, and mean reserve schedules. accounting, stock inventory. Statistics - building Harvey Aluminum Sales, Inc., Defense Plants Div. and safety, survey parties, industrial waste inspec­ Located at Milan Arsenal, Building T-I, the system tions - overtime, absences, traversing, etc. - error is used for payroll - checks, register, timecards, of closure and areas. Geodetic triangulation matrix tax records, etc., accounts payable, cost compila­ (simultaneous equations). Street improvement districts: tions, direct materials - stock records and reports, calculating - frontages (estimated and actual assess­ general stores (indirect materials) - stock records ments, debt limit). Principal and interest on 10-year and reports, plant equipment records, toolroom records,

IBM 604 332 annual inspection and lot number reports on direct materials, and salvage inventory records. POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION Manning, Maxwell and Moore, Inc. Manufacturer Located at 414 Broadway, MUskegon, Michigan, the Power, computer 7.59 KVA system is used for payrolls (calculations of wages Volume, computer 73.9 cu ft earned, taxes applicable, net earnings), labor dis­ Area, computer 19.4 sq ft tribution (calculation of labor and burden amounts Weight, computer 1,949 lbs utilizing master cards), material distribution (cal­ WSMR culation of material costs utilizing Master Unit Power, computer 5.1 Kw 7.59 KVA Cost Deck), inventories (calculation of inventories Volume, computer 79.9 cu ft costs utilizing Master Unit Cost Decks), and orders Area, computer 19.4 sq ft (extending and discounting). CapaCity, air conditioner 5 Tons National Airlines, Inc. Weight, computer 1,949 Ibs Located at the Airport Mail Facility, Miami, Florida, Weight, air conditioner 500 lbs the system is used for payrolls, accounts payable, Exhaust fan required. labor and material cost, accounts receivable, cargo LA County accounting, government transpcrtation billing, revenue Power, computer 230 Volts 19,000 B.T.U. statistics, ledger, and sales distribution. Power, air conditioner Exhaust fan 1/8 liP Area, computer 24 sq ft Weight, computer 2,100 lbs PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Exhaust fan and hood vented to outside through Internal number system Binary coded decimal window. Decimal digits per word 3 or 5 Bankers Life Instructions used 9 Power, computer 33.1 Amps 6.9 KVA 0.6 to 0.8 In- Arithmetic system Fixed point ductive Load Instruction type One or two address code Volume, computer 53 I x33"x58" 58.5 cu ft Number range Variable Volume, computer 40"x26"x50" 29.9 cu ft Area, computer 20 sq ft Room size, computer 12 ft x 12 ft ARITHMETIC UNIT Weight, computer 2,041 Ibs Exclud Stor Access Conventional type building - reinforced concrete Microsec floor, central air conditioning with area humidity Add 500 controlled. Separate power circuit for computer. Mult 14,000 avg Manning, Maxwell & Moore Div 17,000 avg Power, computer 6.0 Kw 7.5 KVA Construction Vacuum tubes Volume~ computer 73.9 cu ft Basic pulse repetition rate 50 Kc/sec Volume, air conditioner 45.5 cu ft Arithmetic mode Parallel Area, computer 19.4 sq ft Timing Synchronous Area, air conditioner 7.6 sq ft Operation Sequential Floor loading 105 Ibs/sq ft 105 lbs concen max CapaCity, air conditioner 5 Tons STORAGE Weight, computer 2,041 Ibs Manufacturer Medium Words Access Microsec Electronic Tubes 9 500 PRODUCTION RECORD Number produced Over 2,993 Delivery on an availability basis. INPUT Manufacturer Medium Speed COST p PRICE AND RENTAL RATES Card Reader-Punch 100 cards/min Manufacturer Approximately $550/month and up. WSMR OUTPUT 604 Electronic Calculator and 521 Card Reader Punch Manufacturer rent at $645/month. Medium Speed US NOTS Card Reader-Punch 100 cards/min $550 monthly rental rate. LA County Service time averages 70 hours per month. Card speed drops to 25 cards per minute, minimum, LA County for calculating cosine and sine. 604, 521, and 407 rent at $1, 491/month. 407, 2-5l4's, 2-077's, 083, 082, 552, 5-024's, 2-056 1 s rent at $1,912/month. CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM Maintenance included in rental. Tubes 1,250 Bankers Life Tube types 4 604 and 521 cost $26,000. Rental is $550 .. Maintenance/service contract is $153/month. CHECKING FEATURES Manning, Maxwell & Moore Checking is possible through control panel wiring. 604 Electronic Calculator $430/month (+ 10% excise tax) 521 Card Reader Punch $150/month (+ 10% excise tax) Service contract contained in rental charges.

333 IBM 604 National Airlines Passed Customer Acceptance Test 1954 3-402, 2-083, 1-552, 6-024, 2-514, 1-604, 2-077 and Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ 2-056 cost $40,000. tions. Maintenance service is $400/month. We do street improvement work for various cities in Los Angeles County. Employees are assigned different lunch periods, so PERSONNEL REQU I REMENTS we often operate equipment more than 8 hours per day. WSMR Bankers Life One 8-Hour Shift Good time 14.4 Hours/Week (Average) Hupervisors 1 Attempted to run time 15.4 Hours/Week (Average) Analysts 1 Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.935 Programmers 1 Above figures based on period 1 Jul 59 to 30 Jun 60 Clerks 1 Time is available for rent to qualified outside or­ Operators 3 ganizations. IBM customer courses and local on-post courses Manning, Maxwell & Moore are given. Average error-free running period 2 Weeks US NOTS Good time 32 Hours/Week (Average) One 8-Hour Shift Attempted to run time 33 Hours/Week (Average) ~3upervisors 2 Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.97 Operators 3 Above figures based on period 1 Jan 57 to 31 Dec 59 Method of training used is on-the-job training. Passed Customer Acceptance Test 1 Jan 55 LA County Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ One 8-Hour Shift tions. Clerks 1 National Airlines Operators 4 Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Input Opera 5 6 Reconnn tions. Operation tends toward closed shop (civil service) . .Methods of training used include some IBM manuals and machine operation - on job, and evening extension ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS eourses. Manufacturer Chief Tabulating Machine Operator acts as supervis­ The IBM 604 Electronic Calculator is a general or, analyst, programmer, form designer, systems, and purpose electronic digital computing machine which procedure man. is helping solve problems in science, engineering, Bankers Life business and government. One 8-Hour Shift Reading problem data from IBM punched cards at a Bupervisors 1 constant speed of 100 problems (cards) a minute, it Programmer s 1 can go through as many as 60 separate steps, such as Methods of training used includes IBM School and multiplications and divisions, to obtain the solution on-the-job training. to a single problem. Answers are recorded in the Manning, Maxwell & Moore same cards which carry the problem data, or they can One 8-Hour Shift be punched in specially designated cards. Used Reconnnended The smaller of the two cabinets is the electrical Gupervisors 1 1 card reading and punching unit. The larger cabinet Op~~~s 1 1 is the all-electronic unit which includes the follow­ Operation tends toward open shop. ing sections: power, timing, arithmetic, storage Methods of training used includes on-the-job train­ and switching. ing supplemented by manufacturer's training schools. Many built-in features make this electronic calcu­ National Airlines lator easy to operate and service. These include Two 8-Hour Shifts interchangeable control panels for changing from one Supervisors 2 type of operation to another, and testing devices Operators 17 and pluggable subassemblies which facilitate rapid 'fechnicians 1 maintenance and service. Operation tends toward closed shop. These machines have been produced on the assenbly Operators are trained by supervisors. line at IBM's plant in Poughkeepsie, New York, since early 1949. Bankers Life RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE. Double punch, blank column detection on the 521. AND TIME AVAILABILITY Manufacturer Average service time for all installed machines is FUTURE PLANS approximately 10 hours per month. WSMR WSMR Proposal for Univac Solid State "80" forwarded Good time 14 Hours/Week (Average) through command channels. Attempted to run time 16 Hours/Week (Average) LA County Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.875 Should be able to shift to IBM 1401 (punched card Above figures based on period from 1956 to present. configuration) for costing, utilities, etc. in about 'rime is not available for rent to outside organiza­ 18 months. tions. Acquisition of an IBM 1620 (with hookup to 1401) US NOTS would permit complex high speed calculations for 'rime is available for rent to outside organizations. engineering - such as traversing, earthworks, calcu­ LA County lations (cut and fill), least squares adjustments, Good time 40 Hours/Week (Average) etc. Attempted to run time 43 Hours/Week (Average) Contemplate use of aperture film cards for maps.

IBM 604 Could then have a complete set of maps in each reg­ Harvey Aluminum Sales, Inc. ional office (surveyor's maps - street no. maps - Defense Plants Division special district maps - architectural drawings - Milan Arsenal storm drain maps, etc.) Milan, Tennessee Bankers Life Manning, Maxwell & Moore, Inc. IBM Type 1401 Card Input on order. 414 Broadway Muskegon, Michigan National Airlines, Inc. INSTALLATIONS P. O. Box NAL Management Services Office Airport Mail Facility White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico Miami 59, Florida U. S .. Naval Ordnance Test Station, China Lake China Lake, California Los Angeles County Engineer 108 West Second Street Los Angeles 12, California Bankers Life Insurance Company of Nebraska Cotner & "0" Streets Lincoln, Nebraska Howard Savings Institution Newark 1, New Jersey

335 IBM 604 IBM 607 MANUFACTURER IBM 607 Electronic Calculator International Business Machines Corporation

Photo by International Business Machlnes Corporation

APPLICATIONS Manufacturer STORAGE Business and scientific calculating. Medium Words Access Microsec Rossford Ordnance Depot Electronic Tubes 37 520 Located at Rossford Ordnance Depot, Toledo 1, Ohio, Rossford the system is used for inventory control and cost Total storage is 37 words or 293 decimal digits. accounting (Comptroller). US NOTS U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, China Lake Total storage is 14 words or 66 decimal digits. Located at the Analysis Branch, Code 4535, China Lake Pilot Plant, China Lake, California, the system is used for theoretical propellant evaluation, rocket performance evaluation, and statistical analysis. I NPUT OUTPUT Medium Speed Card Reader-Punch 100 cards/min PROGRAMMING AND NUME~ICAL SYSTEM Internal number system Binary coded decimal Decimal digits/word 3 or 5 CI RCU IT ELEMENTS OF ENTI RE SYSTEM Instructions used 10 Tubes 2,584 Ari thmetic system Fixed point Tube types 7 Instruction type One or two address Number range Variable CHECKING FEATURES Check possible through control panel wiring. ARITHMETIC UNIT Exclud Stor Access Micro sec POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION Add 520 Manufacturer MLl.lt 12,940 Power, computer 13.5 KVA Div 15,700 Volume, computer 178.9 cu ft Construction Vacuum tubes Area, computer 36.5 sq ft Basic pulse repetition rate 50 KC Weight, computer 4,330 Ibs Arithmetic mode Parallel Rossford Timing Synchronous Power, computer 13.5 KVA Operation Sequential Volume, computer 178.9 cu ft Area, computer 36.5 sq ft Weight, computer 4,330 Ibs No significant requirements.

IBM 607 US NOTS RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE, Power, computer 10 KVA AND TIME AVAI LAB I L1TY Volume, computer 78 cu ft Rossford Volume, 529 38 cu ft Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Area, computer 13.8 sq ft tions. Are'a, 529 9.2 sq ft Room size 120 sq ft Floor loading 25 Ibs/sq ft 121 Ibs concen max ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS Weight, computer 2,7801bs Manufacturer Hood with exhaust fan over computer, 26,000 BTU The IBM 607 Electronic Calculator is designed for heat load exhausted. use by business and industry. Because of its ex­ panded capacity, the overwhelming majority of bus­ iness calculations requiring multiple machine opera­ PRODUCTION RECORD tions are performed and checked in a single opera­ Number produced Over 267 tion. It is capable of performing and checking Delivery time Availability basis 14,000 computing operations a minute. The memory capacity of the 607 makes it possible to use intermediate calculated results as well as COST~ PRICE AND RENTAL RATES original data in solving a problem. Other necessary 1Vlanufacturer information not punched in cards, such as tax per­ Rental rates of basic system approximately $Boo per centages, discount rates, and overtime factors~ may month and up. Rental rate includes engineering be entered as required. maintenance and parts. Rossford Rossford It is possible to use intermediate calculated results Basic System as well as original data in solving problems. 607 Electronic Unit $550/ month US NOTS 529 Punch Unit 250!month A unique system advantage is its availability for Additional Equipment static test data reduction. It should be noted that 942 Electronic Storage Unit $200 to $BOO/month this computer (IBM 607) is located 5 miles distant Maintenance/service is included in rental contract. from the Station's IBM 709 system. US NOTS $940 per month (IBM 607 and IBM 529) $1,295 per month, includes equipment for data ~rep­ FUTURE PLANS aratioIL for 709 (2-IBM 026, l-IBM 077, l-IBM 082, us NOTS l-IBM 519, l-IBM 523, l-IBM 557, and l-IBM 407). Proposal for 1401 System to replace present system. Maintenance/service is included in rental contract. Proposal for micro-wave hook-up with IBM 709 and Polaris test stand-digital data processor (to write 709 binary tape). PERSONNEL REQUI REMENTS Rossford Used ilL conjunction with other card punch equipment. INSTALLATIONS No special handling is required. Rossford Ordnance Depot, Machine Records Division US NOTS Toledo 1, Ohio One 8-Hour Shift Used Recommended U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station Supervisors 1 1 China Lake, California Analysts, Programmers A: Coders 4 4 Shell Oil Company Operators 2 2 Tape Handlers 2 New York Life Insurance Company Total ~ "9 Consolidated Edison Company Operation tends toward closed shop. New York, New York Methods of training used are in-house plus IBM training. Bausch & Lomb Optical Company Scientific Bureau Rochester 2, New York

337 IBM 607 IBM 608 MANUFACTURER IBM 608 Transistorized Calculator International Business Machines Corporation

Photo by International Business Machines Corporation APPLICATIONS Manufacturer STORAGE Business and scientific computing Access Medium Words Digits Microsec Magnetic Cores 40 360 220 PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Each word may be split into a 3 digit and 6 digit Internal number system Binary coded decimal word with separate signs. Decimal digits/word 9 Instructions used 12 Arithmetic system Fixed point INPUT Instruction type One or two address Medium Speed Number range Variable, depending on Card Reader-Punch 155 cards/min program OUTPUT ARITHMETIC UNIT Medium Speed Exclud Stor Access Card Reader-Punch 155 cards/min Microsec Add 220 Mult 11,000 average CHECKING FEATURES Div 13,420 average Checking possible through control panel wiring. Construction Transistors and cores Basic pulse repetition rate 100 KC Arithmetic mode Parallel POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION Timing Synchronous Power, computer 2.3 KVA Operation Sequential Volume, computer 160 cu ft Area, computer 30 sq ft Weight, computer 2,400 lbs

IBM 608 Photo by International Business Machines Corporation

PRODUCTION RECORD The machine' s internal storage, or "memory", is Models have been produced and are in customer ser­ made up of magnetic cores-minute, douglmut-shaped vice. lxoduction has been discontinued. objects that can "remember" information indefinitely, and recall it for use in calculations in a few millionths' of a second. For IBM, the 608 marks the achievement of produc­ COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES tion teclmiques for the manufa(!ture, on a large scale Rental rates of basic system $1,600/month and up. basis, of computing and data processing equipment Rental rate includes engineering maintenance and combining transistors, printed circuits and other parts. forms of miniaturization.

ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS Manufacturer IBM's "608", the first completely transistorized calculator for commercial applications, operates without the use of a single vacuum tube. Translstors-tiny germanium devices that perform many of the functions of conventional vacuum tubes­ make pOBsible a 50% reduction in computer-unit size and a 90% reduction in power requirements over a comparable IBM tube -model machine. They are mounted, along w:Lth related circuitry, on banks of printed wiring panels in the 608.

339 IBM 608 IBM 609 MANUFACTU RER IBM 609 Calculator International Business Machines Corporation Monterey and Cottle Roads San Jose, California

Photo by International Business Machines Corporation

APPLICATIONS Arithmetic system Yield on card - arrangement by Commercial and scientific applications, especially control panel wiring where IBM cards are used presently with IBM 604, Instruction type Two addresses per pro~ram step 607 and 608 calculators. This machine is a modular, (Control panel wiring) solid state, one-unit calculator designed to expand Instruction word format the area of applications performed by the above ma­ Control panel wiring chines. The is a numerical card in-put, card 609 Not a stored program machine. 2nd cycle subtract out-put calculator offering a substantial increase or conversion to true number in storage. in internal operating and arithmetic speeds. Maximum 384 positions of core storage. All posi­ tions may be used. Operation is of the add-to-mem­ PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM ory-type. Read words Max. - 144 pos, Internal number system Binary coded decimal Punch words Max. - 96 pos. Dec~l digits/word 12 Process words Max. - 144 pos. Decimal digits/instruction Control panel Control panel logic wired

IBM 609 340 AR ITHMETI C UNIT CHECKI NG FEATURES Incl Stor Access All input, calculated, and output information is Microsec tested for error conditions. Output (DPBC detection) Add 6-digit fields: 224 and additional position checking is optional. The Mult 6-digits x 6 digits: 13,860 609 Calculator uses a unique type of matrix-analysis Div 6-digit dividend & quotient: 17,640 adder which includes the checking bit in its arith­ Arithmetic mode Serial metic operation. Timing Synchronous Operation Non-sequential Approximately 95% of all the 'transistors used in POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION the system are considered as being in the arithmetic Power, computer 1 Kw function. Condenser-quantity 1,354, nineteen diff­ Volume, computer 50 cu ft erent values. Area, computer 12.08 sq ft Floor loading ll6 lbs/ sq ft STORAGE 1,400 lbs concen ~ No. of No. of Weight, computer 1,400 lbs Media Words Digits A 15 ampere, ll5 volt, 60 cycle/sec, single phase Core Storage AC line is required. Basic - MOdel A-l Read 8; Punch 8; 96, 96, h8 Process 4 Max. - MOdel A-l Read 12; Punch 8; 144, 96, 144 PRODUCTION RECORD Process 12 Time required for delivery 12 months Basic ,. MOdel B-1 Read 4; Punch 3; 48, 36, 0 Process 0 Max. • MOdel B-1 Read 7; Punch 6; 84, 72, 36 COST p PRICE AND RENTAL RATES Process 3 Monthly Basic System Cost Rental MOdel A-l (complete system) $55,500 $1,175 INPUT MOdel B-1 (complete system) 36,000 735 Medium Speed Cards 200 cards/min Additional Equipment The card input has 3 card stations: a first read­ Number of groups for each model ing station, a punch station, and a second reading A-l B-1 station. Cards are placed in a 1,200-card-capacity 4 3 Program Steps - each group 1,200 30 hopper face down, 12-edge first. The cards feed 4 3 Storage - each group 1,200 30 continuously from one station to the next at the 4 3 Each decision feature 1,200 30 rate of 200 cards per minute. Thus, while one card 2 2 Digit Test 600 is being read for calculation, another is being 2 1 Digit Selector 240 punche

OUTPUT PERSONNEL REQU I REMENTS Medium Speed One operator/shift is required. Punched Cards 200 cards/min (max) Training made available by the manufacturer to the user at IBM Education Centers and at some local branch offices. CI RCU tT ELEMENTS OF ENTI RE SYSTEM RELIAB I L1TY, OPERATI NG EXPER I ENCE, Type Quantity AND TIME AVAILABILITY Diodes 5,194 . (Various types) MOdular standard packagj,ng and solid state hardware. Transistors 1,887 (Various types) Magnetic cores 2,500 Selenium rectifiers 130 ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS CondenHers 1,354 (19 different values) Outstanding features include non-sequential branch­ Approximately 95% of all the transistors used in ing logic, fast access magnetic core storage, direct the sYBtem are considered as being in the arithmetic add storage words, 200 cardsper minute, no special functions. voltage requirements (ll5 volts), no air conditioning, 3 radial stackers, solid state, modular, one-unit calculator. System advantages include fast access magnetic core storage, 12 and 16 digit words, direct-add storage word - every word addressable, and high speed read- ing and punching. . I NST ALLA TI ONS International Business Machines Corporation MOnterey and Cottle Roads San Jose, California

341 IBM 609 IBM 610 MANUFACTU RER IBM 610 Autopoint Computer International Business Machines Corporation

Photo by U.S. Naval Ammunition Depot, Crane, Indiana

Mathematical Sciences Division, Research Direc- APPLICATIONS torate, U.S. Army Transportation Research Command Manufacturer Located at USA TRECOM, Building 401, Fort EustiS, Applications of the 610 Autopoint Cumputer include Virginia, the system is used for curve fitting, data heat transfer calculations, analysis of mass spec­ reduction, regression analysis, analysis of variance, trometric data, formulae evaluations, calculation correlation analysis, evaluation of analytic express­ of aeroelasticity, stress analysis, flutter and vi­ ions, including effects of neutron radiation on car­ bration ana.lysis, data reduction, highway design, go, effects of nuclear weapons on Army aircraft, bridge design, surveying problems, matrix arithmetic, helicopter control system analysis, and helicopter correlation and regression analysis, sales forecast­ design, and matrix arithmetic. ing, actuarial calculations, analysis of variance, Control Office, Ordnance Mission, White Sands curve fitting, experimental design, and many other Missile Range applications. Located at the Guidance Laboratory, Building 1676, Ordnance Missile Laboratories Division EJ_ectro-Mechanical Labs., Ordnance Mission, White Army p- ~l<".et and Guided Missile Agency Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, the system is used u)cated au the Design and Development Lab and Systems for data evalutaion, technical support of engj.neer­ Analysis Lab, OML Division, ARGMA, the computer is ing evaluation studies, etc. Users are primarily used for data reduction and theoretical investigation.

IBM 610 Photo by E. 1. DuPont de Nemours and Company, Inc. from the Ground Guidance Branch, Missile Borne Guid­ kinetics, thermodynamics and some structure work. ance Branch, Structures Branch and Propulsion Branch. E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. Weapons Dept., U. S. Naval Academy Located in Room 224, Laboratory Building, the system Located in Ward Hall, U. S. Naval Academy, AnnapoliS, is used for material balances, thermal efficiency Md., the system is used to demonstrate to Naval calculations, heat transfer calculations, return on Academy Faculty and Midshipmen, semi-automatic and investment calculations, equipment design, process automatic calculations using a small scientific type control correlations, statistical analyses, includ­ digital computer. Application to date includes two ing multiple linear regression, simple linear corre­ dimensional target relative motion studies, ballistic lation, and analysis of variance, preparation of trajectory studies, and sound in water studies. process operating tables, calculation of finished U. S. Naval Ammunition Depot product intermediate requirements, and pressure drop The system is located at U. S. NAD, Q. E. Laboratory. calculations for plant application. The major problems for which this activity uses the General Tire and Rubber Company IBM 610 Computer are statistical and engineering. Located at 1708 Englewood Avenue, Akron, OhiO, the Statistical uses include mean and standard deviation, system is used for tire development, quality control, two and three way correlation, regression analysis, research and development. Engineering and scientific pxq analysis of variance, many specific factorial uses only. analysis of variance, and response surface analysis. Military Systems Div ., Lockheed Electronic s Co. Engineering calculations vary from tabulation of Located on U.S. Highway No. 22, Plainfield, New Jersey, simple equations in two and three variables to rela­ the system is used for the solution of engineering tively complex problems such as the solution of problems such as radar coverage diagram, curve fitting second order differential equations which must be of experimental data, and numerical analysis. solved numerically. Carleton College Tennessee Valley Authority, Computing Center Located at Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota, Located in the Chemical Engineering Building, Wilson the system is used for undergraduate programming Dam, Alabama, the 610 is used in the g~neral area of instruction, undergraduate numerical analysis instruc­ chemical research. SpeCific problems include chemical tion, student independent study, and faculty research.

IBM 610 Computing Laboratory, University of Louisville Control Panel Located at the Speed Scientific School, University Convenient method of handling sub-routines, 200 of Louisville, Louisville 8, Kentucky, emphasis has program hubs for additional progrBllD1l1ng, l2 balance been on the introduction of digital computer as an test hubs for logical either-or decisions, 15 program effective tool of numerical analysis. Both graduate skips for program transfer, and 10 selectors for pro­ and undergraduate students are permitted time to gram alteration. work their problems on the computer. USNAD Computation Lab., University of Rhode Island The ratio of input time to computing time for most Located at Taft Laboratory, University of R. I., statistical problems of any complexity is less than Kingston, R. I., the system is used for the solution one. The ratio of output time to computing time for of problems in such areas as mathematics, physics, most statistical and engineering problems is small I~ivil engineering, electrical engineering, agricul­ except for large problems where intricate progrBllD1ling tural economic s, agronomy , horticulture, marine biol­ requires temporary storage of large quantities of ogy, industrial management,. and poultry husbandry. data on the data tape. Small internal storage make s Computation Facility, Worcester Polytechnic progrBllD1ling of large problems intricate. Institute Located in. Room 3, Stratton Hall, Worcester Polytech­ nic Institute, the system is used primarily for edu­ CHECKI NG FEATURES cation in the use of digital computation in engineer­ Manufacturer ing and science and secondarily, for research requir­ Checking features include circuit and components ing digital computation. designed for reliability, validity check of each tape character read in and read out, all information PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM transfer within 610 validity checked, auto-point sums, products and quotients checked not to exceed Manufacturer machine capacity, all clear operations checked to Internal number system Decimal or Octal insure complete reset to zero, and all register ad­ Decimal digits/word 15 plus sign dresses validity checked. Arithmetic system Fixed and floating point Instruction type One address POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION ARITHMETIC UNIT Manufacturer 105-130 volts, single phase, 60 cycle, AC, 16-20 Manufacturer amperes. Heat dissipation is 5,000 BTU/hOur. 600 Arithmetic speed - Seconds to temperature range, 95% maximum humidity. Operation Flo Point Fixed Point 95~ Add or Subtract ARGMA 0.28 0.28 Power, computer 1.5 Kw 1.5 KVA 1.0 pf Multiply 1.37 1.155 Divide Volume, computer 42 cu ft 1.43 1.155 Area, computer 14 sq ft Divide-Multiply 1.54 1.155 Room size, computer 8 ft x 10 ft Bquare-root 2.23 1.90 Floor loading 54 lbs/sq ft 190 lbs concen max Weight, computer 750 lbs STORAGE 30 amp fuse on separate line. No special air Manufacturer conditioner required. Medium No. of Words Dec Digits/Word USA TRe M9.gnetic Drum 84 31 plus sign Power, computer 2.4 KVA 105-l30V, 60 cycle, 16-20 amp Volume J computer 26.5 cu ft I NPUT OUTPUT Area, computer 8.8 sq ft Room size, computer Small Manufacturer Floor loading 8.6 lbs/sq ft Program Tape Reader and Punch 800 lbs concen max Reads at 18 characters per second, approximately Weight, computer 750 lbs 1.18 seconds to complete read in, tape is prepared Installed a separate l20V, 60 cycle, 30 amp line. while keying in program and can be read back for WSMR automatic processing. Power, computer l20V single phase, 17.1 Amperes Data Tape Reader and Punch Area, computer 5x3· 5:x2. 5 ft Reads at 18 characters per second, approximately Weight, computer 800 lbs 1.06 seconds to complete read out, original data or Adequate power plus ventilation. Built in blower. intermediate results can be punched and read back. US NA Manual Keyboard Power, computer 1l0V, single phase, 20 amp, 60 cycle Complete manual control of machine, control lights Volume, computer 33.5 cu ft to indicate internal operations, instruction keys for Area, computer 10.2 sq ft l)rogram tape preparation, manual data entry and prob­ Room size, computer 20 ft x 40 ft(Classroom) lem solution, and visual display of all machine reg­ Floor loading 80 lbs/sq ft isters. 800 lbs concen max Electric Typewriter Weight, computer 800 lbs Typed output at 18 characters per second, manual USNAD operation to permit alphabetic headings for reports, Power, computer 1 Kw 2 KVA 0.5 pf typewriter up to 10 feet from machine, and automatic Volume, computer 30.7 cu ft carriage return and tab instruction. Area, computer 9.2 sq ft Cathode Ray Tube Display Room size 200 sq ft Two inch tube for display, and 32 x 10 grid defines Floor loading 10 lbs/sq ft register contents. Decimal point and sign displayed. 87 lbs concen max

IBM 610 Weight, computer 800 Ibs US NA No air conditioner is required. Special individual $460 per month - computer, keyboard { tY]?ewriter (in­ computer power supply wiring. Heat removal blower. cludes academic contribution of 60%). TVA USNAD Power, computer 1.65 KVA $1,283 per month for basic system. Volume, computer 50 cu ft Remington Rand Synchro Tape is rented for $142/mo. Area, computer 15 sq ft Maintenance/service contracting is included in Weight, computer 1,100 Ibs rental rates. No air conditioner needed. TVA DuPont The 610 console, 869 typewriter, 973 keyboard cost Power, computer 2.34 Kw $55,000. Power, air condi 1. 75 Kw 0.21368 KVA 0.91 pf System rents at $1,150/month. Volume, computer 15.9 cu ft DuPont Volume, air conidtioner 5.63 cu ft Computer cost $55,000 and rents for $1,150 per Area, eomputer 14.7 sq ft month, including console, keyboard, and typewriter. Area, air conditioner 3.11 sq ft The off-line punch rents at $125 per month. Room size 19 ft 1 in x 9 ft 3 in Maintenance/service contract Floor J.oading 140 Ibs/sq ft 0-36 MOnths 37-72 MOnths 734108 Months 1,200 Ibs concen max Console $112/Mo $142/MO ~191/Mb Weight, computer 1,150 Ibs Typewriter 11 15 Weight, air conditioner 178 Ibs Keyboard 2 3 4 Separate 20 ampere, 117 volt service. General Tire General Tire Approximately $1,100 per month is paid. Volume, computer 800 cu ft wckheed Electronics Area, computer 100 sq ft MOnthly Rental Room size 10 ft x 10 ft Console $1,065 IQckheed Electronics Typewriter 35 Power, computer 1.44 Kw 1.44 Kw Keyboard 50 Volume, computer 31. 5 cu ft Tax 115 Area, computer 9.2 sq ft $1,265 Room si.ze 9 ft x 14 ft U of wuisville Floor loading 6.35 Ibs/sq ft $460 monthly (basic system costs about $50,000). 87 Ibs concen max Maintenance is included in rental. Weight, computer 800 Ibs U of R. 1. , Site preparation included soundproof room 9 ft x The IBM 610 rents $460 per month./ 14 ft, false ceiling, 80 watt fluorescent lighting, 026 card punch, 402 accounting machine, 101 ~lec­ electric fan, and 115 volt - 60 cycle - single phase- tronic statistical machine, and 514 reproducing punch 20 ampere electrical line. rent at $500 per month. U of wuisville Worcester Poly No special preparation was required. The room has IBM 610: $460/month (educational contribution rate), concrete block walls and acoustic ceiling, tile including maintenance. and concrete floor. Worcester Poly Power, computer 2.3 Kw Volume, computer 24 cu ft PERSONNEL REQU I REMENTS Area, computer 8 sq ft ARGMA Room size 15 ft x 20 ft 10 engineers and 4 technicians utilize machine on Floor loading 100 Ibs/sq ft an as needed basis. No full time personnel aSSigned 200 Ibs concen max or needed. Weight, computer 800 Ibs Operation tends toward open shop. New partitions, acoustic ceiling, fluorescent light­ USA TRC ing, redecorating, one special power circuit, regular One supervisor and 2 or 3 programmers. One operator electrical outlets. is required for each shift. Operation tends toward open shop. Methods of training used includes in-house instruc­ tion to members of the command conducted by members PRODUCTION RECORD of the Mathematical Sciences Division. M9.nufacturer WSMR System :has been dropped and is no longer available. One Theoretical PhysiCist (BA) does all programming, etc. (IBM maintains equipment). Operation tends toward closed shop. IBM has run several one week courses (4 hrs per day) COSTv PRICE AND RENTAL RATES on operation of 610. Mimufacturer US NA Unavailable from manufacturer One operator required. ARGMA Operation tends toward open shop. Rental :t:'ate is $1,100 per month. Methods of training used includes classroom instruc­ USA TRC tion. Console, keyboard, and tY]?ewriter rent at $1,150/mo. WSMR $1,150 per month for all 610 equipment.

IBM 610 USNAD USNAD One 8-Hour Shift Good time 39.2 Hours/Week (Average) Supervisors 1/4 Attempted to run time 40.7 Hours/Week (Average) Analysts 1/2 Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.962 Programmers 1/2 Above figures based on period 26 Apr 59 to 31 Jul 60 Operators 1 Passed Customer Acceptance Test 12 Apr 60 In-Output Oper 1 Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Mathematical aptitude was determined by qualifying tions. tests and other criteria and further training was The IBM 610 has been very reliable and has had an on-the-job in nature. excellent good time record. The time availability TVA has in general been based on a 40 hour week. There is no one person designated in a supervisory TVA capacity for the 610. The computer is used a great Average error-free running period 4 or 5 days deal by about six or eight chemical engineers, and Passed Customer Acceptance Test Nov 59 is periodically used by about six or eight more. Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Two-day training classes, taught by IBM personnel, tions. are offered periodically as needed. Down time is sporadic and for the most part inSig­ DuPont nificant. Four engineers use the system. DuPont Operation tends toward open shop. Average error-free running period 20 Hours IBM conducted 2 day class for training - this in­ Good time 33 Hours/Week (Average) cluded "hands-on" training. Attempted to run time 35 Hours/Week (Average) General Tire Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.94 Used by engineering and research personnel who do Above figures based on period 5 Jan 60 to 5 May 60 their own programming and operating. Passed Customer Aceptance Test 5 Jan 60 Loc~leed Electronics Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ One 8-Hour Shift tions. Supervisors 1 General Tire Programmers 2 Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Engineers 10 tions. Operation tends toward closed shop. Loc~eed Electronics Methods of training used include the instruction Average error-free running period 3 1/2 hours/week manual, brief kecture, and demonstration. Typical Good time 4 to 5 Hours/Week (Average) personnel able to operate and program the computer Attempted to run time 4 & 5 Hours/Week (Average) one day training and experience. Operating ratio 0.99 -- U of Louisville Above figures based on period 13 Nov 54 to ll~ Apr 60 Operation tends toward open shop. Passed Customer Acceptance Test 12 Nov 59 Formal course work: Math 400 Machine Computing, Time is available for rent to qualified outside or­ 1 credit hour (1 hr lecture and 2 hr lab each week ganizations. Duration time of job must be long enough for 10 weeks). to justify moving the computer to an unclassified area. Worcester Poly Carleton One 8-Hour Shift Average error-free running period 3 Months Used Recommended Good time 40 Hours/Week (Average) Supervisors 1/3 1 Attempted to run time 40 Hours/Week (Average) m~b IN ~ Operating ratio 1.0 Operators (Users) 1/2 Above figures based on period 1 Feb 60 to 31 Aug 60 Operation tends toward open shop (exclusively). Passed Customer Acceptance Test Nov 59 Methods of training used includes short special Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ courses as required and training is included in sev- tions. eral regular academic courses. U of Louisville Time is available for rent to outside organizations. RELIAB I LlTY, OPERATI NG EXPER I ENCE, U of R. I. Good time 38 Hours/Week (Average) AND TIME AVAILABILITY Attempted to run time 40 Hours/Week (Average) PJ{GMA Above figures based on period from Aug 59 to present Good time 30 Hours/Week (Average) Passed Customer Acceptance Test 17 Jul 59 Attempted to run time 30 HourS/Week (Average) Time is available for rent to qualified outside or- Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 1. 0 ganizations. Above figures based on period from Nov 59 to May 60 Worcester Poly Passed Customer Acceptance Test Nov 59 Good time 30 Hours/Week (Average) Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Attempted to run time 35 Hours/Week (Average) tions. Operating ratio 0.85 USA TRC Above figures based on period from Jan 59 to Jun 60 Good time 38 Homos/Week (Average) Passed Customer Acceptance Test 21 Jan 59 Attempted to run time 40 Hours/Week (Average) Time is available for rent to qualified outside or­ Operating Ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.95 ganizations. Above figures based on period 17 Mar 60 to 27 Jul 60 Use by outside organizations has been possible only Passed Customer Acceptance Test 17 Mar 60 via sponsored research and educational uses. IBM Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ contract (dated 1 Jun 60) permits sale of time to tions. outside organizations. WSMR Time is available for rent to outside organizations. The computer has been down for repair less than 5"/0 of time in past year.

IBM 610 346 simplicity in learning to use it, and minimum personnel ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS requirement s. Manufacturer Additional computing equipnent available on campus Tape Characteristics includes two small analog computers and one ho~e-made Automatic adjustment to 5 or 8 channel size, 5 demonstration digital computer in various engineering channel teletype tape, and 8 channel includes: 5 for departments. For large scale digital computing appli­ code symbols, one for even-order redundancy check, cations W.P.I. has limited access to the MIT Computa­ and two for class marks (for operating use). tion Center. The IBM 610 is tailored to needs of engineering and science, mobile desk-size unit with typewriter and keyboard, handles 5 or 8 channel punched paper FUTURE PLANS tape, 15 digit number plus decimal and sign, automatic USA TRC control of decimal point, 84 registers of magnetic It is proposed that the system be replaced by an drum storage, each 31 digits, plus sign, octal or IBM 1620. decimal arithmetic, single instruction square root, USNAD single instruction divide-multiply (x/y)z, program The rental of the IBM 1620 Digital Computing System control. from-keyboard, program tape and control panel, has been approved by the Bureau of Naval Weapons. automatic program tape preparation while solving The IBM 1620 has much faster input and computing times problem, built-in self-checking for reliability, and (input of 180 char/sec and access time of 20 m~crosec). multipl.e-command instructions. In addition the 1620 has core storage of 20,000 digits Keyboard Lights with variable word length. The rental of the IBM 1620 KEY BD Keyboard in control will be approximately $1,600 per month. OPE Machine executing a step when automatic TVA program stops The workload is increaSing rapidly and may require INT Indicates interruption of a program some change in the future. Present plans are indefinite. PCH CLASS Punch class switch (1,2,3) ON DuPont CLEAR Register has failed to clear to zeros To date, primary usage of the IBM 610 has been in the PUNCH Invalid character punched into tape development and research areas for engineering calcu­ REG Invalid register address lations and evaluation and analysis of experimental DIG E:NT Invalid Numerical Code entered data. Continued use in this field is anticipated. More RDN Invalid character read in or out complex applications in the statistical field Will be DIG CH Signals or digits from or to drum are pursued in the plant process and product areas. In­ invalid creased activity in the production and cost accounting OFLO Number in SEL REG exceeds allowable department is expected. At this time, no plans for an magnitude or division by zero attempted expansion or modification of the present computer sys­ USA TRC tem has been made. However, the adequacy of the pres­ Outstan.ding feature is ease of programming. ent system for current and future demands will be stud­ US NA ied within the next six months. Results and recommenda­ Outsta.nding features include automatic decimal point, tions of this study will determine the need for expan­ each memory drum register capable of storing 31 dec­ sion or acquisition of a new system. imal digits plus sign and decimal point, and option Lockheed Electronics of octal or decimal mode of operation. System is IBM 610 to be replaced by IBM 1620. easy to program and operate. Worcester Poly USNAD Eventual acquisition of some other computer as addition Outstanding features include auto-point (floating to or replacement for present one, possibly to meet point) calculations, good reliability, and ease of administrative as well as educational and research needs. programming. TVA INSTALLATIONS Since this computer is used by a relatively small Army Rocket & Guided Missile Agency, Redstone Arsenal, integra.ted group, tape storage is no problem. Each Alabama operator takes care of his own special tapes, while standard tapes are labelled and filed close to the U. S. Army Transportation Research Command, Mathemat­ computer. ical Sciences Division, Fort EustiS, Virginia DuPont Ordnance Mission, White Sands Missile Range, N. Mexico Outstanding features include automatic decimal point, easy programming, and programming in engineering U. S. Naval Academy, Weapons Dept., AnnapoliS, Md. language. U. S. Naval Ammunition Depot, Crane, Indiana Lockheed Electronics Outstan.ding features include computes and prints-out Tennessee Valley Authority, Computing Center, 116 Old in floating point point notation, very fast and easy Post Office, Chattanooga, Tennessee to program, and air conditioning not required. Dura­ E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., P.O. Box 1378, tion time of arithmetic operation too long especially Louisville 1, Kentucky those for trigonometric function, i.e., multi~ly - 0.78 sec., square root - 0.67 sec., and sine (cosine) General Tire & Rubber Co., 1708 EngleWOOd Ave., at least 20 sec. Akron 9, Ohio Carleton Lockheed Electronics Co., Military Systems Div., Outstanding features are ease of programming (simple U.S. Highway No. 22, Plainfield, New Jersey command. structure) and use as desk computer. U of Louisville Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota Unique system advantages are automatic positioning of University of Louisville, Louisville 8, Kentucky decimal point and simplicity in coding. Worcester Poly University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island Outstanding features includes low cost, bringing it Worcester Polytechnic, Computation Facility, within the range of a limited, small college budget, Worcester 9, Massachusetts

IBM 610 IBM 632 MANUFACTURER J)3M 632 Electronic Typing Calculator International Business Machines Corporation Electric Typewriter Division

Photo by International Business Machines Corporation APPLICATIONS PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM ~~e IBM 632 is designed primarily for invoicing. Internal number system Binary coded decimal It is available in four models, including models Decimal digits/word 12 with card punch, printing card punch, and punched Instructions decoded 12 paper tape output. The 632 combines calculating Arithmetic system Fixed point and typing in one unit. It automatically adds, sub­ Instruction type One address tracts, and multiplies the information keyed i~to 1 buffer register and 1 companion keyboard is used. the companion keyboard. It also automatically in­ serts decimal points, computes taxes, discounts and accumulates information for daily totals. The ac­ ARITHMETIC UNIT curacy of electronics and magnetic core "memory" Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access give the IBM 632 Electronic Typing Calculator the Micro sec Microsec ability to handie a variety of business applications. Md 1l0,000 21. 5/word This model, incorporating punched card output, punch­ MUlt 2,500,000 430,000 (average) es desired information into IBM punched cards simul­ Construction (Arithmetic unit only) taneously with the typing action. The cards may then Vacuum tubes 150 be further processed in an accounting system. Magnetic cores 164 Ferrite cores 352 Switch cores 28

IBM 632 Arithmetic mode Serial Monthly Timing Asynchronous Cost Rental Operation Sequential Model VII-Typewriter unit, $17,500 $395 calculator unit w/printing punch & companion keyboard STORAGE & card reader No. of' No. of' Access Maintenance/servjce is included in all monthly ren­ Medium Words Digits Microsec tal prices. Magnetic Cores 8 12 21.5/word Maintenance/service f'or purchase machines is as f'ollows: Model I $300 INPUT Model II 420 Medium Speed Model III 440 10 Key Unit 12 digits/sec Binary coded input Model IV 535 Model V 472 Model VI 592 OUTPUT Model VII 612 Media Speed Typewriter 10 char/sec Cards 10 char/sec PER SONNEL REQU I REMENTS Paper Tape 10 char/sec One operator is required per 8 hour shif't. Training made available by the manuf'acturer to the user includes operator training at time of' installa­ CI RCU IT ELEMENTS OF ENTI RE SYSTEM tion. Type Quantity Tubes 6887 48 ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS 5965 41 Outstanding f'eatures are a program reading device, 5844 45 which houses a mylar program belt, containing all 2D21 5 of' the instructions f'or a particular application, 6350 11 and a companion keyboard, which has a f'amiliar 10- Diodes key pattern, f'acilitating indexing of' numerical lNl52 11 inf'ormation, increasing speed and accuracy, and also 117 aiding in error detection and correction. Unique lN480 24 programming device makes the equipment compatible 12 with most systems. Magnetic Cores 352

POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION I NSTALLA TI ONS Power> computer 0.75 Kw 1.035 KVA International Business Machines Corporation Volume, eomputer 9.5 cu f't Electric Typewriter Division Area, computer 4.5 sq f't 590 Madison Avenue Weight, eomputer 600 Ibs New York 22, New York

PRODUCTION RECORD Time required f'or delivery 4-9 months

GOST p PRICE AND RENTAL RATES Monthly Basic System Cost Rental Model I-~Y.Pewri ter unit, calcu- $6,000 $175 lator untt and companion keyboard Additional Equipment Model II-Typewriter unit, calcu- 8,700 235 lator unU w/non-printing punch & companion keyboard Model III-Typewriter unit, cal- 9,800 260 culator unit w/printing punch & companj.on keyboard Model IV-Typewriter unit, cal- 11,900 295 culator unit w/tape punch & companion keyboard Model V-~~ewriter unit, calcu- 13,700 310 lator unU & companion keyboard & card reader Model VI-,Typewriter unit, cal- 16,400 370 culator unit w/non-printing punch & c,ompanion keyboard & card read,er

IBM 632 IBM 650 RAMAC MANUFACTU RER IBM RAMAC 650 Data Processing Machine International Business Machines Corporation

Photo by International Business Machines Corporation

Computer Center is a joint facility of the Waterways APPLICATIONS Experiment Station (WES) and the Lower Mississippi Manufacturer Valley Division of the Corps of Engineers, General purpose, applicable to scientific and (IMVD) U. S. Army. It operates as a central (center-type) business data processing. "In-line" processing with facility to provide electronic data processing and TIM RAMAC 650. computation services to six (6) using field offices The IBM 650 is a basic magnetic drum data process­ of the Corps of Engineers. ing machine with an IBM 355 random access memory unit. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army This memory is a storage medium in which any group of Engineer Division. data may be reached quickly and directly, despite the Located at North Pacific Custom House, Portland 9, fact that the data is stored in the memory in a ran­ Oregon, the system is used primarily for scientific dom fashion. and engineering work arising in conjuction with the The RAMAC 650 was one of the first of IBM's line Corps of Engineers construction program in the North of machines designed for high-volume, in-line pro­ Pacific Division. Some typical programs are: cessing of business data. Instead of accumulating Program computes grounding mat resistance vs. cost data to be processed in batch~s, each transaction is per number of ground rods for selected resistivities, processed as it happens and, at the same time, every ground rod spacings and ground rod lengths. related record in the memory unit is adjusted. Program derives information for plotting the flux U. S. Army Engineer District distribution in core form transformers for non­ Located in the Faidley Building, 121 South 16th symmetrical coil arrangements or non-uniform current Street, Onaha, Nebraska. The system with drum stor­ densities. age and card input-output is used for earthwork cut Program computes the neutral axis of a reinforced and fill, survey computations, stability analyses concrete section of any shape subjected to any (spillway weirs, walls, powerhouse and spillway combination of axial load, P, and bending moments, Chutes), flood routing, reservoir regulation, grain Mx and My and computes the concrete and steel stresses. size computations, and sediment load studies. U. S. Army Engineer Research & Develop. Lab. The program can be used for stability analyses and Located at Fort Belvoir, Virginia. The system with base plate stress analyses, etc., with proper formula­ drum storage and card input-output, is used for the tion of input data. computation of problems in all fields of engineering Computes backwater or water surface profile in an in connection with Research and Development of mili­ open channel by the standard-step method for veloci­ tary items for the Corps of Engineers, plus a small ties less critical. The program computes water sur­ amount (l.ess than 5%) of data processing in connection face elevations and balances energy equation to the with labor distribution costs and similar reports. desired accuracy. U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Exper. Station Program derives the streamflow from snowmelt and/ Located at Vicksburg, Mississippi. The system with or rainfall over various segments of the Columbia drum storage and card input-output, is used exclusive­ River Basin, by routing water thru basin, lake, and ly for engineering and scientific applications. The channel stor~gel thereby determining streanflow at gaging statlons for reservoir reguLation of design

IBM RAMAC 650 350 Photo by U.S. Army Anniston Ordnance Depot f'lood studies. projects, either through reservoirs or open channel Monthly f'orecasts of' water year and residual vol­ reaches. Routing constants and power plant charac­ umes of' river f'low are prepared f'or 132 river sta­ teristics are included in the program along with tions in the Columbia Basin and coastal areas, f'or minimum and maximum pool elevation but may be purposes of' power, irrigation, f'lood f'orecasting and changed as desired. control. The program computes f'orecasts and prepares Program determines the total energy in kw-months, page f'orn~ts f'or publication. mean monthly capability in kw, average number of' oper­ The program simulates a basin-wide hydroelectric ating units and mean head associated with a sequence system of up to 60 projects, giving power output, of' mean monthly f'lows at a hydro-generating plant. storage and regulated streamflow data f'or the projects. Plant perf'o~nce is based on turbine unit perf'or­ Input to the routines are project characteristics, mance characteristics and generator losses contained streamflow network, periodic unregulated streamflows, in tables in memory and a constant value of' trans­ and storage changes at the projects. A sequence of' f'ormer ef'f'iciency. up to six storage projects may be designated f'or use Computes cut and f'ill, adjusted cut, accumulated in f'irming the system to a pre-specif'ied energy load cut and f'ill, mass ordinate and slope stake ref'erence f'or each period. Program 1050.4 is f'or a 650 with data where required, based upon original ground and 4000 word.s of' internal storage memory. f'inished ground conditions. This program simulates a hydroelectric system of' up The computation of' earthwork quantities and prepara­ to 20 projects on a given river and its tributaries. tion of' design roadway templates and prof'ile grades The program output gives total discharge, spill, tur­ are processed. The stations and elevations of' the bine discharge, f'orebay and tailwater elevations, verticle P.I.'s together with the length of' vert1cle head on power plant, and actual station generation, curves, and the station of' the points of' spiral and number of units on the line f'or each of' the projects, horizontal curves, the roadway typical section data and the total system generation. Variable input data and original ground data are used as inf'o~tion in­ are as f'ollows: desired generation, local inf'low, cluding a f'ive line prof'ile. The design template required spill and miscellaneous water use. Time inf'o~tion may in turn be used in the quantity com­ interval f'or input data is variable and time interval putations program above, to compute volumes and slope f'or output data is variable; however, hourly data will stake ref'erence inf'o~tion. ordinarily be computed. Flows are routed between

351 IBM RAMAC 650 Photo by U.S. Army Engineer District, Omaha

The program computes the profile grade for a high­ in TOE's, T/A's or other governing dtrectives. This way including verticle curve corrections. The input involves file maintenance routine of constantly data consists of the P.I. stations, elevations, and changing requirements by addition and deletion action. length of verticle curves. Mobilization Reservation Requirements U.S. Army Engineer Supply Control Office A process of compiling projected inventory require­ Located at 410 North Broadway, St. Louis, Missouri, ments of individual item needs based on various the system with drum, tape and cards, is used for degrees of mobilization. integrated stock and fiscal accounting. World Wide Asset Data Stock Accounting An accumulation of statistics relative to the Processing world wide customer demands and supply quantity, location, condition and net worth of all transactions in such a manner as required to maintain inventory items. individual item stock balances, on a consolidated Integrated Supply Control of Minor Secondary accountable property record, on all Engineer items Items stored within the continental United States. The process of measuring requirements against known Financial Inventory Accounting assets for purposes of projecting a supply position Provides the monetary values of issuance, receipts and Signifying actions required such as procurement, a.nd adjustments, as recorded against stated inventory excesses, etc. balances of the accountable property records into a Item Identification and Cross Reference Files directed pattern of reports. Describing for Supply Control purposes, the item Stock Fund Accounting name, description and characteristics in the detail Compiles computed dollar values of Stock Fund necessary to adequately inform potential customers lnventory balances and transactions into a designated of items available. chart of accounts as required to maintain a "balance sheet type record" of the Engineer Section of the Army Stock Fund. Customer Billing The preparation of printed bills to customers for all reimbursable issues of inventory items. Computed requirements of organizations and units as prescribed

IPM RAMAC 650 352 Photo by U.S. Army Engineer Research & Dev.Labora:'" tories

u. S. Army Ordnance U. S. Army Ordnance Located in Bldg. 109-1, Inventory Control Division, Located in Bldg. 362, Anniston Ordnance Depot, Field Services Group, Philadelphia, Pa. The system Anniston, Alabama. The system with drum, disc, cards, with drum, core, and tape storage and tape and cards tapes, cores, and typewriters is used for Ordnance input-output, is used for daily updating National Corps Distribution Depot, general supplies secondary Availability Inventory Records, requests for material, items stock control (availability edit and item catalog changes, determination of requirements, accounting) and related Financial Inventory Account­ computation of digital levels, distribution and re­ ing Activities. distribution of stock, financial inventory accounting U. S. A:rmy Philadelphia QM Depot report, demand, issue and returns summaries, stock Located at 2800 S. 20th Street, Philadelphia, Pa. status reports, computation of basic loads, main­ The systems are used for drum, card, tape, ~, tenance and usage of application file, in stock, typewriter systems, payroll, cost reporting, f~ctory technical service excess and disposal reports, fiJ.e production, procurement on-order, national inventory maintenance, and procurement status. control, inventory updating, sales and billingS;, U. S. Army Ordnance requisition and extract processing, cataloging,' supply Located in Bldg. 353, Feltman Res. & Engineering management, and retail requirements studies. Laboratories, Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N. J. The U. S. A:rmy Richmond ~ Depot system with drum and cards, is used for Interior Located at Richmond, Virginia. The systems are Ballistics {burning-rate studies and projectile­ used for card, tape system, the card, tape, RAMAC, propellant dynamics), (3-degree of freedom tra­ fund accounting, depot maintenance program, armlf jectories, inertial fuzing studies, and stability field stock control system, memorial, motor vehicle, calculations), (lethal area calculations and systems special application, FIA Stock Fund, supply control, analyses), design calculations, and use terminal civilian payroll, stock accounting, national suock ballistics data reduction. control, supply catalog, cost accounting, troop U. S. Army Ordnance requirements. Located in Bldg. 10, Watervliet Arsenal, Watervliet, U. S. Army Signal Corps School, ADPS New York. The system with drum and cards is used for Located at Squier Hall, Room 178, Fort Monmouth, research and engineering, labor control, payroll and N. J. The drum, core, disc, tape cards, typewriter, leave accounting, and cost accounting. is used for the training of Staff Officers,

}53 I:IM RAMAC 650 Photo by U. S. Army Engineer Supply Control Officer. instruction to all Signal Corps Officers, demonstra­ and statistical analysis. tions to all classes showing capabilities of ADPS, U. S. Navy, New York Naval Shipyard training of Enlisted Programmers and Console Operators, Located at Brooklyn 1, New York, the drum and card and for the testing of possible programs to be used system is used for payroll, direct labor budget, in­ in the Arrrry. terim cost, budget vs actual, daily report of costs, U. S. Navy Service Center weekly and cumulative performance repcrt, pipe stress Located on the 2nd Floor of the Navy Service Center, analysis, tank capacity tables, propulsion sTh~fting. Washington 25, D. C., the drum and card system is used U. S. Navy, Portsmouth Naval Shipyard for payroll, work measurement, labor distribution, Located at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, the drum card lunar dynamics for the Naval Research Laboratory, and system is used for payroll, personnel, cost accounting electronic production capabilities statistics. and control, production planning and control, and U. S. Naval Air Development Center scientific and engineering. Located at the Aeronautical Computer Laboratory, U. S. Navy, Puget Sound Naval Shipyard Johnsville, Pa., the drum, core, tape and card system Located in the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton, is used for scientific computations and scientific Washington, the drum card system is used for payroll data processing. (both hourly and per annum rates) inclUding leave U. S. Naval Avionics Facility (sick and vacation absences) and savings bonds~ direct Located in Indianapolis, Indiana, the drum, core, labor budget (man-hour estimates versus actual), design card and tape system is used for systems studies, and engineering, and workload forecasting (both short error analyses, calibrations and data reduction. and long range). U. S. Navy Bureau· of Naval Weapons U. S. Naval Supply Center Located in Temporary ''W'' Bldg. Rm. lW09, 18th & Located in Bldg. 211-3, Data Processing Dept., Constitution Ave., N.W., Washington 25, D. C., the Oakland, Cal., the drum card system is used for up­ dTum, card, tape system is used for production con­ dating, stock status balance cards for inventory trol, engineering calculations, research calculations, control system, civilian payroll, U. S. Savings Bond

rPM RAMAC 650 354 Photo by U.S. Army Philadelphia Quartermaster Depot / accounting for civilian personnel, calculation of measures and evaluates actual performance against EAM rental payment, and sundry management reports. predetermined standards for labor, material and over­ USAF, Headquarters, OCAMA head. Consists of (1) work measurement system under Located at Tinker AFB, Oklahoma, the drum-tape which engineered labor standards are developed and system is used for: commOdity class property account­ maintained and which provides for comparison of ing, method of controlling material by AMC supply standard hours with actual labor hours used to perform depots to worldwide AF activities, maintenance con­ the work; (2) production control system which provides tractors, and other military services. Provides data for planning, scheduling and controlling the applica­ which enables AMC to administer a timely, accurate and tion of manpower, material and facilities for the effective supply logistics system. Encompasses item accomplishment of given workload requirements in the accounting, providing inventory position and various depot maintenance shops; and (3) the standard cost­ products for effective management of serviceable, re­ accounting system, which provdes for the accumulation parable, and excess material. Provides by-products and analysis of both standard and actual dollar costs which are the basis for dollar accounting and m&.nage­ for labor, material, and overhead identified to the ment of AF assets, inputs to other systems for re­ organizational unit which best exercises direct con­ quirements computations etc. trol over the cost elements. Base class property accounting - method for con­ USAF Air Material Command trolling material to support AMC internal depot Located at Bldg. 33, ~~y C, Olmsted Air Force Base, functions and tenant organizations. System provides Penna., three drum-core-tape-card systems are used data required to enable supply components to admin­ for: prime and base class stock control and distribu­ ister timely, accurate, and effective material support. tion. Otherwise same as commOdity class property accounting All items stored at Hq MAAMA are recorded on tape application. in Class Code, stock number and account sequence. Maintenance engineering management material control - These tapes are called Master Balance Tapes. Action integrated management system based upon data which processed through the Supply System such as; shipment,

355 IBM RAMAC 650 Photo by U. S. Army Watervliet Arsenal receipts, inventory adjustments, transfers, etc., are by item, with dollar value extended, total dollar processed daily to up date the master balance records. value by account and PSC and overall total dollar The following output products are generated when value by class. processing supply actions: transaction registers, USAF, Air Materiel Command, Asst. for Data shipping documents (l04Pl & 104P3), inventory Services, Comptroller, these are used to compute the accounting monetary, material cost, stock fund, balance 90 day requirements and 30 day supportability. Pro­ eards (category I & II only), inventory adjustment ducts from this tape are: file maintenance to the registers. ma.ster tape such as additions, deletions, changes, Each month the daily transaction registers are con­ special requests and stock list changes, purge and solidated and consumption for each item is recorded. transfer list, unidentified item list, AMC 550 Requisi­ At stock balance reporting time (every 90 days for Hi­ tion cards, 30 day supportability list, parts shortage Valu and every 180 days for Category II & III) con­ list. sumption qty is consolidated and selected from tape by A quarterly report to show maintenance if their re­ ltem. Also at stock balance reporting time the assets plac~'D.ent percent in the material standards is a reali­ stored at MAAMA are selected from the master tapes. stic figure. Report consists of actual material, end '1~he consumption cards and assets cards are used to item production, production count and material stand­ prepare the stock balance and consumption report. ards. Every week stock list changes are processed against A master tape compiled daily to make a monthly report the master balance tape. This includes stock number on the cost of all material used by maintenance. ehanges, unit price changes, procurement source code A master tape inventory balance which is updated and expendability-repair cost code changes and unit of daily by transactions. Stock list changes are process­ issue changes. These changes are generated from USAF ed weekly against this tape. Transaction registers, stock list catalogues. 550, 550, a card etc., are made daily from this tape. I.AM Reconciliation: This program utilizes M/B tape A tape made quarterly to update the unit cost in as input. The output is A/F and/or FSC 20 word record the material standard master tape. Re -price tape

lIM RAMAC 650 356 Photo by U.S. Air Force Directorate of Statistical Services

USAF Mobile Air Material Area Fields of application include: this program utilizes Located at Erookley AF Base, Mobile, Alabama, the the lAM daily corrections for lAM daily transactions drum-core-tape-card system is utilized for: stock as input cards. The output cards are daily sumiDary control and distribution system, maintenance manage­ cards and financial detail cards. The summary cards ment system, inventory accounting (monetary) system, dollar value condition is controlled by the posting unit authorization listings, mechanized civilian control; the group number by weapons code, lAM code, payroll system, PCAM utilization reporting program, account code. test validation system. These include the processing This program utilizes. the daily summary cards as of Air Force property records for which MOAMA has input. The output cards are lAM periOdic summary world-wide responsibility, the processing of MOAMA's cards. The dollar value is summarized by PSC within maintenance-engineering management system, a program account, within lAM for each class. developed for controlling equipment material to This program utilizes the lAM periodic summary cards operate the base, a program that computes civilian as input. The output cards are lAM monthly s1.lIllli1ary pay and leave for preparation of civilian leave and cards and lAM monthly line cards. The monthly summary earning statements, checks, and printing of bonds, a dollar value is summarized by lAM within account, program that computes the PCAM machine utilization, wi thin PSC, wi thin class symbol sequence. The monthly and a program for validating test scores for lAM line card is summarized by lAM. civilian personnel. From !AM opening balance cards and !AM monthly sum­ USAF Air Materiel Command mary cards.. this program prepares the closing balance Located at Bldg. 33 .. Bay C, Olmsted AFB, Penna., cards for the month. The opening and closing dOllar the system is used for implementation of a mechanized values are summarized by condition and by condition payroll system, providing for p!t'e!paration of civiiian within PSC for each class and storage site. payroll checks, bond issuance program and leave and From monthly summary cards for the quarter, this earning statement is scheduled for December 1960. program prepares one card showing dollar value tor

357 IBM RAMAC 650 Photo by U.S. Air Force Mobile Air Materiel Area i;he quarter f'or all items which have connnon class during a reporting period (issues, condemnations, symbol, PSC, ownership account, condition code and reparable generations, serviceable returns f'rom over­ rAM code haul, etc); quantity of' assets on hand and their This program utilizes lAM opening balance and lAM condition; and, location of' assets (on-work-order, monthly summary cards, f'or the quarter, as input intransit, reparable shipments, etc). cards. ~le output cards are quarterly supply summary This program takes projected programming data f'rom cards and A.MCr.- summary cards. The quarterly supply Hq., USAF (received on classif'ied computer tape) and summary dollar value is summarized by condition, wi thin produces Management reports f'or the Plans and Program rAM, within account, within reporting depot, within Of'f'ice at Hq., MAAMA (MAFD). That of'f'ice, in turn, controlling depot, wi thin class symbol. .AMIT summary ref'lects the aircraf't f'lying hours and engine f'lying dollar value is summarized by f'ields controlled by hours by type, model, series of' MAAMA prime aircraf't account ruld condition. and MAAMA prime engines f'or three f'iscal years on a This program utilizes l-fl?A balance cards as input. projected basis. ~The output is lAM reconciliation cards by item, with This program deals with items as related to specif'ic dollar va.l.ue extended, all "Q" accounts have only types, models, and series of' aircraf't. It applies the service value extended. quantity per assembly (quantity of' this item which is This application governs the accurate accumulation installed on a specif'ic aircraf't) to the percentage and reporting of' on-hand assets and consumption data of' application to compute a f'actor. The percentage to provide essential information to AMA's, depots, of' application is the percentage of' this particular and bases under the AF logistics concept. These type, model, and series of' aircraf't which uses this reports determine the gross f'uture needs of' the Air item, as related to the total number of' this type, Force, the items the Air Force can expect f'rom repair, model, and series of' aircraf't in the Air Force. The and the stock availability. The inf'ormation provided f'actor is applied to the past and present projected by SB&CR' s is as f'ollows: Actions that have occurred f'lying hour program data to arrive at the installed

IBM RAMAC 650 358 Photo by U. S. Air Fer ce Patrick .AFB flying hour programs for each particular requirement, tenance Management, includes data proceSSing for i.e., stock level hours, repair cycle hours, etc. In flow of material programming data; for the computa­ a later program various factors are applied to these tion and forecasting of items of supply required to hours in determining the requirements for cost cate­ support current operationG and programs; for inventory, gory II recoverable items. utilization, and status of aircraft engines andmissi­ USAF Mobile Air Materiel Area les, for such functions as stock control, inventory Located at Brookley AFB, Alabama, the drum-core­ warehousing, transportation, requisitioning and back tape-card system is utilized for: stock control and order procedures; for all identifying and cataloging distribution system, maintenance management system, operations such as Federal Conversion Program, AF inventory accounting (monetary) system, unit authori­ stock lists, D/A cross reference index, etc; for zation listings, mechanized civilian payroll system, inventory, utilization, accounting and status of such PCAM utilization reporting program, test validation property as medical-dental, clothing, ammunition, system. These include the processing of Air Force petroleum, oils and lubricants. property records for which MOAMA has world-wide Maintenance Support and Maintenance Management. responsibility, the processing of MOAMA's maintenance­ Includes data processing concerned with the collection engineering management system, a program developed and reporting of labor and production statistics in­ for controlling equipment material to operate the base, volving work measurement, labor distribution materiel a program that computes civilian pay and leave for standards and projection; includes data processing preparation of civilian leave and earning statements, for product improvement system such as material failure checks, and printing of bonds, a program that computes and "UR" reporting. the PCAM machine utilization and a program for vali­ Financial Management and Accounting System (includes dating test scores for civilian personnel. Mechanized Civilian Payroll 8,ystem), includes data USAF San Bernardino Air Materiel Area processing concerned with reports developed for the Located at Norton AFB, California, the drum-card purpose of projecting budget requirements and financial system is used for: Maintenance Support and Main- plans; preparatiQn and majntnenace of reports pertain-

D59 IBM RAMAC 650 Photo by U. S. Air Force Patrick .AFB

ing to monetary value of items in stock and in use; Control: inc~hdes data processing required in the maintenance and operating costs of real estate compilation of unit allowance list and base allowance facilities; preparation and maintenance of reports list; effort required in maintaining the files and reflecting cost data for both labor and material for preparation of the actual lists and reports; data all functions; preparation and maintenance of reports processing for inventory, utilization and status of reflecting obligation, cOmmitment, expenditure, and vehicles other than aircraft, electronics and communi- Btatus of funds; cost of public work programs and cations equipnent, and data processing equipm.ent. construction activities; preparation of expense report, USAF, JIq., Ali'SWC, Kirtland AFB punched card check program, check reconciliation and Located at Kirtland Ar.B, Bldg. 499, New Mexico, the other similar processing and reporting activities; drum-card system is used for inventory accounting and processing of other reports reflecting accounting monetary, appropriations accounting, supply inventory or financial data for such functions as general account- control and maintenance exception time accounting. ing, expense accounting, clothing and commissary account- USAF AFGC (PGCS) Eglin AFB ing. Located in Bldg. 100, Room 108, Eglin AFB, Florida, Mechanized Civilian Payroll System (Authority: AMC the drum-card system is used for: automatic process- Manual 171-1, Volume II, Chapter 369-51 and AMC Letter ing of supply transactions, equipment control, 25-112, dated 29 October 1957). This system provides personnel, financial services, .and miscellaneous for the maintenance of punched card pay records for applications. all employees at Norton AFB and within the Hq.,SBAMA. USAF Hq. Directorate of Statistical Services, Bi-weekly time and leave records are processed against APO 633, N. Y., N. Y. this master file and time and leave records are updated, Located in Wiesbaden, Germany, the drum-core-tape- employees' pay is computed and pay checks and leave card system is used for enlisted military personnel !~d earning statements are published for each employee. accounting and reporting, officer military personnel J~s additional system benefits, year-to-date records of accounting and reporting, civilian personnel account­ payments are kept and labor distribution data is created ing and reporting, manpower authorization system, for cost accounting purposes. intelligence data analysis, ground electronics Equipment Management and Data Processing Production installations, and medical stock fund reporting.

IBM RAMAC 650 360 Photo by U. S. Air Force Special Weapons Center

USAF Hdqs., MATS Located in Bldg. S-920, Scott AFB, Illinois, the centrally maintained and used to develop all reports drum-core-tape-card-typewriter system is used for and information products, including publication of personnel accounting, manpower and organization, all unit manning documents). materiel, and operations and traffic. USAF 2709th AF Vehicle Control Group USAF Hdqs., Pacific Air Force Located at 3300 Jackson Ave., Memphis 2, Tenn., the Located in APO 953, San Francisco, Cal., the drum­ drum-card system is used for stock control and core-tape-card system is used is Statistical Services distribution - inventory management, in support of for: personnel application (Military) maintenance vehicle reporting and control, mechanized 650 payroll of complete personnel data on all military personnel system, in support of project count - wall to wall assigned to PACAF organizations. Programs include inventory, and in support of work measurement. updating of files, error determination, preparation NASA Flight Research Center, Box 273 of all mechanized personnel reports required by USAF Located at Edwards, Cal., the drum-card system is and PACAF. CMOP application. Maintenance of complete used for aircraft flight data reduction, missile authorization data for unit manning documents of 1lnits trajectories, theoretical heat transfer and super­ assigned to PACAF. Programs include updating of files, sonic flow, and cost accounting. error determination, preparation of authorization U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Commodity reports required by USAF and PACAF. Miscellaneous. Stabilization Service, USDA Programs in accounting, UAL and MRAL. These prepare Located at the Evanston CSS Commodity Office:, cost reports required by USAF and PACAF. Intelli­ Evanston, Ill., the drum-card-tape-printer system is gence applications. used for the proceSSing of price support loan and USAF Hdqs., PACAF A-3 Directorate of Control purchase transactions for the 19 states served by Located in APO 953, San Francisco, Cal., the tape­ this office. This application includes computation drum-core-card-typewriter system is used in Directo­ of loan and purchase transactions, preparation of rate of Control for operations and intelligence. settlement statements with farmers and producers, USAF ROAMA Griffiss Air Force Base and recordation of accountability for these trans­ Located in the Depot Supply Bldg. No.1, East Wing, actions - approximately 111,000 transactions are Griffiss AFB, the drum-card system is used for payroll, processed annually. It is also used for the prepara­ personnel, mechanized property accounting and inven­ tion of precomputing invoices covering warehOuSe tory accounting management. charges due to grain elevators - approximately 4,000 USAF Hdqs., Strategic Air Command invoices are prepared monthly, and for the preparation Located in the Offutt AFB, Nebraska, the drum-tape­ of settlement statements of warehousemen covering disc-card system is used for command military personnel quantity and quality differences on grain delivered accounting (detail command personnel files are central­ as opposed to ordered for delivery also covers final ly maintained and all USAF and SAC required reports settlement for warehousing charges - approximately and information products are developed there from) and 2,000 settlements are processed per month. command manpower and organization authorization account­ ing (command authorization information files are

361 IBM RAMAC 650 Photo by U.S. Air Force 2T09th llF Vehicle Control Group

California Division of Highways Located at 1120 "N" Street, Sacramento, Cal., the accounting, general accounting, statistical studies, d~-card system is used for engineering computations, and operations research problems. statistical applications, and traffic routing and Bridgeport Brass Company assignment. Located at the Ground Floor, 30 Grand Street, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Coast and Geodetic Bridgeport 2, Conn., the drum-card system is used Survey for payroll and payroll statisitcsj sales statistics, Located in Room 3009, Dept. of Commerce Bldg., including customer sales reports, cost of sales Washington, D. C., the drum-card system is used for reports, and tax reportsj inventory, including mill scientific applications, including adjustment of products finished goods, housatonic avenue plant surveys (triangulation and traverses), reduction of process, venetial blind strip and components finished magnetic observations, adjustment of aero-triangu­ goodsj and cost accounting at the Housatonic Avenue lation, gravity vector components, calculation of Plant. flight bearings for check VOR facilities, and for Convair, A Division of General Dynamics fiscal and budget applications, including payroll Located at Convair, Fort Worth, Texas, the system and cost accounting. is used for Material Project Status - Semi-weekly U.S. Department of the Interior File Maintenance. Requires approximately 35 hours Located at Denver Federal Center, Bureau of of 650 time weekly. Semi-weekly material transaction Heclamation, Denver, Colorado, the drum-card system activity, together with applicable material item is used for engineering and scientific computations balance summary cards at the project level, are for problem arising in the investigation, design, processed into the 650 to produce: eonstrllction, and operation of reclamation projects. category and contract transfer detail activity U.S. Treasury Dept., Internal Revenue cards, procurement notice detail activity cards, Bervice procurement change notice detail activity cards, pro­ Located 10th and Constitution Avenues, Washington, curement notiae balance reporting cards, contract D. C., there are three idential systems at Lawrence, code error detail activity cards, purchase parts Mass., Kansas City, Mo and Ogden, Utah. These are below minimum reporting cards, internally initiated drum-card systems used for mathematical verification project transfer activity updates the item balances of income tax returns, computation of account balances at the project level without producing output detail and interest, computation of installments of estimated activity cards, daily transaction activity detail tax, payroll computations, computation of personnel cards priced at standard unit price, updated material and machine utilization reports, and computation of item balance summary cards representing effect of man-hour distribution reports. input transaction and also internally initiated American Airlines transactions. Material Project Status Report - Located at 100 Park Avenue, New York, New York, Dollars, Monthly: the drum-card system is used for commercial payroll Requires approximately 21 hours of 650 time monthly.

IBM HAMAC 650 Photo by U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Denver

Material item balance summary cards at the project cards, cashed sub-stores transfer detail activity level, together with applicable mas-ter material cards cards, updated material sub-stores item balance containing standard unit price, realization factors, summary cards representing effect of input trans­ and class/DMS codes, are processed as of accounting actions and also internally initiated transactions. closing to produce priced detail output deck reflect­ Material Detail Parts, Shop Order Requisition ing standard value of the on hand, on order, open Allocation, Monthly: Requires approximately 2 hours requirements (or order point), and status balances. of 650 time monthly, card decks representing material Commercial/Production Consumption Minimum -Order cashed requisitions and shop order work order details, Point and Economic Order Quantity Calculation, Monthly. cashed requisition and shop order work order group Requires approximately 28 hours of 650 time monthly. summaries, and requisition master header card data Card decks representing current material item status, are combined and processed into Type 650 to produce minimum - order point master data, and prior six allocated work order summaries cards. month's usage are combined at the material item level Coding Final Labor Distribution, Weekly: Requires and processed into type 650 to produce: update usage approximately 1-1/2 hours of 650 time weekly, this history, order point quantity adjustment detail cards, application assigns account numbers and sub-account procurement notice detail activity cards, as applicable, numbers based on work order numbers and charged reflecting recommended quantity to procure, procurement department. It also accumUlates tenths of hours to notice balance reporting card, on-call sub-purchase develop "Whole Hours" totals. order detail activity cards, special notification Common Cost Allocation, Monthly. Requires approxi­ detail cards, updated material item balance summary mately 1 hour of 650 time monthly. Unidentified hours cards, commercial project status dollars cards, priced worked are allocated to work order numbers assigned at standard unit price. Material On-Call Sub-Purchase to comon cost distribution. Allocations are made Order, Monthly. based on the percentage of unidentified hours to the Requires approximately 2 hours of 650 time monthly. total hours charged to common cost work order numbers. Material on-call sub-purchase order detail cards, Hourly Retirement Calculations, Yearly. Requires together with applicable on-call vendor name and add­ approximately 5 hours of 650 time yearly. Current ress masters are processed to produce material on-call year's retirement benefits (base and excess) are sub-purchase order vendor name and address detail cards. calculated based on hourly rate, hours worked, birth Material Sub-Stores Project Status, Monthly File date, and hire date. Total retirement benefits are Maintnenance. Requires approximately 6 hours of 650 calculated to date. Master FR/PEO Schedules, Bi­ time monthly, material tranaction activity pertaining weekly. Requires approximately 1/2 hour 650 time to sub-stores, together with applicable material sub­ per schedule. Schedules show the estimated start stores item balance summary cards at the sub-stores and completion dates as forecasted by the Facilities level, are processed into the 650 to produce: Department in comparison to the actual dates recorded Sub-stores transfers, detail activity cards to by the various departments responsible for completion. replenish sub-stores, sub-stores zero stock notice The schedules serve management as a guide to sequenc­ detail cards, sub-stores special notification detail ing the start of jobs and close follow-up.

IBM RAMAC 650 Photo by Bridgeport Brass Company Jack Stock Studio

The 650 is used for this job in order to take advantage matched to the particular line entry by a line serial of the "Selective Field" key punching technique, where- number. In some cases, a single change card may be by only the individua~ changes need be key punched used to correct several or even several hundred rather than a complete line entry. line entries. Debit and credit material cards are Vendor Quality Performance Rating, Quarterly. Data punched where the change affects material ordering. regarding material and/or parts received from vendors, Control totals are prepared manually and balanced plus inspection rejection data, are accumulated per- mechanically. petually. Every three months the previous twelve ~ennessee Eastman Company months's data is calculated, using probability factors Located in Kingsport, Tennesee, the drum-core-card to produce: ratings by vendor wi thin a material group, system is used for eCluipment design (includes pipe ratings by product type, quality ratings based on stress analysis, B. W.R. eCluation of state, network effectiveness. The ratings developed by 650 are used flow analysis, pressure vessel and shell head, heat as a guide to buying from vendors. exchanger, plate to plate analysis, and vapor liquid Quality Control Engineering Statistics, as Required. equilibrium), analysis of control laboratory, experi­ Requires approximately l-l/2 - 2 hours of 650 time per mental, and historical data (includes evolutionary week. Statistics are calculated using IBM 650 library operation, time trend box method, Yates analysis programs and the "Bell Interpretive System." These of variance, forecasting by exponentail smoothing, programs are used in areas of process development, interplaner spacing of HKL plane, differential fourier process analysis, process modification, process.control, synthesis, etc.), and commercial uses (includes and departmental quality analysis. Calculations inclUde:construction work load, sales analysis exception simple correlation analysis, multiple correlation basis, sales accounting summaries, operating labor analysis, frequency distribution, averages, and stand- scheduling). ard deviations, significance tests, average range charts, The Emerson Electric Mfg. Co. special analysis using "Bell" programming. Sub-Assembly Located at l567 Salzman Ave., Wellston, Mo., the Shop Ordering-Preparing of Travelers, as ReCluired. system is used for engineering and scientific cal­ Cards are pulled from manufacturing parts list deck by culations together with data processing related to segment and lot as required. These cards are merged engineering tasks. Some specific items are missile with a major component schedule (in punched card fona( trajectory calculations, heat transfer, aircraft­ by item and indenture. The 650 determines and punches missile intercept, prediction of failure rates of into sub-assembly travelers: manufacturing span time, complete electronic system and maintaining files start and completion dates, total quantity ordered, of failure reports for reliability evaluation. work order number, ship number. Control Assembly Cleveland Engine Plants, FOMOCO Parts List - Engineering Release, Daily. This system Located in Cleveland Engine Plant No.2, Brookpark, employes the "Selective Field" key punching method Ohio, the system is used for Payrolls and Labor, of up-dating a file of over 650,000 cards on a daily timekeeping records, hourly payroll reports, salary basis. Red pencil changes are entered on parts lists payroll reports, labor distribution, overtime by engineering parts list group. Only the red pencil eCluilization, personnel records, statistics. Pro- entries are key punched into "Change" cards and are duct ion Control, computation of net requirements

IBM RAMAC 650 Photo by Ford Motor Company APS and ERO releasing, receipts, shipments, cycle count adjust­ In.stitute for Defense Analyses ments, inventory planning, cycle count control, Located in Room lE871, Pentagon, Washington, D.C. productive mat. inventory, perished tooling. Cost The system is used for war-gaming procedures for Accounting, scrap analysis, Mfg. expense ledger, evaluating weapons systems, cost accounting,and perpetual inventory, accounts payable, accounts damage assessment problems. receivable, accountable document control, purchase Littauer Statistical Laboratory priority variances, direct labor performance, cost Located at 94 Prescott Street, Cambridge, Mass. of sales production reporting. the drum-core-card-tape system is used for statisti­ Controllers's Office, Ford Motor Company cal problems such as frequency distributions, Located in the Controller's Office, Box 494, correlations, regreSSions, factor analyses,(principal Dearborn, Michigan, the system is used for accounting, axis, verimax, and oblimin rotations) sociograms, production control, quality control, plant engineer­ etc. ing, and personnel. Michigan Bell Telephone Company Ford Motor Company, Advanced Product Study Located on the 1st Floor, 23500 Northwestern Hwy., and Engineering Research Office Southfield, Michigan, the system is used for payroll Located in the Scientific Laboratory and Research (24000 employees), utile and cost reports of !EM Bldg., Engineering & Research Staff, Dearborn, Mich, equip., non-management wage survey, com'l work vol. the system is used in computation relating to engineer­ meas. plan, annual mortality studies, general sales ing design studies, largely in the field of mechanical results, general planning forecasts (trunk est., engineering, and concerned with prOjection of system etc.), shifting seas. var. and calendar shifts, performance, stress analysis, vibration studies, linear correlation of time series, traffic point gear design, vehicle suspension design analysis, to point study, directory sales results and commi­ structural rigidity, test data reduction, etc. Various sions, traffic Detroit Area Trunk Estimates, trunk "Basic Research" programs in atomic structure, heat adm. weekly results, dial loading report, message transfer, magnetic properties also use this computer. unit detail billing study, coil collection schedul­ Harrison Radiator Division, General Motors ing, and traffic observing results. Corporation Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation Located in Lockport, New York, the system is used Located at 275 Winchester Ave., New Haven, Oonn., for heat exchanger design program (main program). the system is used for fuels performance calculations, Representative sub-routines of this program are, multi-component equilibria, free energy, isentropic plate fin geometry for cross flow, temperature check, expansion, flame temperature, mollier diagram, core weight and volume, and regenerator and oil cooler mechanical and thermal stresses, statistical analyses, modifications. Curve fit-quadratic (a series of six regression analyses, planned experiments, least quadratic equations to plot the points of a curve). squares curves, theoretical crystal growth, heat Analysis program, (a series of geometric programs to transfer, production machine speed trables, thermo­ allow for computation from basic data to finished couple temperature tables (Callendar Equipment). result offrom finished result back to basic data).

IBM RAMAC 650 Photo by Ohio Oil Company

The Prudential Insurance Company of America, Electronics Research Division Located at Newark, New Jersey, the system is used Pension Statistics and related payroll and deduction for ordinary insurance billing and accounting, agency report data. records and debit insurance, district agencies pay­ Colorado State University Computing Center roll, mortga.ge loan accounting, valuation-actuarial, Located at Fort Collins, Colorado, plans to get actuarial - statistical calculations. an IBM 650 Summer 1960. RCA Service Company, BMEWS Project Columbia University Located at Griffiths Air Force Base, Rome, New Located at Dobbs Ferry, New York, the drum-card York, the drtml-card system is used for inventory system is used to assist theoretical and experimental eontrol, reliability, monetary accounting, procure­ research and for the processing of scientific data. ment, transportation, and engineering. Cornell University New York Stock Exchange Located at the Dairy Records Processing Laboratory, Located at 18 Broad Street, New York 5, N. Y.,the Ithaca, New York, the computer and peripheral equip-' 13ystem is used for verification, clearance and ment are used to process monthly DHIA records for settlement of security transactions executed on the about 250,000 cows from 11 northeastern states. The New York Stock Exchange. The operations facilitate computer is used about 50% of the time processing the physical delivery of securities and payments of this material, 20% of it's time is spent doing money related to security transactions. Services routine analyses such as evaluating sires used in of S. C. C. are rendered to Clearing Members of the artificial insemination and preparing other research New York Stock Exchange and Member Banks of New York material to be distributed to the DHIA membership Clearing House Association. involved in the program. The remaining time is Sun Oil Company utilized in basic and applied research in quanitative IDcated at the Marcus Hook Refinery, Marcus Hook, genetic, this effects environment and management Penna., the system is used for refinery simulation on dairy production and other analyses of a statisti­ to determine optimtml method of operation, process cal nature. ealculation to establish operating conditions, chemi­ Indiana University eal engineering design calculations, analysis instru­ Located at the Research Computing Center, BlOOming­ ment data reduction, and marketing statistical ton, Indiana, the system is used for almost all 3.nalysis. phases of University Research make use of the Center's Western Electric Company facilities. The following are some of the major Located at 77 South Wacker Drive, Chicago, Ill., fields of research using the computer: astronomy: the drtml-core-disc-card-tape system is used for the stellar interiors and stellar atmospheres. Chemistry: preparation of payroll checks, distribution of payroll, quantum mechanics, x-ray diffraction. Business and analysis of deductions from pay, processing of cost Economics: surveys of markets, executive games. and billing procedures, preparation of quarterly and Mathematics: ntmlerical analysis. Psychology: year-end State, City and Federal Tax Reports, Pension mathematical model studies. In addition, the

DIM RAMAC 650 366 Photo by Socony Mobil Oil Company, Incorporated

departments of Political Science, Sociology~ and Elect. Engineering: mutual impedance between the School of Education make great use of~tne Center. individual elements in a large antenna array Marquette University (sponsored by Rome Air Development Genter). Located in the Computing Center, Milwaukee, Wis., Sociology: predicition of hospital prognosis from the drum-card system is used for research problems social factors. Niagara Mohawk: study of gas from all fields of university endeavor and for distribution and transmission systems (sponsored student education in programming. by Niagara Mohawk). Radio-Television: analysis Stanford University of audience characteristics of viewers and non­ Located at the Computation Center, Stanford, Cal., viewers of an educational television program series, the drum-card system is used for the range of interests "Books and Ideas"------Determination of factors of an academic community. predicitng television program success (sponsored Syracuse University by Schwerin Research Corp. of NYC). Psychology: Located at the Computing Center, 112 Hinds Hall, juvenile delinquency study (sponsored by U. S. Office Syracuse University, Syracuse 10, New York, New York, of Education). Smith Corona: Determination of the system is used for Mathematics: procedures for sales quotas (sponsored by Smith-Corona). Bacterio­ solving high order complex polynomial equations. logy and Botany: wholesomeness of irradiated foods Chemical Engineering: explosion pressure calculation. (sponsored by Army Surgeon General's Office). Economics: evaluation of Cobb-Douglas Production for Education: verbal problem skills in arithmetic (The­ USA and USSR Data. Industrial Engineering: shop sis). Sociology: analysis of community influence scheduling study (Thesis). Industrial Engineering: systems. Preventive Med. College of Med.: Toxo­ Statistical Quality Control Study (Thesis). Education: plasmosis study (sponsored by State of New York). predicition of reading skills. Civil Engineering: Elect. Engineering: power loss study (sponsored by analYSis of errors in aerial photogrametry. Electrical Niagara Mohawk). Elect. Engineering: study of Engineering: effect of the presence of ferrite posts examination techniques in electrical engineering. in waveguides (sponsored). Psychology: study of new Elect. Engineering: study of interpretive COding ability measuring index (Thesis). Industrial scheme with reference to electrical engineering Engineering: calculation of interest factors. Ind­ requirements.------preliminary study of linear ustrial Engineering: reliability of estimates in arrays with non-uniform spacing. Elect. Engineering: economics problems (Thesis). General Elect.: Pro­ Fourier Integral Transform Study (Thesis). Education: bability of radar tracking of missiles (sp0nsored relation of selected non-intellectual factors to by General Electric). Chemical Engineering: study Over - and Under-Achievement in Several College of the Van Laar Equation (Thesis). Niagara Mohawk: Groups (Thesis). Pediatrics Dept. College of Med.: study to find optimum operation of a hydroelectric characteristics of autonomic nervous system function plant (sponsored by Niagara Mohawk). Business in new born and young infants (sponsored by the State Statistics: study of production indices. Physics: of New York). Elect. Engineering: transformer relaxation rates. Mathematics: analysiS of cosmic rating (sponsored by Niagara Mohawk). Psychology: ray data (Thesis). Psychology: study of non-linear juvenile delinquency study (Thesis). discriminant functions (Thesis).

IBM RAMAC 650 Photo by Socony Mobile Oil Company, Incorporated

Psychology: background factors and correlates of Mathematics: study of prime numbers. Dept. of achievement motivation (Thesis). Elect. Engineering: Chemical Engineering, College of Forestry: dilute near-zone antenna field synthesis (sponsored by solution properties of polymers (sponsored by Soc. General Electric). Traffic Commission: ordering of Am. Foresters). Mathematics: computational of information provided by student traffic cards at experiments with the conjugate gradient method and S.U. Society of American Foresters, College of other related methods for the solution of systems :Forestry: study of education in forestry and re­ of linear equations. Niagara Mohawk: evaluation lated fields of natural resources management (sponsor­ of the place of nuclear power among the power-generat­ ed by Society of American Foresters). College of Lib. ing resources (sponsored by Niagara Mohawk). Arts, Office of the Dean: study of the transfer The term IIsponsoredll indicates financial aid in student in the College of Liberal Arts. Elect. part or in full from a source outside of Syracuse Engineering: antenna arrays (sponsored by Rome Air University. ·Development Center). Eckerlin and lO..epper: study Problems listed for Niagara-Mohawk, General Elec­ of :moment distribution in connection with the design tric and Smith Corona indicate a cooperative arrange­ of new dormitory construction at Syracuse University ment between the Syracuse University Computing (flponsored by Eckerlin and lO..epper). Physics: opti­ Center and the Syracuse Community as a whole. cal modes in calcite and arafonite crystals (Thesis). Computing time on our machine is provided occasional­ Electrical Engineering: computation to obtain ly for such com~anies for problems of a research graphical representation of equipotential lines out­ (non-production) nature if time is available at no side an elliptical electron beam (sponsored by NSF). sacrifice to University users. Ctvil Engineering: photographic coordinate measure­ University of Houston ment errors and their effect on tilt and resection Located at the Computing and Data Processing (1~esis). Special Education: Statistical study Oenter, University of Houston, Houston 4, Texas, of results of series of verbal and non-verbal tests the drum-card system is used for education and. given to school children (sponsored). Dept. of research in all areas where a computer is useful. Microbiology, College of Med.: population genetics Vanderbilt University study (sponsored by State of New York). Forest Located in Wesley Hall, Vanderbilt University, Management, College of Forestry: the predictive Nashville, Tennessee, the system is used in the validity of two tests with forestry students at research field by the physics, chemistry and Oregon State College (Thesi's). Physics: study of astronomy and engineering students for calculations bubble chamber tracks (sponsored by AEC). Economics: to be used in their theses. Various members in income distribution (Thesis). youth Development the science departments have used it for problems Center: a study of the characteristics of apprehended pertaining to private research work. The medical jLlvenile delinquents in Onondaga County (sponsored). school has made some use of it, in particular the Btlsiness Administration: management games. Univ. radioisotope section which uses a routine to inter­ of Hawaii: analysis of sugar cane growth (sponsored pret the information from their analyzer and calcu­ by Hawaiian Commercial Sugar Company). late the amount of potassium in the human body.

IllM RAMAC 650 368 Photo by Western Electric Company, Omaha

The machine has been utilized more for statistical Soap, Fortransit, assorted customer programs for work than any other type of calculations. The general problems (utility routines, etc.) and pro­ psychology, sociology, and economics departments grams for specific industry needs (engineering, have been most active in this way. petroleum, etc.). For education the machines have been used in the Registers and B-boxes include distributor, upper conducting of classes in programming and computing and lower accumulators, and three index registers. for any interested members of the university communi ty. Yale University Located at the Computing Center, 135 Prospect ARITHMETIC UNIT Street, New Haven, Connecticut, most of the work Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access is done in physics and social sciences by staff Microsec Microsec members of these departments and by graduate Add Variable 288( Optimized) students in these departments dOing work toward Mult Variable 2,210-19,600 10,000(Optimized) their degrees. A drum-card system is used. Div Variable 6,000-23,400 12,000(Optimized) Construction (Arithmetic unit only) Vacuum Tubes Type Quantity 6350 208 PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM 5965 122 Internal number system Decimal 6211 132 Decimal digits/word 10 plus sign 5687 7 Instructions/word 1 Diodes Type Instructions decoded 89 AP 499 Arithmetic system Fixed point (standard) Transistors o Floating point is an optional feature (2 digit Condensers 231 character, 8 digit mantissa and sign) Arithmetic mode Serial by character Instruction type One address Timing Synchronous MOdified to include location of next instruction Operation Sequential NUmber range _1010 < a < 1010 Instruction word format 1 2 3 6 7 10 Sign Oper Code Data Location of Next Address Instruction

369 Photo by U. S. Army Engineer Supply Control Office

STORAGE the magnetic tape and the magnetic drum. Each of Manufacturer these words of core is addressable and can be used Media No. of Words Access Microsec for rapid access storage when not reading or writing Magnetic Drum 2,000 or 4,000 96 min 4,800 max magnetic tape (96 micro sec per word access). Tape Magnetic Core 60 96 from IBM 702, 704 or 705 Systems can be read by this Magnetic Tape 500,000 per unit 800,000 max/60 words tape unit. Rewind time for 2,400 feet of tape is Magnetic Disk 600,000 1.2 minutes. The IBM 650 (RAMAC) (355) and the IBM RAMAC (650) 650 (Tapes) utilize a 537 Read-Punch Unit operating Magnetic Tape at 155 cards/minute. No. of units that can be connected 6 Units No. of char/linear inch of tape 200 Char/inch Channels or tracks on the tape 7 Tracks/tape Blank tape separating each record 1.5 Inches OUTPUT Tape speed 75 Inches/sec Manufacturer Start time 10.8 Millisec Media Speed Stop time 10.8 Millisec Cards 100 or 250 cards/min Average time for experienced Magnetic Tape 15,000 char/sec operator to change reel of tape 180 Seconds Line Printer 150 lines/min Physical properties of tape (wheel type) 120 char/line Width 0.5 Inches A 10-word output buffer is provided which allows Length of reel 2, 400 Feet computation to proceed for 565 milliseconds of the Composition Ferrous coated acetate or mylar 600 milliseconds necessary to punch a card. A 60- Mylar is DuPont's registered trademark for its word magnetic core buffer is available between the polyester film. magnetic tape and the magnetic drum. Each of these words is addressable and can be used for rapid access storage when not reading or writing magnetic tape (96 microseconds per word access). Printer connect­ INPUT ed directly to main frame of computer through a 10- Manufacturer word print buffer. Printer connected to magnetic Media Speed tape frame, independent of computer. The IBM 650 Cards 200 or 250 cards/min RAMAC and IBM 650 Tape Systems utilize a 537 Read Mk~gnetic Tape 15,000 char/sec Punch Unit with a speed of 155 cards/minute. 150 cards/min may be read from read feed of Type 407 Accounting Machine when attached. A 10-word in­ put buffer is provided which allows computation to proceed for 272 millisec of the 300 millisec necessary to reach a card. A 60-word magnetic core buffer is available between magnetic tape and the magnetic drum. Each of these words of core is addressable between

IBM RAMAC 650 370 DEMONSTRATION - Dr. James E. Scroggs, computing Photo by University of Arkansas center supervisor at the University of Arkansas, shows Larry David of Beebe, an engineering student, how the new IBM 650 Computer works. The computing center at the University is the only one in Arkansas. (Caption furnished by U. of Arkansas)

CI RCU tT ELEMENTS OF ENTI RE SYSTEM Manufacturer Type Quantity Type Quantity Tubes Diodes 6350 545 F 3,302 5965 269 M 6~ 6211 296 J 2 5726 107 Transistors 0 5687 148 Magnetic Cores 3,600 12AY7 11 For a RAMAC 650 with 4 disk units and 6 magnetic tape units, the total system re~uirement is tubes 5,467; diodes 11,428; transistors 211; and magnetic cores 3,600.

371 IBM RAMAC 650 Photo by Georgia Institute of Technology RECC

CHECKI NG FEATURES existing two ten ton air conditioners to computer room. Two internal partitions removed. Manufacturer USA Phila QM Depot Validity character check (data and instructions), Power, computer Tape 650 52.6 KVA non-existent addresses and order codes, double punch Volume, computer 1,902 cu ft and blank column, overflow of accumulator, divide Volume, air conditioner 21,000 cu ft check, horizontal and vertical parity checks on .Area, computer 317 sq ft magnetic tape, magnetic tape to card check. .Area, air conditioner 15,000 sq ft Hoom size, computer 40 ft x 80 ft Hoom size, air conditioner 100 ft x 50 ft Floor loading 54 lbs/sq ft POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION 186 lbs concen max Manufacturer Capacity, air conditioner 60 Tons chilled water Power, computer 17.7 KVA Weight, computer 17,070 lbs Volume, computer 270 cu ft Computer Room Floor $ 7,591 .Area, computer 45 sq ft Air Conditioning 46,340 Weight, computer 5,656 lbs Installing I Beams 1,518 USA SCO Plate Glass Windows 450 Power, computer 77.8 KVA Preparation 4,733 Power, air conditioner 15.0 KVA Ceiling 1,442 Volume, computer 15,030 cu ft Lighting 3,351 .Area, computer 1,503 sq ft Power 7,498 Room size, computer 17 ft x 69 ft plus Cables & Fittings 1,100 15 ft x 22 ft Plumbing 170 Floor loading 19 lbs/sq ft Plaster 1,022 200 lbs concen max Total $75,215 Capacity, air conditioner 25 Tons 400 ampere, 4 wire, 3 phase, 60 cycle, 208 volt Air conditioner used to cool computer room is a 60 ton power supply. Exhaust hoods and ducts on 650, 655, chill water unit using a 60 HP motor to drive com­ 652, 653, 774. Filter bank. Ductwork connecting pressor, 15 HP motor to drive condenser ani several

IBM RAMAC 650 372 Photo by Indiana University

3 HP units to drive water pumps. This air conditioner USAF Hq SAC is located in a room with a 75 ton unit used to cool Power, computer 36.1 Kw 62.7 KVA 0.85 pf the EAM Division. The size of the air conditioning Volume, computer 9,600 cu ft room is approx. 50 ft. x 100 ft. The floor is con­ Area, computer 1,200 sq ft crete. The computer air conditioner is designed in Room Size, computer 2B 1/2 ft x 42 ft such a way that should it fail, the 75 ton unit will Floor loading 22.5 lbs/sq ft cut off from the EAM room and convert conditioning 2,972 lbs concen max to the computer room. Weight, computer 2l,720lbs USN AF Weight, air conditioner 1,500lbs Power, computer 39.4 KVA Installation of a pedestal floor. Air conditioning Volume, computer 408 cu ft plenum. Extension and distribution of existing build­ Area, computer 71.8 sq ft ing power source. Installation of two wall panels Room size, computer 552 sq ft of power circuit breakers in the computer area. In­ Floor loading 24 lbs/sq ft stallation of a small "air handler" to augment the 900 lbs concen max regular main building air conditioning system. Air Weight, computer 13,370 lbs conditioner is the main building system. Hood and blower system constructed and installed American Airlines in ceiling for heat take-off. Area, computer 400 sq ft USAF San Bernardino AMA Weight, computer 6,198 lbs Power, computer 23 Kw 16.8 KVA 0.86 pf Motor driven ventilating fan with exhaust hoods. Power, air cond 40 Kw 50 KVA 0.80 pf Bridgeport Brass Co. Volume, computer 196.4 cu ft Power, computer 17.6 Kw 17.7 KVA Area, computer 36.4 sq ft Volume, computer 194.7 cu ft Room size, computer 300 sq ft Volume, air conditioner 48 cu ft Floor loading 290 lbs/sq ft Area, computer 36.1 sq ft Capacity, air conditioner 50 Tons Area, air conditioner 6 sq ft Weight, computer 6,263 lbs Room Size, computer 500 sq ft Weight, air conditioner 10,500 lbs Floor loading 100 lbs/sq ft Site preparation included modification of approxi­ 1,000 lbs concen max mately 1,320 sq. ft. of a permanent type warehouse. Weight, computer 5,491 Ibs The modification consisted of installation of ceiling Power outlets provided and air conditioner installed. height partitions, voltage regulators, distribution panels, 50 TR air conditioner on roof of building and necessary duct work. Air conditioning system used jointly with Burroughs 205 Computer System.

373 IBM RAMAC 650 Photo by University of California LRL

Tennessee Eastman Co. Prefabricated steel and glass partitions to enclose Power, computer 29.4 Kw 35.9 KVA 0.82 pf 500 SCi. ft. area. Power lead in. Fresh air intake Power, air cond 6.5 Kw 7.34 KVA 0.88 pf to implement the closed - circuit air conditioner. Volume, computer 271 cu ft Water intake and outlet for air conditioner. Air Volume, air conditioner 3,000 cu ft conditioner is a standard York 7.5 Ton unit. Area, computer 49 SCi ft Littauer Stat. Lab. Area, air conditioner 250 sCi ft Power, computer 15 Kw 17.7 KVA 0.840 pf Room size, computer 450 sCi ft Volume, computer 218 cu ft Room size, air conditioner 400 sCi ft Area, computer 38 SCi ft ]'loor loading 200 lbs/ sCi ft Room size, computer 37 ft x 17 ft 1,000 lbs concen max Floor loading 165 lbs/SCi ft Capacity, air conditioner 37 Tons 1,500 lbs concen max Weight, computer 9,135 lbs Capacity, air conditioner 5.25 Tons Weight, air conditioner 8,500lbs Weight, computer 6,263 lbs Installed in existing office building. Added a Weight, air conditioner 400 lbs raised floor, separate air conditioning eCiuipment Western Electric Co. with air supply from ceiling and from floor. Also Power, computer 71.8 Kw 90 KVA 0.8 pf separate power panel. Power, air cond 1~0 Kw 50 KVA 0.8 pf Ford Motor Co. Volume, computer 12,000 cu ft Volume, computer 348 cu ft Volume, air conditioner 3,000 cu ft Volume, air conditioner 80 cu ft Volume, total 15,000 cu ft Area, computer 53 SCi ft Area, computer 1,500 SCi ft Area, air conditioner 10 sCi ft Area, air conditioner 300 SCi ft Hoom size, computer 500 SCi ft Area, total 1,Boo sCi ft lnoor loading 150 lbs/SCi ft Reom size, computer 30 ft x 50 ft 160 lbs concen max Room size, air conditioner k5 ft x 20 ft Capacity, air conditioner 7 1/2 Tons Hoom size, total 36 ft x 50 ft Weight, computer 8,200 lbs for the 650, Floor loading 27 lbs/SCi ft 533, and 407 100 lbs/ sCi ft concen max Weight, air conditioner 600 lbs Capacity, air condition 28 1/2 Tons

IBM RAMAG 650 374 Weight, computer 32,930 lbs Univ. of Houston Weight, air conditioner 5,500 lbs Nothing special, except power supply. (System is Raised flooring, wood and glass partitioned room, located in a room originaJ_ly designed for a small air conditioner room; constructed in a brick and TV studio.) steel building. Yale Univ. Columbia Univ. Power, computer 16.8 KVA Installed on existing reinforced-concrete floor. Volume, computer 196 cu ft Marquette Univ. Volume, air conditioner 120 cu ft New power line distribution installed. Area, computer 36 sq ft Stanford Univ. Area, air conditioner 20 sq ft Volume, computer 300 cu ft Room size, computer 800 sq ft Volume, air conditioner 1,225 cu ft Floor loading 150 lbs/ sq ft Area, computer 50 sq ft Capacity, air conditioner 20 Tons Area, air conditioner 175 sq ft Weight, computer 5,400 lbs Room size, computer 225 sq ft Weight, air conditioner 1,000 lbs Room size, air conditioner 250 sq ft Capacity, air conditioner 40 Tons Renovate existing 70-year-old stone building; re­ move partitions; poured slab floor with raceways; PRODUCTION RECORD no structural modifications. Air conditioner is Manufacturer shared with a Burroughs 220 and ------EAM. Time required for delivery 8 months

COST p PRICE AND RENTAL RATES Manufacturer Basic Rent/Month Purchase Maint. Per Month (Incl Maintenance) 650 Console $2,400 $115,000 $185.00 655 Power Supply 800 42,400 34.25 533 Card Read Punch 550 25,000 52.75 Addi tional Equi.pment Tape and/or File Control Unit (7 Models) $ 975-$1,950 $46,800-$93,600 $46.75-$97.50 Core Storage Unit (11 Models) 1,050- 2,425 57,750-133,400 28.50- 81. 75 (With or w/o Index Register and Floating Point) Magnetic Tape Units (6 maximum) 550 18,200 119·00 Disk Storage (4 maximum) - 2 models 975 62,200 194.00 1,500 74,800 306.00 Inquiry Station (10 maximum) 175 7,500 28.00 Auxiliary Alphabetic Unit (4 models) 470- 950 28,700- 57,300 23·50- 54.75 Card Read Punch 700 40,000 53.50 A/C Machine (with Sync.) 1,000 51 ,000 132.00 Card Reader 325 14,650 29·25 Card Punch 475 20,250 31·50 Power Supply (2 additional models) 1,100 58,300 46.00 1,400 74,200 58.00

USA ESCO Total monthly rental for components and $14,238 Basic System devices The 650, 655, 543, 544, 797, 653, 652, 727 (7), 654, 774, 747, 407, and 519 rent at $16,548/month. Type 650 Machine No. 700 Additional Equipment Components and special devices and total approximate The 024, 026, 056, 066, 068, 082, 083, 077, 087, 407, cost 519, 523, 528, 548, and 602 rent at $8,000/month. Type 650 Basic System $2,400 Maintenance is included in rental. 1 table lookup on equals 25 USA Richmond QM Depot 1 basic minus OP code 16 Type 650 Machine No. 800 1 set format 70 Components special devices and total approximate cost 1 modification branch on distributor 9 Type 650 Basic System $2,400 Type 652 Tape Control and Power Unit 1,050 1 table lookup on equal at $25 ea. 25 1 basic minus circuitry at $16 ea. 16 Type 653 High Speed Buffer Storage (with 1,990 HAMPC circuits) 1 set format at $70 ea. 70 1 modified branch on distributor at $9 ea. 9 Type 655 Power Unit w/Alph. Synchronizer 875 Type 533 Card Read Punch w/special devices 868 4 Type 727 Tape Units at $550 2,200 Type 652 Control Unit 1,350 Type 533 Card Read Punch-w/devices 868 Type 653 H. S. Storage Unit 1,975 Total monthly rental $9,503 Additional Equipment and Total Approximate Cost Type 655 Power Unit w/Alph. Synchronizer 875 Type 774 Tape Data Selector w/file search $2,500 4 Type 355 Disk Storage at $975 ea. 3,900 Tape Data Selector Power, Type 747 500 5 Type 727 Tape Unit at $550 ea. Type 727 Tape Unit 550 2,750 Type 407 Accounting Machine w/devices 1,010 Doc. Orig. Machine 210 Total IJ.Onthly rental $4,770 375 IBM RAMAC 650 USN Ali' Aux. Alpha Modification 45 Basic System Spec ial Char 11 & 12 only 25 650 Mdl. 2, 653 Mdl. C2, 727 Mdl. 1 (2), 533 Mdl. 1, Total Card Rd, Pch Add E~uip Cost 353 652 Mdl. al, and 655 Mdl. 1 rent at $7,925/month. USAF San Bernardino AMA Monthly Rental Additional E~uipment Type Description Prime Shift .\lpha. Device, Addn. Special Characters and Alpha. 650 Central Processing Unit $2,400 Device Synch. rent at $350/month. 655 Power Unit 990 USN Bureau of Naval Weapons 533 Input Output Unit ~ Basic System Monthly Rental $4,273 650 Magnetic Drum Processing Unit $2,486 USAF H~ SAC 655 Power Unit 875 The system consists of: 5~'3 Card Read Punch 946 650 Console Model 2 652 Tape Control Unit 1,050 652 Control Unit Model Cl 653 Storage Unit 2,425 653 Storage Unit Model C3 69~ Alphabetic Unit 690 654 Aux. Alpha Unit Model 2 72rr Magnetic Tape Unit 550 655 Power Unit Model 1 727 Magnet:lc Tape Unit 550 727 Mag. Tape Unit Modell 72rr Magnetic Tape Unit 550 747 Tape Data Selector Power '7~7 Magnetic Tape Unit 550 774 Tape Data Selector '727 Magnetic Tape Unit 550 The monthly rental is $17,293. 727 Magnetic Tape Unit 550 American Airlines $11,772 The computer, card read-punch, and power unit rent Additional Equipment Monthly Rental at $4,000.10/month. 774 Tape Data Selector $2,500 Bridgeport Brass Co. 7l~'7 Tape Data Selector, Power Unit 500 Basic System Cost Monthly Rental 40'( Accounting Machine, Model B3 1,030 650 Model 2 Console $150,000 $2,400 519 Document Originating Machine 234 533 Read-Punch 25,000 780 7~~7 Magnetic Tape Unit 550 655 Power Unit 42 400 ~ $4,814 Total $217;400 $~5- UBAB' H~ MAAMA, Olmsted AFB Additional E~uipment Basic Add E~uip Total 652 Model Al Control Unit $50,400 $1,050 Component Rental Cost Rental 727 Modell Magnetic Tape 18,200 550 Console, Mdl 2 wit $2,400 $100 $2,500 Tennessee Eastman Co. Control Unit for Tapes, 1,050 1,050 Basic System Mdl Al The 650 Console Unit, 655 Power Unit, 533 Card Read­ Stor Unit Mdl C3 1,975 1,975 Punch sells for $217,400 and rents at $4,600/month. Aux Alpha Unit, Mdl 4 950 13 963 Additional E~uipment Power Unit, Mdl 2 1,100 150 1,250 The 653 Storage Unit, immediate access storage, auto­ Tape Unit, Mdl 1 550 550 matic floating point, index accumulators and mode Tape Unit, Mdl 1 550 550 switch, 533-655 Alpha DeVice, extra selectors and Tape Unit, Mdl 1 550 550 special features cost $154,900 and rents at $2,944 Tape Unit, Mdl 1 550 550 per month. Tape Unit, Mdl 1 550 550 Matntenance is included in rental contract - approx­ Card Read Punch 550 353 903 imately $536/month. Card Read Punch 550 353 903 Ford Motor Co. The IBM 650, 533, 407, and 655 rents at $5,800/month. System No. 2 Total Basic Rental Cost $4,293 Li ttauer Stat. Lab Rental rates for additional equipment The IBM 650 rents at $1, 662/month. All other machines Rental from key punch to tabulator rent at $528/month. Additional E~uipment Cost RCA SerVice Co., BMEWS Project Aux. Synchronizer $100 Model Description Monthly Charge Total Console Add E~uip Cost $100 650 Console $2,400 12 Word Smitch 13 655 Power Unit 800 Total Aux Alpha Add E~uip 13 14 Synchronizer 75 Alph Dev Synchronizer No. 1 75 E91844 Min. works 11 & 12, 7 & 8 115 AJ.ph Dev Synchronizer No. 2 75 533 Read Punch Unit 550 Total Power Unit Add Cost 150 13 Alpha Feature 175 Alphabetic Device 175 300 DPBC Detection (6) 48 6 dhl punch blk col detection 48 705 Co-Selectors (2) 10 2 grps Rd, Pch cards selectors 20 729 Read and Punch Code Selectors (2) 20 2 grps 5-2 Pos Pilot selectors 20 323 Emitter (Read Feed) 5 Half-time emmitter Rd & Pch Feed 10 776 Spec. Char. Feature 25 2 grp 4-5 Pos Co-selectors 10 E91844 Input 30 Special Char 11 & 12 only 25 407 Accounting Machine 920 Aux. Alpha Modification 45 54 Automatic Control (2) 10 Total Card Rd Pch Add E~uip Cost 353 899 Zero & Spec. Char. Control (4) 40 6 grps double pch blank col detec- 48 514 Reproducing Punch 125 tion 328 Punch Emitter 3 ~~ grps 5-2 Pos Pilot selectors 20 201 Class Selectors (2) 8 2 grps 4-5 Pos Co-selectors 10 551 M/S Punch Feed 50 }~lf-time emmitters, Rd & Pch Field 10 807 Collator 245 2 grps Rd and Pch Selectors 20 RPQ88506 75 Alphabetic Device 175 83 Sorter 110

IBM RAMAC 650 376 26 Alpha Sorting 15 USN AF 65 Card Counter 7 One 8-Hour Shift 774 Sort Suppression 2 Used Recomn1ended 557 Alpha Interpreter 165 Supervisors 1 1 628 Proof Device 30 Analysts 7 7 606 Print Entry Control 5 Programmers 2 2 325 Emitter 3 Operators 1 1 780 Spec. Char. Printing 10 Operation tends toward closed shop. ""lb,09b Methods of training used includes manufacturer's Western Electric Co. training classes, on-the-job training, and special The 650 (1) - $2,400; 655 (1) - $1,250; 533 (1) $833; "on station" classes for symbolic coding. and 407 (1) - $1,240 are rented. USAF San Bernardino AMA The 653 (1) - $1,975; 355 (1) - $975; 774 (1) - $2,400j SBAMA EDP personnel requirements support the logis­ 519 (1) - $258; 407 (1) - $1,023; 727 (6) - $3,300; tical mission. Additional personnel support the PCAM 652 (1) - $1,350; 747 (1) - $500; and 727 (1) - $550; effort. PCAM is utilized in an integrated data pro­ are rented. cessing system to provide extra off-line capability. Columbia Univ. Coders are included in the programmer category. The 650, 533, 655, Floating POint, Indexing, Alpha­ Because of the varying quantitative effect and di­ betic, and Special Character rent at $67,200/year, verse character of the workload in the AMC logisti­ total. cal support, an inflexible recommendation of personnel The 407, 026, 026, 080, 077, 519 rent at a total was not attempted. Cross-trained personnel qualified of $14,500/year. to employ techniques in various computer configura­ Marquette Univ. tions provide system flexibility. The IBM 650, 533, 2 keypunches, reproducer, and Engineers and technicians to service and maintain printer rent at $1, 850/month. the EDP equipment are provided on a contractual baSis Stanford Univ. by the manufacturer concerned. The 650, 655, and 533 rent at $2,400 + 875 + 780 Extra shift time for analysts, programmers and per month less 60% educational contribution. clerks is not on a regularly scheduled basis. When­ The 402 rents at $430 per month, less 60% educa­ ever the workload demands, personnel hours are spec­ tional contribution. ially scheduled. Maintenance is included in rental. System analysis, development and programming staff Univ. of Houston operate on one 8-hour daily shift, 5 days per week. IBM 650 with alphabetic and special characters, 026 Computer operations staff work on three 8-hour daily collator, 407 reproducer. shifts, 7 days weekly. Supervision is included under Yale Univ. Burroughs 220 Computer System operations staff. 4 keypunches (026), 1 re~roducer (519), 1 tabula­ Operation tends toward closed shop. tor (407), 1 collator (087), 1 interpreter (557), Methods of training used includes formal training 1 sorter (082), and 1 statistical sorter cost $39,000 by manufacturer and on-the-job training. (including 60% discount). USAF Hq SAC The 650 drum unit, power unit, read punch unit rents Three 8-Hour Shifts at $4,OOO/month (less 60% educational discount). Used Recommended $938/month less discount for special character de­ Supervisors 2 2 Vice, additional selectors, half time read emitter, Analysts, Programmers & Coders 11 10 digit set punch feed, additional double punch detec­ Clerks 1 tion units. Librarians 2 Maintenance included in rental. Operators 5 10 Engineers 2 3 Operation tends toward closed shop. Methods of training used includes manufacturer's PERSONNEL REQU I REMENTS instruction classes, on-the-job training, and inter- Manufacturer nally conducted instruction classes. Complete programming and advanced programming train­ U. S. Dept. of Interior ing available as well as individual installation One 8-Hour Shift assistance. Supervisors 1 USA ESCO Analysts 5 1st 8-Hour 2nd 8-Hour 3rd 8-Hour Operators 1 Shift Shift Shift Engineers IBM Supr & Adm 16 2 1 Operation tends toward combination open and closed Analysts 5 shop. Some engineers in design branches write their Programmers 32 mm programs with assistance from the Engineering Clerks & Sec. 13 3 2 Applications Section of the Automatic Data Processing Librarians 1 Branch. The Engineering Applications Section also Operators 21 19 10 prepares programs and makes production calculations Engineers IBM on a closed shop basis for many design and project In-Output Oper 2 2 2 offices. Operation tends toward open shop. Design engineers of some years experience in the Methods of training includes IBM schools and on·· Denver office are detailed to the Engineering Appli­ the-job training. cations Section for 90 days to learn computer capa­ bilities, problem formulation, and programming and coding techniques. Younger engineers spend 90 days in the Section on Rotation Schedules. Filed personnel are detailed to the Section to learn requirements for the preparation of field data as well as basic computer techniques.

377 IBM RAMAC 650 American Airlines Columbia Univ. One 8-Hour Shift Two G-Hour Shifts Programmers 1 Used Recommended O])erators 1 Supervisors 1 Operation tends toward open shop. Programmers 5 6 Method.s of training used are on-the-job training Operators 1 supplemented by classroom, and instruction provided Operation tends toward open shop. by the vendor. Methods of training used includes IBM sponsored Bridgeport Brass Co. classes and practical experience. One 8-Hour Shift Marquette Uni v . Used Recommended One 8-Hour Shift Supervisors 2 2 Used Recommended Analysts 3 3 Supervisors 1 1 Programmers 2 2 Analysts 1 1 Clerks 2 2 Operation tends toward open shop. Operators 1 1 Univ. of Houston Operation tends toward open shop. One 8-Hour Shift Methods of training used includes on-the-job, Supervisors 1 equipment manufacturer's schools, and college courses. Analysts 1. 5 Tennessee Eastman Co. Programmers 1 One combined EAM and computer operations super­ Clerks 2 visor, one machine methods supervisor, one applied Operators 1 mathematics supervisor. It is hoped that translators Operation tends toward open shop. will be developed to the state that coders will not Yale Univ. be required. The clerk controls data and schedules One 8-Hour Shift use. Three operators trained so we can operate 24 Used Recommended hours per d.ay if necessary. Service is supplied by Supervisors 1 manufacturer. We operate and pay rental based on Analysts 1 1'76 hours per month as one shift rather than the Programmers 3 2 standard 8 hours per day shift. Coders 3 We do not feel that the present size of our staff Clerks (student aides) 3 3 is ideal for us or anyone else. It ·would not be Lili~rians 0 1 practical to obtain as large a staff as would be Operators 0 1 needed to E,tudy all problems simultaneously. Engineers Supplied by IBM One 8-Hour Shift Methods of training used includes classroom instruc­ SupervisorE, 3 tion by manufacturer, classroom instruction by staff Analysts 4 of University, and occasional individual instruction. Pro grammer E: 4 Coders 2

Clerks 1 RELIAB I LlTY, OPERATI NG EXPER I ENCE p Operators 3 AND TIME AVAILABILITY Operation tends toward closed shop. USA ESCO Methods of training used includes manufacturer Average error-free running period 40 Hours training courses and on-the-job training. Good time 440.7 Hours/Mo. (Average) Littauer Stat. Lab Attempted to run time 454.3 Hours/Mo. (Average) Two 8-Hour Shifts Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.97 Used Recommended Above figures based on period from Oct 59 to May 60 SupervisorB 2 2 Passed Customer Acceptance Test Jul 57 Analysts 3 5 Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Programmer::; 10 8 tions. Clerk::; 2 2 USN AF Ltbrarians 1 1 Good time 33.5 Hours/Week (Average) Operators 2 2 Attempted to run time 34.3 Hours/Week (Average) In-Output Oper 1 Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.977 Operation tends toward open ::;hop. Above figures based on period 1 Feb 60 to 31 Mar 60 Methods of training used includes on-the-job train­ Passed Customer Acceptance Test 1 Jan 58 ing along with some introductory SOAP and FORTRAN Time is available to other government agencies and classes at IBM. their contractors. Western Electric Co. USN Portsmouth Naval Shipyard One 8-Hour Shift Good time 77 Hours/Week (Average) Used Recommended Attempted to run time 81 Hours/Week (Average) Supervisors 1 1 Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.95 Programmers 4 4 Above figures based on period 1 Apr 60 to 30 Jun 60 Clerks 1 1 Passed Customer Acceptance Test Apr 56 Librarians 1 1 Time is not available for rent to outside organiza- In-Output Oper 2 2 tions. Methods of training used include IBM 650 class, Average running period in which no machine failures systems analysis, industrial engineering, and work are experienced is 38 hours. There has been no exper­ sJmplification. ience where the computer has produced erroneous data that has not been detected through machine check points. Scheduled preventive maintenance by the manufacturer's customer engineer amounts to 6 hours

IBM RAMAC 650 378 weekly. The attempted to run time indicated above Littauer Stat. Lab. does not include test and debug time. Average error-free running period One Month USAF SB P.J!JA Good time 40 Hours/Week (Average) Passed Customer Acceptance Test 1 Apr 60 Attempted to run time 40.5 Hours/Week (Average) Time is not available ~or rent to outside organiza­ Operating ratio 0.99 tions. Above figures based on period 1 Feb 60 to 29 Feb 60 USAF H'l AFSWC, Kirtland AFB Passed Customer Acceptance Test 1957 Good time 36 Hours/Week (Average) Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Attempted to run time 40 Hours/Week (Average) tions. Operating ratio 0.90 Western Electric Co. Above ~igures based on period 1 Jan 60 to 1 May 60 Good time 37 Hours/Week (Average) Passed Customer Acceptance Test 1 Dec 55 Attempted to run time 40 Hours/Week (Average) Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Operating ratio 0.925 tions. Above ~igures based on period 16 May 60 to 17 Aug 60 USAF H'l SAC Passed Customer Acceptance Test Aug 59· Average error-free running period 100 Hours Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Good time 134 HourS/Week (Average) tions. Attempted to run time 138 Hours/Week (Average) Columbia Univ. Operating ratio 0.97 Average error-free running period Intermittent - as Above figures based on period 1 Jan 60 to 31 Mar 60 long as a week Passed Customer Acceptance Test 23 Dec 58 Good time 60 HourS/Week (Average) Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Attempted to run time 75 Hours/Week (Average) tions. Operating ratio 0.80 E'luipment is regularly scheduled 24 hours per day, Above ~igures based on recent period 7 days per week. Passed Customer Acceptance Test Jul 58 U. S. Dept. of Interior Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Average error-free running period 81.0 Hours tions. Good time 37.4 HourS/Week (Average) Mar'luette Univ. Attempted to run time 38.7 Hours/Week (Average) Good time 39 Hours/Week (Average) Operating ratio 0.968 Attempted to run time 40 Hours/Week (Average) Above figures based on period 1 Jan 60 to 30 Jun 60 Operating ratio 0.98 Passed Customer Acceptance Test 8 Dec 59 Passed Customer Acceptance Test Aug 58 Time is available for rent to 'lualified outside or­ Time is available ~or rent to 'lualified outside or- ganizations. ganizations. Scheduled preventive maintenance: 3 hours per week Stan~ord Univ. Unscheduled down time: Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ 1.25 hrs/week for period 1 Jan 60 thru 30 Jun 60 tions. 0.35 hrs/week fpr period 1 Mar 60 thru 30 Jun 60 Usage of this system is erratic, since it is largely American Airlines by students whose demands tend to peak at ends of Good time 33 Hours/Week (Average) 'luarters. Operating ratio 0.989 Univ. o~ Houston Above figures based on period from Jan 59 to Mar 60 Good time 48 Hours/Week (Average) Passed Customer Acceptance Test Jan 59 Attempted to run time 56 HourS/Week (Average) Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Operating ratio 0.857 tions. Above figures based on period from 56 to 60 Bridgeport Brass Co. Time is available ~or rent to outside organizations. Good time 35 HourS/Week (Average) Yale Univ. Attempted to run time 35 Hours/Week (Average) Good time 95 Hours/Week (Average) Operating ratio 1.0 Attempted to run time 100 Hours/~eek (Average) Above figures based on period 1 Jan 59 to 1 Jan 60 Operating ratio 0.95 Passed Customer Acceptance Test Oct 58 Above figures based on period from Jul 57 to Aug 60 Time is available for rent to outside organizations. Time is available ~or rent to educational institu­ Tennessee Eastman Co. tions only. Average error-~ree running period 104 Hours Good time 49.5 Hours/Week (Average) Attempted to run time 50 Hours/Week (Average) Above ~igures based on period from Aug 58 to Mar 60 ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS Passed Customer Acceptance Test Jun 58 Manu~acturer Time is available for rent to 'lualified outside or­ Outstanding reliability and per~ormance. Larg¢ ganizations. Operating r~tio - 0.99 amount of customer experience and interchange of With six exceptions, all machine ~ailures have been programming approaches and techni'lues. in the 533 card read and punch unit. The computer USA ED, Omaha has made only one error which it failed to detect. Outstanding features are the machine is extremely Ford Motor Co. reliable, card drive is well suited ~or solution o~ Average error-free running period Two Weeks engineering problems, easy to program, debug and Good time 40 Hours/Week (Average) operate, and is well suited ~or scientific computa­ Attempted to run time 41 Hours/Week (Average) tions. Operating ratio 0.975 Several new machines have been announced whiqh Above ~igures based on period 1 May 60 to 31 May 60 appear to o~fer e'lual speed and reliability with the Passed Customer Acceptance Test 1 Aug 59 IBM 650 at a lower cost. These machines are being Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ analyzed in an effort to provide this o~fice with tions. the best machinery, compatible with our workload, at the lowest possible cost.

379 IBM RAMAC 650 USA ER & DL No smoking is allowed while handling the tapes as Outstanding features include self checking features a fire precaution. of IBM 650 makes results more reliable and card For a 650 System with magnetic tape and/or disk system facilities program debugging and development storage, a suitable area for use by the customer changes. engineers, maintaining the installation, should be USA EWES provided by the customer. Minimum 50 sq. ft. 10 ft Outstanding features include internal validity x 5 ft. A Pass and Seymour No. 7250 receptacle (or checking of all data and instructions, ease of pro­ equivalent) should be installed for powering the tape gramming, and availability of large program library. drive tester. Unique system advantages include input/output by USN Air Dev. Cen. punched cards allows maximum flexibility in data and Outstanding features include Ramac, tapes, alphabetiC, programming. floating point, index registers, and scientific appli­ USA CE USAED, North Pacific cations. Outstanding features are system is very dependable USN Avionics Facility and relatively easy to program. For the storage of magnetic tape, the humidity is USA ESCO regulated between 20% and 80%. The temperature is Adopted procedures for magnetic tape labelling, stor­ held between 700 and 80~. Tapes are protected by age, shipping, and protection from humidity, tempera­ dust covers. ture and pbysical, electrical, fire, or other damage USN Bureau of Naval Weapons include the use of press-on labels. The reels are Reels and cans are labeled by job number. Tape placed in plastic containers. The plastic containers library is in separate air conditioned room and con­ are kept in metal files. Shipping is in plastic cases sists of tape racks and shelves. within 35 mm film metal containers within boxes. USN Portsmouth Naval Shipyard Tapes are stored in the air conditioned computer room. Consider the accuracy of the computer as outstanding USA Ord Frankford Arsenal and no serious delay due to downtime has been exper­ Outstanding features include random access ability ienced during a period exceeding four years. to do a great deal of in-line processing while up­ USAF Mobile .AMA dating inventory records on a daily basis and ability Outstanding feature is range of hardWare from to provide substitute items in one pass by use of small to large scale permits automatic data process­ chaining all substitutes in Ramac with the preferred ing of workloads of varying scope, complexity, and items. sophistication. Unique system advantages ·include ease of file Unique system advantage: Standardization of eqUip­ maintenance by utilizing the federal SiN only once ment configurations within the Air Materiel Command, throughout the 4 Ramac units. The key to additional USAF, provides for processing of centrally designed trailer records is the 5 digit Ramac address. No and programmed systems, command wide. tape sorting is used by utilizing Ramac to the utmost Tape procedures: Tape storage is accomplished in advantage. secure storage vault with the same temperature and Contents of Ramac is dumped on magnetic tape weekly humidity controls required for the ADPE. Personnel and stored in another location in the arsenal. In­ traffic control is emphasized in machine processing ventory and other records are exchanged at an alter­ and tape storage areas. Each tape reel is permanent­ nate'site on a monthly basis. ly labelled with a tape serial number When it enters USA Ord Feltman Res. & Eng. Labs. the tape inventory. In addition to a label on the Outstanding features are alphabetic - special char­ magnetic tape itself, each reel is labelled to iden­ acter device (useful in symbolic and automatic pro­ tify information on magnetic tape. Perpetual inven­ gramming), automatic floating decimal arithmetic and tory and tape history, including incidence of error index registers. conditions, is maintained for each reel of magnetic USA Ord Anniston Ord Depot tape. Fire hazards and electrical interference are Unique system advantage is random access to stored strictly controlled in the machine processing and data. tape storage area. Standard cardboard tape shipping The procedures established by the manufacturer for containers have been used with minor incidence of magnetic tape labelling, storage, shipping, and pro­ breakage to plastic reel containers, and negligible tection from humidity, temperature and physical, tape or tape reel damage or distortion of data. electrical, fire, or other damage are followed by USAF APGC (PGCS), Eglin AFB this depot. Unique system advantages are accuracy, moderate cost, USA Richmond QM Depot sub-routine availability, central air conditioning The labelling of magnetic tapes is a permanent reel system. System has two additional alpha word.s. number and they are filed in numerical sequence. The USAF Hq Europe tape librarian collaborates with supervisors and Outstanding features are equipment very reliable establishes a temporary title for the tape. A file and high level of production is maintained. of cards is maintained by reel number and they are 'I'apes have both physical external label and inter­ arranged in numerical sequence within tapes in use, nal tape header and trailer records. Programs auto­ tapes in reserve, permanent tapes and available tapes. matically check internal labels. Tapes stored in The tapes in use are also filed in numerical sequence fire proofed air conditioned vault and shipped in within the date they will again be available. This manufacturers' containers. enables the librarian to take a daily inventory of EDPS is used on varied applications ranging from tapes available, and tapes to be available. The business type record keeping to psuedo-scientific librarian checks all returned tapes for damage or computations. EDPS functions as part of headquarters report of faulty operation. data processing center equipped with conventional The tapes are stored in metal filing cabinets and punched card equipment (PCAM) , auditing staffs & etc. the room Which contains them satisfies the tempera­ ture and hlmidity control set up by the tape manu­ facturers.

IBM RAMAC 650 380 USAF Hq MATS, Scott AFB Cleveland Engine Plants, FOMOCO Tapes are identified with a label which indicates An outstanding feature is that computer includes program which generated the tape, as of date, tape alphabetic devices. number, and number of tapes in the series. All tapes LinCOln-Mercury Div., FOMOCO are stored in a fireproof vault. The humidity and A unique system advantage is more and better data at temperature are controlled by the central air condi­ less processing cost. tioner. Tractor & Implement Div., FOMOCO USAF Hq SAC Tapes are stored in f'ire-resistant safe located in The outstanding feature is the random access, large computer room, which is temperature and humidity capacity storage. controlled. Entire tape library is located within the computer Adv. Prod. Study & Engrg. Res. Office, FOMQCO room. Shipping tapes is generally by mail - packaged Equipment used with this system also includes a in original plastic envelope and carton. Tapes are punched-card to curve point plotter (Benson-Lehner) labelled by machine recording and affixing a standard and a B-L Model "K" OSCAR, Oscillogram-to-Punched format adhesive label th the exterior of the reel. Card Data Transcription Device. USAF 2709th AF Vehicle Control Gp. In addition to the IBM 650 Digital Computer, this An outstanding feature is the alphabetic device. activity also operates a 120-amplifier analog com­ Unique system advantages include speed, reliability, puter installation, using equipment manufactured by efficient storage, ability to re-code, and word size Electronic Associates and Goodyear Aircraft Corpora­ emitter. tion. This equipment is used primarily for solution Tape storage is under a water sprinkling system of problems in vibration, vehicle stability and and enclosed in an air conditioned room. servo system design. U. S. Dept. of Interior A. C. Spark Plug Div., General Motors Corp. System used is basic IBM 650 with alphabetic device, Outstanding features include automatic floating half-time emitter on read feed, additional pilot decimal device, index registers, and core storage. selectors, co-selectors, read and punch code selec­ Tape records are kept on IBM cards and a report tors, and double punch and blank column detection. submitted weekly on tapes stored. Tapes are stored Additional equipment was added to permit use of SOAP, in air conditioned room in metal cabinets. No need SIR, and FORTRANSIT. to ship tapes. US Treasury Dept., Internal Revenue Service Littauer Stat. Lab. Outstanding features (as compared to previous Outstanding features are low rates for university equipment (IBM Type 604s)) include stored programs, research, iImnediate machine scheduling, and small one computer instead of a battery of computers, and staff and personalized service. variable, rather than fixed, speed. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. Unique system advantages include a wider range of A unique system advantage is the in-line method of applications is now feasible and experience has been processing reduces processing time. gained in the use of stored-program equipment. Olin Mathieson Chemical Corp. Bell Telephone Labs., Inc. Outstanding features are better than 90% utilization, An outstanding feature is accuracy and speed. 100% use of storage on most work gives strong compet­ Bridgeport Brass Co. itive position, no control board changes; all programs Duplicate program decks and procedures stored in written by computer center; they use one board, index separate, distant area. accumulators, and floating decimal point hardware, Chase Manhattan Bank enabling more rapid programming and computing ot Outstanding feature is that the system is complete­ scientific problems. ly self-checking. Republic Aviation Corp. A unique system advantage is the availability of Outstanding features are read punch, floating point tape driven tabulator known as tape data selector. arithmetic, index registers, and auxiliary core Air conditioning and humidity controls are employ­ storage. ed. Records required for reconstruction of magnetic Socony Mobil Oil Co., Inc., New York tape data stored at Records Center at Granite Springs, Outstanding features are floating point arithmetic New York. and 700 series compatibility. Combustion Engineering, Inc. All tapes are stored in computer room. No special Outstanding feature include three index accumula­ precautions taken in relation to protection from tionsj six tape units, and floating decimal opera­ humidity, temperature and physical, electrical, fire, tion. or other damage. Adopted procedures for magnetic tape labelling, Standard Oil Co. of California storage, shipping, and protection from humidity, A unique system advantage is its self-checking capa­ temperature and physical, electrical, fire, or other bility. damage are monitored by tape librarian, who is re­ New York Stock Exchange sponsible for maintaining, storing, and shipping A unique system advantage is reduction of card hand­ tapes. The Computer Center was designed with the ling to a minimum. above described hazards in mind. United Gas Corp. Educational Testing Service An outstanding feature is accuracy through validity An outstanding feature is the reliability of system­ check points. minimum of down time with limited amount of scheduJ.ed Western Electric Co. preventive maintenance time. Adopted procedures for magnetic tape labelling, stor­ Emerson Electric Mfg. Co. age, shipping, and protection from humidity, tempera­ Paper inserted into slots on the reel and gummed ture and physical, electrical, fire, or other damage, tape are used for visual identification of magnetic include tape librarian, system for purging tapes, tape reels. Magnetic labels are inserted in tape open files in library room, and temperature and hwnid­ files at the beginning of a reel for computer pro­ i ty control. gram identification of the reel.

IBM RAMAC 650 Western Electric Co., Allentown Works Outstanding features are dual card read feeds (through FUTURE PLANS IBM 533 and IBM 407 Units) and elimination of the USA ED, Omaha need to collate master and detail card decks. Projected Equipment Procurements Western Electric Co., Indianapolis Retain the installed IBM 650 Csrd-operated Electron­ An outstanding feature is index registers, which ic Computer in its present form through FY 1961. allow address modifications thereby reducing program Provide a second shift computer operation when size and programming effort. Random 'access plus computer utilization exceeds a continuous 100%. building block feature to provide for flexibility Provide a tape drive, floating decimal'and index for required memory capacity. accumulators when the capacity of the present machine Labelling - tape reels are externally labeled; in is exceeded. This should become necessary during addition a tape mark is written containing the purge FY 1962 or 1963. date. Continue to evaluate new equipment in order to pro­ Storage - Current tapes are stored in the computer vide the best and most modern equipment consistent room in wr:lght-line tape cabinets. with cost and district requirements. Protection - Previous generation tapes are placed Projected Plans for Increasing Computer Utilization in plastic bags and stored in a vault located in Provide top level direction of the computer opera­ another area of the plant. tion. Western Electric Co., Omaha Encourage all district organizations to utilize ~lchine is equipped with following features: the computer facilities and to provide technical Alphabetic Device assistance where needed. Special Character Device Group I Teach all scientific and engineering personnel to 20 Pilot Selectors perform computer programming. 16 Co-Selectors Provide a computer staff with engineering and sci­ Digit Emitter on Read and Punch entific technical ability. Half Time Selectors on Read and Punch Conti.nue the training of computer specialist in Western Electric Co., Winston-Salem order to provide an adequate staff. Outstanding feature is the on-line IBM 407 Printer. USA Eng. Res. & Dev. Lab. Georgia Institute of Tech., Rich ECC A digital plotter has been added. This is a high Outstanding feature is the large library of subrou­ resolution point and line plotter for up to 30 x 30 tines and simplified programming systems (i.e. B.G.P.S., inches, symbols, or continuous photo. :B'ortran) . USAE. Waterways Exp. Sta. Indiana Univ. Consideration is being given to the addition of A unique .system advantage is ease of programming was automatic floating point arithmetic and index regis­ important in the open shop operation. ters as extra features to the present machine in Iowa State Univ. order to provide capability sufficient to meet pres­ This 650 is used on an open shop basis, 24 hours a ent and foreseeable needs. day if and when desired by the users. The users con­ USA GE, USA ED, North Pacific Bist of all departments on the campus who have com­ Our complex reservoir system planning and operational puting needs. The 650 is located in the Statistical analyses requirements indicate a larger system is I~boratory Which in turn consults, teaches and uses necessary for comprehensive analyses wherein optimi­ the 650 in the normal course of its daily activities. zation of reservoir regulation on a system basis can Johns Hopkins Univ. be accomplished. Currently the restrictions on memory An outstanding feature is the alphabetic attachment. capacity and computing speed limit the amount of work Louisiana State Univ. which can be accomplished in this connection. This Outstanding features are index registers and automa­ need, together with our increasing computer work tic floating point device. load on other engineering studies and possible ex­ Oklahoma State Univ. tension of the work into the comptroller field, has Outstanding features are special characters groups led to the investigation of possibilities of extend­ 1 and 2, floating point, index registers, and core ing the present system and of utilizing a larger storage. scale computer system. It appears feasible in the Univ. of Mississippi future to extend our present 650 system to include a 'rhe system is a commercially available one, with no 653 Immediate Access Storage which includes 60 addi­ modifications made or proposed. tional words of high speed memory, floating point Univ. of Southern Cal., Aeronautic Lab. Dept. (decimal locating) accumulators, and indexing regis­ A unique £.ystem advantage is the ability to reduce ters or replace the 650 system with one of approxi­ test data on-line without disadvantages of direct mate or greater capabilities of the expanded system connection of computer to instrumentation. at possibly lesser cost. This would give us an Oniy. of Wisconsin effective increase of speed and memory which would General-purpose system suited to very wide variety assist in meeting our foreseeable immediate require­ o f problems. ments. An IBM 407 Accounting Machine, which is on Tapes are kept in machine room. No special proced­ an average 50 cards per minute faster then the in­ ures or precautions. stalled 402, would facilitate listing, tabulating Virginia Polytechnic Institute and summarizing data. There is some evidence that a 'l'he wide-Bpread use of this system provides excellent system other than the 650 system with on line printing opportunities for interchange of programs. capabilities may better serve the requirements of this Division. See "ILLIAC" file for 650 information.

IBM RAMAC 650 USA ESCO Navy. Those savings would be both tangible and in­ Proposed systems changes are currently deferred pend­ tangible. ing decision on Single Manager for Construction USN Air Development Center assignment within the Corps of Engineers which will, Research and development program on ACL Digital Data in some areas require larger computer systems in Center which gives added capability to data handling accordance with the volume received. However, data capabilities. processing systems as produced, are constantly being USN Bureau of Naval Weapons investigated and evaluated. Currently, a study of This system is due to be removed soon, to be replaced the IBM 1401 Data Processing System is being per­ with a later model system. formed. USN New York Naval Shipyard USA Ord Frankford Arsenal This activity has recently recommended the acqUlsl­ It is planned to replace 3 Modell Ramac Units by tion of an intermediate size tape computer. Proposed 2 Model 2 (Double Density Units). This will provide applications, i.e., payroll, supply, cost, scheduling, a needed additional 10,000 of random access storage are more readily adaptable to tape syEtems as a.gainst for an additional $75.00 per month. EAM card systems. The computer considered to meet A request is in process to replace our present tape this shipyard requirement is the National Cash Regis­ data selector and all its components by an IBM 1401. ter NCR 304 Machine. This replacement will provide much more speed in USN Portsmouth Naval Shipyard printing reports and will enable us to use the 1401 A study is under way regarding replacement of the for small projects requiring computation. It will IBM Type 533 Card Read Punch Unit by an IBM Type 543 be used for specific tape jobs now being accomplished Card Reader and an IBM Type 544 Card Punch to in­ on the 650. This replacement is practically the same crease computer availability time through these rental but will provide a much more flexible ADP faster input-output units. Indications at this time operation. point to such action. USA Ord Feltman Res. & Eng. Labs. Plans are under way to develop an integrated data Installation of a large-scale digital computing sys­ processing system for the shipyard and when finally tem is under consideration. Present large-scale developed, and if approved, will require a larger problems are run by local personnel and contractors scale computer system. on machines available off the Arsenal. 'Present USN Puget Sound Naval Shipyard applications are increasing rapidly and new applica­ Design of integrated system (procedures) currently tions of major proportions are anticipated. Target being performed in connection with proposed installa­ date for installation of an IBM 709 on a rental tion of an IBM 7070 Data Processing (magnetic tape) basis is tentatively set for January 1961. An IBM System. 1401 will be used for auxiliary off-line operations. USN Supply Center, Oakland The IBM 650, which is now used for the major part of NSC, Oakland is presently analyzing and programming two shifts on problems which can be accommodated for Philco 2000 Computer. This equipment is slated within its speed and storage capacity, will be re­ for delivery. The equipment on order includes the turned to the manufacturer upon installation of the following components: large-scale system. Quantity USA Ord Watervliet Arsenal 1 Model 210 Arithmetic & Control Unit, Console As soon as studies can be completed the following and Typewriter, including 8 index registers. additional applications will be placed on the computer: 1 Model 2204 ~ignetic Core Storage Unit (4096 Supply inventories, personnel statistics, nation­ words) wide gage inventory, planning and estimating, material 11 Model 234 Magnetic Tape Units, 2 units, on control, appropriation accounting, general accounting, line/off line tooling inventory, machine loading and scheduling, 1 Model 235 Input-Output Processor (16Xl) and preventive maintenance program. 1 Model 256 Printer System (900 Ipm), on line/ USA Ord Anniston Ord Depot off line It is anticipated that an IBM 1401 Data Processing 1 Model 258 Punched Card Reader (2000 Ipm), on System will be acquired to replace the present tape line/Off line data selector system. 1 Model 259 Punched Card Control Unit At present there are studies being made of some 1 Model 260 Card Punch (100 Ipm), on line/off 13 areas of data processing for possible mechaniza­ line tion. 2 Model 280 Universal Buffer Control Units USA Richmond QM Depot Initial applications for the 2000 will be inventory Future plans are now being taken into consideration control for 670,000 stock items, both quantitatively by a planning group composed of programmers and and financially; requisition status for all inputs; analysts. Future plans call for the integration of civilian payrolls; labor distribution; and employees the IBM 7070. This will be augmented by the 1401. savings bond accounting. This will most likely modify our present system by USAF Hq MAAMA, Olmsted AFB replacing the one 650 system (with disk storage). Implementation of a mechanized payroll system pro­ Work volume under the new single manager will event­ viding for preparation of civilian payroll checks, ually determine our proposed systems. bond issuance program, and leave and earning state­ USA Signal Corps School ment is scheduled for December 1960. Installation of militarized computer to be used USAF Mobile AMA for educational purposes. Applications: ExpanSion, integration, and sophisti­ Expansion of computer laboratory and facilities cation of current systems will saturate computer cap­ (proposal). abilities for the immediate future. USN Service Center Equipment: TransiBtorized equipment is on order Analysis is now in progress to replace the IBM 650 (IBM Type 1401) to replace currently installed aux­ with either an IBM 1401 or RCA 301 Card System. Both iliary equipment for card to tape, tape to card, systems have the capacity for expansion and installa­ printing, and data selection functions. The use of tion of either would result in an overall savings to this equipment for edit and sort operations, simple

IBM RAMAC 650 main frame runs, and possible PCAM applications is will include Type 408 Printers. Operations on these being explored. Long range plans include the acqui­ systems will begin 1 January 1961 at Lawrence and sition of large scale, solid state data processing 1 January 1962 at Kansas City and Ogden. equipment. Long range: Internal Revenue is developing plans USAF San Bernardino AMA for an automatic data processing system which will Future developments involving EDPE in AMC activities be centered around a master file of U.S. taxpayers' are generated at Hq AMC, Wright-Patterson AF Base, accounts and which will incorporate the bulk of the Dayton, Ohio. present returns processing and other clerical and USAF Hq AFSWC, Kirtland AFB accounting processes. The planned installations A. change of systems is anticipated during FY 62. are a computer center which will maintain the master Determination of system to be utilized has not been file, and peripheral service centers which will send made at this time. data to, and receive data from, the computer center. USAF APGC (PGCS), Eglin AFB The system is scheduled to begin operational tests 5~·3 Card Reader and 544 Card Ptmch scheduled to re­ 1 January 1962 in the computer center and one service pJ.ace 533. center. Present schedules call for phased extension USAF Hq, Europe of the system over the period from then until 1969. An increase in utilization is anticipated due to an American Airlines expansion of a present data analysis application. Proposed replacement by IBM 7070. Future plans indicate a requirement for larger capac­ Crosley Div., Avco Corp. ity equipment within two years. We plan to increase our digital computing capacity USAF Hq MATS during the last half of 1961. The equipment being Because of the increasing demands of the MATS staff considered are the IBM 7070 with 1401, and the for more and varied statistical information necessary Honeywell 800 with the 400. No definite decision will for proper management, this installation is planning be made on these machines until all studies are com­ on a transition to a "second generation" computer plete. Present tentative plans call for using the during 1961. The application in which the greatest equipment for such commercial applications as: pro­ expansion is expected to occur is the field of opera­ duction scheduling, inventory control, and personnel tion and traffic. time allocation, as well as for all the scientific USAF Hq, Pacific computations. Request has been made for a larger capacity computer Bell Telephone Labs., Inc. to permit advancement in electronic data processing. Planning for either an additional IBM 650 Machine or USAF Hq PACAF an IBM 1401 Machine. Requirements for a system with greater capacity and Bendix Aviation Corp., Res. Labs. Div. speed to meet demands for weather applications and Will replace present systems with following system other classified programs will be undertaken shortly in the Fall of 1961. with a projected installation date of 1 July 1961. Bendix G20 Computer, 8K Core Memory, line printer, USAF ROAMA, Griffiss AFB card input-output, and auxiliary card handling equip­ One 650 being retired. ment. USAF Hq SAC Braniff Airways, Inc. The 650 Tape RAMAC System will be replaced by an Now making study of tape system to replace present NCR 304 EDP System. The primary application will computer. New applications being considered are remain in the personnel accounting and authorizations flight crew scheduling and utilization, and flight area. The processing will be extensively altered, equipment maintenance scheduling. however, to include "machine decisions" on most Bridgeport Brass Co. manning actions and personnel transfers throughout Possible acquisition of more powerful computer for the command. new or expanded applications. USAF 2709th AF Vehicle Control Gp. The Chase Manhattan Bank Retirement of stock control and distribution (in­ An RCA 501 is to be installed for demand deposit ventory management) application is contingent upon accounting. A Univac Solid State 80 is to be in­ implementation on Type 705 EDPE. stalled for corporate trust accounting. An IBM 1401 New application is to be monetary property manage- is to be installed for payroll and employee benefits ment. work. California Division of Highways Combustion Engineering, Inc. We are continually developing new applications, We anticipate receiving a IBM 7070 to replace the however, overall usage has leveled off. 650 unit. Also, we will lease an IBM 1401. No alter­ New equipment will be obtained when faster compila­ ation in the computer site will be necessary. tion and additional storage are available at approxi­ With the addition of the above described units mately the same price. present program and systems will be converted. These U. S. Dept. of Interior units will permit us to install an effective long Ad.di tional applications will be put on computer in range scheduling system to cover the major portion future as need develops and after it is known they of our manufacturing business. Also, a system is are proper problems for the equipment. being developed which will indicate the state of U. S. Treasury Dept., Internal Revenue Service our contracts. Fu.ture plans fall into two categories: More comprehensive programs will be developed for Short range: Internal Revenue will convert present equipment design, stress and thermal analysis problems. processes to an IBM 7070 System at Lawrence, Mass., Convair-Pomona, General Dynamic's Kansas City, Mo., and Ogden, Utah. Each 7070 System We will install new card input/output equipment. will perform the work now done by a 650 and the size­ l~e 533 will be replaced with an IBM 543 and IBM able battery of EAM equipment which supports it. 544. This will increase input speed 25% and output Each 7070 System will use magnetic tape as the prin­ speed 150%. cipal medium of computer input and output. IBM 1400 Convair-Fort Worth series equ:I.pment will be employed for card-to-tape High speed input-output 543 and 544 on order. conversion and printing and, in addition, each system

IBM RAMAC 650 Tennessee Eastman Co. Institute for Defense Analyses By assigning a project team to each of our three The 650 System will be replaced by a Control Data manufacturing areas we hope to coordinate all work Corporation 1604 Computer. A brief summary of the in each area toward a master plan using the total 1604 characteristics are stored program, general systems approach. purpose; digital computer; 48-bit word length; six A separate section, Applied Mathematics, was re­ index registers; magnetic core storage, 32,768 48-bit cently established to serve as consultants and to words; 4.8 microseconds effective cycle time; 6.4 apply scientific techniQues to eQUipment and process microseconds total cycle time; indirect addreSsing; design problems, management problems, and analysis and single address logic, 2 instructions per word. of experimental data. This group will also do re­ Kaman Aircraft Corp. search on computer and mathematical methods. In the process of doing a feasibility study for a We are in the process of evaluating our future transistorized tape-oriented system. computer needs. The addition of bmuediate access Martin Co. storage, index accumulators and automatic floating Plan to discontinue 650's and install an IBM 7070 point will increase speed and capacity to the point and 1401 Systems. we can grow for one year. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. Educational Testing Service The work will probably be absorbed eventually by a Plan to install an RCA 501 Computer System to re­ large-scale system; of a type that has not yet been place our IBM 650 Computer System. The RCA 501 will determined. include: Mutual Benefit Life Ins. Co. Model 503 Computer It is intended to install an IBM 7070 System which 561-2 Hi-Speed Stora~e will eventually replace the two card 650's. 581 Tape Stations (6) Newport News Ship & Dry Dock Co. 533 On-line Printer We are evaluating an IBM 1401 System. 528 Card Reader Ohio Oil Company 538 Card Punch One IBM 7070 and 2 IBM 1401 Systems are to be in­ 547-6 Tape Switching Unit stalled. El Paso Natural Gas Co. Olin Mathieson Chemical Corp. An IBM 7070 Tape Oriented System and two 1401 Tape Current computer programs are exceeding storage Systems will be delivered. capacity to the point where we are negotiating for Emerson Electric Mfg. Co. a 4,000 word drum. It is recognized that this is Studies are being made for the procurement of a more a stop gap measure since the magnetic drum is fast powerful computer to replace our present eQuipment. becoming obsolete. We will evaluate the newer com­ Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. puting facilities with the intention of replacing The computer system was retired as of 30 April the present IBM 650 with a more up to date computer. 1960 due to lack of work load. Prudential Ins. Co. of America Tractor & Implement Div., FOMOCO Future plans are being constantly evolved and include: New applications include production control (compu­ consideration of new computers; advantages of consol­ tation of parts reQuirements, production progress idating data proceSSing in a central location; ~ta reporting, direct labor performance reporting, and and document transmission systems; information re­ stock status and inventory control) and sales anal­ trieval in connection with file and data storage ysis (order status reporting and sales statistics problems; addition of functions to our major data by product by customer). processing systems (case work, random file reference, Ford Motor Company and increased processing frequency); and the use of Intended aCQuisition of IBM 1401 Data Processing IBM 1401 Data Processing Systems. System. RCA Service Company, BMEWS Project Adv. Prod. Study & Engrg. Res. Office, FOMOCO Expect to switch to Univac 1105. General intention to replace complete 650 installa­ Shell Development Co. tion with large-storage, high speed computer as work Release of this eQuipment is planned. reQuirements develop. Socony Mobil Oil Co., Inc. Steel Div., FOMOCO The IBM 650 will be replaced by an IBM 7090 and an Future plans include continued programming in areas IBM 1401. of production control, applied research, and account­ Standard Oil Co. of California ing. Larger systems are being examined, probably System will be retired, with programs converted to tape, for replacement of the present card system. IBM 7090 or 1401. Ceneral Electric Co. United Gas Corp. Expect to eliminate the IBM 650 Tape Computer System Future plans are to install a magnetic tape oriented and consolidate all tape applications on an IBM 7090 system. The configuration of equipment consists of Computer located in another department. Will retain the following: 650 Drum Type System and aCQuire an IBM 1401 Data Machine Monthly Processing System. Qty Item Number Rental A.C. Spark Plug Div., General Motors Corp. 1 Console Control Unit 7150 $ 300 Both 650 Tape Systems to be replaced by IBM 7070. 1 Core Storage 7301-2 7,025 A.C. Spark Plug Div., GMC 1 Arith. Unit w/Float. Point 7601 4,350 Presently considering installation of IBM Type 7070 1 Core Storage Control 7602-2 2,000 Tape System. Also two Type 1401 Systems. These 1 Magnetic Tape Control 7604-1 2,700 will modify existing EAM area and replace 650 System 10 Magnetic Tape Units 720-4 9,000 now in use. ,1 Console Card Reader 7501 75 Harrison Radiator Div., GMC 2 Processing Units Model C-3 1401 6,910 Future plans call for retirement of present system 2 Card Read Punch Model 1 1402 1,100 and the aCQuisition of a solid state magnetic tape 2 Printers Model 2 1403 1,550 system. $35,010

IBM RAMAC 650 This order for e~uipment was placed 27 January 1960 Columbia Univ., Elect. Res. Labs. with the understanding that it may be cancelled or Proposal for an expanded system includes addition changed by us at any time, with no obligation on our to present system of: floating point capability; part, to conform to our future data processing e~uip­ index registers (3 units); rapid access storage (60 ment re~uirements and with the understanding that the words total); tape units (2 units). IBM organization will work with us on conversion and Facility improvement by providing a self-contained that delivery schedule of the e~uipment will be air conditioner for the computing e~uipment to enable arranged to coincide with our re~uirements. stable temperature and humidity control. Upon delivery and installation of this e~uipment, Cornell Univ. we will expect to release a substantial part of the Since the program in Which this system is a part is eQuipment now in use in our Shreveport, Louisiana still growing, it will be necessary to obtain larger and Houston, Texas offices. and faster e~uipment in the not too distant future. Universal Oil Products Co. In all probability a system with magnetic tape facil­ Entire system will be replaced in 1961 by a purchased ities will be obtained. IBM 7070 System with card input-output, 5,000-word Florida State Univ. core storage, floating point instructions. Ac~uisition of a 700 or 7000 series computer is Western Electric Co., New York planned for October 1961. New computing center is Constant study for new developments and improvement currently under construction and negotiations for of present applications. Also study of new machine a larger computer are in progress. systems for potential ability to improve systems, Indiana Univ. capacity and cost. For example, we are studying It is anticipated that sometime soon after 1 July E:ubstitution of 1401 and/or 7070 System for 650 Tape 1961 the Center will replace the 650 Tape System System. ?resent indications are that 1401 System with an IBM 7070 System. The approximate configura­ will give more favorable capacity to cost relation­ tion will be: c:hip and improve present systems. 7150 Console (Modell) Western Electric Co., Allentown Works 7600 Input-output Control (Modell) Anticipated modifications include installation of 7601 Arithmetic & Program Control (Modell) new card read and punch units to obtain faster card 7602 Core Storage Control (Model A2) t;peeds. IBM 543 and 544 units will replace IBM 533 7603 Input-output Synchronizer (Model l~) lmit. Ac~uisition of new systems - planning on 7301 Core Storage 10K (Model 2) starting feasibility study to replace existing system 7604 Tape Control (Modell) with newer e~uipment. 71~00 Printer (Modell) Western Electric Co., Indianapolis 7550 Card Punch (Modell) An additional IBM 650 Tape-Ramac System, to be em­ 2 7500 Card Readers (Modell) Floyed for mechanization of shop scheduling and pro­ 7 729 Magnetic Tape Units (Model 4) cess inventory control, is on order, consisting of: Iowa State Univ. 1 Type 650 Console Will add a 4,000 word drum. 1 Type 655 Power Unit Johns Hopkins Univ. 1 Type 652 Control Unit IBM 7090 Computer System with 1401 C3 planned for 1 Type 653 I. A. S. Unit installation. 2 Type 727 Tape Units Mar~uette Uni v • 1 Type 355 Disk Storage Adding floating decimal, indexing registers, and 1 Type 407 On-line Printer special characters group. 1 Type 543 Read Unit Montana State College 1 Type 544 Punch Unit To be ac~uired are a 653 unit and a 407 unit. The existing Type 533 Read Punch Unit is to be re­ North Carolina State College Illaced by a Type 543 Read Unit and Type 544 Punch Plan to replace 650 System with Rem. Rand Univac Unit. Solid State 80 with 4 tape units. Western Electric Co., Omaha Syracuse Univ. Proposed complete system on production control in Expanded system to be installed. the manufa.cture of telephone switching e~uipment, Texas Engineering Experiment Station including explosion of assemblies into component parts, The 704 will be replaced with a 32K - 2 channel - scheduling of production facilities taking into con­ 8 tape IBM 709. sideration economical ~uantities and reorder points, Univ. of Arkansas feed back to maintain control and associated account­ Needless to say, we hope to add to our basic 650 ing and managerial reports. Scientific inventory installation. It is hoped that at the end of about control and the latest techni~ues on control of pro­ a year of operation that we can add index registers, duction will be used to produce a completed integra­ 60 words of core storage, and floating point arith­ ted system. metic. We are currently conducting a feasibility study to Univ. of Georgia determine what size and type of a latter generation Plan to add 600 position core storage, 3 indexing of machine will be re~uired. Present indications registers, and floating decimal arithmetic device. point to a core storage machine with tapes in the Univ. of Kentucky medium size area. Probable on the air date: Early Plan to obtain 101 Statistical Sorter in near future. 1962. Univ. of Rochester Auburn Univ. A larger high-speed system is needed. Several solid An ord.er has been submitted for one 077 series 50 state systems, such as IBM 7070, are under considera­ collator and one 548 interpreter. tion for installation within the next 12 - 18 months. Brigham Young Univ. This will replace present sy~;tem. We now plan to purchase IBM 650 with 4,000 word drum. Univ. of Southern California No other changes currently anticipated for near future. Expect to replace 650 with IBM 1620 when card I/O Colorado State Univ. becomes available. Plan to get an IBM 650 the Summer 1960.

IBM RAMAC 650 Univ. of Wisconsin U. S. Air Force, Headquarters Europe, Directorate CDC 1604 and 160 Computers planned to replace 650. of Statistical SerVices, APO 633, New York, N. Y. No major changes planned in peripheral equipment. U. S. Air Force, Headquarters, Military Air Trans­ Staff increases of around 100% planned during next port SerVice, Scott Air Force Base, Illinois two-year period. U. S. Air Force, Headquarters Pacific, Statistical Washington State Univ. Services, APO 953, San Francisco, California WaShington State University plans to replace the U. S. Air Force, Headquarters Pacific, A-3 Direc­ present 650 with an IBM 704 System including 4K core torate of Control, APO 953, San Francisco, California storage, 8K magnetic drum and 4 magnetic tape drives U. S. Air Force, ROAMA, Griffiss Air Force Base, in July 1961. New York Yale University U. S. Air Force, Headquarters StrategiC Air Command, A new computing center with an IBM 7070 and IBM 1401 Statistical Services Division, Offutt Air Force Base, System by 1 July 196~with 10,000 words of core Nebraska storage, floating point arithmetic, and 10 magnetic U. S. Air Force, 2709th AF Vehicle Control Group, tapes, two of which are shared by the 1401. 3300 Jackson Avenue, Memphis 2, Tennessee N.A.S.A. Flight Research Center, box 273, Edwards, California U. S. Department of Agriculture, Commodity Stabil­ INSTALLATIONS ization Service, Evanston, Illinois u. S. Army Engineer District, Omaha, 1709 Jackson California Division of Highways, 1120 "N" Street, Street, Omaha, Nebraska Sacramento, California U. S. Army Engineer Research and Development Lab­ U. S. Department of Commerce, Coast and Geodetic oratories, Data Processing and Statistical Services, Survey, WaShington 25, D. c. Fort Belvoir, Virginia U. S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Recl~ation, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado Vicksburg, Mississippi U. S. Treasury Department, Internal Revenue SerVice, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army Engineer Collection Division, loth & Constitution Avenues, Division, North Pacific, 210 Custom House, Portland Washington, D. C. 9, Oregon American Airlines, 100 Park Avenue, New York, New U. S. Army Engineer Supply Control Office, Corps York of Engineers, 410 North Broadway, St. Louis 66, Advanced Technology Laboratory, American Standard, Missouri Mountain View, California u. S. Army Ordnance Frankford Arsenal, Field CrOSley Division of Avco Corporation, 1329 Arlington Service Group, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Street, Cincinnati 29, Ohio U. S. Army Ordnance Feltman Research and Engineer­ Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Avenue, ing Laboratories, Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, New Columbus, Ohio Jersey Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated, 3300 U. S. Army Ordnance Watervliet Arsenal, ADPS Branch, Lexington Road, S.E., Winston-Salem, North Carolina Watervliet, New York Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated, Allen­ U. S. Army Anniston Ordnance Depot, Machine Account­ town Laboratory, 555 Union Boulevard, Allentown, ing Services Division, Anniston, Alabama Pennsylvania U. S. Army Philadelphia Quartermaster Depot, Mili­ Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated, 463 West tary Clothing and Textile Supply Agency, 2800 South Street, New York 14, New York 20th Street, Philadelphia 45, Pennsylvania Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated, Murray U. S. Army Richmond Quartermaster Depot, Richmond, Hill, New Jersey Virginia Bendix Aviation Corporation, Research Laboratories U. S. Army Signal Corps School, Automatic Data Division, P. O. Box 5115, Detroit 35, Michigan Processing Section, Fort MOnmouth, New Jersey Braniff Airways, Incorporated, Exchange Park, U. S. Navy Service Center, Washington 25, D. c. Dallas, Texas U. S. Naval Air Development Center, Johnsville, Bridgeport Brass Company, 30 Grand Street, Bridge­ Pennsylvania port 2, Connecticut U. S. Naval Avionics Facility, Indianapolis, The Chase Manhattan Bank, 57 William Street, Boom Indiana 200, New York, N. Y. U. S. Navy Department, Bureau of Naval Weapons, The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company of 18th & Constitution Ave., N. W., Washington 25, D.C. Maryland, 5711 York Road, ~~ltimore 12, Marylana New York Naval Shipyard, Brooklyn 1, New York Clark Brothers Company, Division of Dresser Opera­ Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, Comptroller Department, tions, Incorporated, Olean, New York Portsmouth, New Hampshire Combustion Engineering, Incorporated, 200 Madison Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton, Washington Avenue, New York 16, New York U. S. Naval Supply Center, Oakland, Oakland 14, Convair, Division of General DynamiCS, Pomona, California California U. S. Air Force, Headquarters OCAMA, Tinker Air Convair, Division of General DynamiCS, Fort Worth, Force Base, Oklahoma Texas U. S. Air Force, Headquarters MAAMA, Comptroller, Douglas Aircraft Company, Department B7-250, El Olmsted Air Force Base, Pennsylvania Segundo, California U. S. Air Force, Mobile Air Materiel Area, Office Dow Chemical Company, Texas Division, B-2402, Plant of Comptroller, Brookley Air Force Base, Alabama B, Freeport, Texas U. S. Air Force, San Bernardino Air Materiel Area, Tennessee Eastman Company, Division of Eastman Norton Air Force Base, California Kodak Company, Kingsport, Tennessee U. S. Air Force, AFSWC, Statistical Services Educational Testing Service, 20 Nassau Street, Division, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico Princeton, New Jersey U. S. Air Force, APGC (PGCS), Directorate of El Paso Natural Gas Company, Administrative Services Statistical SerVices, Eglin Air Force Base, Florida Department, P. O. Box 1492, El Paso, Texas

IBM RAMAC 650 The Emerson Electric Manufacturing Company, 1567 United Gas Corporation, 1525 Fairfield Avenue, Salzman Avenue, Wellston, Missouri Shreveport, Louisiana The Firestone Tire & Rubber Company, Guided Missile Following sub-divisions of United States Steel Division, 2525 Firestone Boulevard, Los Angeles 54, Corporation, 525 William Penn Place, Pittsburgh 30, California Pennsylvania also operate IBM 650 Computers: Cleveland Engine Plants, Cleveland Computer Center, American Bridge FOMOCO, P. O. Box 191, Berea, Ohio American Steel and Wire Ford Motor Company, Lincoln-Mercury Division, Columbia-Geneva 3000 Schaefer Road, Dearborn, Michigan Consolidated Western Ford Motor Company, Tractor & Implement Division, Oliver Iron Mining 2500 E. Maple Road, Birmingham, Michigan New York Data Processing Center Ford Motor Company, Dearborn Stamping Plant, Con­ Pittsburgh Data ProceSSing Center troller's Office, Box 494, Dearborn, Michigan Central Operations Ford Motor Company, Advanced Product Study & En­ U. S. Steel Supply gineering Research Office, 20000 Rotunda Drive, Universal Oil Products Company, 30 Algon~uin Road, Dearborn, Ydchigan Des Plaines, Illinois Ford Motor Company, Steel Division, 3001 Miller Western Electric Company, 77 South Wacker Drive, Road, Dearborn, Michigan Chicago, Illinois General :E:lectric Company, Large Jet Engine Depart­ Western Electric Company, Allentown Works, 555 Union ment, Build.ing 800, Evendale 15, Ohio Boulevard, Allentown, PennsylVania A. C. Spark Plug Division, General Motors Corpora­ Western Electric Company, Data Processing & Methods tion, 7929 S. Howell Avenue, Milwaukee 1, Wisconsin Development Department, 2525 Shadeland Avenue, A. C. Spark Plug Division, General Motors Corpora­ Indianapolis, Indiana tion, 1300 N. Dort Highway, Flint, Michigan Western Electric Company, Omaha Works, Box 1400, Harrison Radiator Division, General Motors Corpora­ Peony Park Station, Omaha, Nebraska tion, Lockport, New York Western Electric Company, 3300 Lexington Road, S.E., Institute for Defense Analyses, Weapons Systems Winston-Salem, North Carolina Evaluation Division, Room lE871, The Pentagon, Auburn University, Computer Laboratory, Auburn, Washington 25, D. C. Alabama The Kaman. Aircraft Corporation, Old Windsor Road, Brigham Young UniverSity, Computer Center, Provo, Bloomfield, Connecticut Utah Littauer Statistical Laboratory, 94 Prescott Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory, 612 W. 16th Street, Cambridge 38, Massachusetts Street, New York 27, N. Y. The Martin Company, Balt:i1llore 3, Maryland Colorado State University, Computing Center, Fort Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, 1 Madison Collins, Colorado Avenue, Ne'iI" York 10, N. Y. Columbia University, Electronics Research Labora­ Michigan Bell Telephone Company, 23500 North­ tories, 632 West 125th Street, New York 27, N. Y. western Highway, Southfield, Michigan Columbia University, Hudson Laboratories, Dobbs Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company, 520 Broad Ferry, New York Street, Ne·wark 1, New Jersey Columbia University, Nevis CYClotron Laboratory, Newport News Ship & Dry Dock Company, Tabulating Box 137, Irvington on Hudson, New York Department, Washington Avenue, Newport News, Virginia Cornell University, Dairy Records Processing The Ohio Oil Company, 539 South Main Street, Laboratory, Ithaca, New York ]i'indlay, Ohio Florida State University, Computing Center, Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation, Li~uid Fuels Tallahassee, Florida Computer Center, 275 Winchester Avenue, New Haven, Georgia Institute of Technology, Rich Electronic Connecticut Computer Center, Atlanta, Georgia The Prudential Insurance Company of America, Indiana UniverSity, Research Computing Center, Electronics Research Division, Prudential Plaza, Bloomington, Indiana Newark, New Jersey Iowa State University, Statistical LaboratoI~, RCA Laboratories, Princeton, New Jersey Ames, Iowa RCA Service Company, BMEWS Project, Griffiss Air Johns HOpkins University, Applied Physics Labora­ Force Base, Rome, New York tory, Johns Hopkins Road, Scaggsville, HOward County, Republic Aviation Corporation, Farmingdale, New Maryland York Inuisiana State UniverSity, Computer Research Shell Development Company, E and P Research, Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana Computing Section, 3737 Bellaire Boulevard, HOuston, Mar~uette UniverSity, Computing Center, 1515 W. 'l'exas Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Socony Mobil Oil Company, Incorporated, 150 East Miami University, Computing Center, Laws Hall, 42nd Street, New York 17, N. Y. Oxford, Ohio Standard Oil Company of California, Western Montana State College, Computer Laboratory, Operations, Incorporated, 225 Bush Street, San Bozeman, Montana FranCiSCO, California New York University, Computation and Statistical New York Stock Exchange, Stock Clearing Corpora­ Laboratory, Research Building 3, 233 Fordham Landing tion, 18 Broad Street, New York 5, N. Y. Road, New York 68, New York Sun Oil Company, Marcus Hook Refinery, Marcus North Carolina State College, Experimental Statis­ Hook, Pennsylvania tics Department, Patterson Hall, Raleigh, North Carolina

IBM RAMAC 650 Oklahoma State University, Computing Center, University of Houston, Computing and Data Process­ Stillwater, Oklahoma ing Center, Houston 4, Texas Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, 333 Jay Street, University of Kentucky, Computing Center, Lexing­ Brooklyn 1, N. Y. ton, Kentucky Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Computer Labora­ University of Mississippi, Computer Center, Carrier tory, Troy, New York Hall, University, Mississippi Stanford University, Computation Center, Stanford, University of Rochester, Computing Center, Rochester, California New York Syracuse University, Computing Center, 112 Hinds University of Southern California, Aerodynamic Test Hall, Syracuse 10, New York Laboratory, Building 75, U. S. Naval Missile Center, Texas Engineering Experiment Station, Data Process­ Point Mugu, California ing Center Building, College Station, Texas University of WisconSin, Numerical Analysis Labora­ Tulane University, Computer Center, New Orleans 15, tory, Sterling Hall, Madison 6, Wisconsin Louisiana Vanderbilt UniverSity, Computer Center, Wesley University of Arizona, Numerical Analysis Labora­ Hall, Nashville, Tennessee tory, Tucson 25, Arizona Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Temporary Building University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 365, Blacksburg, Virginia University of California, Radiation Laboratory, Washington State University, Computing Center, Box 808, Livermore, California Pullman, Washington University of Florida, Statistical Laboratory, Wayne State University, Computing Center, 4841 Cass P. O. Box 3568, University Station, Gainesville, Avenue, Detroit 2, Michigan Florida Yale UniverSity, Computing Center, 135 Prospect University of Georgia, Department of Experimental Street, New Haven, Connecticut Statistics, Lumpkin House, Athens, Georgia

IBM RAMAC 650 IBM 701 MANUFACTU RER TBM 701 Data Processing System International Business Machines Corporation

Photo by International Business Machines Corporation APPLICATIONS Ma:n.uf'acturer PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Scientific, commercial, and engineering data process­ Internal number system Binary ing. Binary digits/word 18 or 36 per data word U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, China Lake Binary digits/instruction 18 Scientific data processing Instructions per word 2 Douglas Aircraft Company, Tulsa Instructions decoded 33 Located at the Douglas Aircraft Company, Inc., 2000 Arithmetic system Fixed point North Memorial Drive, Tulsa, Oklahoma, and at A-250, Instruction type One address Santa Monica, California, the systems are used for Number range 35 strength analysis, trajectories, aerodynamic stabil­ _(235 _ 1) ~ N ~ (2 - 1) ity, aerodynamic performance, dynamic response, Instruction word format thermo dynamic analysis, weight control, and propul­ sion analysis. Operand United Aircraft Corporation 6 17 The United Aircraft Corporation provides a central computing facility located at the Research Department Symbolic routines and floating point interpretive for the Bolution of engineering and research problems. codes are available. It services the three UAC Divisions: Pratt and Whit­ There are 3 arithmetic registers, accumulator, ney Aircraft, Sikorsky Aircraft, and Hamilton Standard multiplier-quotient, and memory register. which are engaged in the design and manufacture of aircraft engines, helicopters, propellers and other aircraft equipment.

IBM 701 390 Photo by General MOtors Corporation

ARITHMETIC UNIT Average time for experienced Incl Stor Access Exc1ud Stor Access operator to change reel of tape 30 - 60 Seconds Micro sec Microsec Physical properties of tape Add 60 or 36 48 or 24 Width 0.5 Inches MUlt 456 444 Length of reel 200 - 2,400 Feet Div 456 444 Composition Acetate or mylar Construction (Arithmetic unit only) MYlar is DuPont1s registered trademark for its po1y- Vacuum tubes 4,000 ester film. Diodes 12,800 Douglas Santa Monica and Douglas Tulsa Arithmetic mode Parallel No. of No. of Access Timing Synchronous Media Words Digits Microsec Operation Sequential Magnetic Core 4,096 36 12 Magnetic Drum 8,192 36 1,280 STORAGE Magnetic Tape 6 reels Manufacturer No. of No. of Access INPUT Media Words Digits Microsec Manufacturer Magnetic Core 4,096 40,960 12 Media Speed Magnetic Drum 8,192 or 16,384 50,000 Card Reader 150 cards/min Magnetic Tape Up to 900,000 words 10,000 Magnetic Tape (IBM 726) 6,000 char/sec serially This speed corresponds to 10,000 digits/sec. No. of units that can be connected 10 Units Magnetic Tape (IBM 727) 15,000 char/sec No. of char/linear inch of tape 200 Char/inch This speed corresponds to 25,000 digits/sec. Channels or tracks .on the tape 7 Tracks/tape Cards to Magnetic Tape 250 cards/min Blank tape separating each record 0.75 Inches Douglas Santa MOnica and Douglas Tulsa Tape speed 75 Inches/sec Cards 150 cards /min Transfer rate 15,000 Char/sec Magnetic Tape 100 char/in, 75 in/sec Start time 10 Millisec Stop time 10 Mi1lisec

391 IBM 701 Photo by University of California Radiation Laboratory

OUTPUT CHECKI NG FEATURES Manufacturer Tapes (727) - Longitudinal & transverse parity check Media Speed Line Printer - Echo checking for each character Card Punch 100 cards/min Card Reader - Reads card twice Line Printer 150 lines/min Card Punch - Checks columns for double punch & blank Cathode Ray Tube Display 8,300 points/sec column Magnetic Tape 726 6,000 char/sec Arithmetic & Logical Unit - Overflow, divide check, Magnetic Tape to Card 100 cards/min parity checks. Magnetic Tape to Line 150 lines/min Printer Doup'~as Santa Monica and Douglas Tulsa Printer 150 lineS/min POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION Cards 100 cards/min Manufacturer Magnetic '.rape 100 char/in, 75 in/sec Power, computer 84.0 KVA Area, computer 1,200 to 3,000 sq ft Room size 1,600 - 3,400 sq ft Capacity, air condit 20 - 40 Tons CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM Weight, computer 20,516 lbs Type Quantity Physical planning manual made available. Tubes 4,000 Weight (lbs) KVA Diodes 12,800 Main Frame 2,850 ;4.4 .Magnet ic Core s 147,456 (Core Storage) Punched Card Recorder 720 0.7 Line Printer (Wheel TYPe) 2,795 3.1 Magnetic Drum 1,480 9.9 Cathode Ray Tube 2,445 11.8 Power Frame No. 1 2,810 5.8

IBM 701 392 Power Frame No.2 2,750 5.8 Douglas Santa Monica Power Distribution Unit 1,230 1.2 Main frame, 6 magnetic tape units, 1 reader, 1 punch, Magnetic Tape Unit (726) 1,270 4.6 and 1 printer $17, 220/month. Magnetic Tape Control Unit 1,636 6.0 Maintenance/service is included in rental. Punched Card Reader 530 0.7 u. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, China Lake System requires 80 Kw, 136 KVA, 1,404 cu ft, 1,400 sq ft. The system area is 44 by 27 ft and weighs PERSONNEL REQU I REMENTS 40,050 lbs, including peripheral equipment. Manufacturer The above power, space and weight does not include Education training, program testing, technical assist­ supporting machines such as key punches, reproducers, ance on all phases is available from manufacturer. and sorters. This equipment would add 8 KVA and U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, China Lake 8,000 lbs. For three 8-hour shifts 6 engineers and 19 technician­ Douglas Santa Monica and Douglas Tulsa operators are utilized. Approximately 9 mathematics Power, computer 65.3 Kw 87.6 KVA aides, 10 mathematicians and 20 to 25 persons from Volume, computer 729.4 cu ft outside the branch, program and run their own problems. Area, computer 143.6 sq ft Douglas Tulsa Room size, computer 1,368 sq ft One 8-Hour Shift Room size, air condi 1,100 sq ft Supervisors 1 Floor loading 16 lbs/ sq ft Analysts 6 200 lbs concen max Clerks 1 Capacity, air conditioner 38 Tons Operators 1 Weight, computer 21,690 lbs Operation tends toward closed shop. Built-up air handling system - two units, 40 hp Own course stresses understanding of existing pro­ each, capable of approximately 38 tons cooling. grams and new programming under close supervision. Sealed areaj a/c ducts installed with 500 RCE/sink Douglas Santa Monica for each componentj raised floor (steel platform)j One 8-Hour Shift a/c unit and airfilter installedj motor-generator Supervisors 1 set with transformer and controls installed. Analysts 2 Clerks 1 Operators 2 Operation tends toward closed shop. PRODUCTION RECORD Own course followed by on-the-job training. Manufacturer United Aircraft Company Number produced to date Over 18 Two IBM Type 704 and one IBM Type 701 Computers are There are no 701 systems in production at the pres­ operated on a 24 hour, six-day week. Three Cpcts ent time. Available for new orders only when released and three Burroughs E10l t S are operated on an 8 hour, from present user. five-day week. The Laboratory is staffed by 51 analysts, 11 opera­ tors, and 24 aides. Non-computing personnel also COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES program for all calculators. Manufacturer Monthly Base Pur- RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE, Charge chase Price AND TIME AVAI LAB I LlTY 701 Central Processing Unit $5,000 $230,000 Atomic Energy Commission, UniverSity of California 711 Card Reader 400 16,350 Radiation Laboratory 716 Printer 1,200 54,200 System accepted 26 Apr 54j the average error-free 721 Card Punch 600 25, 000 running period is 6.2 hours; good time is 3,032 hours 726 Magnetic Tape Unit 850 42,100 and the attempted to run time is 3,587 hours, result­ 727 Magnetic Tape Unit 550 18,200 ing in an operating ratio of 0.85; the average error 731 Magnetic Drum Storage 1,400 87,450 free running time is calculated by dividing the total 736 Power Supply 1,000 57,400 hours less the total scheduled maintenance less total 737 Magnetic Core Storage 3,700 192,400 unscheduled maintenance less the loss time claimed by 740 CRT Recorder 2,450 96,000 operator all by the total number of hours of down 741 Power Supply 1,000 57,400 and lost time reported. The above figures are for 746 Power Distribution Unit 1,100 52,000 the period January 55 to June 55 when operating 24 753 Tape Control 2,350 80,000 hours/day. 780 CRT Display 400 16,000 General Motors Corporation Since this machine is no longer in production, the System accepted in Apr 54; average error free running Base Purchase Price is used in computing the Dis­ period is 4.5 hours derived from the records for 1 counted Purchase Price based on the age of the in­ month; good time of 1,067 hours and attempted to run stalled machine. A published discount schedule is time of 1,154 hours yielding an operating ratio of available from IBM. 0.92 for a four month period. Maintenance contract details available. Douglas Tulsa U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, China Lake Average error free running period 8 Hours Rental rate for basic system is $21,500/month. Good time 39.16 Hoursjweek (Average) Rental rate for additional equipment $8, 550/month. Attempted to run time 39.96 HourS/Week (Average) Douglas Tulsa Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.98 Standard 701 components $17, 220/month. Above figures based on period 1 Jan 60 to 31 Mar 60 Third 726 Tape Unit (two reels) $850/month. Passed Customer Acceptance Test 8 Mar 60 Maintenance/service is included in rental. Time is available for rent to outside organizations.

393 IBM 701 Douglas Santa Monica General Precautions Average error free running period S Hours The tape should not come in contact with magnetic Good time 40 Hours/Week (Average) material at any time and should never be subjected Attempted to run time 42 HourS/Week (Average) to strong magnetic fields. Either of these can cause Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.95 the loss of information or the introduction of noise. Above figlITes based on period from Jan 59 to Jul 60 When shipping magnetic tape, the reel should be Passed Customer Acceptance Test Apr 56 placed in a dust proof container and hermetically Time is available for rent to outside organizations. sealed in a plastic bag. Additional support should Lockheed Aircraft Corporation be obtained by enclosing in an individual cardboard Systems accepted on 14 May 53 and 15 Jul 54; average box. error free runni,ng periods of 3-4 hours on one and A limited number of 701 Systems were produced for 1 1/2 hOUl~S on the other; good time of 74.4% and SO% specific requirements, many installations of which Where good time is considered as actual production have changed to the IBM 704 System. and the remaining 25.6% and 20% respectively, con­ General Motors Corporation sists of preventive maintenance, breakdown, machine Two interpretive systems are used, Speed Co and ACOM. re-work and idle time. The average error free running Speed Co is 3-address while ACOM is 2-address. Both period is reduced considerably when tapes are used provide for floating point arithmetic, transcendental frequently. Short runs are made wherever possible functions, In-Out operations, B-boxes, and tracing (1-5 hours), but the same program is run for as long all of which aid in coding and checkout. as 12 hOUl~S and would run longer if time permitted. Lockheed Aircraft Corporation United Aircraft Corporation, Research Dept. A general purpose system called FLOP, a contraction Average error free running period 2 Hours of Floating Octal Point, was developed at Lockheed Good time 2,667 Hours by members of the Digital Computing Staff. Attempted to run time 3,473 Hours FLOP converts the 701 into an entirely different ma­ Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.77 chine, one which performs all its operations in a FiglITes based on period 1 Feb 56 to 30 Sep 56 "floating octal" system, but also permits all the Passed Customer Acceptance Test 5 Oct 53 normal 701 operations to be executed in fixed binary. Attempted to run time includes calculation, check­ The floating octal operations performed by the system out, machine error, unscheduled maintenance, and are add, subtract, multiply, divide (all with real scheduled maintenance time. The scheduled maintenance or complex numbers), logS x, SX, sin x, Sin-Ix, and for the above period was 367.96 hours and the unsched­ square root. The system also provides certain logi­ uled maintenance was 290.75. These two figlITes should cal operations and control of the input-output devices be subtracted from the above "Attempted to run" figlITe. in three number systems: binary, octal, and floating decilllal. This system was deyeloped in order to obtain a mini­ mun of elapsed time from when a new problem first ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS enters the department to when answers are obtainable. Manufacturer Outstanding features include high arithmetic speed and low cost. Unique system advantages are two in­ structions stored per word and IS and 36 bit data FUTURE PLANS words. U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, China Lake Tape Storage A modofication has been made to the system to allow Acetate Base Tape asynchronous digital data to fill the entire storage Storage for frequent usage. Relative humidity unit at one time. Such data are fed from magnetic 1.J-O to 60%. Temperature 65 to SOoF. tape containing the digitalized version of analog Should the tape be exposed to atmospheric condi­ information originating at the test equipment. The tions outside the above limits for more than four analog to digital converston is done as a separate hours, the following item specifications would apply: step, prior to entering the data into the computer. Storage for infrequent usage. Temperature 40 to l20oF. The tape must be placed in a dust proof container and hermetically sealed in a plastic bag. Before INSTALLATIONS re-using, the tape must be reconditioned by allowing U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station it to remain in the conditioned r.tmosphere for a China Lake, California length of time equal to the time it was away. Twenty­ four hours reconditioning is necessary if the tape United States Weather Bureau is removed for longer than twenty-four hours. Washington, D. C. Mylar Base Tape Boeing Aircraft Storage for frequent or infrequent usage. Rela­ Wichita, Kansas tive humidity 0 to SO%. Temperature 40 to l200 F. The tape should be stored in a dust proof contain­ Douglas Aircraft Company, Incorporated er. Should the tape be exposed to atmospheric condi­ El Sequndo, California tions outside the above limits for more than four Douglas Aircraft Company, Incorporated hours, it must be reconditioned by allowing it to re­ 2000 North Memorial Drive main at the given condition for a length of time equal Tulsa, Oklahoma to the time it was away. Twenty-four hours recondi­ tioning is necessary if the tape is removed for longer Douglas Aircraft Company, Incorporated than twenty-four hours. 3000 Ocean Park Blvd. The upper limit on humidity is given to prevent Santa Monica, California the formation of fungus and mold growth. This limit General Motors Corporation may be ex.ceeded by hermetically sealing the tape in DetrOit, Michigan a plastic bag.

IBM 701 394 Glenn L. Martin Company United Aircraft Corporation Baltimore 3, Maryland East Hartford 6, Connecticut Lockheed Aircraft Corporation University of California Burbank, California Radiation Laboratory Berkeley 4, California

395 IBM 701 IBM 702 MANUFACTU RER IBM 702 Electronic Data Processing Machine International Business Machines Corporation

Photo by International Business Machines Corporation

to entire plant, both commercial and scientific work. APPLICATIONS Manufacturer System is used for commercial (cost, inventory, pro­ PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM duction, accounting, sales, billing, etc) and for Manufacturer scientific (engineering design, mathematical models) Internal number system Binary coded decimal and applications. alphabetical U. S. Navy Aviation Supply Office Digits per word Variable Commercial., inventory control. Digits per instruction 5 characters Bank of America Instructions per word No words Located at 500 Howard Street, San FranCiSCO, the sys­ Instructions decoded 32 tem is used for real estate loan accounting, install­ Arithmetic system Fixed point ment loan accounting, accounts receivable accounting, Floating point is programmable. corporate trust accounting, bond investments account­ Instruction type One address :l.ng, branch clearings (inter-branch debit and credit Number range ::t 256 decimal digits accounting), and branch activity surveys (personnel Instruction word format requirements) . Chrysler Corporation Service Parts Warehouse x x x X I Invoicing, cost of sales and inventory control. Operation Mdress Commonwealth Edison Company of Chicago Customer' billing and accounting. Automatic built-in subroutines include store for General Electric Company, Hanford Atomic Products print. l~ovide general data processing and computing service Autometic coding consists of the Autocoder System.

IBM 702 396 Photo by International Business Machines Corporation

There are two 256 - character accumulators. Arithmetic mode Serial The machine is not a fixed word length system. It Timing Synchronous is possible to have both variable field and variable Operation Sequential record lengths. Consequently there are no "words". The characters are alphanumeric. Five characters are required to make up an instruction. STORAGE Manufacturer Alphanumeric Access AR ITHMETI C UNIT Media Characters Microsec The time required to add is 23 microseconds, exclud­ Magnetic Core 10,000 17 ing the storage access time. The time required to Magnetic Drum 60,000 8,120+40N multiply is given by Magnetic drum has 300 sections of 200 characters each. N = number of characters. [N (N + 4) + 1 ] + 115 microseconds. 10,140+67N 23 p c Magnetic Tape 5,760,000 No. of units that can be connected 10 Units The time required to divide is given by No. of char/linear inch of tape 200 Char/inch Channels or tracks on the tape 7 Tracks/tape Blank tape separating each record 0.75 Inches seconds. Tape speed 75 InChes/sec Where Transfer rate 15,000 Char/sec Np number of multiplier digits Start time 10 Millisec Stop time 10 Millisec Nc number of multiplicand digits Average time for experienced operator to change reel of tape 60 Seconds Nd number of divid~nd digits Physical properties of tape N = number of divisor digits Width 0.5 Inches r Length of reel 200-2,400 Feet K = N if N > 8 and K = N + 0.005(8 - N ) if N < 8. r r r r r Composition Acetate or MYlar MYlar is Dupont's registered name for its polyester The arithmetic unit is constructed of vacuum tubes, crystal diodes and magnetic cores and operates ser­ film. U. S. Navy Aviation Supply Office ially by binary coded decimal character and parallel by bit. System has magnetic core storage unit in lieu of electrostatic.

397 IBM 702 Photo by International Business Machines Corporation (Poughkeepsie)

Bank. o:f America Bank o:f America No. o:f No. of Access Media Speed Medium Words Digi ts Microsec Magnetic Tape 75 inCh/sec 1/2" 7-channel tape Magnetic Core Memory Variable 20,000 17 Punched Card 250 cards/min 80 char/card Not a fixed word length system. Variable :field Card to magnetic tape conversion done on "o:f:f-line" lengths and variable record lengths are possible. basis. Characters are alpha-numeric. General Electric Company, Han:ford Atomic Products Chrysler Corporation Service· Parts Warehouse Operation System has magnetic core and magnetic drum. Card reader at 250 cards/min with o:f:f-line card to General Electric Company, Han:ford Atomic Products tape conversion. Magnetic tape speed is (10,000 + System has magnetiC core, magnetic drum, and magnetic 67N) microseconds, where N is the number o:f characters. tape storage. OUTPUT INPUT Manu:facturer Manufacturer Media Speed Media Speed Magnetic Tape Magnetic Tape Card Punch 100 cards/min Card Reader 250 cards/min Line Printer 150 lines/min 0I~rator Console Manual 500 lineS/min Magnetic 25,000 char/sec Typewriter 1,000 lineS/min U. S. Navy Aviation Supply O:f:fice 600 charImin Magnetic tape unit operates at 200 char/inch and 75 Magnetic Drum 25,000 Char/sec inChes/sec. Card reader operates at 250 cards/min The IBM 1401 Data Processing System may be used :for at 80 char/card. peripheral operations such as card-tape, tape-printer, and card editing at speeds of: card reading- 800 cards/min, card punching-250 cards/min and printing- 600 line s /min.

IBM 702 398 Photo by General Electric Company Richland

u. S. Navy Aviation Supply Office System has all above output systems. CHECKI NG FEATURES Bank. of America Instruction Media Speed During the execution of an instruction, a character Magnetic Tape 75 inch/sec 1/2" 7-channel tape code error, an invalid operation part transfer, or Punched Card 100 cards/min 80 char/card an operation part interpretation, may be detected and Typewriter 600 char/min indicated. Printer 500 lines/min 120 print positions Machine Magnetic tape to card and tape to printer conversion The machine check indicator is turned on when a char­ done on If Off-line" basis. acter code error is detected during the execution of General Electric Company, Hanford Atomic Products all instructions (except write, write and era~e, Magnetic tape to card and tape to printer conversion read, and read check) in which information is read done on "off-line" basis. from accumulator storage or memory. Read-Write-­ checks the transmission of data from all input units to memory. It also checks the transmission of all CI RCU tT ELEMENTS OF ENTI RE SYSTEM output data from memory to the drum, tape unit, card Manufacturer punch record storage, printer record storage, and Tubes 10,000 typewriter. ' Tube types 10 Printer-Punch Crystal diodes 17,000 This indicator reflects any error when info~tion Complement changes with configuration. is punched in a card or when printed on the printer. Bank. of America Overflow In addition to the above, the system has 165,000 The overflow check indicator is turned on during an magnetic cores. It utilizes tube types 6211, 5965 add or ~ubtract operation when the number of digits and 5687. in the result is greater than the number of digits in the longer of the original fields. An overflow is indicated as a result of a round off operation if a

399 IBM 702