IBM 709 MANUFACTU RER IBM 709 Data Processing System International Business Machines Corporation

Photo by International Business Machines Corporation

at Point Mugu, California and one at Point Arguello, APPLICATIONS California. Land Air is the lessee, and our major Manufacturer committment is for missile test flight data reduction. This is a general purpose computer doing both scien­ In addition, we provide computing facilities for the tific computing and commercial work. The system is entire installation at Mugu (general scientific and scientifically oriented with fast internal speeds. engineering research and data processing). USA Ballistic Missile Agency Redstone Arsenal U.S.N. Pacific Missile Range Ft. Mugu Located at Computation Laboratory, Redstone Arsenal, Operated by Land Air, Inc. ALabama, the system is used for scientific and commer­ Located at the Naval Missile Faculty, Point Arguello, cial applications. California, the system is used on the main problem U. S. Army Electronic Proving Ground of range safety impact predicition in real time using Located in Greely Hall, Fort Huachuca, Arizona, sys­ FPS-l6 Radar and Cubic COTAR data. System is also tem is used in support of the tactical field army used for post flight trajectory reduction of FPS-l6 and the technical program of the departments of the radar data and for trajectory integration and analysis, U. S. Army Electronic Proving Ground. etc. U.S.N. Pacific Missile Range Ft. Mugu USN OTS China Lake, California Operated by Land Air, Inc. Located at the Data Computation Branch, Assessment Located at the Pacific Missile Range, Point Mugu, the DiVision, Test Department, the computer is used for system is used for the processing of missile test data reduction and scientific computation as related data (radar, optical, and telemetry), for real time to Naval Ordnance, Test, Development & Research applications, and for the solution of general mathe­ (l5% of computer time devoted to management data pro­ m.atical problems. cessing) . Land Air, Inc. operates two 709 1 s for the Navy, one

IBM 709 500 CONSOLE PRINTER I ICARD READER I ICARD PUNCH LIGHTS AND SWITCHES

~ 1/XTERNAL SI~AL SOURCE ~ CHANNEL ~ 1------1--..----­A CHANNEL ------.. 709 CENTRAL PROCESSING lATA NO.1 UNIT AND S~NCRO~'lER MAGNETIC CORE MEMORY

MAGNETIC TAPE DRI VES CHANNEL 8 on each TCU and 0 S ~EXTERNAL C SIGNAL SOURCE CHANNEL D Each OS can have the same

Input M Output devices as DATA SYNCRONI ~ER shown for OS No. I

MAGNETIC DRUM CATHODE RAY TUBE OUTPUT CHANNEL STORAGE RECORDER E AND DISPLAY CHANNEL UNIT F

DATA SYNCRONllER NO.3

SCHEMATIC SHOWING DATA FLOW FOR INPUTM OUTPUT FOR IBM 709 DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM

Chart by International Business Machines Corporation

National Aviation Facilities Experimental ponent design computations, computer system simula­ Station (FAA) tion, miscellaneous scientific and engineering com­ Located at Atlantic City, New Jersey, the syst~m is putations, data reduction of experimental and flight used for fast time simulation of air traffic control test data, and payroll, inventory control, and ~is­ systems, data reduction on data collected in various cellaneous business applications. areas of air traffic control, data analysis, real Hughes Aircraft Company time simulation, statistical analYSis, and probabil­ Located at Florence Avenue & Teale Streets, Building i ty problems. 6, Room Fl022, Culver City, California, the system C E I R, Inc. is used for all forms of numerical computation, in­ Located at 1200 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington cluding differential equations, numerical integra­ 2, Virginia, the system is used for linear program­ tion, parameter studies, solution of simultaneous ming, multiple regression, business data processing, equations, matrix manipulations, polynomial equations, and flight simulation, plus applications of our integral equations, simulations of various systems clients who rent time from us. (computers, mass raid attacks, fire control systems) Douglas Aircraft Company (2) partial differential equations, harmonic analysis, Located at A-250, and A-26o, Santa Monica, both sys­ auto correlation and power spectrum analysis, statis­ tems are used for strength analysis, trajectories, tical computations, Monte Carlo evaluations of various aerodynamic stability, aerodynamic performance, dy­ problems, network analysis, research in computer sys­ namic response, weight control, and propulsion anal­ tems (assemblers, compilers), design studies, and ysiS. development of problem oriented languages. Ford MOtor Company IBM Space Computing Center Located at the Central Services Building, Ford Road, Located at 615 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, Newport Beach, California, the system is used for D. C., the system is used for orbital calculations computation of missile trajectories within the earth's for space vehicles, including formulation, testing atmosphere, computation of orbits (in light atmos­ and production, test center applications for Federal phere or free space), computation of rocket motor Systems Division of IBM, and customer test center for performance, hydrodynamic computations, missile com- local 709 users who have ordered machines.

501 IBM 709 Photo by Internatjonal Business Machines Corporation

Lockheed Aircraft Corporation-Burbank utilized for scientific calculations in engineering Located at Burbank, California, the system is used deSign, parts and assembly control, production and to solve all scientific and engineering problems sub­ updating of engineering parts lists, and special m.i:tted by the Engineering Division. reports emanating from complete files of system parts Lockheed Sunnyvale and components. The computing installation consists of two IBM 709 1 s MCDonnell Aircraft Corporation and peripheral equipment. It is used for scientific Located on the 1st level of Bldg. 33, Engineering calculations involving matrix inversion, partial Campus, the system is used for flutter analysis, differential equations, trajectories, solutions for trajectory studies, probability studies, stress and simultaneous equations, etc. The systems are also loads analYSiS, aerodynamic performance, thermody­ used for flight data reduction involving the prepara­ namic problems, numerical control of milling machines, tion of labels and plotting tapes, data reduction and flight test and wind tunnel data reduction, operations computation of calibration. Admisistrative applica­ analysis, and engine performance. tions include the solution of financial, material, Northern States Power Company and statistical problems. Located at 1925 Sather Street, St. Paul 13, Minnesota, The Martin Company-Baltimore the system is used for customers' billing and account­ Located at the Missile Weapons Systems Division, Bal­ ing, load flow studies, generator outage probabilities, timore, Md., the system is used for missile design, plant life actuarial analyses, substation and feeder vibrations analysis, nuclear shielding, reactor deSign, load record, and transformer loading and forecasting. e:lectronic deSign, ini'ormation retrieval, trajectory Phillips Petroleum Company an.alysis, compilers, aerodynamic research, circuit Located in the Adams Building at Bartlesville, Okla­ analYSiS, master lines automation, numerically con­ homa, the system is used" for the solution of engineer­ trolled tools, data reduction, weight calculation ing, technical and research problems and business automation, statistical analysis, structural analysis, accounting. and molecular research. RCA Missile & Surface Radar Division The :r.il.rtin Company-Orlando Located in Bldg. 116-1 M::lorestown, N. J., the system Located at the Engineering Division, the system is is used for the real-time control of BMEWS (Ballistic

IBM 709 502 Photo by USAF AMR Cape Canaveral

Missile Early Warning System), for engineering model System Development Corporation tracking radar, for engineering calculations associa­ Located at 1923 Centinella Avenue, West Los Angeles, ted with design of BMEWS sites, and for data reduc­ California, the system is used for data processing tion for the Down Range Anti-Ballistic Missile Pro­ applications for the development of a system t~aining gram (DAMP). program. RCA Service Company, Patrick AFB M. I. T. Lincoln Laboratory Located in the Technical Laboratory, Bldg. 989, Located at the M. I. T. Lincoln Laboratory, LeXington, Patrick Air Force Base, Florida, the system is used Massachusetts, the computer is used for real t~e primarily to determine missile trajectory informa­ systems studiesj evaluation, simulation, and ~lysis, tion (time, position, velocity, and acceleration) physical data processing, and programming rese~ch. from observed observations, azimuth, elevation and University of California LRL slant range (where available). Data sources are Located at Livermore, California, the system is used Azusa, FPS-16, Mod II radar, ballistic camera, fixed for the solution of differential equations. camera, cine-theodolite, and DOVAP. Also digitizing University of California, Los Angeles and linearization of telemetry is performed. Located at the University of California, Los Angeles RCA Service Company, Cape Canaveral campus, the system is used for research and edubation Located at Bldg. 2-1655, Cape Canaveral, Florida, in all university disciplines, with special emphasis the system is'used for real time impact prediction on business management problems, operations research, computing during ballistic missile launches, ground gaming, and computer systems development. instrumentation check outs, near real time computa­ tion for acquisition and vehicle recovery operations, post flight data reduction, and other engineering and scientific problems. Space Technology Laboratories, Inc. (2) Located at El Segundo, California, both systems are used in a full spectrum of scientific computations.

503 IBM 709 Photo by USN PMR Point Mugu

PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM ARITHMETIC UNIT Internal number system Binary Incl Stor Access Binary digits/word 36 Micorsec Binary digits/instruction 36 Fixed Pt. Floating Pt. IDBtructions/word 1 Add 24 84 Instructions decoded 187 Mult 24-240 24-204 Ari thmetic system Fixed and floating point Div 36-240 36-216 InBtruction type One address Construction (Arithmetic unit only) Number range 38 38 Vacuum tubes 2,000 Floating _10 < N < 10 Diodes 14,500 Fixed _(235_1) ~ N ~ (235_1) Arithmetic mode Parallel Timing Synchronous for Central Processing Unit Instruction word format Asynchronous for Input-Output Tag Address Operation Sequential for Central Processing Unit Concurrent Input-Output devices S,l 11 12-13 18-20 21 35 Input-Output operations on up to 6 data channels Format varies with instruction type. can operate concurrently with the main program in the CPU (Central Processing Unit). 8HARE Operating System (SOS) and FORTRAN are used. There are 4 arithmetic registers (full word), viz. a<:cumulator, multiplier-quotient, storage, and sense. There are 3 index registers.

IBM 709 504 Photo by USAF AFMTC Patrick AFB MYlar is DuPont's registered trademark for poly­ ester film. STORAGE USA BMA Redstone Manufacturer 32,768 words Magnetic Core; Magnetic Tapes No. of Access USA EPG Fort Huachuca Media No. of Words Binjword Microsec 32,768 words Magnetic Core; 24 Magnetic Tape Stations Core 4,096; 8,192 or 36 12 USN PMR Pt Mugu 32,768 32,768 words Magnetic Core; 24 Magnetic Tape Stations Magnetic Drum 8,192 or 16,384 36 35,000 for USN PMR Pt Mugu initial word, 8,192 words Magnetic Core; 6 Magnetic Tape Stations 96 for sub­ USN OTS China Lake, Calif. sequent wds. 32,768 words Magnetic Core; Magnetic Tape Magnetic Tape Up to 48 reels at NAFE FAA approx. 1/2 million 32,768 words MC; Mag Tape words/re~l 10.8 CEIR millisec access 32,768 MC; Mag Tapes No. of units that can be connected 48 Units Douglas No. of char/linear inch of tape 200 Char/inch 32,768 MC; 13 Mag Tape Sta. Channels or tracks on the tape 7 Tracks/tape Douglas Blank tape separating each record 0.75 Inches 32,768 MC; 10 MT Tape speed 75 Inches/sec Ford Transfer rate 15,000 Char/sec 32,768 MC; 9 MT Start-stop time 10.8 Millisec Hughes Average time for experienced 30-60 Seconds 32,768 MC; MT operator to change reei of tape IBM Space Physical properties of tape 32,768 MC; 14 MT Type 729-I Width 0.5 Inches Lockheed Burbank Length of reel 2,400 Feet 32,768 MC; MT Composition Acetate or Mylar

505 IBM 709 Photo by IBM Space Computing Center Washington Lockheed Sunnyvale 32,768 MC, ea; 12 MT Type 729-1, ea. INPUT OUTPUT Martin Baltimore Manufacturer 32,768 MC; 10 MT Type 729-1 Media Speed Martin Orlando Ma~letic Ta~e (Reads-records in BCD or Binary) 3f!,768 MC; MT Cards (Read) 250 cards/min (on-line) McDonnell Card-to-Tape 250 or 800 cards/min (off-line) 32,768 MC; MT Card (Punch) 100 cards/min (on-line) Northern States Printed Page 150 lines/min (on-line) 8,192 MC; MT Cathode Ray Tube 135 microsec/point (on-line) Phillips Tape-to-Card 100 or 250 cards/min (off-line) 8,192 MC; MT Tape-to-Printer 150 or 600 lines/min (off-line) RCA Moorestown The 800 cardS/min is obtained when the IBM 1401 32,768 MC; MT. The 8,000 word magnetic drum was re­ System is used for generating input tapes. moved 6 months after initial installation of computer. The higher rates are obtained when using the IBM RCA Patrick AFB 1401 off-line for Tape-to-Card and Tape-to-Printer. 8,192 MC; MT USA BMA Redstone RCA Canaveral Tapes, Cards, Printer 8,192 MC; Ml' USA EPG Fort Huachuca Space Tech Labs Tapes, Cards, Printer 32,768 MC; MT USN PMR pt Mugu Space Tech Labs Tapes, Cards, Radar Data, Printer 3:~, 768 MC; MT USN PMR pt Mugu System Development Corp Tapes, Cards, Printer, Radar Data, 30 x 30 Plotting 32,768 MC; MT Boards. MIT USN OTS China Lake 32,768 MC; 10 Ml' Sta Tape Cards (on and off-line), Printer (on and off­ UCLRL line~, Direct Data Device at 27,777 words/sec. In­ 32,768 MC; 10 MT Sta put from analog to digital conversion facility with UCLA real time capability. 32,768 MC; 8,192 Drum; MT NAFE FAA Cards, Tape, Direct Data Entry 27,777 words/sec. CEIR Cards, Tapes (7291, II and IV), Printer Douglas (2) Tapes, Cards, Printer

IBM 709 506 Photo by Hughes Aircraft Company

Douglas Northern States Tapes, Printer Tape, Cards, Printer Ford Phillips Tapes, Cards, Printer Cards, Tape, Printer (on and off-line) Hughes RCA Moorestown Tape s , Cards, Printer Tape, Cards, Printer (on-line) IBM Space Printer is used for operator remarks only. Tapes, Cards, Printer (on and off-line) RCA Patrick AFB Lockheed Burbank Tape, Cards, Printer (on and off-line). Paper Tape Tapes, Cards, Printer is transcribed to magnetic tape with off-line converter. All input of programs to the machine is on magnetic RCA Canaveral tapes. Card Reader is used only to initialize partic­ Tape, Cards, Printer (on and off-line), Computer out­ ular input tape. put direct to teletype at 60 or 100 words/min, real All output of printed or punched information is time direct data input at 30, 50, and 80 words/sec. placed on magnetic tapes. The printer is used to Space Tech Labs monitir the system. Tape, Cards, Printer Lockheed Sunn.yvale Space Tech Labs Tapes, Cards, Printer, Paper Tape Tape, Cards, Printer Paper Tape input/output is available on only one System Development Corp 709 system. Tape, Cards on line. All unit reocrd operations - Martin Baltimore card-to-tape, tape-to-card, and tane-to-print are Tapes, Cards (on and off-line), Printer (on and off­ performed off-line. line), Cathode Ray Tube 7100 dots/sec Martin Orlando Tape, Cards, Printer McDonnell Tape, Cards, Printer (on and off-line)

507 IBM 709 Photo by Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, Sunnyvale

MIT Media Speed CHECKI NG FEATURES .Ma.gnetic Tape 15,000 char/sec Manufacturer Cards (Reader) 250 cards/min Accumulator overflow; divide check; floating point Paper Tape 240 lines/sec (Via Direct Data overflow and underflow; data channel I/O check; hori­ Entry) zontal and vertical points check on magnetic tape; Magnetic Tape 320 words/sec (Via Direct Data dual level sensing; two gap head for verification of Entry) tape writing; echo checking on line printer. Cards (Punch) 100 cards/min Printer 150 lines/min Cathode Ray Tube 7,100 POints/sec Various other inputs (e.g. phone line) are used with POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION the Direct Data Entry feature from time to time. Manufacturer UCLRL Power, computer 125.2 KVA Cards, Tape, Printer Weight, computer 2,llO lbs UCLA Physical Planning Manual available on request IBM Cards, Tape, Printer (on-line), Cathode Ray Tube at Form No. 12-7967-1. 7,000 pOints/sec. utilize 714 card-to-tape for input USA BMA Redstone preparation and 720 II Printer and 717 Printer off­ Power, computer 94.8 Kw 131.8 KVA 0.72 pf l:lne for output. Volume, computer 26,800 cu ft Area, computer 1,376 sq ft Room size, computer 1,800 sq ft CIRCUtT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM Floor loading 25.0 lbs/sq ft Manufacturer 1,000 lbs concen max There are 295,000, or 590,000, or 1,180,000 magnetic Capacity 26.5 Tons cores, depending on size of memory. 318,750 BTU/hr Weight, computer 34,370 lbs

IBM 709 508 Photo by Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, Sunnyvale

USA EPG Fort Huachuca USN OTS China Lake .Power, computer 236.6 KVA Power, computer 70 Kw 100 KVA 0.70 pf Capacity, air conditioner 150 Tons Power, air cond 87 Kw 100 KVA 0.87 pf 520,420 BTU Volume, computer 2,244 cu ft USN PMR pt Mugu Volume, air conditioner 7,000 cu ft Power, computer 138.5 Kw 205.6 KVA 0.67 pf Area, computer 420 sq ft Power, air conditioner 300 KVA Area, air conditioner 800 sq ft Volume, computer 2,432.6 cu ft Room size, computer 1,776 sq ft Volume, air conditioner 15,000 cu ft Room size, air conditioner 850 sq ft Area, computer 454.5 sq ft Floor loading 175 lbs/ sq ft Area, air conditioner 960 sq ft 250 lbs concen max Floor loading 11.8 lbs/sq ft Capacity, air conditioner 80 Tons 2.50 lbs concen max Weight, computer 52,110 lbs, incl periph­ Capacity, air conditioner 70 Tons eral equipment USN PMR pt Mugu Weight, air conditioner 15,000 lbs Power, computer 112.5 Kw 157.7 KVA 0.71 pf Computer is located in a fire-proof area. The com­ Volume, computer 1,415 cu ft puter area is not adjacent to any inflammable or ex­ Area, computer 264.6 sq ft plosive material or gases, stored, manufactured, or Floor loading 250 lbs concen max processed. Capacity, air conditioner 43 Tons Structural conditions: All concrete-floor, walls Weight, computer 42,060 lbs and roof. False ceiling, plenum floor, and concrete addition Partition separations from other areas (office) are to building. fabricated steel 3" thick with fire-proof insulation. Floor: All steel removable panel construction, elevated one (1) foot above supporting concrete deck. Ceiling: Steel acoustical tile panels With 1" fiber­ glass insulation attached to underside of concrete roof.

509 IBM 709 Photo by Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, Sunnyvale

The entire computer area has its own refrigerated required. Duct work above false ceiling. Electric air-conditioning system plus humidity control. Air power beneath removable floor. Air conditioning conditioning equipment located in separate, fire­ machinery remotely located with only air handling proof, building constructed for the expressed pur­ equipment in computer room. Fluorescent lighting pose of hou.sing same. Building housing equipment throughout. Installation completed September 1959. located approximately 15 feet away from building CEIR housing the computer equipment. Power, computer 75 Kw 108.6 KVA 0.70 pf NAFE FAA Power, air cond 10 Kw 12 KVA 0.85 pf Power, computer 89 Kw 160 KVA 0.765 pf Volume, computer 11,500 cu ft 600 amps max. capacity Volume, air conditioner 10,000 cu ft Power, air cond 0.765 pf 15% Excess Area, computer 1,150 sq ft Volume, computer 24,000 cu ft Area, air conaitioner 1,000 sq ft Area includes 16' x 30' customer eng'r area. Card Room size, computer 25 ft x 40 ft room not included. Room size, air conditioner 25 ft x 40 ft Volume, air conditioner 4,800 cu ft Floor loading 30 lbs/sq ft Machinery, compo heat exchangers, etc. 125 lbs concen max Area, computer 2,400 sq ft Capacity, air conditioner 120 Tons Area, air conditioner 480 sq ft Weight, computer :;4,370 lbs Hoom size, computer 80 i't x 30 ft Weight, air conditioner 27,000 lbs Room size, air conditioner 30 ft x 16 ft This A/C equipment handles both 704 and 709. F"loor loading 200 1bs/sq ft False ceiling. Plenums - modular floor in 2 ft x Capacity, air conditioner 50 Tons 4 ft sections, 6 inches clearance between floor and W. W. II Navy Galley completely refurbished to plenum. house computer. Removable floor and false ceiling installed. Room insulated. Preliminary air condition­ ing of power installed prior to computer selection. Additional power and air conditioning installed as

IBM 709 510 Photo by McDonnell Aircraft Corporation

Douglas Hughes Power, computer 150 l0lA Power, computer 205 Kw 256 l0lA 0.80 pf Area, computer 1,500 sq ft M. G. set Area, air conditioner 1,200 sq ft Power, air cond 99 Kw 120 l0lA !0.82 pf Room size, computer 30 ft x 50 ft Induction motor driven Floor loading 16 lbs/sq ft Volume, computer 23,496 cu ft 200 lbs concen max Volume, air conditioner 14,160 cu ft Capacity, air conditioner 40 Tons Area, computer 1,958 sq ft Weight, computer 23,000 lbs Area, air conditioner 1,180 sq ft Sealed area, a/c ducts installed with 500 RCE/sink Room size, computer 42 ft x 46 ft 9 in for each component, a/c unit and airfilter installed, Room size, air conditioner 33 ft 10 in x ;4 ft motor generator set with transformer and controls. Floor loading 100 lbs/sq ft Douglas 1,000 lbs concen max Power, computer 150 l0lA Capacity, air conditioner 70 Tons Area, computer 1,500 sq ft Weight, computer 33,460 lbs Area, air conditioner 1,200 sq ft IBM Space Room size, computer 30 ft x 50 ft Power, computer 183.9 l0lA Floor loading 16 lbs/sq ft 4 wire 208v - 3 phase 800 amp supply 200 lbs concen max Power, air conditioner 92.6 l0lA Capacity, air conditioner 40 Tons 3 wire 208V - 3 phase Four 30 H. P. Compressors Weight, computer 22,000 lbs Volume, computer 30,294.9 cu ft Sealed area, six inch raised floor installed over Volume, air conditioner 13,221 cu ft power cables, a/c unit and airfilter installed, motor Area, computer 3,029.49 sq ft generator set with transformer and controls. Area, air cond (2 rooms) 1,469 sq ft Room size, computer 48 ft 6 in x 62 ft Room size, boiler room 30 ft x 20 ft Room size, compressor room 21 ft x 37 ft 6 in

511 IBM 709 Photo by Phillips Petroleum Company

Floor load:lng 1,000 Ibs/sq ft connecting cables of the computer. Capacity, air conditioner 120 Tons (bldg.) Lockheed Sunnyvale 47 Tons (709 Machine) Power, computer 337 ¥:VA 0.90 pf Weight, computer 51,820 Ibs (computer & Available transformer power all component equipment) Power, air conditioner 101 Kw Air conditioner is installed on basement slab. Power requirement for 100% operation Ceiltngs are 2 x 4 with rock lath and mineral block, Volume, 2709's & periph equip 96,000 cu ft hung type. Volume, transformer, chiller, 27,000 cu ft Building type - steel reinforced and masonry. blower, precipptators, etc. Building modifications - complete job on original Area, computers 8,725 sq ft accupancy. Area, air conditioning 1,200 sq ft Power Distribution: 1,200 amps, 3 phase, 4 wire, Room Size, computers 112 ft x 72 ft 120/208v - Bldg. load; 800 amps, 3 phase, 4 wire, Room size, ai:t' conditioning 33 ft x 33 ft 120/208v - machine load. Floor loading 93 Ibs/sq ft Lockheed Burbank 80 Ibs/sq ft con max Volume, computer 12,500 cu ft Capacity, air conditioning 125 Tons Area, computer 1,250 sq ft Weight, computers 94,310 Ibs Room Size, computer 25 ft x 50 ft Weight, air conditioning 20,000 Ibs Floor loading 34,650 Ibs One foot raised floor (sheet metal sandwich with Capacity, air conditioner 90 Tons wood core flooring) steel frame. 11 ft. high (from 313,000 BTU raised floor) suspended ceiling, supply air ducted ~ Weight, computer 34,650 Ibs return not ducted (ceiling ~lenum) tilt up reinforced The area has a raised floor Which carries the cold concrete walls. air to the computer and a false ceiling which returns the hot aj.r from the computer, back to the air condi­ tioning units which then cools it and forces back to the computer. The raised floor also holds the inter-

IBM 709 512 Photo by System Development Corporation

Martin Baltimore with a moisture. Power for the computer is supplied Power, computer 225 KVA supplied, 144 req. 0.80 pf from a dual source 13,200 volt to the operating re­ Power, air cond 70 Kw 0.84 pf quirement (208V) thus insuring the stability required. Volume, computer 51,200 cu ft Power for the air conditioning is supplied from the Volume, air conditioner 6,400 cu ft plant supply. Area, computer 2,560 sq ft Martin Orlando Area, air conditioner 640 sq ft Power, computer 104 Kw 174.7 KVA 1.0 pf Floor loading 200 Ibs/sq ft Includes peripheral equipment Capacity, air conditioner 50 Tons operational Power, air conditioner 50.8 Kw 10 Tons standby Volume, computer 19,000 cu ft Weight, computer 38,670 Ibs Volume, air conditioner 9,600 cu ft System was installed in a balcony area of the Area, computer 1,900 sq ft building, thus eliminating the advantage of a plenum.. Area, air conditioner 800 sq ft The floor was reinforced to suit loadings and covered Room size, computer 38 ft x 50 ft with vinyl. All walls are insulated and provided Room size, air conditioner 40 ft x 20 ft

513 IBM 709 Photo by University of California, LRL Livermore

Floor loading 26 Ibs/sq ft Phillips 875 Ibs concen max Volume, computer 23,072 cu ft Capacity, air conditioner 67.2 Tons Volume, air conditioner 1,512 cu ft Weight, computer 49,220 Ibs Area, computer 2,884 sq ft Special raised pedestal type floor. Trade naID.e - Area, air conditioner 189 sq ft Belair. Capacity, air conditioner 60 Tons McDonnell Raised floor, free access - installed in office Power, computer l71KVA building. Area, computer 5,617 sq ft RCA Moorestown Floor loading 100 lbs/ sq ft Power, computer 525.2 Kw 188.2 KVA 447,610 BTU's 100 lbs concen max Volume, computer 21,600 cu ft Capacity, air conditioner 37 Tons Area, computer 2,160 sq ft Weight, computer 55,640 lbs Room size, computer 72 ft x 30 ft Northern States Capacity, air conditioner 75 Tons Power, computer 191 KVA Used for complete area. Entire building air condi- Volume, computer 38,400 cu ft tioned. Area, computer 3,200 sq ft Special heavy steel building included area sealed Capacity, air conditioner 100 Tons off from remainder for electrical shielding purposes. Weight, computer 31,810 lbs Raised floor (12 inches) on extruded aluminum over New bu.ilding, built in 1957, cement block and brick concrete base floor. Computer receives cooled room construction, computer and auxiliary room installed air (not underfloor plenum). Separate power distri­ with floating floor, manufactured by Floating Floors bution within building. Inc., New York. Honeywell climate control regulates temperature and humidity.

IBM 709 514 RCA Patrick AFB UCLRL Power, computer 103.8 Kw 154.1 KVA 0.67 pf Power, computer 192 Kw 134 KVA 0.70 pf Power, air cond 56.2 Kw Power, air cond 32 Kw 22 KVA 0.90 pf Volume, air conditioner 4,500 cu ft Volume, computer 1,060 cu ft Area, computer 2,800 sq ft Volume, air conditioner 2,000 cu ft Area, air conditioner 450 sq ft Area, computer 250 sq ft Room size, computer 40 ft x 70 ft Area, air conditioner 360 sq ft Room size, air conditioner ·20 ft x 20 ft Room size, computer 25 ft x 40 ft 5 ft x 10 ft Room size, air conditioner 12 x 30 x 10 ft Capacity, air conditioner 44 Tons Floor loading 900 lbs concen max Weight, computer 45,690 lbs CapaCity, air conditioner 30 Tons (nominal) Weight, air conditioner 10,000 lbs Weight, computer 16,000 lbs Computer room has false floor with removable sec­ Weight, air conditioner 16,000 lbs tions 2.5 feet square. Air conditioning ducts are UCLA above false ceiling. Indirect chilled water system Power, computer 250 KVA for air conditioning. Area, computer 4,700 sq ft RCA Canaveral Class A building containing 25,000 square feet Power, computer 113.6 Kw 158.9 KVA 0.72 pf built especially to house computer and staff. Com­ Power, air conditioner 78.3 Kw puter area incorporates false floor and ceiling Volume, computer 11,000 cu ft plenum chambers, custom designed power connections, Volume, air conditioner 4,500 cu ft etc. Area, computer 2,472 sq ft Area, air conditioner 450 sq ft Room size, computer 39 ft x 56 ft PRODUCTION RECORD 9 ft x 32 ft Manufacturer Adjoining "L" Delivery on availability basis only. Room size, air conditioner 15 ft x 15 ft 15 ft x 15 ft Capacity, air conditioner 84 Tons Weight, computer 43,130 lbs COST. PRICE AND RENTAL RATES Weight, air conditioner 10,000 lbs Manufacturer Concrete block building, false floor in machine Monthly Purchase room for cables, terminal rack for real time inputs Type Description Model Charge Price and communications, fast acting switch to transfer 709 Central Process Unit 1 $10,000 $500,000 critical power input to the industrial bank during 711 Card Reader 2 800 32,000 power fluctuations, and direct expansion system for 716 Printer 1 1,200 54,200 air conditioning. 721 Card Punch 1 600 25,000 Space Tech Labs (2) Power, computer 160 KVA 729 Magnetic Tape Unit 1 700 27,500 Volume, computer 20,000 cu ft 733 Magnetic Drum Storage 1 2,900 110,000 Area, computer 2,000 sq ft 733 Magnetic Drum Storage 2 2,900 110,000 Floor loading 80 lbs/sq ft 736 Power Supply 2 1,100 57,200 Weight, computer 50,000 lbs 24 inch false ceiling and 18 inch raised floor. 737 Magnetic Core Storage 3 3,700 192,400 System Development Corp 737 Magnetic Core Storage 4 3,700 192,400 Power, computer 212 Kw 235 KVA 738 Magnetic Core Storage 1 19,700 940,000 M/G fed 740 CRT Recorder 1 2,450 96,000 Power, air cond 69 Kw 78.5 KVA 0.88 pf 372 KVA full load rating 741 Power Supply 2 1,400 72,800 Volume, computer 29,400 cu ft 741 Power Supply 3 1,400 72,800 Volume, air conditioner 63,000 cu ft 746 Power Distribution Unit 2 1,400 72,800 Area, computer 4,200 sq ft 746 Power Distribution Unit 3 1,300 67,600 Area, air conditioner 2,528 sq ft Floor loading 250 lbs/ sq ft 755 Tape Control 1 1,500 90,000 1,000 lbs concen max 766 Data Synchronizer 1 3,600 190,000 CapaCity, air conditioner 400 Tons 780 CRT Display 1 400 16,000 Weight, computer 54,000 lbs False ceiling, seven foot plenum, and concrete Monthly Rental, average system: $55,200 and up block building. ' Selling Price, average system: $2,630,000 and up Maintenance contract available. MIT New building, false floor, 1 foot deep wiring plenum. USA EPG Fort Huachuca False ceiling for air ducts and lighting conduits. Rental rate for basic system is $68,900 per month. Rental rate for additional equipment is Building concrete block, aluminum-foil-backed gypsum $11,300 per month. board interior to reduce water vapor intrusion. Power from new sub-station from 4160 volt building distribu­ Maintenance is included in rental costs. t:l.on system. Floor loading 125 lbs/sq ft special point loads handled by extra steel. False floor 1 1/4 inch plywood on light steel frame.

515 IBM 709 USN PMR pt Mugu Lockheed Burbank On-line rentals are: With 32K core memory and 11 tapes, system rents 1 709 $48,130.00 at $450 per hour. 13 ~rape drives at $700 9,100.00 Additional Equipment 1 Card Reader 800.00 714 $22 per hour 1 Card Ptmch 600.00 722 16 per hour 1 Printer 1,225.00 720 34 per hour Total monthly rental The 709 (32K core, 11 tapes) rents at $49,825 $59,855.00 per month, base shift. Off-line rentals are: Additional Equipment 2. 010 at $10 $ 20.00 714 $3,200 per month base shift 3 024 at $40 120.00 720 4,950 per month base shift 9 026 at $60 540.00 722 2,300 per month base shift 4 Verifiers at 50 200.00 Lockheed Sunnyvale 1 Sorter 55.00 Monthly Hourly Extra Shift 1 Tabulator 1,002.50 Type Description Rental Rate per Hour 1 Collator 247.00 709 C.P.U. w/clock $10,165 $57.76 $23.11 1 Reproducer 204.00 736 Power Supply 1,100 6.25 2.50 1 Interpreter 216.00 738 Core Memory 19,705 111.96 44.78 1 Tape-to-Card 2,375.00 741 Power Supply 1,400 7·95 3.18 1 Card-to-Tape 3,365.00 746 Power Dist. 1,300 7.39 2.96 1 Tape Printer (hi speed) 5,330.00 766 Data Synch. 3,830 21.76 8.70 Total monthly rental $13,674.50 766 Data Synch. Mod. 125 ·71 .28 USN PMR pt Mugu A Total Main Frame 37,625 213·78 85.51 Basic system 755 Tape Control 1,500 8.52 3.41 8K, 3 Data Synchronizers, 6 tapes rent for $42,905. 3.41 Peripheral Equipment rents for $3,450. 755 Tape Control 1,500 8.52 729 Tape Units (12) 8,400(12)47.72 (12) 19.09(12) USN OTS China Lake 711 Card Reader 800 4.54 1.82 Basic system rents for $64,490 per month. 6.82 Electric Accounting Machines rent for $3,260/month. 716 Printer 1,200 2.73 721 Card Ptmch 600 3.41 1.36 NAFE FAA 2.96 Types 709, 711, 716, 721, 7291, 736, 738, 741, 746, 9307 Paper Tape I/O 1,300 7.39 B Total On Line 86.92 34.78 755, 766, and 776 rent for $50,450. 15,300 Types 714, 717, 757, 759, and 7291 rent for $5,750 Total 709 (A + B) $52,925 300.70 120.29 per month. 720A Printer 1,950 11.08 4.43 CEIR 1.25 Basic system 727 Tape Unit 550 3.12 760 Control 2,500 14.20 5.68 709, 711, 716, 7211_729 (10), 755 (2), 766, 738, 736, Total Printer 1 5,000 28.40 11.36 741, and 746 cost ~,014,900. Additional equipment 722 Card Ptmch 875 4.97 1.98 774, 720, 714 also included with 704 cost $441,000. 727 Tape Unit 550 3.12 1.25 709, 711, 716, 721, 729 (10), 755 (2), 766, 738, 758 Control 850 4.83 1.93 741, and 746 rent for $50,075. Total Tape to Card 2,275 12·92 5.16 777 , 720, and 714 rent at $12,707. 714 Card Reader 1,650 Standard IBM rental maintenance. 9.38 3·75 Douglas 727 Tape Unit 550 3·12 1.25 Main frame, 13 magnetic tape units, 1 printer, 1 card 759 Control 975 5.54 2.22 reader, 1 card punch, and 28,672 words additional Total Card to Tape 3,175 18.04 7.22 core memory rent at $52,000/month. 729 Tape Unit 700 3.98 Douglas C Total Off Line $11,150 $63.34 $23.74 Main frame, 10 magnetic tape units, 1 printer, and 28,672 words additional core memory rent at $51,000 Total System 1 (A+B) $64,075 $364.04 $144.03 per month. The 766 Data Synchronizer Mod. is used to handle Ford paper tape I/O. Basic system rents for approximately $50,000/month The 9307 consists of 9307 Paper Tape Read Punch and including about $2,OOO/month for off line printer. 9807 Reader Punch Control. Hughes Monthly rental includes 10% F. E. T. where applicable) Machine Type No. of Units Monthly Rental Hourly rate is 1/176th of monthly rental. 709 1 $10,000 Extra shift per hour is 40% of 1/176th of monthly 711 1 800 rate. 1 1,.675' 714 714 709 C.P.U. w/clock $10.050 $57.10 $22.84 1 1,200 716 736 Power Supply 1,100 6.25 2.50 717 2 2,800 1 600 738 Core Memory 19,700 1ll·93 44.77 721 741 Power Supply 1,400 3.18 729 13 9,100 7·95 1 1,100 746 Power Dist. 1,300 7.38 2·95 736 766 Data Synch. 3,600 20.45 8.18 'r38 1 19,700 A Total Main Frame $211.06 $84.42 741 1 1,400 $37,150 746 1 1,300 755 Tape Control 1,500 8.52 3.41 755 1 1,500 755 Tape Control 1,500 8.52 ?41 757 1 650 729 Tape Units (12) 8,400(12)47.72(12) 19.09(12) 757 1 740 711 Card Reader 800 4.54 1.82 759 1 990 716 Printer 1,200 6.82 2.73 766 1 3,600 721 Card Ptmch 600 3.41 1.36 Total $57,155 B Total On Line $14,000 $79.53 $31.82

IBM 709 516 Total 709 (A+B) $51,150 $290.59 $116.24 519 Reproducer 178.20 1.01 .51 720A Printer 11.08 4.43 552 Interpreter 99.00 .56 .23 1,950 B Total Auxiliary $7.88 $3.90 729 Tape Unit 700 3.98 1.59 $1,387.65 760 Control 2,500 14.20 5.68 Total EAM (A+B) $1,668.15 $9.50 $4.72 Total Printer 2 5,150 29.26 11.70 Total Palo Alto $73,683.15 C Total Off Line $11.70 $5,150 $29.26 Martin Baltimore Total System 2 (A+B+C)$56,300 $319.85 $127.94 709 System - 10 tapes (on line), CRT, Punch, Card Reader, Printer, 2 tapes (off line), Card Punch & Total Installation $120~375 (709 Systems 1 + 2) , Reader, Printer $63, 350/month. 3 Hand Punches, 3 Key Punches, 2 Verifiers, Sorter, 010 Key punch $11.00 $ .06 $ .03 Collator, Tabulator, 2 Reproducing Punches, Inte~re- 026 Key punch 66.00 .37 .19 ter, Cardatype Tape Punch $2, 368/month. 026 Key punch 71.00 .40 .20 Total system rents for $385/hour. 026 Key punch 77.00 .44 .22 Off line Card Punch 20/hour 026 Key punch 71.50 .41 .20 Off line Printer 35/hour 026 Key punch 71·50 .41 .21 Off Line Reader 30/hour 026 Key punch 71·50 .41 .20 Martin Orlando 056 Ve~ifier 60.50 .34 .17 Monthly Rental 056 Verifier 60.50 .34 .17 Qty Total 056 Verifier 55·00 .31 .15 709 Central Processing Unit 1 $10,090 Total Key punch $615.50 3.49 1.74 729 Mod. I Tape Units 13 5,100 1 800 082 Sorter 68.20 .20 711 Card Reader .39 Magnetic Core Storage 1 154.00 .87 .44 738 19,705 085 Collator Tape Control Unit 2 3,000 407 Acctng. Machine 5.20 2.60 755 915.75 Data Synchronizer 1 519 Reproducer 161. 70 .46 766 3,830 ·92 Printer 1 1,200 519 Reproducer 178.20 1.01 716 ·50 Punched Card Recorder 1 600 557 Interpreter 192.50 1.09 721 ·55 Tape Switching Device 1 Total Auxiliary $1,670.35 $9.48 $4.75 776 75 736 Power Supply 1 1,100 Total Unit Record $2,285.85 $12.97 $6.49 741 Power Supply 1 1,400 Total Sunnyvale $122,660.85 746 Power Distribution Unit 1 1,300 Installations 714 Card Reader 1 1,500 Palo Alto 759 Card Reader Control Unit 1 915 Monthly Hourly Extra Shift 720A Printer i 1,900 Type Description SN Rental Rate per Hour 760 Printer Control & Storage 1 2,500 Tape Data Selector 1 2,300 Univac 22 $20,980.00 $119.20 $59.60 774 TDS Power Supply 1 Core Storage 4,500.00 25.57 12.79 747 500 Float Point 1,545.00 8.78 4.39 Total $57,815 Variable Block 290.00 1.65 .83 McDonnell A Total Main Frame 27,315.00 155.20 77.61 The 709 with 11 tapes, card reader, card punch, on-line printer, and one data synchronizer cost Uniservo (10) 3,200.00(10)18.18(10) 9.09(10) Read Punch 890.00 5.06 2.53 $2,421,300 and rents at $50,560/month. B Total On Line 4,090.00 23.24 11.62 The 717, 757, 727's, 722, 758, 720, 760, 714, 759, 9701, 9702, 024, 026, 056, 046, 082, 077, 519, 552, Total EDP 22 (A+B) $31,405.00 $178.44 $89.23 and 407 cost $741,800 and rents at $19,650/month. Northern States Univac 27 20,980.00 119.20 59.60 Monthly Core Storage 4,500.00 25.57 12.79 Qty Rental Price Floating Point 1,545.00 8.78 4.39 709 Central Processing Unit 1 $10,000 $500,000 Variable Block 290.00 1.65 .83 Card Reader 1 800 32, 000 C Total Main Frame $27,315.00 $155.20 $77.61 711 716 Printer 1 1,200 54,200 Uniservo (10) 3,200.00(10) 18.18(10) 9.09(10) 721 Card Punch 1 600 25,000 Read Punch 890.00 5.06 2.53 729 Tape Units 13 9,100 357,500 D Total On Line $4,090.00 $23.24 $11.62 736 Power Unit 1 1,100 57,200 Core Storage 2 7,400 384,800 Total EDP 27 (C+D) $31,405.00 $178.44 $89.23 737 741 Power Unit 1 1,400 72,800 High Speed Printer 3,300.00 18.75 9.38 746 Power Unit 1 1,300 67,600 High Speed Printer 3,300.00 18.75 9.38 755 Tape Control 2 3,000 180,000 Card to Tape 2,605.00 14.80 7.40 766 Data Synchronizer 1 3,600 190,000 D Total Off Line 9,205.00 26.16 52·30 Total Computer 39,500 1,921,100 Total EDP Systems $72,015.00 $409.18 $204.62 714 Card Reader 1 2,960 127,650 (A+B+C+D+E) 722 Card Punch 3 5,850 292,500 026 Key punch 77.00 .43 .22 720A Printer . 3 14,850 666,600 026 Key punch 71.50 .41 .20 408 Printer 1 1,273 70,500 026 Key punch 71.50 .41 .21 407 Printer 1 899 43,750 056 Verifier 60.50 .37 .19 024 Keypunch 14 924 27,300 A Total Key punch $280.50 $1.62 $.82 026 Printing Keypunch 4 380 12,000 056 Verifier 6 330 14,400 077 Collator 126.50 .72 .36 250 12,400 68.20 .20 083 Sorter 2 082 Sorter ·39 085 Collator 1 138 7,700 407 Acctg. Machine 915.75 5·20 2.60 101 Statistical Sorter 2 924 48,000

517 IBM 709 519 Reproducer 5 1,155 32,750 714 Card Reader 557 Interpreter 6 1,735 92,040 717 Printer 3r,Ri8' l,~ 720 Printer Phillips 722 Card Punch The 709, 7ll, 714, 716, 717, 720 II, 721, 722, 729 x 2 Magnetic Tape Unit 13-729's Mod 1, 736, 2-737's, 741, 2-755's, 757, 757 Printer Control 758, 759, 760, 766, 746 monthly rental, excluding 758 Card Punch Control taxes, prime shift is $50,460. 759 Card Reader Control RCA Moorestown 760 Control Storage Type Description Qty Monthly Rental 776 Special EDPM Unit 709 Central Processing Unit 1 $10,000 Total cost $593,975. 711 Punch Card Reader 1 600 Total rental is $12,445/month. 716 Alphabetical Printer 1 1,200 The system is rented. 721 Punch Card Recorder 1 600 UCLA. 729 Magnetic Tape Unit (700) 12 8,400 'Basic system and peripheral equipnent is on loan 755 ,Tape Control Unit (1,500) 2 3,000 rent-free. The maintenance is donated. 738 Magnetic Cone Storage 1 19,700 740 Control Output Recorder 1 2,450 780 Display Unit 1 400 736 Power Frame No. 1 1 1,100 PERSONNEL REQU I REMENTS 741 Power Frame No. 2 1 1,400 Manufacturer 746 Po'W'er Distributor Unit 1 1,300 Education, training, program testing, technical 766 Data Synchronizer (3,600) 2 7,200 assistance on all phases is available. 714 Card Reader 1 1,075 USA BMA Redstone 759 en Reader Control 1 975 One 8-HOur Shift 720 Printer 1 1,000 Supervisors 1 760 Control & Storage Unit 1 7,500 Programmers 49 722 Card Punch 1 800 Clerks 10 758 CD Reader Control 1 975 Librarians 1 Operators 2 RCA Patrick AFB Engineers (IBM) 5 The 026 Key punch, 709 CPIJ, 716 Printer, 727 Mag In-Output Oper 1 Tape, 736 Power, 7ll Card Rdr, 721 Punch, 729 Mag Two operators required for each additional extra Tape (12), 737 Core Storage (2), 741 Power, 755 Tape shift. Ctrl, 776 Tape SW, 746 Power, and 766 Data Syn rents Day shift is monitor run on 709. at $40,285/month. Operators are used on 704' s, 705, and 709 - rotat­ The 714 Card Rdr, 757 Control, 9200 Oonverter, 717 ing shifts. other personnel on 8 hours shift. Printer, and 759 Control rents at an additional Engineers rotate shifts on 7041 s and 709. $8, 325/month. Operation tends toward open shop. RCA Canaveral USA Em Fort Huachuca The 709 CPU', 716 Printer, 729 Mag tape (8), 737 One 8-Hou.r Two 8-Hour Three 8-Hour Core Storage (2), 711 Card Rdr, 721 Punch, 736 Power, Shift Shifts Shifts 741 Power, 746 Power, 766 Data Synch (3.), 755 Tape Used Recamm Recamn Otrl (2) and 776 Tape SW rent at $43,650/month. Supervisors 1 2 3 The 717 Printer, 024 -';'ey punch, 407 Acctg Mach, 548 Librarians 1 1 1 Interpreter, 757 Control, 047 Tape to Card, and 519 Operators 1 2 3 Reproducer rent at an additional '3,343/month. In-Output Oper 2 3 4 Space Tech Labs (2) Tape Ha.nd.l.ers 1 2 3 Cost of installation would be $2,558,800 each. Operation tends toward closed shop. Monthly rental is $53,900 per month. ' System' is Methods of tra1rd.n.g used includes formaJ.. classroom rented. training with about 5~ on-the-job training inter- SYBtem Developnent Corp spersed over a 5 week period. Continuous on-the-job 32K memory, 2 DSU' s, 4 TOU' s, 20 mag. tapes, read­ training and routine of operators. er, punch, printer rent at $70,OOO/month for 176 Personnel figures shown above do not include per­ hours. sonnel in the process of on... the-job training. 717 Print Sys,tem, 714 Card Read System, (2) 722 All operating personnel are military, therefore, Punch Systems rent at $1l,5OO/month for 176 hours. turnover is very heavy. MIT USN PMR Pt 'Mugu Type Description Two Shifts 709 Central Processing Supervisors 4 7ll Punch C8.:rd Reader Analysts 5 716 Alphabetic Printer Programmers 15 721 Punch Card Recorder Coders 5 729 x 10 Magnetic Tape Unit Clerks 2 736 Power Frame 1 Librarians 2 738 Magnetic Core Storage Operators II 740 Cathode Ray Tube Recorder IBM supplies engineers (generally 3). In addition 741 Power Frame 2 to the above, there are about 12 people in the ma­ 746 Power Distribution chine room doing key-punching, routine sorting, etc. 755 x 2 Tape Control Unit We also have a Systems Group of about 8 programmers 766 Data Synchronizer who are building their own, special purpose opera­ 780 Cathode Ray Tube Display ting system. Total cost $2 526,670. Our operation is closed shop as regards the actual Total rental 452,765/month. machine operation, but open shop as regards programming.

IBM 709 518 We use all the standard training procedures, but Operation tends toward closed shop. depend most heavily on "on-the-job" training for ma­ Own course followed by On-the-job training. chine operators; and both in-shop courses and super­ Ford visory instruction for programmers. One 8-Hour Shift Two 8-Rour Shifts USN PMR pt Mugu Used Recommended Used Recommended One 8-Hour Shift Supervi sor s 4 6 Supervisors 2 Analysts-Prog 18 30 Programmers 4 Clerks 0 2 Clerks 1 Librarians 0 1 Operators 1 Operators 12 15 0 3 Engineers 1 Technic ians 2 3 0 1 Operation tends toward closed shop. In-Output Op 1 1 0 1 Operators are trained on-the-job and programmers Tape Handlers 0 1 0 1 by informal training from supervisor. Operation tends toward open shop. USN OTS China Lake Methods of training used include hiring trained 1st Shift people, on-job training or classes taught by Aeronu­ Supervisors 1 tronic personnel, and IBM-supplied classes. Analysts-Programmers-Coders 14 Hughes Clerks 1 First 8-Rour Second 8-Hour Third 8-Bour Operators 4 Shift Shift Shift In-Output Oper 6 Supervisors 4 1 Two additional operators are used on second 8-hour Analysts 7 shift. Programmers 8 3 1 Oneration tends toward open shop. Clerks 3 Training is in-house. All mathematicians possess Librarians 1 BS degree or higher. Operators 2 1 1 NAFE FAA Three shift total is 32. One 8-Hour Shift Operation tends toward open shop. Used Recommended On-the-job training is given in conjunction with Supervisors 1 1 company sponsored classes. Analysts 1 1 IBM Space Programmers 30 30 Three 8-Hour Shifts Clerks 1 1 Supervisors 5 Librarians 1 1 Analysts 10 Operators 2 2 Programmers 25 Engineers 1 1 Coders 10 Technicians 2 2 Clerks 5 In-Output Oper 1 1 Librarians 1 Operation tends toward closed shop. Op~~~s 8 Methods of training used includes IBM schools for Engineers 3 programming, and in-house training for operators. In-Output Oper 3 CEIR Tape Handlers 2 Total for One Total for Two Total for Three Operation tends toward closed shop. 8-Rour Shift 8-Hour Shifts 8-Hour Shifts Methods of training used includes formal class U R U R U R instruction in basic programming and machine opera­ Supvr 1 1 2 2 3 3 tion - 3 to 4 weekS, informal class instruction held Program 17 17 17 17 17 17 at Center covering specific system used here, and Clerks 1 1 1 1 1 1 supervised programming assignments. Librar 1 1 1 1 1 1 Lockheed Burbank Operator 1 1 2 2 3 3 Three 8-Hour Shifts In-Outp 1 1 2 2 3 3 Supervisors 4 For the purpose of this personnel requirement, our Analysts 15 staff was cut in half, since our staff operates both Programmers 43 a 704 and a 709. We have one dispatcher, program Clerks 2 librarian, magnetic tape librarian, etc., to handle Operators 7 both computers. Engineers 10 (Recommended) Operation tends toward open shop. Operation tends toward closed shop. Operators are given on-the-job training. All new personnel attend a class which covers the Programmers are given a 6-month course evenly di- use of Fortran and also machine coding. This class vided between formal classes and on-the-job training. lasts about 4 weeks. Douglas Lockheed Sunnyvale One 8-Rour Shift Three 8-Hour Shifts Supervisors 1 Used Recommended Analysts-Programmers-Coders 30 Supervisors 5 6 Clerks 1 Programmers 130 Operators 5 m~~ 2 3 Operation tends toward closed shop. Librarians 2 2 Own course followed by on-the-job training. Operators 12 14 Douglas In-Output Oper 7 8 One 8-Hour Shift Operation tends toward closed shop. Supervisors 3 Training is rendered by shift leaders, IBM Customer Analysts-Programmers-Coders 70 Engineers, and IBM Applied Science Representatives. Clerks 2 Supervisors includes Supervisor and shift leaders. Operators 5

519 IBM 709 Operating analysts function is accomplished by super­ Operation tends toward closed shop. visor and shift leaders. Programming is accomplished Training is by lessor of equipment and on-the-job. by separate department from Operations. The number RCA Moorestown of progrEumners recommended depends upon the number Three 8-Ho1).r Shifts of functions being performed at LMSD. Scientific, Used Recommended Flight Data Reduction, and Administrative Data are Supervisors 4 7 processed on the two IBM 709 computer systems. Coders Analysts 3 5 and progrEumners are synonymous at LMSD. Tape handlers Pro grEumners 17 22 are included under "Operators". Coders 8 11 Martin Baltimore Clerks 2 2 One 8-Hour Shift Librarians 0.3 0.5 Used Recommended Operators 7 10 Supervisors 4 6 Engineers 5 5 Analysts 2 4 Technicians 2 5 ProgrEumners 13 17 In-Output Opel' 5 T Coders 2 4 Operation tends toward closed shop. Clerks 2 2 Methods of training used includes in-house, both Librarians o 1 far.mal classes and on the job, for both programmers Operators 7 8 and all operating personnel. We rarely send per­ Two additional operators are required for second sonnel to the manufacturer's classes. We extensive­ 8-hour shift. ly use individual mentors; each new person comes in Operation tends toward closed shop. at random times of the year, and is separately guided. Classes for newcomers given by our own personnel. This is basically a scientific computing facility, Martin Orlando solving engineering problems on missiles and surface Three 8-Hour Shifts radar equipment. However, we do spare parts lists Used Recommended and drawing indexes as 8% of our total load, using Supervi SOl'S 1 1 "commerCial" programming systems. We use FORTRAN Analysts 2 3 709 and SOS for engineering computations. Programmers 15 RCA Patrick .AFB Librarians 1 Three 8-Hour Shifts Operators 7 7 Used Recommended Engineers 5 5 Supervisors 7 7 Operation is closed shop. Analysts 12 12 For non-experienced personnel, an on-the-job full ProgrEumners 24 24 time trai.ning program of approximately three weeks, Coders 3 3 plus close supervision for at least six months, is Operators 10 10 given. Engineers 1 1 McDonnell In-Output Opel' 6 6 First 8-Hour Second 8-Hour Operation tends toward closed shop. Shift Shift Methods of training used includes IBM courses, on­ U Recom U Recom the-job training, and a training manual developed Supervisors 5 5 1 1 in-house. ProgrEumners 31 31 RCA Canaveral Librarians 1 1 One 8-Hour Shift Operators 2 2 2 2 Used Recommended Operation tends toward closed shop. Supervisors 1 2 Methods of training used includes initial two-week Analysts 5 5 training course, followed by on-the-job training Programmers 5 5 ~th an experienced progrEumner. Secretary 1 1 Northern States Operators 3 3 One 8-Hour Shift Engineers 2 2 Supervisors 1 Operation tends toward closed shop. Analysts 1 Methods of training used includes training courses Programmers 9 conducted locally by IBM Applied Science representa- Librarians 1 tives, on-the-Job training provided by programmers Operators 1 and the more experienced operators, and manuals. In-Output Opel' 7 The operation performed at this facility is unique Four additional operators are required for second in that personnel must be familiar with the computer 8-hour shift and two additional operators for the system as well as range operations. As a consequence third 8-hour shift. it takes special requirements for personnel to quali­ Operation tends toward closed shop. fy as computer operators, programmers, analysts, and IBM ProgrEumning School and on-the-job training is engineers at this facili~y. used. Space Tech Labs (2) Phillips Three 8-Hour Shifts Total for One Total for Two Total for Three Supervisors 10 8-Hour Shift 8-Hour Shifts 8-Hour Shifts Analysts 3 Librarians 1 1 1 Programmers 30 Operators 1 2 3 Clerks 1 In-Output 0 2 3 3 Librarians 0·5 Tape Han.d 1 2 2 Operators 5 Above figures includes only operating personnel. Engineers 1 Analysts, progrEumners, coders, etc. operate as a Technicians 2 team to serve all computing and EAM systems. In-Output Opel' 1 'rape Handlers 0·5 Above :figures are for each system. IBM 709 520 Operation tends toward closed shop. RELIAB ILlTY, OPERATI NG EXPER IENCE, Methods of training used includes IBM local short courses, an internal two-week course, and on-the-job AND TIME AVAILABILITY training. USA BMA Redstone System Development Corp Good time ll3.l Hours/Week (Aver~e) Three 8-Hour Shifts Attempted to run time 116.6 Hours/Week (Aver~e) Supervisors 2 Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.969 Analysts 2 Above figures based on period 1 Jan 60 to 31 Mar 60 Clerks 2 Passed Customer Acceptance Test 1 Jan thru 31 Mar 60 Operators 15 Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Operation tends toward closed shop. tions. Internal formal classroom and on-the-job training USA EPG Fort Huachuca are used. Figures based on period 1 Sep 59 to 1 Sep 60 MIT Passed Customer Acceptance Test 1 Feb 59 Total for One Total for Two Total for Three Time is available for rent to qualified outside or­ 8-Hour Shift 8-Hour Shifts 8-Hour Shifts ganizations. R U R R USN P.MR pt Mugu Supervisors 2 2 3 4 Average error-free running period 3.5 Hours Librarian 1 1 1 1 Good time 55.6 Hours/Week (Aver~e) Operators 3 4 4 5 Attempted to run time 60.4 Hours/Week (Average) Engineers 2 2 2 2 Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.921 Technicians 1 0 2 2 Above figures based on period 1 Feb 60 to 29 Feb 60 In-Output 0 2 3 3 4 Passed Customer Acceptance Test 8 Jan 60 Tape Handl 2 3 3 4 Time is available for rent to qualified outside or­ This computing facility is run as a Laboratory ser­ ganizations. vice for any and all members of the research staff. USN· PMR pt Mugu There is no formal distinction of activity such as Average error-free running period 7 Hours analyst, progrannner, etc. About 70 persons are reg­ Good time 35.2 Hours/Week (Aver~e) ular users. There are two small groups, totalling Attempted to run time 37.1 Hours/Week (Aver~e) some 15 persons, whose primary role is to write pro­ Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.948 grams and utility systems in support of research Above figures based on period 1 Feb 60 to 28 Feb 60 projects. Passed Customer Acceptance Test 15 Aug 59 The facility is on a two-shift operation but is Time is available for rent to qualified outside or­ staffed for a possible third shift in the future. ganizations. The machine is maintained by IBM engineers. Tech­ USN OTS China Lake nician help is variously obtained as needed from an Good time 100 Hours/Week (Aver~e) activity primarily working on research items. Attempted to run time 105 Hours/Week (Average) Operation tends toward open shop. Operating ratio 0.95 Methods of training used includes on-the-job in­ Above figures based on period 1 Apr 60 to 30 Apr 60 struction by supervisors. Scheduled classes by Passed Customer Acceptance Test 13 Jan 60 qualified members of the Laboratory staff are given. Time is available for rent to qualified outside or­ UCLRL ganizations. Availabi+ity is dependent on workload. Seven days/week NAFE FAA Supervisors 1 Average error-free running period 40 Hours Progrannners 21 Good time 40 Hours/Week (Average) Coders 5 Attempted to run time 41 Hours/Week (Average) Operators 9 Operating ratio 0.98 Operation tends toward open shop. Above figures based on period from Jan 60 to Apr 60 Personnel are trained by working with an exper­ Passed Customer Acceptance Test Oct 59 ienced person. Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ UCLA tions. Total for One Total for Two CEIR 8-Hour Shift 8-Hour Shifts Good time 47.5 Hours/Week (Average) Supervisors 1 2 Attempted to run time 50.5 Hours/Week (Average) h~~s 2 2 Operating ratio 0.94 Programmers 3 3 Above figures based on period 10 Feb 59 to 1 Jan 60 Coders 0 0 Passed CUstomer Acceptance Test 10 Feb 59 Clerks 4 4 Time is available for rent to outside organizations. Librarians 0.5 0.5 DOuglas Operators 2 4 Average error-free running period 6 Hours Engineers 4 4 Good time llO Hours/Week (Aver~e) Technic ians 0 0 Attempted to run time 115 Hours/Week (Aver~e) In-Output Oper 1 1 Operating ratio 0.95 For two 8-hour shift operation, a full time librar­ Above figures based on period from Jul 59 to Jul 60 ian is recommended. For three 8-hour shifts, three Passed Customer Acceptance Test Feb 59 supervisors are recommended. Time is available for rent to outside organizations. Operation is open shop programming, closed shop DOuglas machine operation. Average error-free running period 6 Hours Short Fortran programming classes and apprentice­ Good time 110 Hours/Week (Average) ship system is used. Attempted to run time 115 Hours/Week (Average) Operating ratio 0.95 Above figures based on period from Sep 59 to Jul 60 Passed Customer Acceptance Test Sep 59 Time is available for rent to outside organizations.

521 IBM 709 Ford Northern States Average error-free running period 10 Hours Good time 99 Hours/Week (Average) Good time 95 Hours/Week (Average) Attempted to run time 106 HourS/Week (Average) Attempted to run time 101 Hoursjweek (Average) Operating ratio 0.934 Operating ratio 0.94 Above figures based on period 1 Jun 60 to 30 Jun 60 Above figtITes based on period 23 Mar 60 to 23 May 60 Passed Customer Acceptance Test May 59 Passed Customer Acceptance Test 23 Mar 60 Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Time is available for rent to outside organizations. tions. Hughes Phillips Good time 127 Hours/Week (Average) Good time 77 Hours/Week (Average) Attempted to run time 14 Hours/Week (Average) FigtITe based on period 1 Feb 60 to 31 Mar 60 Operating ratio 0.95 Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Above figtITes based on period 16 May 60 to 22 May 60 tions. Passed CUBtomer Acceptance Test Apr 59 RCA Moorestown Time is available for rent to outside organizations. Good time 115 Hours/Week (Average) Analysis of the 14 hour figtITe includes: machine Attempted to run time 138 Hoursjweek (Average) failure, rerun time, operator error, time lost due Operating ratio 0.90 to program failure. Above figures based on period from Jan 60 to Jun 60 An additional 13 hours down time should be added Passed Customer Acceptance Test 18 Jun 59 for preventive maintenance care. Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ There were 14 hours during this period considered tions. idle time. Excellent operational experience during inltial IBM Space 3 months, poor experience for several months follow­ Good time 130 Hours/Week (Average) ing due to stress placed on computer by excessive Attempted to run time 134 Hours/Week (Average) hlmidity, temperature, and power failure conditions. Operating ratio 0.97 RCA Patrick AFB Above figtITes based on period 1 Mar 60 to 1 Jun 60 Good time 67 Hours/Week (Average) Passed Customer Acceptance Test Sep 59 Attempted to run time 72 Hours/Week (Average) Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Operating ratio 0.93 tions. Above figures based on period 1 Nov 59 to 31 Mar 60 Lockheed Burbank Passed Customer Acceptance Test 8 Jul 59 Average error-free running period 6 Hours Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Good time 126 Hours/Week (Average) tions. Attempted to run time 148 HourS/Week (Average) Figures are based on production usage only. Operating ratio 0.85 RCA Canaveral Above figures based on period from Jan 60 to Apr 60 Average error-free running period 1 Week Passed Customer Acceptance Test May 59 Good time 80 Hours/Week (Average) Time is not available for rent to outside organiza- Passed Customer Acceptance Test 8 Jan 59 tions. Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Lockheed Sunnyvale tions. Average error-free running period 31 hours/system From 8 Jan 59 to Nov 59 99% reliability Good time 258.53 Hours/Week (Average) From Nov 59 to May 60 96% reliability Attempted to run time 269.71 Hoursjweek (Average) Space Tech Labs (2) Operating ratio 0.9585 Good time 108 Hours/Week (Average) Above figures based on period 1 Jan 60 to 1 Apr 60 Attempted to run time 123 Hours/Week (Average) Passed Customer Acceptance Test 1-29 Dec 58; 2-4 Aug 59 Operating ratio 0.88 'rime is available for rent to qualified outside or­ Above figures based on period from Apr 60 to Jun 60 ganizations. Passed Customer Acceptance Test Apr 59 and Jan 60 Statistics are based on elapsed time totals of two Time is available for rent to qualified outsi.de or­ (2) 709 systems. ganizations. Martin Baltimore System Development Corp (}ood time 70 Hours/Week (Average) Good time 120 Hours/Week (Average) Attempted to run time 74 Hours/Week (Average) Figure based on period from Dec 59 to Jun 60 Operating ratio 0.94 Passed Customer Acceptance Test Dec 58 Above figures based on period from Mar 60 to May 60 Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Passed Customer Acceptance Test Oct 59 tions. Time is available for rent to outside organizations. 120 hours/week is defined as available time used, Martin Orlando exclusive of all forms of maintenance and down time. G-ood time ' 110 Hours/Week (Average) MIT Attempted to run time 115 Hours/Week (Average) Good time 84 Hours/Week (Average) Operating ratio 0.96 Attempted to run time 86 Hours/Week (Average) Above figures based on period 1 Jan 60 to 31 May 60 Operating ratio 0.98 Time is available for rent to qualified outside or­ Above figures based on period 1 Apr 60 to 1 Aug 60 ganizations. Passed Customer Acceptance Test 15 Feb 59 McDonnell Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Good time 100 HourS/Week (Average) tions. Attempted to run time 106 Hours/Week (Average) UCLRL Operating ratio 0.941 Good. time 145 Hours/Week (Average) Above figures based on period 4 Apr 60 to 29 Apr 60 Attempted to run time 161 Hours/Week (Average) Passed Customer Acceptance Test 3 May 60 Operating ratio 0.90 Time is available for rent to outside organizations. Above figures based on period from Sep 58 to Jul 60 Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ tions.

IBM 709 522 UCLA. are external labels - pressure adhesive, tape cabi­ Average error-free running period 75 Hours net storage, and for humidity, tapes are stored in Good time 110.4 Hours/Week (Average) computer room. Attempted to run time 112.5 Hours/Week (Average) USN PMR pt Mugu Operating ratio 0.981 Outstanding features are entry of digital telemetry Above figures based on period 1 Jan 60 to 31 May 60 data (PDM, FM, and PCM) from analog tapes. Direct Passed Customer Acceptance Test 18 Oct 58 entry of remote site radar and COTAR data. Output Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ may also be to x-y plotters or 30 channel oscillo­ tions. graph. Magnetic tape is stored in computer room for humid­ ity and temperature protection. USN PMR pt Mugu ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS Outstanding features are directly connected plott­ Manufacturer ing boards for display of impact prediction informa­ Outstanding features include high speed, large tion, direct entry of FPS-16 Radar and AMI!! COTAR Data memory, compatibility with 704 and 7090, and a rich from remote sites, digital to analog conversion of operation code set. output/replacing, CRT system, and direct data RPQ on Unique system advantages include overlap input and channels B .& D. output operations with computing with very low memory Unique system advantages include cubic DH14 DMS interference rate and convert commands for facilitating input 6 channel, radar and/or COTAR information, and Binary-Decimal conversions. direct through channel D with computer interrupt. Many special features and attachments are available Magnetic tapes labelled and stored in computer on "Request for Price Quotationlt basis; i.e. clocks, room for humidity and temperature protection. data channel trap, extended preciSion, direct data USN OTS China Lake device, tape SWitches, etc. Outstanding features include dual read/write heads Recommended procedures for magnetic tape storing, on 729 Tape Units and the data synchronizer. shipping, and protection from humidity, temperature, Tapes are stored in standard tape storage cabinets electrical, fire, or other damage: under controlled humidity and temperature conditions. Acetate Base Tape: . NAFE FAA Storage for frequent usage. Tapes are stored in containers in the 709 room and Relative humidity 40 to 60% thus under temperature and humidity control. Temperature 65 to 800 F. CEIR Should the tape be exposed to atmospheric conditions Tapes are labelled with Labelon Plastic Tape, they outside the above limits for more than four hours, are shipped in special metal cases, they are stored the following specifications would apply: in humidity and temperature controlled rooms, and Storage for infrequent Rsage. fire extinguishers are placed throughout machine Temperature 40 to 120 F. room and tape room. The tape must be placed in a dust proof container Hughes and hermetically sealed in a plastic bag. Before Outstanding features are high speed and reliability re-using, the tape must be reconditioned by allowing and the data synchronizer for simultaneous input, it to remain in the conditioned atmosphere for a output, compute. length of time equal to the time it was away. Twenty­ Tapes are stored in a humidity and temperature four hours reconditioning is necessary if the tape controlled storage room. is removed for longer than twenty-four hours. IBM Space MYlar Base Tape: Outstanding features are data communications Storage for frequent or infrequent usage. channel and direct data modification package to allow Relative humidity 0 ts 80% for high speed teletype input and specialized output Temperature 40 to 120 F. for real-time operations, three channel operation The tape should be stored in a dust proof container. for maximum overlapping operation, internal account­ Should the tape be exposed to atmospheric conditions ing clock and interval timer, and a tape switching outside the above limits for more than four hours, it device. must be reconditioned by allowing it to remain at the Tapes are stored in air conditioned, non-smoking given condition for a length of time equal to the areas in racks and cabinets. All tapes are m.unbered time it was away. Twenty-four hours reconditioning and catalogued as used; a punched card tape log is is necessary if the tape is removed for longer than maintained. Little tape shipping is done. twenty-four hours. The upper limits on humidity is Lockheed Burbank given to prevent the formation of fungus and mold An outstanding feature is that all work is run under growth.·. This limit may be exceeded by hermetically a Monitor System which give s us the maximum usage of sealing the tape in a plastic bag. the machine. General Precautions: Lockheed Sunnyvale The tape should not come in contact with magnetic Outstanding features include a powerful set of material at any time and should never be subjected input/output commands, indirect addressing, automatic to strong magnetic fields. Either of these can cause priority processing, real time input, full word sense the loss of information or the introduction of noise. indicators, read-compute-write facilities, and a When shipping magnetic tape, the reel should be buffered input/output. . placed in a dust proof container and hermetically Magnetic tape labels are color coded for TrC, CTr, sealed in a plastic bag. Additional support should reserved and TTP with written identification and in­ be obtained by enclosing in an individual cardboard structions. Some labels are machine printed for box. repeat jobs. Storage in original plastic containers USA BMA Redstone and in conventional reel cabinets. Tapes are shipped Adopted procedures for magnetic tape labelling, stor­ (very little required) in original containers, plastic age,' shipping, and protection from humidity, tempera­ bag and cardboard cartons. Tapes are retained in ture and physical, electrical, fire, or other damage the computer room where the temperature and humidity

523 IBM 709 is maintained at the recommended level. Studies are of input-output. being made for acquisition of suitable fireproof Lockheed Burbank containers for those tapes requiring special consider­ Delivery of a 7090 Computer is expected. Its config­ ation. uration will be 16 high speed MOde IV tapes, 32 K System summary: Core, On-Line Printer, and On-Line Card Reader. Binary (36 bits/word) Lockheed Sunnyvale Single address - parallel operation Installation of our first IBM 7090 System is sched­ 3 Index Registers uled. This consists of a four (4) channel, tw.enty 32,000 words of 12 microsecond access (20) high density tape transports (62,500 characters Fixed and floating point commands per second), card reader, on line printer and on line .1 to 3 card readers (250 cards/min) card punch • .1 to 3 card punches (100 cards/min) When this system becomes operational, one 709 will .1 to 3 pr:1.nters (150 lineS/min) be removed. Cathode ray display Installation of the second IBM 7090 System is sched­ 15,000 char/sec magnetic tape uled for several months later. This second 7090 Martin Baltimore System consists of the same configuration as the first Tapes are stripped once each month. 7090 System. When this system becomes operational, Martin Orlando the second 709 will be removed. Tapes are stored in humidity controlled machine room. Three IBM 1400 series systems are scheduled for Protection against damage is maintained by retention delivery in early 1961. The first 1401 will be a file of early cycle master tapes in a remote area. model l40l-C with six tape transports. These systems RCA Moorestown will be used as input-output devices for the two Outstand.ing features are that the computer is used 7090 Systems and will replace a majority of the off­ in a real-time control loop at the BMEWS Engineering line peripheral equipment now in use. MOdel Tracking Radar. We are tentatively planning to make use of magnetic All tapes are stored in a computer area, TABCO disc memory devices for data and program storage in Storage Bins. Magnetic tapes assigned by usage class, the IBM 7090 Systems. These auxiliary memories labels removed after printing unless permanent labels would operate on line to the 7090 for processing runs are used. and would be loaded and unloaded off-line using Present peripheral equipment consists of two 720 magnetic tape storage devices. printers, one 714 card/tape device, and one 722 tape/ Martin Baltimore card punch. A 1401 System is to replace our off line equipment. RCA Canaveral We intend to install a 7090 in the near future. An outstanding feature is the service provided by Martin Orlando IBM. In 1961 an IBM 7070 with 10 tape units plus an IBM Majority of tapes are classified. They are labelled l40l with 4 tape units will be installed to handle and stored in a secure Walk-in cage which is perfora­ our inplant commercial programs. The programs ted for air conditioning and humidity control purposes. planned for this equipment are as follows: Tabel is a l"xlW sticker. Master ReqUirements Program This installation's primary function is the real Shop Order Control Program time support of ballistic missile launches. Secondly, Scheduling and Machine Loading Programs (Short Term it is used for data reduction. and Long Range) Material Control Program Payroll Program (Hourly and Salary) Cost Distribution Program (Material and Labor) FUTURE PLANS Purchase Order Program USA EPa Fort Huachuca McDonnell IBM 1401 Tape System to replace the present periph­ An IBM 7090 and two IBM 1401 Systems are scheduled. eral equipment. Northern States USN PMR pt Mugu New components for 1961 include 2 IBM 1401 Model C-3 Future pl~lS provide for the continuing operation of and 2 IBM 1401 Model D-3. To be retired in 1961 are the present computer system and concentration of 1 IBM 714 Card Reader, 3 IBM 120A Printer, and 3 IBM development effort on the direct linkage of the com­ 722 Card Punches. puter to external instrumentation. The ultimate goal Phillips 16 to minimize the calendar time required to deliver Replacement and intended acquisition of new systems missile test results to the project engineers for include replacing the IBM 709 with an IBM 7090 and evaluation. 2 1401's, installation of a Burroughs Model 205 Com­ USN OTS China. Lake puter with card I/O (new system). Installation of an Consideration is presently being given to replacing additional IBM 650, Model 2, card I/O. the IBM 709 with the IBM 7090. RCA Moorestown NAFE FAA Heavy usage (3.5 shifts) indicates early acquisition In' March 1961 the 709 and peripheral equipment will of a transistorized machine to reduce work load to be replaced by an IBM 7090 and l40l System. one-shift operation. Machine not indicated by name CEm at this time. Probably within one year. Two 1401 An IBM 7090 to replace 709. Model C Computers are on-order to replace present An IBM 7090 to be installed in New York, New York. peripheral equipment. Ford RCA Patrick .AFB IBM 709 to be replaced by IBM 7090. IBM 1401' s It is currently planned to replace 717 off-line to be used as peripheral equipment. printer with an IBM 1401 System, to replace the pres­ IBM 7223 high speed (500 cardS/minute) card reader ent 8,000 word core storage with a 32,000 word unit, being attached on-line to the 709. and to replace off-line input-output equipment with Hughes an IBM 1401 System. Possible acquisition of IBM 7090 EDEM to replace IBM 709. Use of IBM 14OJ. series for peripheral handling

IBM 709 524 RCA Canaveral Northern States Power Company It is currently planned to replace the present 8,000 1925 Sather Street word core storage with a 32,000 word unit. St. Paul 13, Minnesota Space Tech Labs (2) Plan to replace both our IBM 709 1 s with our IBM 7090's. Phillips Petroleum Company MIT Adams Building, Computing Dept. The 709 will be replaced by a 7090. It will have a BartleSVille, Oklahoma third channel and four additional tape drives. Other­ RCA Missile & Surface Radar Division wise, it is compatible with the 709. The present off­ Building 116-1 line equipment will be replaced by two IBM 1401 Sys­ Moorestown, New Jersey tems. UCLA RCA Service Company 1401 System on order for peripheral operations. Technical Laboratory, Bldg. 989 Patrick Air Force Base, Florida RCA Service Company INST AllA TI ONS Data Processing DiVision, Bldg. 2-1655 u. s. Army Ballistic Missile Agency Cape Canaveral, Florida Computation Laboratory, Bldg. 4663 Space Technology Laboratories, Inc. (2) Redstone Arsenal, Alabama Computation & Data Reduction Center U. S. Army Electronic Proving Ground 2400 East El Segundo Boulevard Fort Huachuca, Arizona El Segundo, California U. S. Navy Pacific Missile Range System Development Corporation Range Operations Department, Code 3280 1923 Centine11a Avenue Point Mugu, California West Los Angeles, California U. S. Naval Missile Facility M. I. T. Lincoln Laboratory (Land-Air, Inc.) P. O. Box 73 Point Arguello, California Lexington 73, Massachusetts U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station UniverSity of California L. R. L. China Lake, California Box 808 Livermore, California National Aviation Facilities Experimental Station Simulation and Computation Branch University of California Atlantic City, New Jersey . Western Data Processing Center Los Angeles 24, California C-E-I-R, Inc. 1200 Jefferson Davis Highway Texas Engineering Experiment Station Arlington 2, Virginia Data Processing Center College Station, Texas Douglas Aircraft Company, Inc., Dept G-318 (2) . 3000 Ocean Park Blvd. Santa MOnica, California Ford MOtor Company Aeronutronic Division Ford Road Newport Beach, California Hughes Aircraft Company Building 6, Room F1022 Florence Avenue & Teale Street Culver City, California IBM Space Computing Center 615 Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W. Washington, D. C. Lockheed Aircraft Corporation Math Analysis Dept. Burbank, California Lockheed Aircraft Corporation Missiles and Space DiviSion, P. O. Box 504 Sunnyvale, California The Mart in Company Missile Weapons Systems Division Baltimore 3, Maryland The Martin Company Engineering Division Orlando, Florida McDonnell Aircraft Corporation Box 516 St. Louis 66, Missouri

525 IBM 709 IBM 1401 MANUFACTURER IBM 1401 Data Processing System International Business Machines Corporation

Photo by International Business Machines Corporation

are inventory control, parts explosion, product in­ APPLICATIONS process inventories and results, statistical analyses Manufacturer of product test results, X bar-R chart plotting, and System is designed and used for commercial applica­ cost bulletin. tions, including payroll, railroad freight car Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Steam Division accounting, public utility customer accounting, mer­ Located at Lester Branch P.O., Philadelphia 13, Pa., chandising, and accounts receivable for retailers. the system is used as off-line equipment auxi.liary Hickok Manufacturing Co., Inc. to 7090, for tape-to-card operations, card-to-tape ~ro be located at 850 St Paul Street, Rochester, New operations, tape-to-printer operations, card-to­ York, the system will be used for order proceSSing printer operations, etc. In addition, as a computer (packing lists and shipping labels), invoicing, for small jobs currently done on punched card tabu­ accounts receivable preparation, item sales statistics lating equipment. and forecasting, inventory planning and control, prime cost reports, customer statistics, salesmens territory reports, and hourly payroll. Western Electric Company, Inc. - Laureldale Plant PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Located at Laureldale, Penna., the system will be Internal number system Binary coded decimal l1sed for a variety of data proceSSing problems on a Decimal digits/word Variable length one shift basis. Initial plans are to convert major Decimal digitS/instruction one to eight tabulating applications such as payrolls, labor dis­ Instructions per word Variable length tribution, order accounting and accounting analysis Arithmetic system Fixed point which will require twenty-five percent utilization Instruction type One or two addre s s and effect cost reduction in released punch card eqUipment and personnel. New applications planned

IBM 1401 526 Instruction word format Magnetic tape input/output is not overlapped. Internal processing is serial. OP A/I Address B Address d Modifier X I XXX XXX X OP (A/I) B STORAGE Manufacturer X I XXX XXX No. of Access Media Alphanum/Char Microsec OP (A/I) d Core 1,400; 2,000; 4,000; 11.5 X XXX 8,000; 12,000; 16,000 I I Magnetic Disk 10,000,000 500,000 (Avg) OP (A/I) (Type 1405) Model I Magnetic Disk 20,000,000 500,000 (Avg) I X I XXX (Type 1405) Model II 50,000 two hundred character records on 25 discs OP d (Model I). X X 100,000 two hundred character records on 50 discs I I (Model II). Both models have two read-write arms. Magnetic Tape No. of units that can be connected 6 Units No. of chars/linear inch of tape 556 Char/i~ch OP 1 character operation code Channels or tracks on the tape 7 Tracks/tape A/I 3 character storage address where A is loca­ Blank tape separating each record 0.75 Inches tion of a data word or I is address of next Tape speed 75 Inches/sec instruction Transfer rate 15,000 to 62,500 Char/sec B 3 character storage address of a data word Start time 7.3 or 10.8 Millisec d 1 character modifier Stop time 7. 3 or 10.8 Milli sec Average time for experienced Automatic coding includes a symbolic programming operator to change reel of tape 60 - 120 Second,s system. Physical properties of tape Registers Width 0.5 Inches I Address Register Length of reel 2,400 Feet A Address Register Composition Mylar B Address Register Two tape units can be specified: 729 II or 729 IV. A Register Mylar is DuPont r s registered trademark for it,S B Register polyester film. A Index Register Westinghouse B Index Register No. of No. of Access AB Index Register Medium Words Digits Microsec A and B Address Registers allow chaining of instruc­ Magnetic Core 4000 char 6 bitS/Char, 11.5 tions, i.e., performing a series of operations on 1 parity bit, several fields that are in sequence in storage. Less 1 word mark bit. time is required to perform the operations and space is saved in storing instructions. Indexing is part of optional advanced programming' feature which also includes abilities to move full INPUT records and to store A and B Address Registers for Manufacturer easy program modification. Media Speed Cards (80 column Type 1402) 250 or 800 cards/min Magnetic Tape (729 II or 15,000 or 62,500 char/sec AR ITHMETIC UNIT 729 IV) Incl Stor Access Dual density standard Microsec Paper Tape 500 char/sec Add 300 (8+8 digits) Reading is controlled by a panel which decodes the Mult 1,960 (6x4 digits paper tape in binary coded decimal for 5, 6, 7 or 8 Div 2,170 (10/4 digits) channel tape. Multiply-Divide times are for the Multiply-Divide Optical Character Reader 290 to 400 documents/min feature installed. Cards or documents may be read. Reader is under 1401 is an "Add-to-Storage" system. No additional program control. Characters which may be read are instructions or time is required to store results. the Type 407 print, .093 inches high. Characters Arithmetic mode Serial (by character) which may be read are the integers 0 - 9, -, 1-, and Timing Synchronous Asynchronous a tJ . Paper or cards must have a horizontal width (depending on function) dimension of 5-7/8 inches minimum to a 8-3/4 inches Operation Sequential Concurrent maximum. The vertical dimensions are 2-3/4 inches (depending on function) minimum to 3-2/3 inches maximum. Option of one or Timing - Operations two lines/document. Reading is serial, left to right. Card input/output can often be overlapped with Console Inquiry Station Manual processing. (Type 1407) Print output can be partially overlapped with pro­ Modified IBM Electric Typewriter with a 12 inch cessing; or can be completely overlapped with print carriage, using a continuous form. storage installed.

527 IBM 1401 Westinghouse Media Speed POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION Magnetic Tape IBM 729 II 75 in/sec Manufacturer 15,000 or 42,000 char/sec Power, c~ter 2.88 Kw ;.2 KVA min. = lOOdel A Character rate varies due to high or low density (Max.) 12.15 Kw 13.5 KVA 0.80 to 0.90 pf tape option. max. = Jblel C+6-729s Card Reader 800 cards/min Power, air condition approx 3 Kw (Min.) IBM 1402 Card Read-Punch approx 11 Kw (Max.) The KVA and power factor varies with manufacturer. Minimum system re~ires 1 Ton, amx1mum system requir­ es 3 1/2 Tons. OUTPUT Volume, computer 117.2 cu ft min. Manufacturer 403.8 cu ft max. Media Area, computer ;;.8 sq ft min. Cards (80 column) 250 cardS/min 80.8 sq ft max. Magnetic Tape 15,000 or 62,500 char/sec Room size 239 sq ft min. (Type 729 II and 729 IV) 463 sq ft max. Dual density standard Floor loading 25 lbs/sq ft Printer 60 lineS/min 325 lbs concen max Westinghouse Volume, air conditioner 6 cu ft - 1 ton unit Card Punch 250 cardS/min 84 cu ft - 5 ton IBM 1402 Card Read-Punch Area, computer 3 sq ft - 1 ton Printer 600 lineS/min 12 sq ft - 5 ton IBM 1403 Printer Capacity, air conditioner Depends on manufacturer Magnetic Tape 3 1/2 tons are required for max:l.mum size system, a 5 ton unit would be nearest size available. Weight, computer 3,063 lbs (Min.) 11,530 lbs (Max.) CIRCUtT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM Normal air conditioning will usually be adequate, Manufacturer providing the capacity is available to handle the Type Quantity added B.T.U. of heat generated by the system. Diodes 6,213 - 14,171 (Min. and max. systems) Relatively few restrictions are placed on the Transistors 4,315 -9,805 (Min. and max. systems) arrangement of the 1401 System units. Magnetic Cores Electrical requirements - 208 or 230 volts Type 17: 17, 54c Min:l.mum system (±10~), 3-phase (4-wire), 60 cycle (t 1/2 cycle). Type 24: 20C Environmental re~irements Type 17: 129,540 Max:l.mum system Power On (system operating) temperature Type 24: 600 600 - 90OF, relative humidity 20 - 80%, air filtra­ Type 18: 1,120 tion - 20~ min:l.mum by National Bureau of Standards discoloration test for mechanical-type filter. Power' Off (extended non-operational period) temperature 500 - 1100]', relative humidity 0 - 80%. CHECKING FEATURES These environmental requirements are less strin­ Manufacturer gent than those that apply to storage areas for IBM Parity and validity checks are made. Programming cards and magnetic tape. checks, balances and controls may be made. It is recommended that instruments capable of 1402 Checking recording temperature and humidity be provided. Automatic hole count check between read stations. The 1401 System does not require a raised floor. Automatic Hollerith Validity check before storage However, if the rated floor loading of the area in entry. . which the system is to be installed is inadequate, Automatic hole count check between punch station certain types of raised floor can serve the purpose and read station. of spreading the load evenly over a larger area. 1402 Translation Also, the use of a raised floor reduces the possibil­ Automatic card to internal BCD input translation. ity of damage to cables and improves the appearance Automatic internal BCD to card output translation. of the installation. 1403 Checking Westinghouse Automatic parity check of character to be printed. Power, computer 208 or 230 volts, 60 cycle, 3 phase, Automatic validity check of character to be print- 4 wire system. ed. Power, air conditioner limited amount needed Hammer action to be performed. Volume, computer 326 cu ft lapprox Hammer action performed. Volume, air conditioner 60 cu ft approx 729 II - 729 IV Checking Area, computer 70 sq ft approx Vertical parity check by character Area, air conditioner 12 sq ft (approx Horizontal check by record Room size 350 sq ft (approx Two-gap head verifies validity at the time data Floor loading 50 Ibs/sq ft is written 70 lbs concen max Dual-level sensing provides additional checking Weight, computer 14,655 lbs of tape read and write operations and error-free Weight, air conditioner 400 Ibs operation on valid data. 1402 Card Read Punch - Punch feed read and 51/80 column interchangeable read feed. 1403 Printer - print storage. Input-output - column binary device.

IBM 1401 528 PRODUCTION RECORD Number produced to date Over 2,800 Time required for delivery 24 months PERSONNEL REQU I REMENTS Over 2,800 systems have been sold to date. Manufacturer Varies considerably according to installation and application. Training made available by the manufacturer to the users includes programming and practical experience COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES on systems. Manufacturer Monthly Programming systems available are: symbolic pro­ Basic System Cost Rental gramming system; generalized tape sorts; tape system IBM 1401 Processing Unit, $ 70,500 $1,200 utilities, including card-to-tape, tape-to-card, tape­ Model A-l to-printer; card report program generator; sub-rou­ IBM 1402 Card Read Punch, Modell 24,800 550 tines; and debugging aids - service routines. . IBM 1403 Printer, Model 1 30, 300 --E1 Total $125,600 $2,475 RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE, Add! tional Equipment AND TIME AVA ILAB I LlTY IBM 729 II Magnetic Tape Unit $ 27,500 $ 700 1,100 Manufacturer IBM 729 IV Magnetic Tape Unit 59,000 Reliability is achieved by utilizing solid state (Maximum of' 6 tape un!ts ) Tape Input-Output Adapter Feature 22,700 980 devices, i.e. core storage, printed circuits, and transistorized circuits. Checking, as previously IBM 1406 (Additional Core) Stor- 20,100 to 575 to detailed, also provides reliability. age (3 models) 55,100 1,575 Maintenance contracts available for purchased or rented equipment. ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS Hickok Mfg Co. Manufacturer Rental configuration scheduled for installation: Outstanding features are: high speed card input­ Model or Monthly output, high speed magnetic tape input-output, high Type Device Description Rental speed on-line printing, completely variable length 1 1401 C03 Pro~essing Unit $2,680 core storage aSSignments, "Add-to-Storage" simplifies 1 560 Multiply-Divide Md 1 B C 325 programming, and single-instruction print editing. 1 617 Print Storage Md 1 BCD 375 Unique system advantages are: solid-state engi­ 1 497 High Low-Eq Camp BCD 75 neering, economical, independent data processing system, auxiliary system to 700/7000 series, and sim­ 1 1403 002 Printer ARR A 775 plified programming. 1 1402 002 Card Read Punch 550 5 729 002 Magnetic Tape Unit 770 ea Growth of the system is permiSSible in the basic WE - Laureldale Plant card system, the advanced card system, and the card The Laureldale Plant presently employs convention­ and magnetic system. al punch card equipment for mechanized data process­ Optional features as required, are available. ing. A feasibility study has recently been completed and an IBM 1401 data processing system has been recommended. Management is currently considering INSTALLATIONS this recommendation. Boston Naval Shipyard The recommended components of the 1401 are as Boston, Massachusetts follows: Monthly General Electric Company, Inc. Machine Model Description Rental. Missile and Space Vehicle Department 1401 B4 Process~ Unit (4,000 $ 1,630 3198 Chestnut Street positions Philadelphia 4, Penn~lvania 27 Advanced Programming- General Insurance Company of' America Index Registers 105 20 4347 Brooklyn Avenue 321 Expanded Print Edit Seattle 5, Washington 560 Multiply-Divide Device 325 605 Additional Print Control 60 Hickok Manufacturing Company, Inc. 6ll Punch Feed Read 55 850 St. Paul Street 497 High-Low-Equal Compare 75 Rochester 1, N. Y. 617 Print Storage 375 Western Electric Company, Inc. - Laureldale Plant 627 Read Punch Release 25 Marion and Vine Streets 682 SenseSwltches 15 Laureldale , Pennsylvania 140g 1 Card Read Punch ·550 619 Punch Feed Read 25 Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Steam Division 1403 2 Printer 775 Lester Branch P. O. 1406 1 Storage (4,000 positions Philadelphia 13, Pennsylvania of Magnetic Core Storage) 575 U. S • Army, Headquarters, TAGO Total Monthly Rental $4,610 Washington 25, D. C. Westinghouse U. S. Army Corps of Engineers System components are IBM 140l-c3, IBM 1402, IBM Engineer Maintenance Center 1403, IBM 1406, and IBM 729 II. The approximate 52 Starling Street monthly rental is $8,300. Columbus 16, Ohio (Proposed) Maintenance and servi<:e is provided by the manu­ facturer and is included in monthly rental.

529 IBM 1401 u. S. Army Q.uartermster Depot American Telephone & Telegraph Company (4) Richmond, Virginia (Proposed) 50 Varick Street ,U. S. Army Signal Supply Agency New York, N. Y. (Proposed) 225 S. 18th Street AVCO Corporation Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Crosley Division U. S. Navy Administrative Office 1329 Arlington Street EXOS, AO, EAD, EDPB . Cincinnati 29, Ohio (Proposed) Washington 25, D. C. (Prop?sed) Bank of America (4) U. S. Navy Bureau of Yards and Docks 500 Howard Street Washington 25, D. C. (Proposed) San Francisco, California U. S. Navy Mare Island Shipyard Bankers Life Insurance Company of Nebraska Vallejo, California Cotner at 0 Street Lincoln, Nebraska U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory White Oak Bell Telephone Laboratories (3) snver Sprtng, Maryland Murray Hill, New Jersey (Proposed) U. S. Navy Ships Parts Control Center Bell Telephone Laboratories (3) Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania Whippany Road Whippany, New Jersey (Proposed) U. S. Air Force Air Defense Command Ent Air Force Base California Institute of Technology Colorado Springs, Colorado (Proposed) Jet Propulsion Laboratory 4800 Oak Grove Drive U. S. Air Force Aviation Supply Office Pasadena 3, California 700 Robbins Avenue Philadelphia 11, Pennsylvania Chase Mallhattan Bank 57 William Street, Room 200 U. S. Air Force Mathematical Services Laboratory New York, N. Y. Eglin Air Force Base, Florida Combustion Engineering, Inc. U. S. Air Force Mobile Air Materiel Area 200 Madison Avenue Brookley Aj.r Force Base, Alabama New York 16, N. Y. U. S. Air Force San Bernardino Air Materiel Area (Installation Newark, New Jersey) Norton Air Force Base, California Consolidated Edison Company of New York Wright Air Development Center, ARDC 4 Irving Place Directorate of Systems Engineering New York 3, N. Y. Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio (Proposed) Convair (2) Air Weather Service Fort Worth, Texas (Proposed) Climatic Center Eastman Kodak Company (2) 225 D Street, S.E. Rochester, New York Washington 25, D. C. (Proposed) El Paso Natural Gas Company (2) U. S. Department of Agriculture (5) P. O. Box 1492 Commodity Stabilization Service El Paso, Texas New Orleans, Louisiana Esso Standard (2) Bureau of Flight Standards Humble Oil & Refining Company Federal Aviation Agency P. O. Box 551 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Baton Rouge, Louisiana Department of Health,Education & Welfare Firestone Tire & Rubber Company (2) Social Security Administration Akron 17, Ohio Candler Building Baltimore 2, Maryland (Proposed) Ford Motor Company Dearborn Stamping Plant, Box 494 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Controller's Office Lewis Research Center Dearborn, Michigan (Proposed) Cleveland 35, Ohio Ford Motor Company (2) Tennessee Valley Authority Ford Division ].16 Old Post Office Rotunda and Southfield Chattanooga, Tennessee Dearborn, Michigan (Proposed) u. S. Treasury Department Ford Motor Company (2) Internal Revenue Service Manufacturing Services loth - Constitution Avenues Rouge Office Building Washington, D. C. Dearborn, Michigan (Proposed) Veterans Administration General Motors Corporation (2) Data Processing Center A. C. Spark Plug Division Hines, Il1:i.nois (Proposed) 1300 N. Dart Highway American Telephone & Telegraph Company Flint, Michigan (Proposed) Mount KiSCO, New York (Proposed) General Motors Corporation Allison Division Indianapolis 6, Indiana

IBM 1401 530 General MOtors Corporation Standard Oil Company of Indiana Research Laboratories EDP Department 12 Mile and MOund Roads 2400 New York Avenue Warren, Michigan Whiting, Indiana Gulf Research & Development Company Standard Oil Company of Ohio (3) P. O. Drawer 2038 717 Republic Building Pittsburgh 30, Pennsylvania (Proposed) Cleveland 15, Ohio Hughes Aircraft Company Texaco, Incorporated (11) 5405 West l02nd Street P. o. Box 2332 Los Angeles, California (Proposed) HOuston 1, Texas International Business Machines Corporation Western Electric Company (3) Scientific Computations Laboratory 77 South Wacker Drive Endicott, New York Chicago 23, Illinois (Proposed) International Business Machines Corporation Western Electric Company (3) Data Systems Division 100 Central Avenue Poughkeepsie, New York Kearny, New Jersey International Business Machines Corporation Westinghouse Electric Corporation Methods DS Manufacturing Sharpsville Avenue South Road Sharon, Pennsylvania (Proposed) Poughkeepsie, New York Johns Hopkins University International Harvester Company Johns Hopkins Road 1301 West 22nd Street Scaggsville, Maryland Broadview, Illinois (Proposed) Midwestern Universities Research Association International Harvester Company 2203 University Avenue MOtor Truck Division, Box 1109 Madison 5, Wisconsin Meyer Road Yale University Fort Wayne, Indiana Computing Center The Marquardt Corporation 135 Prospect Street 16555 Saticoy Street New Haven, Connecticut Van Nuys, California The Martin Company REMARKS Baltimore, Maryland (Proposed) General MOtors Allison Division The Martin Company The 1401-1 is scheduled for sbipment. The present Denver, Colorado specifications and price~ are as follows: MOnthly Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Company (3) Qty Unit Rental 900 Bush Avenue St Paul 6, Minnesota 1 1401 C-3 $3,385.03 This price includes: Newport News Ship and Drydock Company Advanced programming $105 Washington Avenue Column Binary 100 Newport News, Virginia (Proposed) High-Low-Equal Compare 75 Print Storage The Ohio Oil Company (2) 375 539 South Main Street 1 1402 558·25 Findlay, Ohio 1 1403-2 786.63 Printing Arrangement F Pratt and Whitney (2) 2 729 II at 710.50 Florida Research & Development Center The 1401-2 is also scheduled for shipment. The United, Florida present specifications and prices are the same as Republic Aviation Corporation the 1401-1 above with the exception of 1 729 II. The 1401-3 is scheduled for sbipment in J-hy 1961. Farmingdale, L. I., New York The present specifications and prices are as follows: Sandia Corporation (2) 1 1401 c-4 $3,801.18 Albuquerque, New Mexico (Proposed) This price includes: Service Bureau Corporation Advanced programming $105 IBM Plant Column Binary 100 San Jose, California High-Low-Equal Compare 75 Print Storage 375 Socony MObil Oil Company, Inc. Multiply Divide 325 150 E. 42nd Street Back Space File RPQ 40 New York 17, N. Y. 1 1402 558.25 Standard Oil Company of California 1 1403 786.63 Electronic Computing Center Printing Arrangement F 225 Bush Street 1 1406 583·63 San Francisco 20, California (Proposed) 1 729 II 710.50

531 IBM 1401 1 B M 1410 MANUFACTU RER IBM 1410 Data Processing System International Business Machines Corporation

The new ]~ 1410 greatly extends the range of intermediate computers for commercial data processing. Togeth­ er, the 1410 and the 1401 system form a compatible machine family. Transition from a 1401 to a 1410 is possi­ ble with a minimum of system development costs. Shown here is an expanded RAMAC 1410 system. The 1410 comes in card, magnetic tape, RAMAC and RAMAC tape models. With five RAMAC disk storage units, the 1410 can store 100-million characters of information for in­ line processing. Operator is seated at the 1415 console. From left to right in background are the 1403 printer, the 1402 card read punch, the 1411 processing unit and the 1011 paper tape reader. The girl is standing in front of the 1412 magnetic character reader used with the 1410 in banking applications. To her right are a 1405 disk storage unH, a 7330 low-cost magnetic tape unit and two 729 magnetic tape units. The 1410 can handle a total of twenty tape units.

APPLICATIONS PROGRAMMI NG AND NUMER I CAL SYSTEM Portions of this description have been reprinted Internal number system Binary coded decimal by permission from IBM General Information Manual Decimal digits/word Variable 1410 Data Processing System, Copyright 1960 by Inter­ Dectmal digitS/instruction 1 to 12 national Business Machines Corporation. Instruction word format Large volume commercial data processing and rapid scientific computations. System is available in a Op Code A-or I-address B-address d-character variety of configurations. The three basic config­ X XXXXX XXXXX X urations are the IBM 1410 Card System, the IBM 1410 Ta.pe System and the IBM RAMAC 1410 System. (X-control field) XXX

IBM 1410 532 Photo by International Business Machines Corporation

Operations which may be per~ormed are addressing The tens position specifies the I/O device. The operations, program control operations, arithmetic units position specifies the number o~ that device operations, logic operations, indexing, general data such as tape drive 2. operations, input-output operations and checking There are 15 Indexing Registers of 5 characters operations. each. To read out an address ~rom storage, a device is The 1410 uses stored-program instructions to cause needed to accept the address characters and keep input and output devices to operate. These instruc­ them until the complete address has been read out. tions per~orm all the tape, RAMAC, arithmetic, lOgical, The devices used to do this are the address registers. general data, and miscellaneous operations. The act­ Instruction Address Register. The Instruction Ad­ ual operation to be performed is indicated by the ~or­ dress Register is a 5-character register. The address mat and contents of the instruction itself. ~ormat ~or read into it speci~ies the initial address o~ an in­ The basic instruction the 1410 is divided struction in core storage. into 4 parts - the operation code, the A-or I-address (5-characters), the B-address (5-characters), and a A-Address Register. This register accepts a 5-char­ d-character modifier to the operation code. Because acter address that speci~ies the storage location of of the variable length instruction ~ormat, the length the ~irst A-~ield character involved in the operation. of a valid instruction can vary ~rom 1 to 12 characters. B-Address Register. This register accepts a 5-char­ An instruction word may also have an X-control ~ield (3-characters) which designates an input-output device. acter address that speci~ies the storage location Programming aids include basic autocoder, advanced of the first B-field character involved in the oper~­ tion. autocoder, with Macro instructions and an input/output package, FORTRAN, report generator, tape sorts, RAMAC Op Register. The Op-register (operation) is a 1- sorts, utility programs, and COBOL. character register that stores the operation code of the instruction in process. I/O Channel Select Register, Unit Select Register, and Unit Number Register. These registers accept the hundreds, tens, and unit positions o~ the X-con­ trol ~ield that designates an I/O device. The hun­ dreds position specifies the data transmission channel.

533 IBM 1410 and dual gap heads for write checking. The characteristics of the input-output synchron­ ARITHMETIC UNIT izers are: Add to storage system of logic is used to perform The 1414-1 has controls for 729 Tape Units and these operations. can attach 10 tapes to 1414-1. Arithmetic mode Parallel The 1414-11 has controls for 7330 Tape Units and Timing Synchronous can attach 10 tapes to 1414-11. Operation Concurrent The 1414-111 has controls for 1402 Card Read/punch and 1403 Printer, can attach 1-1402 and 1-1403, and has controls and buffers for other deVices, e.g. paper STORAGE tape input at 500 char/sec, which uses 5, 6, 7, or 8 No. of Access channel tape. Media Characters Microsec System can have a maximum of three 1414's, one Magnetic Core 40,000 4.5/char 1414-111, and two 1414-II's or I's, thus a maximum Magnetic Disc (1405) 10,000,000(MOdel 1) 100,000 min of 20 tapes is possible. 20,000,000(MOdel 2) 800,000 max Up to 5 disc units may be connected to the system. Thus, 5 MOdel 2 RAMAC units will have a capacity of 100,000,000 di~its. CI RCU tT ELEMENTS OF ENTI RE SYSTEM Magnetic Tape 729 (II and IV) System is composed of solid state, print'ed circuit, No. of units that can be connected "10 Units modular-cube components. No. of char/linear inch 200 or 556 Char/inch Channels or tracks on the tape 7 Tracks/tape Blank tape sepaI'ating each record 0.75 Inches CHECKI NG FEATURES Tape speed 75 or 112.5 Inches/sec Special checking features in the IBM 1410 Data Pro­ Transfer rate 15,000; 22,500; 41,667; 62,500 Chars/ cessing System assure reliability and accuracy of sec results. Checks must be made on the validity of data Start time 10.8 or 7.3 Millisec handled by the input-output units and one the handling Stop time 10.8 or 7.3 Millisec of data within the system itself. Some of the checks Average time for experienced include: legitimate instruction codes, arithmetic operator to change reel of tape 30 - 60 Seconds overflows, valid signs of numerical quantities, and Physical properties of tape many others. Width 0.5 Inches In many cases, it is not" necessary to interrupt Length of reel 2,400 Feet machine operation when an error condition is detected. Composition Mylar The programmer can insert branch instructions to rec­ MYlar is DuPont's registered trade mark for Poly- ognize certain types of errors as exceptions. An ester Film. error in reading a record from tape, for example, can IBM Ma~letic Tape Unit 7330 operates at less speed be programmed to backspace the tape and re.-read the and cost than the 729 Units. Both units utilize the record. If a correct reading is obtained the second two gap head and dual level sensing. Thus, a parity time, normal operation continues. If the error per­ error is detected when the character is written. sists, operation can be interrupted, or the incorrect Characteristics of the disc files are 10 or 20 record can be noted and operation continued. million alpha-numeric characters per file, up to five Some machine check indicators, however, stop all files - 100,000,000 characters, up to 3 arms per fi1e­ processing immediately. They indicate such conditions maximum of 12 arms to a system, 200 characters per as: a blown fuse, a broken tape, and card jams. record, average access time - 500 ms. - 600 ms., one Three internal self-checking features incorporated instruction to read a full track - 1,000 characters, into that 1410 system are parity, validity, and hole and read and write overlapped with processing if count. overlap device is on Channell. Parity Checking The 1410 uses an odd-bit parity system of record­ ing binary-coded-decimal information. Each character is checked at various locations in the system to be INPUT sure that it has an odd number of bits. Media Speed If a parity error occurs, a console light is turned Cards (1402-2 Read/punch) 800 cardS/min on to indicate the error location. Magnetic Tape Validity Checking 729 II 15,000 or 41,000 char/sec If an invalid combination of punches enters the 729 IV 22,500 or 62,500 char/sec system through the card reader, the validity-check 7330 7,200 or 20,000 Char/sec circuits detect it and turn on the read-check light Paper Tape 500 char/sec on the card reader. Hole-Count Checking To provide additional reliability of data that are OUTPUT read or punched, the system employs a hole-count Media Speed check feature. To perform hole-count checking, the Cards (1402-2 Read/punch) 250 cardS/min system keeps an internal count of the total number Printer (1403) 600 lineS/min of holes read from each column at the read-check sta­ Magnetic Tape As above tion. The system compares this number against another System utilizes an IBM 1414 Input-Output synchron­ count of the total number of holes read from the same izer, allowing CPU to compute while an input-output column of the same card, when it passes the read sta­ device is operating. Card units are completely tion. Hole-count checking is also performed. during buffered and checked. Printer operates at 75 inches/ punching operations. The count of the total number second, 100 or 132 char/line, with high speed carriage of holes to be punched in each column is retained skipping •• Magn~tic tape units have optional overlap internally for one punch-feed cycle. Another column-

IBM 1410 by-column hole count is taken when this same card If a hole-count error (unequal comparison of hole­ passes the punch-check station, and the two counts count totals) occurs in the reader or punch, the are compared. system indicates the unit in error.

POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT D AND SITE PREPARATION Unit Dimensions (Inches) Weight (Lba) Service Clearance (Inches) KVA Width Depth Height (Maximum) Sides Front and Rear 1402 Model 2 58 30 5/8 45 1,400 36 36 1403 47 3/4 29 53 1/4 750 30 36 ~~ & ~ ~ 2,090 48 30 5·3 1411 146 31 70 2,800 2 43 14.0 1414 Models 1, 2, 3 38 31 70 600 2 43 1414 Model 4 74 31 70 1,200 2 43 1415 70 29 44 300 729 II, IV 29 1/8 33 7/8 69 1/4 1,200 2 30 1.5 7330 29 31 58 500 2 30 1.0 Compressor 40 33 29 700 30 30 4.0 System requires 208v or 230V (~10~), 3 phase, 60 cycle. Arrangement of units of the 1410 depends largely on the size and shape of the machine area, the system configuration, and the cable lengths available. Other COST p PRICE AND RENTAL RATES factors to consider are customer-engineering service Basic System space, operator convenience, and visibility of units Central Processing Unit 1411 from a central operating position. Where space is Card Read-Punch 1402-2 limited, service clearance of adjacent units may over­ High Speed Printer lap. Console 1415 Storage and file area for cards, forms, and magnetic Additional Equipment tape should be located conveniently in or near the Magnetic Tape 729 II machine room. Space near the 1410 is also required Magnetic Tape 729 IV for customer-engineering test and maintenance equip­ Magnetic Tape 7330 ment. Disc Storage 1405 The 1410 system does not require raised flooring. Input-Output Synchronizer 1414-1-2-3-4 However, a raised floor reduces the possibility of damage to cables, and presents a more attractive appearance of the installation. Air conditioning equipment must maintain the machine­ ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS room area within certain limits of temperature and Add to memory type instructions humidity: 0 Add two fields and store result in one instruc­ Temperature 60 - 90 F. tion Relative humidity 20 - 80% No limit on size of result Air Filtration 20% minimum (by National Bureau Table look-up on high-low-equal or any combination of Stand

Photo by International Business Machines Corporation ~mgineer adjusts paper tape which feeds data to IBM 1620 Data Processing System at the rate of 150 characters a second. The IBM 1620 is a compact, all-transistorized computer which hanQles the complicated formulas encountered in solving engineering and scientific problems in industry. Additions and subtractions are per­ formed by the 1620 at the rate of more than 1700 a second for five-digit numbers. The use of conventional decimal arithmetic and simplified programming techniques, large-capacity core memory, and high-speed opera­ tion are among features of the new computer. A general purpose computer in the scientific area that features magnetic core storage.

APPLICATIONS PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Manufacturer Manufacturer System is used for the solution of problems in petro­ Internal number system Binary coded decimal leum, public utilities, optics, general manufacturing, Decimal digits/word Variable field general engineering, civil engineering, and electronics. Decimal digitS/instruction 12 American Machine & Foundry Co., Mechanic s Re search Div • Instructions/word Variable field 1 per 12 digits Iccated at 7501 North Natchez Avenue, Niles, Illinois, Instructions decoded 32 the system is used primarily for ~achute design, Arithmetic system Fixed point thermodynamics (e.g. heat engines), structural design, Variable field fixed point; programmed floating soil loading, operations research, and servo system point (8.5 millisec/floating add). analysis. Instruction type Two address Number range Variable field

I~ 1620 CI RCU tT ELEMENTS OF ENTI RE SYSTEM Diodes/Quan Diodes/Quan Diode:s/Quan Instruction word format GS 174 AES 48 AS 1 8 FS 342 JS 24 AU 26 AAS 498 71 ~ Transistors/Quan Transistors/Quan Transistors/Quan 4 Automatic coding includes Symbolic Programming Sys­ 039 969 078 36 015 48 065 48 083 172 tem, ForTran, and Go Tran. Indirect addressing plus immediate instructions 025 436 071 78 086 40 033 1,357 are available instead of indexing. Immediate instruc­ Magnetic Cores/Quan Magnetic Cores/Quan tions are standard. Indirect addressing is optional 17 120,000 24 200 at $25 monthly rental. Branch transmit instruction 18 provides single instruction linkage to subroutines. 384 CHECKI NG FEATURES ARITHMETIC UNIT Parity check on input, output, and internal numipu­ Manufacturer lations of data. Incl Stor Access Micro sec Add (10 digit) 960 POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION Mult (10 digit) 17,700 Manufacturer Div 16,800 Power, computer 2 Kw The 1620 is a 2-address system and time.s given Area, computer 22 sq ft above include access time to the two operands and Weight, computer 1,210 lbs the storing of the result. Special air conditiOning or site preparation are Divide time includes loading dividends. not required. Table look up arithmetic is used. Table is stored AMI!' in main memory of magnetic cores. Installed in air conditioned building. No special Arithmetic mode Serial modifications were made. Timing Synchronous Operation Sequential PRODUCTION RECORD STORAGE Time required for delivery 10 months Manufacturer PERSONNEL REQU I REMENTS No. of Access AMI!' Medium No. of'Words Digits Microsec One supervisor and one programmer for one 8-hQur shift. Magnetic Core Variable Field 20,000-60,000 20 Operation tends toward open shop. Methods of training includes group instruction in Fortran. INPUT Manufacturer FUTURE PLANS Media Speed The following organizations are replacing t~eir Paper Tape 150 char/sec (8-channel) IBM 610 Systems with the IBM 1620 Systems: T;ypewriter Manual (Alphanumeric) U. S. Naval Propellant Plant, Crane, Indian$. Cards 250 cardS/min (Buffered) U. s . .Army Transportation Research Command, Mathe­ matical Sciences Division, Fort EustiS, Virg~ia Lockheed Electronics Company, Plainfield, Ntlw Jersey OUTPUT University of Louisville, Computing Laboratory, Manufacturer Louisville 8, Kentucky Media Speed INSTALLATIONS Paper Tape 15 char/sec (8-channel) American Machine & Foundry Co., Mechanics Research T;ypewriter 10 char/sec (Alphanumeric) Division, 7501 N. Natchez Avenue, Niles, Illinois Cards 125 cardS/min (Buffered) Institute of Technology, Air University, Wdght­ Patterson Air Force Base. Ohio COST PRICE AND RENTAL RATES Monthly Maintenance Manufacturer , Charge Based on Age Model or Monthly PUrchase of Machine in Months Components Feature No. Charge Price 0-36 37-72 7~-108 1620 Central Processing Unit 1 $1,375 $64,000 $76.75 $78.50 $81..00 Automatic Divide 47' 55 2,400 2.75 2.75 ~.75 Indirect Addressing 493 25 1,150 1.50 1.50 1.50 1621 Paper Tape Reader 1 200 9,100 14.50 14.50 Ii. 50 1622 Card Read Punch 1 625 30,000 51.00 68.25 94.00 1623 Core Storage (20,000 positions) 1 800 39,500 29·00 32.50 36.00 (40,000 positions) 2 1,275 62,400 35.75 39·50 4,.25 961 Tape Punch (8-track) 1 25 1,400 4.75 5.25 6.75 Monthly charges and rental rate, plus taxes when applicable. (~: In our opinion, the 1620 system, with the exception of the 961 Tape Punch, at the present time is considered not to be subject to Manufacturers' Federal Exise Tax.) Monthly maintenance charge applies to first 176 hours of use. Each hour of use beyond the 176 is billable at the rate of 1/176th of the charge listed. Purchase price plus charge to field install of $40.00 for Automatic Divide, $35.00 for Indirect Addressing.

537 IBM 1620 IBM 7070 MANUFACTURER IBM 7070 Data Processing System International Business Machines Corporation 590 Madison Avenue New York 22, New York

Photo by International Business Machines Corporation

APPLICATIONS Union Carbide Chemicals Company Manufacturer Located at the Union Carbide Chemical Company, Tech. System is used in the many areas of' management deci­ Center, South Charleston, West Virginia, the system sion criteria such as engineering design and develop­ is used f'or engineering design calculations connected ment, research, accounting controls and reports, pro­ with building new plants and chemical processes, re­ duction, inventory controls and reports, and mathe­ duction and analysis of' experimental data pertaining matical models. to research and development of' new processes, and U. S. Army Oversea Supply Agency (future) business and data processing applications, Located at the Brooklyn Army Terminal, Brooklyn 50, including cost accounting, inventory control and New York, the computer will be used to validate, edit, payroll. maintain supply status and render reports f'or requi­ Brown University sitions received f'rom Oversea Commands serviced by Located at the Division of' Applied Mathematics, 180 this Agency. George Street, Providence 6, R. I., the system is U.S.A.F. l608th Air Transport Wing (MATS) used f'or education in numerical analYSiS, data pro­ Located at the Statistical Services Division, ceSSing, and computer applications and f'or the con­ Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina, the sys­ duct of' research in computer applications in the tem is used f'or the solution of' problems in materiel, physical, biological and social sciences, mathematics maintenance, personnel, accounting and f'inance, air and linguistics. operations, vehicle management, and civil engineering.

IBM 7070 Through a standard automatic priority processing feature, an input or output device can signal a 7070 PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM stored program immediately on completion of an opera­ Manufacturer tion. On the basis of priority signals, a stored Internal number system Decimal program can determine which steps to perform next to 2 out of 5 fixed count code optimize utilization of all components. Decimal digits/word 10 plus sign Decimal digits/instruction 10 plus sign Instructions per word 1 STORAGE Instructions decoded 241 Manufacturer Arithmetic system Fixed point No. of No. of Floating point (optional) Media Words Digits Microsec Instruction type One address Magnetic Core 5,000-9,990 50,000 to 6 Ability of addressing any part of a word 99,900 Number range Fixed _1010 < x < +1010 Disc Storage 600,000 to 6 to 48 100-850 million mil/sec 0 4,800,000 Floating ±10-5 < x < ±1049 Disc storage access time is 100 to 850 milliseconds Magnetic Tape Instruction word format No. of units that can be connected 40 Units Sign Two Digit Two Digit Field Address of D No. of char/linear inch of tape 556 Char/inch Operation Indexing Control to be Proces Channels or tracks on the tape 7 Tracks/tape Code Address =1 Blank tape separating record 0.75 Inches Tape speed 112.5 InChes/sec X X X X X I X XIXIX1X j I I Transfer rate 92.51{ Char/sec Start time Millisec Automatic built-in subroutines include interrupt 7.3 system, edit commands, tape compression, table look­ Stop time 7.3 Millisec Average time for experienced up, and record scatter-gather. operator to change reel of tape 60 Seconds Automatic coding Physical properties of tape Autocoder is a technique of programming which Width 0.5 Inches allows the 7070 to generate many machine instruc­ Length of reel 200-2,400 Feet tions for one written operation; easily adaptable Composition Mylar base to commercial problems. The above spacifications reflect but one tape unit Fortran is a technique of programming in which (729-4). There are other tape speeds attainable the 7070 accepts problems written in formulae form; through another tape unit (729-2) with the tapes easily adaptable to scientific work. completely compatible. Mylar is DuPont's registered Report generator is a generalized program per­ trademark for its polyester film. mitting report preparation from any tape file con­ USA OSA taining the basic data required. Core 10,000 100,000 6 Input-output control system is a package which USAF MATS when included in a program automatically schedules Magnetic Core 5,000 50,000 6 simultaneous reading, writing and processing func­ Magnetic Disk 2,400,000 24,000,000 100-850 tions. Millisec In addition to the above, utility routines, sort UCC and merge programs and simulation routines are Magnetic Cores 5,000 50,000 6 available for the 7070. Brown Univ Registers Magnetic Core 5,000 There are 99 words which may be designated as Magnetic Tape 4 units index words simplifying program preparation through automatic address modification and multiple use of single instructions. There are three addressable accumulators, an arithmetic register (intermediate INPUT storage) and an auxiliary register. Manufacturer Media Speed Card Reader 500 cards/min Magnetic Tape 15,000; 22,500; 41,600; 62,500 Char/sec ARITHMETIC UNIT Typewri ter Remote Inq. Manual Manufacturer Console Manual Fixed Point USA OSA Incl Stor Access Cards and 62,500 Char/sec magnetic tape. Micro sec Digits USAF MATS Add 72 (10+10) Cards and 41,667 Char/sec magnetic tape. Mult 672-1,488 (lOxlO) UCC Div 792-984 (1 to 5 in quotient) Cards Construction (Arithmetic unit only) Brown Univ. The arithmetic unit is constructed of transistors, Cards, magnetic tape, and typewriter diodes, and magnetic cores. Arithmetic mode Serial (adder) Timing Synchronous (Central Proc Unit) Asynchronous (Input-output Devices) Operation Sequential (Central Proc Unit) Concurrent (Input-output Devices) The arithmetic unit is not an isolated unit.

539 IBM 7070 Weight, computer 41,000 Ibs Wei~flt, air conditioner 15,000 Ibs OUTPUT Site preparation consisted of building modifica­ Manufacturer tion, power installation, floating floors and air Media Speed conditioning. Card Punch 250 cards/min USAF MATS Magnetic Tape 15,000; 22,500; 41,600; 62,500 char/sec Power, computer 39.8 KVA Printer 150 lines/min 120 alphanum char/line Power, air conditioner 24 Kw Typewriter 600 char/min UCr' Peripheral operations i.e. card to tape, tape to Power, computer 18.6 KVA printer, and tape to card will in many cases replace Area, computer 864 sq ft card input, printer and card output and be done by Floating floor. the IBM 1401 Data Processing System. Speeds are as Brown Univ. follows: Computer is housed in a separate building, designed Card Read 800 cards/min by Philip Johnson, ASSOCiates, for the purpose. Printer 600 lines/min Card Punch 250 cards/min USA OSA PRODUCTION RECORD Tape 62,500 Char/sec Manufacturer Card 250 cards/min Time required for delivery approx 12 months Typewriter 10 Char/sec USAF MATS M9.gnetic Tape 41,667 char/sec COST p PRICE AND RENTAL RATES (729 II Tape Drive) Manufacturer Punched Cards 250 cards/min Monthly Purchase UCC Model Rental Price Cards 250 cards/min 729 Magnetic Tape Unit 2 $ 700 $ 27,500 Brown Univ. 4 900 48,500 Cards, printer, magnetic tape, and typewriter. 7150 Console Cntrl Unit 1 300 13,050 7300 Disk Storage 1 975 62,200 2 1,500 74,800 7301 Core Storage 1 3,500 160,000 CI RCU tT ELEMENTS OF ENT IRE SYSTEM 2 6,800 285,400 Manufacturer 7400 Printer 1 950 41,500 ~ype Quantity 7500 Card Reader 1 400 18,000 M~gnetic Cores 300,000 5,000 words memory 7501 Console Card Reader 1 75 3,700 600,000 10,000 words memory 7550 Card Punch 1 550 24,600 7600 Input-Output Control 1 1,400 63,000 2 800 33,000 CHECKI NG FEATURES 7601 Arith & Prog Cntrl 1 3,000 138,100 ~ufacturer 7602 Core Storage Control 1 1,400 65,200 The transfer of information between memory and the 2 1,600 73,950 a:('ithmetic and programming unit or input/output de­ 3 1,500 69,800 vices is completely checked for validity. 4 1,800 83,800 All input/output devices including card readers, 5 1,900 88,500 card punches, tape units and printers are validity 7603 Input-Output Synch 1 1,000 46,050 checked on transfer of information. For example, 2 1,300 59,250 tape units have dual read/write heads which check 3 1,350 62,050 writing validity at the time the record is created. 4 1,650 75,250 All arithmetic operations are checked. 5 2,000 91 ,250 6 1,700 78,050 7 1,600 72,450 POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION 8 1,950 88,450 ~ufacturer 9 2,300 104,450 Power, computer 19.3 KVA 7601l Tape Control 1 2,700 122,550 Weight, computer 23,150 Ibs 2 1,850 94,000 It is suggested that the space requirements for the 7605 Disk Storage Cntrl 1 3,900 174,000 7070 be extracted from actual installations, as this 7802 Power Converter 1 400 18,700 figure can vary widely. Physical planning manual 7900 Inquiry Station 1 250 10,300 available from manufacturer. USA OSA Maintenance contract available Po-wer, computer 30 Kw 54 KVA 0.75 pf A sample 7070 installation rental is as follows: Power, air cond 54 Kw 72 KVA 0.75 pf Monthly Volume, computer 1,130 cu ft Quantity Machine Type Rental Volume, air conditioner 800 cu ft 8 729-2 Tape Units $5,600 Area, computer 1,600 sq ft 1 7150 Console Control Unit 300 Area, air conditioner 800 sq ft 1 7301 Core Storage (5,000 words) 3,500 Room size, computer 40 ft x 40 ft 1 7501 Console Card Reader 75 Room Size, air condi 20 ft x 40 ft 1 7600 Input/output Control 825 Floor loading 400 Ibs/sq ft 1 7601 Arith, & Prog. Control 3,000 2,800 Ibs concen max 1 7602 Core Storage Control 1,600 Capacity, air condition 50 Tons (incl transceiver 1 7604 Tape Control (2 channel) 2,700 room) 1 7802 Power Converter 400 $18,000

IBM 7070 540 This is a tape-oriented system. For card-tape, USAF MATS tape-card, tape-printer operations, a 1401 machine One 8-Hour Shift would be used. This equipment is described else­ Used Recommended where in the writeups. Supervisors 4 4 The above rental rates include customer engineer­ Analysts 8 8 ing maintenance and parts and cover the first 176 Programmers-Coders 20 20 hours a month the system is in use. Each hour of Librarians 1 1 use thereafter is subject to a rate of 1/176 of 40%. Operators 1 1 A maintenance contract is available for components Engineers 1 1 of a purchased system at rates per a published sched­ In-Output Oper 1 1 ule. Tape Handlers 1 1 Purchase price, typical system: $813,250 Methods of training used includes contractor schools Rental price, typical system: $ 17,400 monthly and on-the-job training. USA OSA UCC Rental is $27,950/month. One 8-Hour Shift 1-727 Tape Drive, 1-720 II Printer, and 1-760 Supervisors 3 Printer Control, rents at a total of $4, 950/ month. Analysts 2 Maintenance included in rental. Programmers 3 USAF MATS Operators 2 Quantity Type Monthly Rental Operation tends toward closed shop. 1 7150 $ 300 Methods of training used is manufacturerrs training. 2 7300 3,000 1 7301 3,500 1 7500 400 RELIAB I L1TY, OPERATI NG EXPER I ENGE, 1 7550 550 AND TIME AVAILABILITY 1 7600 1,400 Manufacturer 1 7601 3,000 System features and construction techniques utilized 1 7602 1,900 by manufacturer to insure required reliability in­ 1 7603 2,050 clude diagnostic programs and marginal checking, to 1 7604 2,700 detect and anticipate component failures, and solid 1 7605 3,900 state components together with conservative circuit 1 7802 400 design criteria, to assure a high level of reliabil­ 1 7900 250 ity. 4 729 2,800 UCC 1 533 765 Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ 2 Typewriter 420 tions. $27,335 UCC Basic 7070/card input/card output cost $580,000. 407 Printer, storage for panel boards, keypunch, ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS and above system rental at $12,700/month. Manufacturer The 407 rents at $850/month. One of the most outstanding features of the 7070 is Brown Univ. its modularity. For growth, the 7070 System can be A 7070 System, with 4 tape drives, automatic float­ quickly and easily converted to the 7074 in the field. ing point, on line printer and 407 tabulator is pur­ The 7074 is 6 to 20 times as fast as the 7070 inter­ chased. nally, and completely compatible with programs written Key punches, reproducer and sorter are rented. for the 7070. The 7070 can be used efficiently for Service contract with IBM for purchased system. a scientific-commercial mix. USA OSA Magnetic tape library on wheels will store input tapes in alternate area. This will allow for re­ PERSONNEL REQU I REMENTS creation of files as of yesterday. Normal IBM pro­ Manufacturer cedures are used for labelling and handling of mag­ The number of people required will vary a great netic tapes. Tape library procedures provide for deal based upon type of work (scientific, commercial central control or tape and program set up. Librarian mix), type of industry coupled with application. will be focal point of operation. Education training, program testing, technical USAF MATS assistance on all phases is available. The Inventory Control Application will operate on­ USA OSA line from remote input/output stations simultaneously One 8-Hour Shift with other periodically processed applications. Used Recommended Use will be made of the IBM Input/Output Control Supervisors 4 4 System (IOCS) for all tape operations. A fireproof Analysts 8 8 vault has been built adjacent to the computer room Programmers-Coders 12 16 for magnetic tape storage. Clerks 1 4 Methods of training used includes internal orienta­ tion, IBM programming school and on-the-job training.

IBM 7070 FUTURE PLANS Manufacturer U. S. Army Oversea Supply Agency, New York See IBM 7074 Data Processing System. Brooklyn Army Terminal USA OSA Brooklyn 50, New York A 1401-C System will replace the 727, 720 II and 1608th Air Transport Wing (MATS) 760 in about 1 year. Additional applications will include performing Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina same functions for Mutual Security requirements. Union Carbide Chemicals Company USAF MATS Technical Center The system will be modified to provide improved South Charleston, West Virginia printing capability, either through acquisition of an on-line printer or through acquisition of Brown University an IBM 1401 System. Division of Applied Mathematics UCC Providence 12, Rhode Island Use of magnetic tape is planned for the system. Indiana University An IBM 7070 is anticipated at the U. S. Naval Research Computing Center Ordnance Laboratory, Corona, California. Bloomington, Indiana An IBM 7070 w/8 tapes is anticipated at the Yale University General Insurance Company of America. Computing Center 135 Prospect Street An IBM 7070 is anticipated at the Western Electric New Haven, Connecticut Company. Bank of America (2) 500 Howard Street I NSTAllATI ONS San Francisco, California u. s. Army Quartermaster Depot Combustion Engineering, Inc. Richmond, Virginia (Proposed) 200 Madison Avenue u. S. Navy Puget Sound Shipyard New York 16, N. Y. Bremerton, Washington (Proposed) (Installation Newark, N. J.) American Airlines El Paso Natural Gas Company 100 Park Avenue P. O. Box 1492 New York, N. Y. (Proposed) El Paso, Texas AVCO Corporation General Motors Corporation Crosley Division A. C. Spark Plug Division 1329 Arlington Street 7929 S. Howell Cincinnati 29, Ohio (Proposed) Milwaukee 1, Wisconsin General Motors Corporation The Ohio Oil Company A. C. Spark Plug Division 539 South Main Street 1300 N. Dort Highway Findlay, Ohio lrlint, Michigan (Proposed) Universal Oil Products Company The Martin Company 30 Algonquin Road Baltimore, Maryland (Proposed) Des Plaines, Illinois Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company U. S. Treasury Department (3) 520 Broad Street Internal Revenue Service Newark 1, New Jersey (Proposed) 10th Constitution Avenues Washington, D. C. Western Electric Company '[7 So. Wacker Drive Chicago, Illinois (Proposed) University of Rochester Rochester, New York (Proposed)

IBM 7070 IBM 7070 IBM 7074 MANUFACTU RER IBM 7074 Data Processing System International Business Machines Corporation

APPLICATIONS STORAGE For use in commercial and/or scientific applications. No. of Access This system has the flexibility of componentry and Media No. of Words Digits Microsec internal speeds to allow for either type of applica­ Magnetic Core 5,000 or 9,990 50,000 or 4 tion. 99,900 Disk Storage 600,000 to 4,800,000 6 to 48 million PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Disc storage access time is 100 to 850 millisec. Internal nl~ber system 2 out of 5 fixed-count Magnetic Tape coded decimal No. of units that can be connected 40 Units Decimal digits/word 10 plus sign No. of chars/linear inch of tape 556 Chars/inch Decimal digits/instruction 10 plus sign Channels or tracks on the tape 7 Tracks/tape Instructions decoded 241 Blank tape separating each record 0.75 Inches Arithmetic system Fixed point Tape speed 112.5 InChes/sec Floating point is optional Transfer rate 62,500 Chars/sec Instruction type One address (with ability Start-stop time 7.3 Millisec of addressing any part of a word) Average time for experienced Number range 10 10 operator to change reel of tape 60 Seconds Fixed point - 10 < x < +10 Physical properties of tape Floating point 1~10-501< x <1~10491 Width 0.5 Inches Length of reel 200-2,400 Feet Instruction word format Composition Mylar base DuPonts registered trademark for its polyester film. Sign 2-Di git 2-Digit Field Address of The above specifications reflect the IBM 729-IV tape Op Code Index Control Data drive. Also available is a 729-11 tape drive. A Address density mode in both tape drives provides four dif­ x x x x x xlxlxlx ferent speed rates and complete interchangeability I I of data on both drives. Automatic built-in subroutines include interrupt system, edit commands, tape compression, table 10 k­ up, and record scatter-gather. Automatic coding: As on the IBM 7070 there is INPUT Autocoder, Fortran, Report Generator, and an Input/ Media Speed Output Control System. Card Reader 500 cards/min (Control Panel Format) There are 99 words which may be designated as index Magnetic Tape 15,000; 22,500; 41,600; 62,500 words. Chars/sec There are three addressable accumulators, an arith­ Typewriter Remote Manual metic register (intermediate storage) and an auxil­ Inquiry iary register. Console Manual Disk Storage 12,000 dig/sec

AR ITHMETI C UNIT Fixed Point OUTPUT Operation Incl Stor Access Media Speed Time Microsec Card Punch 250 cards/min (Control Panel Format) Add 10 Magnetic Tape Same as input ~rlult 56 (0-9 by 0-9) Printer 150 lines/min 120 char/line (Control Div 70 (5 digits quo- Panel Format) tient) Typewriter 10 Char/sec Format selection Arithmetic mode Serial Disk Storage 6 K D Timing Synchronous 6,000 dig/sec, includes write com­ Operation Concurrent in Input/Output pare check The arithmetic unit is not an isolated unit. For tape-oriented systems (no card equipment on line) an IBM 1401 Data ProceSSing System would be used for peripheral operations at speeds of: card read, 800 cards/min; card punch, 250 cards/minj and .printer, 600 line s /min.

IBM 7074 544 CI RCU IT ELEMENTS OF ENTI RE SYSTEM PERSONNEL REQU I REMENTS Magnetic Cores 300,000 5,000 words of memory Number of, people required varies according to 600,000 10,000 words of memory volume of work and type of applications. Training made available by the manufacturer to the users includes education, training, program testing, and technical assistance in all phases. CHECKI NG FEATURES The transfer of information between memory and the arithmetic and programming unit or input/output de­ vices is completely checked for validity. All input/ RELIAB I L1TY, OPERATI NG EXPER I ENCE D output devices including card readers, card punches, AND TIME AVAILABILITY tape units and printers are validity checked on Diagnostic programs and marginal checking are transfer of information. For example, tape units used to detect and anticipate component failures.· have dual read/write heads which check writing valid­ Solid-state components, together with conserva~ ity at the time the record is created. tive circuit design criteria assure a high level All arithmetic operations are checked. of reliability.

POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS Power, computer 29.14 KVA Outstanding features include conversion from t~e Weight, computer 23,150 lbs IBM 7070 to the IBM 7074 which may take place in Physical planning manual and assistance available the field. (See IBM 7070). The 7074 is complet¢lY on request. It is suggested that space requirements compatible with 7070 programs. Thus a customer for the 7074 be extracted from actual installations, is able to obtain additional processing power to as this figure can vary widely. match job growth with minimum effort and expense. Sales Engineers and texts will be available to assist installations in the area of magnetic tape handling.

COST 9 PRICE AND RENTAL RATES MOnthly Purchase Machine Model Rental Price 729 Magnetic Tape Unit 2 $ 700 $27,500 4 900 48,500 7150 Console Control Unit 1 300 13,050 7300 Disk Storage 1 975 62,200 2 1,500 74,800 7400 Printer 1 950 41,500 7500 Card Reader 1 400 18,000 7501 Console Card Reader 1 75 3,700 7550 Card Punch 1 550 24,600 7600 Input-Output Control 1 1,400 63,000 2 800 33,000 7603 Input-Output Synchron- 1 1,000 46,050 izer 2 1,300 59,250 3 1,350 62,050 4 1,650 75,250 5 2,000 91,250 6 1,700 78,050 7 1,600 72,450 8 1,950 88,450 9 2,300 104,450 7604 Tape Control 1 2,700 122,550 2 1,850 94,000 7605 Disk Storage Control 1 3,900 174,000 7802 Power Converter 1 400 18,700 7900 Inquiry Station 1 250 10,300 7104 High Speed Processor 1 7,300 313,000 2 7,400 317,000 3 7,500 321,000 4 7,700 329,000 5 7,800 333,000 7602 Core Storage Control 6 1,200 49,400 7301 Core Storage 3 4,700 208,600 4 8,000 334,000 Selling Price, Average System $1,284,350 MOnthly Rental, Average System 29,300 Maintenance contract available on request.

IBM 7074 IBM 7080 MANUFACTU RER IBM 7080 Data Processing System International Business Machines Corporation

Photo by International Business Machines Corporation APPLICATIONS Automatic built-in subroutines includes an inter­ This is a general purpose computer designed for both rupt system, a store-for-print, and a transmit. commercial and scientific applications. Automatic coding includes 7080 Processor including Auto coder III, File Maintenance and Report/File PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Writing, Decision Making and Fortran. Registers includes one 256 character accumulator, Internal number system Alphabetic 30 auxiliary storage units (5l2 characters), and Alphanumeric Chars/word Variable 32 eight character words for communication storage. Alphanumeric chars/instruction 5 Instructions decoded 69 Arithmetic system Fixed point ARITHMETIC UNIT Instruction type One address Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access Number range _ 10255 < M < 10255 Microsec Microsec Instruction word format Add (6+6) 13.08 (6 char + 6 char) Mult (6x6) 140 (6 char x 6 char) [ Operation Address with zone bits Div 210 (10 char/6 char) as indicators Construction (Arithmetic unit only) Transistors 36,000 Magnetic Cores 9,000

IBM 7080 546 Arithmetic mode Serial COSTv PRICE AND RENTAL RATES Timing Synchronous and Asynchronous Monthly Purchase Operation Concurrent Type Description Model Rental Price 7102 Arith & Logical Unit 1 :1>14,500 $685,000 7153 Console Control Unit 1 1,500 75,000 STORAGE 7302 Core Storage 1 17,500 840,000 Access 7305 Ctrl Stor & I/O Ctrl 1 7,300 345,000 Media No. of Characters Micro sec 2 8,400 395,000 Core 40{000; 80,000; 160,000 2.18 7800 Power Converter 1 700 25,000 Core (Fast Registers) 1.09 7801 Power Control 1 900 35,000 Magnetic Tape 7621 Tape Control 2 3,300 147,000 No. of units that can be connected 50 Units 729 Magnetic Tape Unit 2 700 27,000 No. of chars/linear inch 200 or 556 Chars/inch 729 Magnetic Tape Unit 4 900 48,500 Channels or tracks on the tape 7 Tracks/tape 7622 Signal Control 1 1,500 26.000 Blank tape separating each record 0.75 Inches The above renatl rates include customer engineering Tape speed 75 or 112.5 InChes/sec maintenance and parts and cover the first 176 hours Transfer rate 15,000; 22,500; 41,667; 62,500 Chars/sec a month the system is in use. Each hour of use Start-stop time 10.8 or 7.3 Millisec Average time for experienced thereafter is subject to a rate of 1/176th of 40%. A maintenance contract is available for components operator to change reel of tape 60 Seconds Physical properties of tape of a purchased system at rates per a published schedule. Width 0.5 Inches Length of reel 2,400 Feet Purchase Price, typical system: $2,200,000 Monthly Rental, typical system: $ 48,000

INPUT PERSONNEL REQU I REMENTS Media Speed Magnetic Tape See Storage The number of people required to operate this com­ puter/system will vary with the configuration, the Card 250 cards/min application and the policies of the user. Education and training in all phases of computer OUTPUT use are provided by the manufacturer. One week Media Speed classes conducted for executives at IBM educational Magnetic Tape See Storage departments in Endicott and Poughkeepsie, New York. Card 100 cards/min Comparable classes are available in several major Console Typewriter 600 char/min cities across the country. These courses are deSign­ In addition to the above components, an IBM 1401 ed to acquaint executives with the organization, op­ Data Processing System may be used for peripheral erating characteristics, capacities, and applications operations. The speeds of the 1401 components are: of the 7080. Customers who complete this course are Card Reading 800 cards/min better able to evaluate the advantages, economics and wide business applications of the 7080. In addi­ Card Punching 250 cards/min tion to the executive class, courses are available Printing 600 lines/min to qualified methods personnel. These classes are of Tapes The 7080 tapes are completely compatible with the 1401 system longer duration and provide knowledge of programming and necessary operating details. Special representa­ tives offer overall consulting service in connection CHECKI NG FEATURES with the study of possible uses. Sales engineers Character code check on internal operations and data are available to assist in preparing the site for transmission sign check for arithmetic instructions physical installation. This assistance begins twelve months in advance of delivery. The Programming Ser­ overflOW, character code check during transmission vice has personnel available for consultation with from storage to I/O units, horizontal and vertical field representatives and customers. A library of parity check on magnetic tape, dual level sensing, programs common to many problems is available for two gap head for verification of tape writing, two adoption as SUb-routines by customer. Automatic cod­ read stations in card reader, echo checking on line ing, as listed under automatic coding, is available. printer, and row-count comparison in card punching. Symbolic coding methods and assembly programs are available. POWER, SPACE, WEIGHTv AND SITE PREPARATION RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCED Power, computer - 14.4 Kw AND TIME AVAILABILITY Area, computer 1,000-1,200 sq ft (approx) This system is completely compatible with the IBM Floor loading 100 lbs/sq ft 705 Data ProceSSing System. The logic of these sys­ Weight, computer 19,700lbs Site preparation requirements: Physical planning tems is carried forward with additional features to manual and assistance available. increase the memory size and the internal speed and usefulness of the data channels.

PRODUCTION RECORD ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS 12 months Time required for delivery Reference is made to the 7080 Physical Planning Manual which assists in the preparation of the site. I NST ALLA TI ONS International Business Machines Corp., Data ~ystems Commonwealth Edison Company, 72 W. Adams Street, Division, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Chicago, Ill. International Business Machines Corp., Methods DS International Harvester Co., Motor Truck Div., Manufacturing, South Road, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Box 1109, Meyer Road, Fort Wayne, Indiana Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N. Y. Convair, Fort Worth, Texas (Proposed) IBM 7080 IBM 7090 MANUFACTU RER IBM 7090 Data Processing System International Business Machines Corporation

Photo by International Business Machines Corporation

APPLICATIONS Manufacturer Union Carbide Corporation System is designed and used for scientific and commer­ Located on the 36th floor of the Union Carbide Build­ cial data processing, real time flight control, safety ing, 270 Park Avenue, New York City, the system is and impact prediction calculations, and message pro­ used for sales analYSiS, financial reporting, product cessing. costing, engineering studies, operations research and General Electric-Missile & Space Vehicle Dept. economic studies, scientific analYSiS, and others to Located at 3198 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia 4, Pa., be added as time goes by. the system is used for flight test data reduction, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Steam Division :for engineering computations, including aerodynamic s , Located at Lester Branch P.O., Philadelphia 13, Pa., flight mechanics space s~ience problems, for trajec­ the system is used for commercial applications, e.g. tory analYSis, for data processing including record­ integrated data processing system including payroll, :lng, updating and maintaining files on provisioning, personnel statistics, labor distribution, inventory reliability, document control, weight and balance, control, shop scheduling, shop Simulation, manufactur­ and wiring harness problems, and business data pro­ ing information, general and cost accounting, dis­ ceSSing routines such as personnel accounting records, patch, purchaSing, drafting planning, sales negotia­ cost ledger, general ledgers and budget exercises. tion, linear progrannning, and statistical analyses, Space Technology Laboratories, Inc. and for scientific applications, e.g. turbine per­ l~cated at El Segundo, California, the system is formance, testing, and deSign, numerically controlled used for the 1'ull spectrum of scientific computations. machine tools, stress analysis, heat balance, and

IBM 7090 548 Photo by General Electric Company, Missile & Space Vehicle Department curve fitting. Automatic coding includes the SHARE Operating University of California Lawrence Radiation System and FORTRAN. Laboratories There are three index registers and four aritbmetic Located at Livermore, California, the system is used registers (full word), i.e. the Accumulator, Multi­ for the solution of differential equations. plier-Quotient, Storage and Sense Indicator registers.

PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM ARITHMETIC UNIT Manufacturer Manufacturer Internal mIIllber system Binary Fixed Point Floating Point Binary digits/word 36 Microsec Micro sec Binary digitS/instruction 36 Add 4.36 13.08 to 32.70 Instructions/word 1 Mult 4.36-30.52 4.36 - 28.34 Instructions decoded 205 Div 6.54-32.70 6.54 - 28.34 Aritbmetic system Fixed and floating point Construction (Arithmetic unit only) Instruction type One address The arithmetic unit is constructed of 20,000 tran­ Number range 38 sistors. Floating - 10 < N < 10 38 Arithmetic mode Parallel Fixed - (235 - 1) ~ N ~ (235 - 1) Timing Synchronous (Central Proc Unit) Asynchronous (Input-Output) Instruction word format Operation Sequential (Central Proc Unit) Concurrent (Input-Output) Input and output operations on up to eight data channels can operate concurrently with the main com­ putational program in the Central Processing Unit. Format varies with instruction type

IBM 7090 Photo by General Electric Company, Missile & Space Vehicle Department

Space Tech Labs Magnetic core and magnetic tape. STORAGE Union Carbide Manufacturer Magnetic core and magnetic tape. No. of Access Westinghouse Media Words Microsec Magnetic core and magnetic tape. Magnetic Core 32,768 2.18 UCLRL Magnetic Tape 2,500,OOO/reel 7,000 or 10,000 Media No. of Words Access Microsec No. of units that can be connected 80 Units Core 32, 768 2 No. of chars/linear inch 200 or 556 Chars/inch Magnetic Tapes 729 IV 6 Tape Units 970 Channels or tracks on the tape 7 Tracks/tape Magnetic Tape s 729 II 4 Tape Unit s 1,400 Blank tape separating each record 0.75 Inches The above indicated access time is for reading in Tape speed 75 or 112.5 Inches/sec low density mode. For writing, it would be 729 II Transfer rate 15,000; 22,500; 41,667; 62,500 Chars/ 44,00 micro sec and 729 IV 2970 microsec. High density sec operation for 729 II 250 micro sec faster and for 729 Start time 10.8 or 7.3 Millisec IV 170 microsec. Stop time 10.8 or 7.3 Millisec Average time for experienced operator to change reel of tape 30 - 60 Seconds Physical properties of tape INPUT Width 0.5 Inches Manufacturer Length of reel 2,400 Feet Media Speed Composition Mylar Magnetic Tape See Storage Mylar is DuPont's registered trade mark for Poly­ Cards 250 cards/min (on-line) ester Film. Card to Magnetic Tape 250 or 800 cards/min (off-line) GE Higher conversion rate using IBM 1401 for genera­ Magnetic core and 10 magnetic tape units. ting input tape.

IBM 7090 550 Photo by General Electric Company, Missile & Space Vehicle Dept.

GE Media Speed OUTPUT IBM Cards 250 cards/min (Off line Card Reader) Manufacturer Magnetic Tape 15,000 or 62,500 char/sec Media Speed Space Tech Labs Magnetic Tape See Storage Magnetic tape and punched cards. (Recording in BCD or Binary) Union Carbide Cards 100 cards/min (on-line) 8 729 II Tape Drives 7S in/sec Printed Page 150 lines/min (On-line) 4 729 IV Tape Drives 112.5 in/sec Tape to Printer 150 or 600 lines/min 1 711 Card Reader 250 cards/min Tape-to-Card conversion can proceed at 100 or 250 Also off line 714 Card Reader (250 cards/min) with cards/min. The faster rates of conversion are ob­ 727 Tape Drive (75 in/sec). tained when using the IBM 1401 for off-line tape to Westinghouse card and tape to printer functions. Ma.gnetic Ta~e 75 in/sec GE (IBM 729 II) 15,000 or 42,000 char/sec Cards 100 cards/min Ma.gnetic Tape 112.5 in/sec Tape 15,000 or 62,500 char/sec (IBM 729 IV) 22,500 or 62,500 char/sec Printer 150 lines/min (attached to system) One of these units may be installed. Character Printer 500 lines/min (tape to printer rate varies due to high or low density tape option. off line) UCLRL Printer 4,000 lines/min (tape to printer Cards 250 cards/min 24 words/card Binary off line) 72 col/card Decimal Space Tech I.e.bs Tapes 729 IV 270 micro sec/word low density Magnetic Tape 62,500 char/sec Tapes 729 II 400 microsec/word low density Line Printer 150 lines/min High density values for tapes are 150 microsec/word Cards 100 cards/min (80 column) for 729 II and 100 microsec/word for 729 IV.

551 IBM 7090 Photo by Space Technology Laboratories, Incorporated Union Carbide Media Speed Magnetic Tape POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION 1. 716 Printer 150 lines/min Manufacturer 1. 721 Card Punch 100 cards/min Power, computer 5.8 Kw Also off line 7204 and 717 printers (500 and 150 Weight, computer 17,795 Ibs lines per minute respectively) with a 727 tape drive Physical Planning Manual available on request - IBM each, and an off line card punch - 722 at 100 cards/ Form No. x21-1209. min with a 727 tape drive. GE UCLRL Power, computer 5.84 Kw 6.9 KYA Printer 150 lines/min 72 chars/line Volume, computer 18,000 cu ft Tapes 729 II low density for off-line printer Volume, air condition 13,800 cu ft Cards 100 cards/min 24 words/card Binary Area, computer 2,000 sq ft 72 COl/card Decimal Area, air conditioner 160 sq ft Room size, computer 50 ft x 40 ft Room size, air condition 8 ft x 20 ft CHECKING FEATURES Floor loading 200 Ibs concen max Manufacturer Capacity, air conditioner 30 Tons Checking features include accumulator overflow, di­ Weight, computer 30,000 Ibs vide check, floating point overflow, and underflow, Site preparations include a steel sub-floor, an data channel I/O check, horizontal and vertical par­ acoustical hung ceiling, and a room enclosed by dou­ :lty check on magnetic tape, dual level sensing, two ble glass and wall board. gap head for verification of tape writing, and echo Space Tech Labs checking on the line printer. Power, computer 35 KYA Volume, computer 17,000 cu ft Area, computer 1,700 sq ft Floor loading 80 Ibs/sq ft Site preparation included a 24-inch false ceiling

IBM 7090 552 Photo by C E I R, Incorporated mid an lS-inch raised floor. The air conditioning Room size 1,000 sq ft iB included in the building system. Floor loading 69 Ibs/sq ft Union Carbide So Ibs concen max Power, computer 300 KVA Capacity 3 1/2 Tons Power, air conditioner 75 Tons Weight, computer 14,655 Ibs Volume, computer 25,500 cu ft Weight, air conditioner 800 Ibs 0 Volume, air conditioner 3,400 cu ft The air conditioner is to maintain 75 F and 50% Area, computer 3,000 sq ft relative humidity, assumj.ng 4 persons are in room. Area, air condiioner 400 sq ft UCLRL Room size 75 ft x 40 ft Power, computer 28 Kw 35 KVS o.S pf F~Loor loading 50 Ibs/sq ft Power, air cond 22 Kw 32 KVA 0.9 pf 300 Ibs concen max Volume, computer 1,200 cu ft Weight, computer 50,000 Ibs Volume, air conditioner 2,000 cu ft Computer is installed on the 36th floor of an office Area, computer 200 sq ft building which is completely air conditioned and Area, air conditioner 360 sq ft eCluipped with sealed windows. Structural steel of Room size, computer 25 ft x 40 ft the 36th floor was lowered 12 inches to allow for Room size, air conditioner 12 ft x 30 ft x 10 ft ra.ised floor-used for cabling etc. - which was pre­ Floor loading 30 Ibs/sq ft pared by the Lishe Aluminum Co. and consists of 2 1/2 500 Ibs concen max x 2 It2 panel. Room will be equipped with false "egg Capacity, air conditioner 30 nominal Tons crate' ceiling. Air plenum chamber also used. Weight, computer 30,000 Ibs Westinghouse Weight, air conditioner 16,000 Ibs Power, computer 5.S4 Kw 6.9 KVA 19.0 pf Site was previously occupied by an IBM 704, so Volume, computer 1,030 cu ft preparation consisted of drilling some new cable Volume, air conditioner 96 cu ft holes in concrete floor and rerouting cope trays. Ar-ea, computer 212 sq ft Ar-ea, air conditioner 16 sq ft

553 IBM 7090 Photo by University of California Lawrence Radiation Laboratory

PRODUCTION RECORD Space Tech Labs Manufacturer System cost is $2,949,000 and rental rate is $66,100 Time required for delivery 18 - 24 months per month. Number of systems produced Over 8 Union Carbide 2 channel IBM 7090, with I/O equipment listed, rents at about $76,000. COST p PRICE AND RENTAL RATES Westinghouse Manufacturer IBM 7100, IBM 7302, IBM 7607, 10 IBM 729 II, IBM 7151, Monthly Purchase IBM 7606, and IBM 7608 rent for $60,000/month. Main­ Type Description Model Rental Price tenance and serive provided by manufacturer included 711 Card Reader 2 $ 800 $32,000 in monthly rental. 716 Printer 1 1,200 54,200 UCLRL 721 Card Punch 1 600 25,000 IBM 7151, 7302, 7100, 7606, 7607, 7608, 7617, 7617, 729 Magnetic Tape Unit 2 700 27,500 7618 purchased for $2,313,800. 729 Magnetic Tape Unit 4 900 48,500 IBM 716, 711, 721, ten 729 1 s rent at $11,600/month. 7'100 Central Process Unit 1 16,975 707,500 Maintenance contract at $2,500/month. 7'151 Console Control Unit 1 1,225 61,700 ',302 Core Storage 1 19,800 950,000 'r606 Multiplexor 1 3,900 156,300 7607 Data Channel (Tape 1 4,500 208,400 and Card) PERSONNEL REQU I REMENTS ',607 Data Channel (Tape) 2 3,500 169,900 Manufacturer ',608 Power Converter 1 1,600 60,000 Education, training, program testing, technical assistance are provided. Monthly rental, typical system: 3,500 l~chase price, typical system: t2,898,000 Maintenance contract available.

IBM 7090 554. GE Space Tech Labs Three 8-Hour Shifts Passed Customer Acceptance Test July 1960 Used Recommended Westinghouse Bupervisors 3 3 System installed in May 1961. p'~alysts 20 30 UCLRL I~ogrammers 17 20 Good time 110 Hours/Week (Average) Coders 10 12 Attempted to run time 150 Hours/Week (Average) Clerks 1 1 Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.75 Librarians 1 1 Above figures based on period 1 Jul 60 to 15 Jul 60 Operators 3 4 Passed Customer Acceptance Test 1 Jul 60 Input-Output Oper 4 5 Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ ~Iape Handlers 3 4 tions. Scheduler 1 1 Operation tends toward open shop. Methods of training used include on-the-job train­ :tng and IBM School. ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS Space Tech Labs Manufacturer Three 8-Hour Shifts Outstanding features include high speed, compati­ Supervisors 15 bility with IBM 704 and 709 systems, a rich opera­ Analysts 6 tion code set, and a very fast memory. Programmer s 60 Unique system advantages include overlap of input/ Clerks 2 output operations with computing with very low memory Librarians 1 interference rate and automatic interrupting facili­ Operators 7 ties permitting I/O devices to interrupt main program. Engineers 1 Many special features and attachments are available Technicians 2 on a "Request for Price Quotation" basis: (i.e.) Input -Output Oper 2 Cathode Ray Tube pictorial output, clocks, extended Tape Handlers 1 precision arithmetic, direct data I/O device, tape Operation tends toward closed shop. switch, etc. Methods of training used includes IBM local short Manufacturer's recommendations for the care and courses, internal two-week courses, and on-the-job handling of magnetic tape: training. Storage for frequent or infrequent usage (Mylar Union Carbide Base) at relative humidity 0 to 80% (The upper limit One 8-Hour Shift on humidity is given to prevent the formation of Supervisors 6 fungus and mold growth. This limit may be exceeded Programmers 16 by hermetically sealing the tape in a plastic bag.) Operators 2 and temperature 40 to 1200 F. In-Output Oper 1 The tape should be stored in a dust proof con­ Tape Handlers 1 tainer. Should the tape be exposed to atmospheric Operation tends toward closed shop. conditions outside the above limits for more than Methods of training used includes IBM and internal four hours, it must be reconditioned by allowing it training courses. to remain at the given condition for a length of Applications programmed outside the department will time equal to the time it was away. Twenty-four be accepted for running on the 7090 by EDP personnel. hours reconditioning is necessary if the tape is In other words, programming is, if desirable, open removed for longer than twenty-four hours. shop, operations are closed shop. General Precautions UCLRL The tape should not come in contact with magnetic Seven days/week material at any time and should never be subjected Three 8-Hour Shifts to strong magnetic fields. Either of these can Supervisors 1 cause the loss of information or the introduction of Pr-ogrammers 21 noise. Coders 5 When shipping magnetic tape, the reel should be Librarians 1 placed in a dust-proof container and hermetically O:perators 10 sealed in a plastic bag. Additional support should Operation tends toward open shop. be obtained by enclosing in an individual cardboard Personnel are trained by working with an experienced box. person. GE Outstanding features include column binary, on line clock, speed necessary to meet schedules, capacity RELIABILITY p OPERATING EXPERIENCE, large enough to handle our largest programs, and size AND TIME AVAILABILITY (not cumbersome machine to operate). GE Customer asks for tapes to be assigned to him al­ Average error-free running period 110 Hours though physical use of tapes are under control of Good time 110 HourS/Week (Average) tape librarian. The customer maintains a log of what Attempted to run time 120 Hours/Week (Average) he has been assigned and releases the tapes as data Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.916 is no longer of any value. Stored in special design Above figures based on period 16 Jun 60 to 14 Aug 60 plastic containers under humidity and temperature Passed Customer Acceptance Test 16 Jun 60 controlled conditions. Time is available for rent to qualified outside or­ Smithsonian Institution ganizations. The Smithsonian Institution will use an IBM 7090 Sys­ T:lme is made available, on none interference basis, tem at its Astrophysical Observatory for four hours to other government contractors. during the day. The rest of the time is to be made available, by contract, to Computer Services, Inc. of Englewood, New Jersey, for purchase and resale.

555 IBM 7090 General Motors C E I R, Incorporated Allison Division Union Carbide Building Indianapolis 6, Indiana 270 Park Avenue The 7090 is scheduled for shipment. The specifica. New York, N. Y. tions and prices are as follows: Convair Monthly Fort Worth, Texas Qty Unit Rental 1 711 $ 812.00 General Electric Company 1 716 1,218.00 Large Jet Engine Department 1 721 609.00 Evendale 15, Ohio IB 729 IV at 913.50 General Electric Company 1 7100 19,589.50 Evendale Computations Operation The above price includes the 8K nullification RPQ Evendale 15, Ohio at $25.00 1 7151 1,243.38 General Electric Company 1 7302 17,762.50 Missile & Space Vehicle Department 1 7606 3,958.50 3198 Chestnut Street 1 7607-1 4,339.13 Philadelphia 4, Pennsylvania J_ 7607-2 3,324.13 General Motors Corporation 1 7608 710.50 Research Laboratories 2 7617 228.38 12 Mile and Warren Roads 1 7618 913·50 Warren, Michigan Martin Company Denver, Colorado General Motors Corporation IBM 7090 System to consist of a 7608, 7618, 7607, Allison Division (2) 7100 I s, 7606, 7302, 7607, (20) 7291s (2) 76171s Indianapolis 6, Indiana 7151, 711, and 716. Gulf Research and Development Company P. O. Drawer 2038 Pittsburgh 30, Pennsylvania (Proposed) FUTURE PLANS International Business Machines Corporation GE Scientific Computation Laboratory The 7090 will be using FORTRAN, SOS, and SAP as Endicott, New York major assembler comilers as well as a generalized International Business Machines Corporation data processing system for technical data systems. Data Systems Division A production monitor with programs on a master tape Poughkeepsie, New York as subroutines will be used. This system will have built-in time checking of an on-line clock and will International Business Machines Corporation work along with the systems mentioned above. Research Center A link to combine MSVD1s analog computer with the P. O. Box 218 7090 is almost ready for operation. Yorktown Heights, New York It is anticipated that two IBM 1401 Systems and/or Lockheed Aircraft Corporation one GE 225 System will be added in 1961. These sys­ Missile and Space Division tems will be used primarily as input-output equip­ Sunnyvale, California ment for the 7090. The Marquardt Corporation 16555 Saticoy Street Van Nuys, California INSTALLATIONS North American Aviation, Inc. u. s. Army Ordnance Missile Command 4300 E. Fifth Avenue Redstone Arsenal, Alabama C~lumbus 16, Ohio (Proposed) U. S. Navy David Taylor Model Basin Pratt and Whitney Aircraft WaShington 7, D. C. Florida Research and Development Center .Aerospace Technical Intelligence Center United, Florida Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio Rand Corporation U. S. Air Force Flight Test Center 1',00 Main Street Data Processing and Computing Branch Santa Monica, Califor.~ia Edwards Air Force Base, California Republic Aviation Corporation U. S. Air Force Mathematical Services Laboratory Farmingdale, L. I., New York Eglin Air Force Base, Florida Sandia Corporation Wright Air Development Center, ARDC Albuquerque, New Mexico (Proposed) Directorate of Systems Engineering Service Bureau Corporation Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio IBM Plant Allis Chalmers Manufacturing Company San Jose, California Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Proposed) Socony Mobil Oil Company Bell Telephone Laboratories 150 East 42nd Street Murray Hill, New Jersey (Proposed) New York 17, N. Y. G E I R, Incorporated Space Technology Laboratories, Incorporated Arlington Research Center 2400 E. El Segundo Blvd. Arlington, Virginia El Segundo, California

IBM 7090 556 Standard Oil Company of California Westinghouse Electric Corporation 4L38 Electronic Computer Center Advance Systems Engineering & Analytical Department 225 Bush Street East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania San Francisco 20, California Johns Hopkins University Texaco, Incorporated Johns Hopkins Road P. O. Box 2332 Scaggsville, Maryland Houstop 1, Texas University of California Union Carbide Corporation Lawrence Radiation Laboratories 300 Madison Avenue, 1st Floor Box 808 New York 17, N. Y. Livermore, California Westinghouse Electric Corporation Smithsonian Institution Steam Division Astrophysical Observatory Lester Branch Philadelphia 13, Pemlsylvania

557 IBM 7090 IBM CPC MANUFACTU RER IBM Card Programmed Calculator International Business Machines Corporation

Photo by International Business Machines Corporation

Rapid access word registers 4 Basic pulse repetition rate 50 KC APPLICATIONS Arithmetic mode Parallel Timing Synchronous Manufacturer Operation Sequential ·Business and scientific calculating. U. S. Army Ordnance, Frankford Arsenal Along with a Burroughs EIOl and 2 Univac 120's, the STORAGE following utilization is made: Field Service National Access Stock Accounting, fire control instruments, gage Media Words Digits Microsec accounting, production control, payroll accounting, Electronic Tubes 9 37 760 internal arsenal accounting including fiscal, budget, Accumulator (Mech) 6 80 400,000-800,000 property and cost accounting, scientific computations Mechanical 48 480 400,000-1,200,000 in the field of fluid dynamics, interior ballistics, theoretical physics and certain aspects of nuclear physics. INPUT The Griscom-Russell Company Medium Speed Used for both commercial and scientific work. Card Reader 100-150 cards/min

PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM OUTPUT Internal number system Binary coded decimal Med~a Speed Decimal digits/word 3 or 5 Printed Record 100-150 lines/min Arithmetic system Fixed point Summary Punch 50 cards/min Instruction type One to two address Number range Dependent upon programming CIRCutT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM Tubes 1,500 AR ITHMETI C UNIT Tube types 4 Exclud Stor Access Microsec Add 760 Mu.lt 13,180 (average) CHECKING FEATURES Div 15,480 (average) Checking may be performed through control panel Construction Vacuum tubes wiring.

J..BM CPC 558 POWER, SPACE~ WEI GHTv AND SITE PREPARATION ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS Power, computer 9.57 KVA The IBM Card-programmed Electronic Calculator solves Volume, computer 375 cu ft problems involving any number of sequential steps to Area, computer 64 sq ft obtain a single solution. It is a combination of Weight, computer 5,755 lbs several units, includine three standard IBM machines, and has many applications in engineering, scientific The above figures include the 412/418, 605, 527 and actuarial computations. One standard unit is an Group. Special air conditioning is not required. electronic calculator capable of 2,174 additions and subtractions or 86 multiplications and divisions a second. Other units include an accounting machine for interpreting instructions and for accumulating PRODUCTION RECORD and printing results, a storage unit for retaining Number produced 693 data for later use in a problem and a punching unit Number in production for recording results in IBM cards. Delivery time Out° of production Numerical instructions in IBM cards direct the se­ quence of operations. These instructions tel~ the electronic calculator where to obtain factors; whether to add, subtract, multiply or divide, and COSTv PRICE AND RENTAL RATES what to do with the result-print it, punch it, hold Manufacturer it for later use, or perform combinations of these Approximately $2,200/month and up. possibilities. The Griscom-Russell Company When not being used for this type of computation, Basic system $2,000/month, additional equipment the accounting machine and electronic calculator $l,OOO/month. may be disconnected and used to perform standard accounting and computing operations. PERSONNEL REQU I REMENTS The Griscom-Russell Company INSTALLATIONS One 8-hour shift requires one engineer and three u. s. Army Ordnance, Frankford Arsenal technicians or operators. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania NASA RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE, Langley Field, Virginia AND TIME AVAILABILITY Allis-Chambers Manufacturing Company Manufacturer Average service time for all machines is approximate­ Battelle Memorial Institute ly 25 hours/month. Columbus 1, Ohio Esso Standard Oil Company New York 19, New York The Griscom-Russell Company Massillon, Ohio Republic Aviation Corporation Farmingdale, Long Island, New York United Aircraft Corporation East Hartford 8, Connecticut

559 IBM CPC MANUFACTURER IBM STRETCH International Business Machines Corporation IBM Stretch Computer

Photo by the International Business Machines Corporation

APPLICATIONS PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Engineering development, scienti~ic research, real Internal number system Binary and decimal tj~e processing and control, logistics, procurement Bina.ry and decimal digits/word 64 bits or 16 digits and supply, production scheduling and control, and Binary digitS/instruction 32 or 64 other areas o~ application. Instructions per word 1 or 2 Instructions decoded 154 basic Arithmetic system Fixed ~nd ~loating point Binary and Decimal Integer Arithmetic ~or variable Length ~ields Instruction type One and two address Number range 1024 1024 2 < N < 2 ~or ~loat­ ing point with a 48 bit ~raction Integer arithmetic : 64 1 6 o .:s N < 2 or 0 .:s N < 10

IBM STRETCH INSTRUCTION WORD FORMAT

I IBI I INTEGER ADDRESS 1000 I P LENGTH BS OFFSET S OP I I I IDl I o 18 24 28 32 35 41 44 51 1 00 63 BINARY} DECIMAL

I CONNECTIVE ADDRESS 1000 I P LENGTH BS OFFSET CONN OP III I

1 o 18 24 28 32 35 41 44 51 55 0063

INPUT­ OUTPUT AOORE~~~~ ___EO_O~I~~I __A_D_D_R_E_S_S __~:~IO_P~:_IO_O_OO~I_I~1 o CHANNEL ADDRESS 18 24 28 32 51 60Ea FORWARD} TRANSMIT BACKWARD SWAP J

TRANSMIT ~DD RES S I 110001 I ADDRESS o ------1~8----~2~4--~2-8--~32------6063

OP B~~~CHI~ ___A_D_D_R_E_S_S ______~I ____~II_O_O_O~I __~I ____A_D_D_R __ E_S_S o 18 24 28 32 BRANCH ADDRESS 51 63 INVERT \ I I 'LLF BRANCH ~-=-f:"-=-: 1000 I ADDRESS 111000000 I ON BIT L::~ ----~ I .IZN o 18 24 28 32 BRANCH ADDRESS 51 LEAVE BIT } p!63 SET BIT TO ZERO OFF BRANCH IF { ON

IBM STRETCH ,------,--, FLOATING ADDRESS POINT

o

MISC. ~:s-----~F~~~OOr~l

o 19 28 31

DIRECT INDEX L--ADD_RESS ---'--: [E~] o 19 23 28 31

IMMEDIATE I . [~: 1 INDEX ~. __A_DD_R_E_S_S ____ L l:OP o 19 23 28 31

COUNT AND ADDRESS BRANCH o

BRANCH ON ADDRESS IND 1001 LFJI INDICATOR I L ZN_ 0 19 25 31 {LEAVE INDICATOR SET INDICATOR TO ZERO

INDEX ADDRESS COUNT REFI LL WORD I ~I{[ ] 0I 18 25 28 46 63

IBM STRETCH 562 Automatic built-in subroutines words, fields, or bits for arithmetic operations. Square Root Timing Asynchronous Radix Conversion System is asynchronous for input-output devices, Transmit central processing unit operation, including instruc­ Swap tion preparation, memory operation and execution. Automatic Subroutine-entry codes Operation Concurrent Automatic priority processing through interrup­ Additional Features of Operation: The high degree t:Lon system of overlapped and asynchronous operation, together Multiply and Add operation for both floating with two new devices, the instruction processor and point and integer arith;metic look-ahead, not only permit concurrent operation of Automatic coding input-output and external storage devices with the STRAP I central processing unit, but also several operations are carried on concurrently within the CPU, i.e., Simulator 704-709-7090 instructions and data may be fetched simuJ_taneously STRAP II from core storage while other instructions are being 704-709 Simulation SMAC (MACRO Generator) prepared for processing and while previously prepared SMCP (master control program) instr~ctions are being executed. FORTRAN Registers and B-boxes STORAGE 16 index registers No. of No. of 20 addressable special registers Media Words Dec/Digits Microsec Special addressable registers include: Magnetic Core 16,384 to 262,144 to 0.5 to Interval timer Function through interrupt 262,144 4,194,304 2.18 Elapsed Time clock system to provide elapsed time Magnetic Disk 2,097,152 to 33,554,432 to o - and time of day indication. 67,108,864 1,073,741,824 215,900 Interruption address - Base address of interrupt Magnetic core storage unit modules may each opera­ system fix-ups routines. te independently and simultaneously due to an inter­ leaving of addresses within the modules and the op­ Upper Boundary Enable protection of areas of eration of the instruction processor and look-ahead. Lower Boundary main core store to facilitate With as many as four modules each of which may be Boundary control bit multiprogramming ability. referenced Simultaneously, an effective core storage Maintenance bits cycle of 1/2 microsecond may be realized for data Channel Address and similarly with six modules, two for instructions Other CPU and four for data permit up to 2,000,000 instructions Left Zero s count and 2,000,000 data words to be referenced each second, All ones count giving an effective storage cycle of 1/2 microseconds Left half of accumulator for both instructions and data. Right half of accumulator Magnetic Tape Ac:cumulator Sign No. of units that can be connected 256 Units Indicators Set by interrupt system or No. of chars/linear inch 200 or 556 Chars/inch Mask programmer to provide flex­ Channels or tracks on the tape 6 Tracks/tape Remainder ibility 1n interrupt hand­ Blank tape separating each record 3/4 Inches Factor ling. Tape speed 112.5 Inches/sec Transmit Transfer rate 22,500 or 62,500 Chars/sec A variety of modifiers apply to different instruc­ Start time 7.3 Millisec Stop time t10n classes and lead to a total of 2,975 individ­ 7.3 Millisec Physical properties of tape UEU operations e.g., there are two transmit instruc­ tions, TRANSMIT and SWAP. Two modifiers, count Width 1/2 Inches forwards or backwards, and immediate or direct ad­ Length of reel 2,400 Feet m'ess of count value, give a total of 8 transmit Composition J.trlar orders. INPUT ARITHMETIC UNIT Media Speed Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access Punched Cards 1,000 cards/min Microsec Microsec Multiple card readers may be included in the system operating simultaneously. Add N/A-Overlapped 1. 38 to 1. 50 Mlut N/A-Overlapped 2.48 to 2.70 Magnetic Tapes (8 per 62,500 Char/sec channel) mv N/A-Overlapped 9.00 to 9.90 Timing given for floating point. Precise time Up to 8 magnetic tape units may be in simultaneous operation (one per channel). ur~nown. Design incomplete. Construction (Arithmetic unit only) Typewriter, Keys Switches Manual Transistors Approx 200,000 for complete system Keyboard, switches, and keys are part of operator's Magnetic Cores Special index core storage and console which functions like I/O devices. Multiple exchange memory consoles may be attached for simultaneous operation. Arithmetic mode Serial and parallel Input-output devices are all controlled by the ex­ Index arithmetic unit, 24 bits in parallel; Par­ change, an asynchronously and concurrently operating allel 48 or 96 bit arithmetic for floating point; component of the system. The exchange may have from Serial binary or decimal integer arithmetic (1 to 8 to 32 channels, each of which permits the simultan­ 8 bits in parallel). Note that instructions address eous operation of its input-output device through

IBM STRErCH appropriate control units. PRODUCTION RECORD OUTPUT Delivery on contract basis Media l:lpeed RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE, Magnetic Tapes (8 per channel) 62,500 char/sec Punched Cards 250 cards/min AND TIME AVAILABI LlTY High Speed Printer 600 lines/min Solid state construction is used throughout. Auto­ ~~Y1leViri ter, direct digital matic error checking and correction and automatic display, lights maintenance scanning and recording facilitates troubleshooting. CIRCUtT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM Solid state construction used throughout. ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS 'rube s None Outstanding features include simultaneous operation, high speed of auxiliary storage and high speed of indexing and floating point operations. CHECKI NG FEATURES Unique system advantages include an ability to run Checking features include single error correction and interrupt several programs simultaneously. and double error detection on all information trans­ fers between core storage and the central processing 11nit, disk synchronizer and eXChange, parity checking within the CPU and also in all I/O units, and residue FUTURE PLANS ehecking of all arithmetic operations in parallel The exchange and central processing unit provide arithmetic unit. an adequate set of commands control lines, and Connective operations including automatic tests data paths to permit the attachment of many types and counts allow facile programmed testing of data in oT input output devices. Future I/O devices can the system with various parity and checking features be designed for direct attachment to the exchange eontained within the data. without requiring alterations of the exchange or A unique error scanning and recording device auto­ central processing unit. matically records the entire machine state, should malfunction occur. INSTALLATIONS University of California POWER, SPACE, WEI GHT p AND SITE PREPARATI ON Los Alamos Scientific I6boratory Power, computer 100 Kw 110 KVA 0.9 pf Los Alamos, New Mexico Power, air conditioner 75 Kw 94 KVA 0.8 pf Volume, ai.r conditioner 5,400 cu ft Area, air conditioner 600 sq ft Hoom size, computer 2,500 sq ft Hoom size, air conditioner 600 sq ft with cooling tower [i'loor loading 100 Ibs/sq ft 1,000 lbs concen max Capacity, air conditioner 60 Tons Weight, computer 70,000 lbs Figures are for "average" system. Temperature and humidity requirement with machine power on is 50-80oF and 20% to 80%, relative. Cool­ i.ng ai.r will, in general, be furnished through plenum chambers under false floor. Power service requirements include 400 cycle, 208 volts, 3 phase, 5 wire (This 400 cycle power may be derived from a motor generator set supplied by the customer. A five wire service should be provided consisting of three phase conductors, one neutral conductor and one equipment ground. Each phase con­ ductor should be sized to carry 300 amperes). 60 cycles, 208 volts, 3 phase, 5 wire (This 60 cycle power should be obtained from a balanced 208 volts, 3 phase source. Should an MG be used to Bupply the 400 cycle power, the same 60 cycle source may be used. A five wire service should be provided conSisting of three phase conductors, one neutral conductor and one equipment ground, each phase con­ ductor should be sized to carry 210 amperes).

IBM STRETCH 564 IBM STREl'CH ILLIAC MANUFACTURER Illinois Automatic Computer University of Illinois

Illiac Photo by University of Illinois Hrs Min Electrical Engineering (AF 6079) 1 02 APPLICATIONS Electrical Engineering 1 44 Education The following typical use was made of the ILLIAC 2:57 during September 1959: Economics (NSFG 7056) 6:21 Use by Departments Economics :27 Hrs:Min Digital Computer Laboratory (Task 27) 14:09 Digital Computer Laboratory (AEC-AT(ll-l) Classes :24 2:00 Agricultural Economics 2:36 415) Digital Computer Laboratory Aeronautical Engineering 1:34 :04 Agronomy 20:43 1. R. E. C. :07 Physics (Nonr 1834(12)) Marketing :13 : 57 Animal Science Physics (AF 662(46-22-55-302)) :12 8:09 Physics Astronomy (Nonr 1834(22)) :42 7:47 Music Astronomy (NSFG 5512) :10 :05 Stanford Research Center (Nonr 2778(100)) Bureau of Educational Research 28 30 3:14 Psychology (AF 49(638)371) U. S. Navy (9840-0383) 7:50 59 Psychology P.H. 1715) Veterinary Medicine (MD 728 Off. Surg. Gen.) 32 11:49 Psychology (ONR 1834(11)) Veterinary Medicine (E 2087) 14 :26 Psychology Veterinary Medicine (Exp. Sta. 70-316) 06 24:24 Sociology (Ford Found. 44-32-69-329) Chemistry :38 85 49 Sociology College of Medicine 04 2:31 Structural Research (AF 464) Coordinated Sciences Laboratory 52 53 3:39 Botany - Eastern Illinois University 41 Structural Research (A.A.S.H.O. Road Test) 1:52 Stl~ctural Research (NSF 6572) Eaectrical Engineering (NSFY 32-40-266) 10 35 3:05 Eaectrical Engineering (NSFG 7421) 1 31 Structural Research (Hwy. Brdg. 47-22-20- 6:58 307)

ILLIAC Hrs:Min Structural Research 26:28 Theor. and Applied Mechanics (ORD 593) :17 INPUT Theor. and Applied Mechanics 2:06 Media Speed State Water Survey (SC 75055) 3:22 Punched Paper Tape 300 Char/sec state Water Survey :26 Institute of Communications Research 1:07 Five hole teletype tape is used. Numerical data is (PH 9067C) read with a 4-hole code. Alphanumerical data Mechanical Engineering (Martin Co.) 2:00 employs a 5-hole code and a special instruction. Mechanical Engineering 4:10 Mining and Metallurgical Engineering :08 (AF 3789) Mining and Metallurgical Engineering 3:10 OUTPUT Z,oology 7:14 Media Speed Mathematics 2:36 Punched Paper Tape 60 Char/sec Michigan State University 2:19 Page Printer 10 Char/sec Fhysical Education :09 Cathode Ray Tube 500 pOints/sec 382:39 A teletype BRPE Punch is used. The CRT has a 256 x 256 raster. PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Internal number system Binary Binary digits per word 40 CI RCU tT ELEMENTS OF ENTI RE SYSTEM Binary digits per instruction 20 Tubes 4,427 Instructions per word 2 Tube types 27 Instructions decoded 112 Separate cabinets 4 Instructions used 62 Arithmetic system Fixed point Above figures exclude power supplies. Instruction type One address

Number range -1 to 1 _ 2-39 POWER g SPACE~ WEIGHT v AND SITE PREPARATION The 20 digits (Half of a word) for the instruction Power, computer 27.2 KW are divided so as to utilize 8 digits for the Power, air conditioner 7.0 KW instruction type (command digits), 10 digits for Space, computer 700 cu ft. 100 sq ft. the address, and 2 digits are unused spares. Weight, computer 4,000 Ibs. Capacity, air conditioner 10 Tons ARITHMETIC UNIT Inc. Stor. Excl. Stor. PRODUCTION RECORD Access Access Produced 4 Copies at Mich State University, Microsec Microsec Iowa State University, and Add time 93 40 University of Sidney M:ult time 665 - 865 620 - 820 Operating 4 Div time 950 900 Construction Vacuum tubes Rapid access word registers 6 Arithmetic mode Parallel COSTv PRICE AND RENTAL RATES Timing Asynchronous Approximate cost of basic system $300,000 Operation Sequential Approximate cost of additional equipment 200,000 (Estimated) The figures for operation time including storage access include the access time for the operand and pro-rated access for the instruction. PERSONNEL REQU I REMENTS Tech and Daily Operation Engineers Operators STORAGE 3-8 Hour shifts 4 3 Microsec Media Words Digits Access Electrostatic (CRT) 1,024 40,960 18 to 36 RELIAB ILITY v OPERATI NG EXPER I ENCE v Magnetic Drum 12, 800 512,000 1,280 to 16,900 AND TIME AVAILABILITY Error Frequency and Analysis Instructions for drilln access require 40 binary The IIJ..IAC is normally used for "engineering" and digits with 14 binary digit addresses. This address maintenance between 7 a.m. and 10 a.m., and for a specifies the location of the word desired. Sub­ check of its performance between 5:30 p.m. and routines are employed for block transfers between 6:30 p.m. of each weekday. Since the periods be­ drum and electrostatic storage. tween 7 a.m. and 10 a.m. together with certain irregular periods, such as Saturd~s and Sundays,

IIJ..IAC are devoted to a heterogeneous group of engineering, maintenance and laboratory functions, it is more instructive for an error standpoint to look 'at the 'periods between 10 a.m. and 7 a.m. of the next day ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS in order to make an observation of the error frequen­ New ILLIAC Codes cy in the machine. This is the actual period when the machine is designated for use, although certain During the month of September two new routines engineering procedures frequently require the were added to the ILLIAC Auxiliary Library. scheduling of extra maintenance time. With this in mind a summary table has been prepared, using the Aux. P21-268 Data Plotter Output Converter II. period between 10 a.m. and 7 a.m. of the next day. Under the control of parameters 'l'his table lists the running time when the machine this routine will convert a data was operating, the amount of time devoted to rou­ tape output by the standard ILLIAC tine engineering, the amount of time devoted to printing routines into a tape suit­ repairs because of breakdowns, and the number of able for input to the data plotter. failures while the machine was listed as running. During the 5:30 - 6:30 period (when the machine is Aux. X15-269 Maximum Speed Sexadecimal Input checked), if no errors are to be found, the time is Preparation for MagnetiC Drum and! given to the "running column". Each failure was or Williams Memory. considered to have terminated a running period and This routine permits loading of was followed by a repair period in preparing this the drum and!or Williams memory table. Since the leapfrog code is our most signifi­ from the reader at maximum speed. cant machine test, the length of time which it has Any information previously assem­ been used on the machine is listed separately to­ bled on the d.;~'um or in the Williams gether with the number of errors associated with memory is punched out in sexa­ that particular code. This information for the decimal form in such a manner that month is presented in Table II. the tape (provided with its own bootstrap) can be read in and sum It is important to notice that, except during checked at some later time. scheduled engineering periods, any interruption of machine time that was not planned is considered a failure in this table. In rare cases, where the f'ailure is not known until a later time , it is During the month of September specifications were possible that no repair period is associated with presented for 17 new specifications. This list the failure. 'rhis overall system has been adopted does not indicate how the ILLIAC was used because because it makes it possible for a machine user to large amounts of machine time may have been con­ estimate directly the probability that the machine sumed by problems with numbers less than 1488T. will be "running" any instant of time and the proba­ NumQers followed by T are for theses. bility of a failure during any given interval of running time. 1488 T Sociology. Patterns of Inmate Response. '1'he problem is to group questions (55) in terms of ,]'he following table presents a typical sUlrunary of common differentiation of 556 subjects. What are errors or interruptions for June 1959: some of the common patterns of responses? Which qu,estions can be grouped together? A pattern Source of Error Quantity of Errors analysis is used (KSL 294) in which the usual order Control 2 of persons and responses is reversed. Arithmetic 1 Memory :5 1489 T Sociology. Subject Similarities. The pro­ DrUln 13 blem is to group inmates in terms of how they Reader 5 answer questions about prison life and themselves. lunch 3 A pattern analysis is used in the standard way on Unknown 7 each of two subsamples of 50 subjects. Input-output 1 Run-over i'rom Sched. Main. 1 Two sub samples are used: Total Errors 34 1. To investigate the reliability of the patterns obtained. 2. To compare samples from two different ']'he following table shows the distribution of ILLIAC machine time for the month of September 1959: prisons on differences and similarities in pat­ terns of response. Hrs: Min 1490 Civil Engineering. Thermal Stresses in Regular Maintenance 84:00 Unscheduled Maintenance 22:13 Elastic Shells. This is to solve the problem of an elastic shell subject to the transient tempera­ Drum Engineering 21:06 ture input associated with high velocity motion H.A.H. :11 I,eapfrog 16:18 through an atmosphere of variable density, although Library Development 3:04 any temperature history input could be used. Two kinds of thin shells are being studied; spherical 146:52 dome shells and conical shells.

The significance of this analysis lies in the poss­ ibility of treating s~ells under either appliec loads or temperature variations by one unified approach.

ILLIAC The method of solution is a finite difference 1495 Animal Science. Potassium Requirement for approach, applied successively as time is increased Baby Pigs. This research is intended to ascertain incrementally. the amount of potassium required for optimal growth by the baby pig. The mathematical method is the 1)+91 T Economics. Analysis of the Demand for method of least squares. Coffee. The problem consists of estimating price ru1d income elasticities of the demand for coffee in 1496 T Veterinary Medicine and Physiology. the United States. Yearly data on the coffee demand, Strontium and Calcium Metabolism. The replacement prices, stocks, and imports to the United States of calcium in the diet of young pigs by strontium w:lll be used. For the estimation of the demand is being compared to controls receiving calcium, equation a limited estimate will be used. No other negative controls receiving neither calcium nor than standard library routines are involved. strontium, and pigs receiving both ions. ILLIAC is being used to analyze the variance between the Ih92 Mechanical Engineering. Nozzle Design for treatment groups for the various criterionsused, 4" x 4" Blow Down Tunnel. It is intended to design i.e. weight gain, bone calcium, bone strontium, etc. a pair of nozzle blocks for the blow down tunnel in Aerodynamics Laboratory B. The supersonic 1497 Agricultural Economics. A Game Theoretic nozzle profile will be first calculated by the method Model for Cattle Feeding. The feeder cattle enter­ of characteristics and then corrected for the bound­ prise is viewed as a game against nature with ru~y layer growth along the nozzle. The complicated nature's choices assumed to be restricted to the si~ep-by-step calculations and iterations can easily price-cost situations generated in the last ten be handled by ILLJ..AC. years. The farmer's choices consist of six differ­ ent feeding systems (or linear combinations of The f'undamental net calculation has been developed these). Four different situations are considered: under Problem No. 866 and the general boundary layer calculation has also been developed under Problem 1. Payoff matrix in terms of returns per No. 1189. It is hoped to adapt and modify the codes $100 feed fed. from Problem Numbers 866 and 1189 so that the f'inal nozzle profile for a certain supersonic test Mach a. Maximize the minimum return. nt~ber can be produced. b. Minimize the maximum loss or "regret". 1~·93 Botany - Eastern Illinois University. Analysis of Tree Growth. This is a continuation of, 2. Payoff matrix in terms of returns per an earlier problem, Problem No. 1267, in which animal. daily tree growth measurements are analyzed using the standard program, K 16. The best fitting equa­ a. Maximize the minimum return. tion for predicting daily growth is being obtained by attempting multiple correlation using different b. Minimize the maximum loss or "regret". combinations of factors on different species of trees and for different periods of the season. This problem may be set up as a linear programming problem with straightforward use of the library Pa,rt of this newly submitted data are measurements routine Ml5-183. of' growth occurring before leaf enlargement during 1958 and 1959, a period which dif'fers markedly from the later growing season. Part of the data are yearly growth ring measurements from 1901-1951. These are to be analyzed in terms of values ascer­ INSTALLATIONS tained from monthly weather bureau records. This Digital Computer Laboratory second approach using yearly rather than daily 168 Engineering Research Laboratories growth measurements was conceived because of an evi­ ~niversity of Illinois dent influence of the previous season upon the grow­ Urbana, Illinois (ILLIAC) th of trees. It is hoped that by combining an anal­ ysis of daily growth during a given year with an University of Sidney analysis of seasonal growth during a number of years Sidney, Australia (SILLIAC) it will be possible to evaluate both the immediate and long-range effects of our weather upon tree Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts growth. Ames, Iowa (CYCLONE)

1494 Psychology. Situation-Response Analysis of Michigan State University AnKiety Behavior. This study differs from other East Lansing, Michigan (MISTIC) studies of anxiety, even though it is based on an inYentory, because both situations and responses are The ILLIAC is a member of the family of machines specified in the structure of the inventory. Four orginally designed and constructed by the Institute groups of subjects, a total of 348, were presented for Advanced Study. with the description of some situation and asked to s~r whether and to what degree he would show each of a sample of emotional responses.

The K-8 routine is to be used to compute Product Moment Correlations, Means and Standard Deviations for each of the responses for the four groups. A faetor analysis for each of the groups is to be computed using KSL-l.90 on the Correlation Matrices.

ILLIAC I NTELEX AIRLINE

RESERVATION MANUFACTU RER ]ntelex Airline Reservation Computer Intelex Systems, Incorporated Associate of International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation APPLICATIONS System is designed for the solution of seat reserva­ tion and associated problems. It is a special pur­ INPUT pose computer designed to solve the problems of data Media re-arrangement and retrieval. Paper Tape Telegraph

PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Internal number system Binary Coded Decimal OUTPUT Dec~L digits/word 10 Media Speed Decimal digits/instruction 10 Printer 600-900 lines/min Instructions per word One Paper Tape Punch Instructions decoded 56 Teleprinter Aritlunetic system Fixed point Instruction type One address Instruction word format PRODUCTION RECORD nnnn I J L R P Number on order 2 f------° Time required for delivery 24 months Operand Index Index Field Instruc- Address Reg Where Defini- tion No. No. Operand tion Address PERSONNEL REQU I REMENTS may be Training made available by the manufacturer to stored users include training in programming.

Registers include one 10-character accumulator register with associated field definition register, and nine 4 .. digit index registers. There axe indi­ ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS rect addressing and add/subtract from memory instruc­ The tape system will do independent off-line tions. searching. Drums contain address and data channels. Data may be assigned random address which are later used to search for the data. Unique system advantages include rapid access to AR ITHMETI C UNIT large volumes of random-stored data. On drums, Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access direct addressing is possible without constant re­ Microsec Micro sec arrangement for changing data. Searches may be done Add 50 - 140 40 - 130 for ~ information contained on tape without re­ gard to the arrangement of data within a particular Aritlunetic mode Serial 'riming Synchronous tape. Operation Sequential

STORAGE No. of Access Media No. of Words Digits Microsec Magnetic Core 2000 to 10,000 20,000 to 10 100,000 Druins 12,800 128,000 0 to 20,00g Tape Bin 142,800 words/tape 1,428,000 0 to 20xlO dig/tape . 10 tapes/bin 10 tapes/bin Magnetic Tape No. of units that can be connected 48 Units No. of chars/linear inch of tape 508 ChaTs/inch Channels or tracks on the tape 16 Tracks/tape Blank tape separating each record 0.63 Inches Tape speed 100 Inches/sec Transfer rate 50,800 Chars/sec Start time 6 Millisec Stop time 6 Millisec Physical properties of tape Width 1 Inch Length of reel 3,000 l!'eet

JNTELEX AIRLINE RESERVATION 570 571 INTELEX AIRLINE RESERVATION ITT BANK LN PROC MANUFACTU RER ITT Laboratories I,]~T Laboratories Bank Loan Processor. 500 Washington Avenue Nutley 10, New Jersey

Photo by I'IT Laboratories, Nutley

Instruction word format Construction and daily maintenance of magnetic tape !'ile for personal loan operation of third largest + lJ. S. bank, processing of daily inputs and answering and 1 12 of inquiries to this file, print-out of all customer check mailings and of numerous internal reports. OP CODE DELTA OPERAND Next (or alternate next Instr. instruction{ or PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM special) Internal number system Binary coded decimal Decimal digits/word 12 + sign Automatic built-in subroutines include a sort Decimal digits/instruction 12 command, a sequence command, and a merge command. Instructions/word 1 Automatic coding includes SCP, a Symbolic Conver­ Instructions decoded 85 sion Program (One-to-One Compiler for Symbolic Ad­ Arithmetic system Fixed point dress and Op Codes), and MARK II, a utility system. Instruction type One address (Modified) Registers and B-boxes include a high and low accum­ Modified single address (Alpha and Delta, Le., u1.ator, a distributor, an in-out register, and an operand and next instruction address) instruction register. 13 13 The system is designed for operating both off-line Number range _10 < x < +10 and on-line, and at the same time. It can simultan­ eously compute, read tape, write tape, search on sev­ eral tapes, print (on-or off-line), and answer inquir­ ies.

I'IT BANK LN FROC 572 ARITHMETIC UNIT CHECKI NG FEATURES Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access Sign redundancy. Mod 3 check in several places (arith­ Microsec Microsec metic, bus, output, tape). Parity check on punched Ad.d 170 170 tapes and printer data. Mu~t 680-10,710 680-10,710 Div Progrannned POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT v AND SITE PREPARATION Construction (Arithmetic unit only) Power, computer 6 Kw Vacuum tubes o o Volume, computer 400 cu ft Transistors 1,000 3,000 Area, computer 80 s~ ft Condenser-diodes 3,000 10,000 Room size, computer 900 sq ft Magnetic cores 5,000 Floor loading 75 Ibs/sq ft The figures are for the arithmetic unit only, 800 Ibs concen max excluding the control. The number of cores includes Weight, computer 4,000 Ibs storage and central control. Site preparations include a separate power main, Arithmetic mode Parallel-Serial a regulator, and floor ducts. Area air conditioning Timing Synchronous only. "Synchronous" refers to internal logic circuits; however, operation of central section is simultaneous PRODUCTION RECORD with various in-out operations, the latter proceeding Number produced to date 1 asynchronously with the former. Time required for delivery 18 months Operation Bits of a digit in parallel Special custom system, using stored program comput­ Digits of a word se~uential er. Some elements of the system have been produced for other uses (e.g. tapes).

STORAGE COST p PRICE AND RENTAL RATES No. of No. of Access The computer, drum printer system, tape system (18 Media Words 6 Dec Digi s Microsec Transports) rents at $17,000 to $20,000/month. Magnetic Tape 22 x 10 264 x 106 20,000,000 36 additional tape transports, and 7 inquiry ohannels Magnetic Drum 10,000 120,000 9,000 rents at an additional.$lO,OOO to $15,000jmonth. Magnetic Core 100 1,200 6 Maintenance is contracted to Federal Electric Com­ Core Buffers 300 3,600 12 pany at about $6,000/month. No. of units that can be connected 108 Units No. of char/linear inch of tape 300 Char/inch PERSONNEL REQU I REMENTS Channels or tracks on the tape 22 Tracks/tape One 8-Hour Two 8-Hour Three 8-Hour Blank tape separating each record 0.03 Inches Shift Shifts Shifts Tape speed 100 Inches/sec U R R U R Transfer rate 30,000 Char/sec Supervisors 4 2 2 Start time 2 Millisec Analysts 2 1 1 Stop time 2 Millisec Progrannner 4 3 4 Average time for experienced No reels (bin type) Coders 2 1 operator to change reel Tape exchange is 60 sec.) Clerks 14 14 28 Physical properties of tape Operators 1 1 2 3 Width 1 Inch Engineers 2 1 2 3 3 Length of tape in bin 450 Feet Technicians 2 1 2 3 3 Composition Mylar sandwich Operation tends toward closed shop. 'rhe 108 units is an arbitrary design goal, not an Method of training used is by training courses. actual limitation. RELIAB I L1TY OPERATI NG EXPER I ENCE. ~rhe 0.03 inch inter-record gap is an interleaved AND T ME AVAILABILITY reeording. The opposite-direction record serves as i a gap. Time is not available for rent to outside organiza- tions. System is under acceptance test. INPUT ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS Media Speed Outstanding features include transistorization, Magnetic Tape (ITTL Bin Transports 30,000 dig/sec large processing capacity at medium speed, will main­ Paper Tape (Potter 907) 600 Char/sec tain 600,000 loans up-to-date daily, about 109 bits Paper Tape (Flexo Reader) 10 Char/sec of data accessible at all times, inquiries answered Ke-;rboard (Flexo, In~uiry) Manual in less than 20 seconds each, at rate of 20 per minute and simultaneous operation of 12 tape functions, com­ puter processing, and printing. Additional system ad­ OUTPUT vantages are that jt combines on-line processing and Media Speed off-line processing by the same equipment. A large Magnetic Tape (ITTL Bin Transports) 30,000 dig/sec data file is in ready access. High Speed Printer (Shepard w/ITTL 20 lines/sec Commercial information is available through Electronics) Intelex Systems, Inc. (An ITT Associate) Typewriter (Flexowriter) 10 c'r,ar/sec 67 Broad Street Pmlched Tape (Flexo Punch) 10 Char/sec New York, N. Y. CI RCU tT ELEMENTS OF ENTI RE SYSTEM Ty])e FUTURE PLANS Further applications of this and related hardware Tubes 0 to banks, reservations, credit cards, and other Diodes 30,000 commercial and government systems. Transistors 10,000 Magnetic Cores 22,000 Some tubes in drum system and P.S., being replaced by transistorized drum system.

573 ITT BANK LN FROC I TT SPES 025 MANUFACTU RER I'rr Laboratories Stored Program Element System 025 ITT Laboratories 500 Washington Avenue Nutley 10, N. J.

APPLICATIONS STORAGE :Located at 54 S, u. S. Route 17, Paramus, New Jer­ No. of Access sey, the SPES provides automated message hanclling Media No. of Words Digits Microsec on a store and forward basis. It employs a multi­ Magnetic Tape 24,000,000 33 bits/word 3,000,000 sequential stored program computer to handle both Magnetic Drum 65,536 33 bits/word 8,000 routine and complex tasks connected with the message Magnetic Cores 16,384 33 bits/word 8 center activity, including standard data processing Magnetic Cores 256 19 bi~s/word 6 operations. In this application, the SPES also Magnetic Cores 256 17 bits/word 6 communicates directly with a large high-speed com­ Magnetic Tape puter. No. of units that can be connected 16 Units No. of char/linear inch of tape 200 Char/inch Cbannels or tracks on the tape 7 Tracks/tape Blank tape separating each record 0.75 Inches PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Tape speed 75 Inches/sec Internal number system Binary Transfer rate 15,000 Char/sec Binary digits/word 33 Start time 3 Millisec Binary digitS/instruction 32 plus parity Stop time 3 Millisec Instructions/word 1 Average time for experienced Instructions decoded 43 operator to change reel of tape 60 Seconds Arithmetic system Fixed point Physical properties of tape Onels complement system of arithmetic is used. Width 0.5 Inches Instruction type One address Length of reel 2,400 Feet 1 Number range _(231_ 1) to +(23 _ 1) Composition Plastic Instruction word format nterrupt Variation Opera- Main Memory Character -_.. tion Address Address INPUT _- Media Speed 1 2 7 8 13 14 29 30 31 b----- Magnetic Tape (Potter 906) 15,000 char/sec Automatic coding includes a symbolic compiler. Phone Lines 600 char/sec max Registers and B-boxes include an accumulator, Punch Cards (IBM 711) 250 cardS/min arithmetic unit buffer, instruction register, 18 Computer to Computer 260,000 char/sec other registers, 256 index registers (special "Index" 1 word = 4 characters 32 bits eore memory), and 256 program counters (special 1 card = 24 words "Program" core memory). Each of four sense instructions can sense 128 devices. OUTPUT Each of two register transfer instructions can address 11 registers. Media Speed Most instructions are indexable and repeatable. Magnetic Tape 15,000 char/sec Most instructions will operate on full words or Phone Lines 600 Char/sec on one character. (There are 4 characterls per word). Punch Cards (IBM 721) 100 cardS/min Computer also has a multisequence feature whereby High Speed Printer (Burroughs 5 lines/sec it will interleave the operation of 256 different 301) 300 char/sec programs automatically under control of the instruc­ Computer to Computer 260,000 char/sec tions l interrupt portion. Display 260,000 Char/sec

CIRCUtT ELEMENTS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM ARITHMETIC UNIT Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access Type Quantity Micro sec Microsec Diodes 50,000 Add 16 3 Transistors 51,000 Construction (Arithmetic unit only) Magnetic Cores 600,000 Transistors 2,100 Arithmetic mode Parallel CHECKI NG FEATURES Timing Asynchronous Operation Sequential Parity on check at buffer on all memories, instruc­ tion register, and at buffers to all input-output units.

ITT SPES 025 PERSONNEL REQU I REMENTS POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT v AND SITE PREPARATION Power, computer 30 Kw Operation tends toward closed shop. Power, air conditioner 32 Kw Volume, computer 1,000 cu f't RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE, Volume, air conditioner 1,000 cu f't AND TIME AVAILABILITY Area, computer 150 sq f't System tests are in progress. J~ea, air conditioner 100 sq f't Hoom size, computer 1,500 sq f't Hoom size, air conditioner 400 sq f't ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS 1'1001' loading 250 lbs/sq f't Outstanding f'eatures include multi-sequence Opera­ 1,250 lbs concen max tion, permitting up to 256 dif'f'erent programs to run \lreight, computer 30,000 lbs concurrently; built-in executive control; hardware Site preparation includes f'alse f'looring (cable perf'orming jumps in and out of' sequences wi thouttime smd air ducting), separate power mains and distri­ loss or programming complication, indexed repeat op­ bution boards. tion; word and character modes; tape and drum trans­ f'ers to and f'rom core memory under external control; built-in perf'ormance monitor sequence; and f'ully PRODUCTION RECORD transistorized plug-in construction. :NUmber produced to date 1 Unique system advantages include on-line operation NUmber in current operation 1 of' up to 256 input-output channels and especially NUmber in current production 8 suited as communications message handling center. Number on order 10 Time required f'or delivery 12 - 18 months FUTURE PLANS Production f'or a quantity of' duplexed systems being set up under contract, f'or application in a global COST, PRICE AND RENTAL RATES message switching network. Basic System Further applications in other areas under planning, Computer $500,000 such as reservations systems and mail order houses. Communications Section $500,000 Adaptation to variety of' communications, data pro­ Additional Equipment ceSSing, and combined communications and data pro­ Drums (4), tapes (2), printer, punch, reader, with cessing systems. control $750,000. INSTALLATIONS ITT Laboratories 54 S U. S. Route 17 Paramus, New Jersey

575 ITT SPES 025 JOHN NIAC MANUFACTU RER John (Von Neumann) Integrator and Automatic Computer The Rand Corporation

Photo by the Rand Corporation APPLICATIONS Scientific and engineering data processing. Operation Sequential

Addition is concurrent with store cycle. Multiply PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM and divide times are maximum. The transistorized Internal number system Binary logical adder has a full carry time of 1.5 micro­ Binary digits per word 40 seconds. Binary digits per instruction 20 In 1957, the vacuum tube analog adder was replaced Instructions per word 2 with a transistorized logical adder. The maximum Instructions decoded 128 carry time of the new 40-stage adder is 0.8 micro­ Instructions used Approx. 85 seconds. There are about 1200 transistors in the Arithmetic system Fixed point uni t. The transistor count includes many logical . Instruction type One address functions which have been packaged with the adder. Number range Numerically less than unity. 'rhe control has been partly transistorized to Negative numbers are represented as complements. gain a significant increase in basic operation rates. Circuit modifications have been limited to control sections affecting basic clear, gate, and ARITHMETIC UNIT shift operations. Includ. Store Access Exclud. Store Access STORAGE Microsec Microsec Microsec Add time 25 10 Media Words Digits Access Mult time 400 385 Magnetic Core 4,096 40/word Div time 400 15 385 Magnetic Drum 12,288 40/word 17,000 Construction Vacuum tubes and transistors Hapid access word registers 4 Drum access time is average access to first word. Arithmetic mode Parallel Sj~ty microseconds are required for each succeeding Timing Asynchronous address in same channel.

.JOHNNIAC 576 INPUT PERSONNEL REQU I REMENTS Media Speed Tech and Card Reader 240 cards/min Daily Operation Engineers Operators 2-8 Hour shifts 1 2 An IBM collator is used. Both primary and secondary feeds are used. One technician per shift and one engineer on call is required. OUTPUT RELIAB I LlTY, OPERATI NG EXPER I ENCE, Media Speed Card Punch 100 cards/min AND TIME AVAILABILITY Printer (ANelex) 1,200 lines/min Average error-free running period 10 hours Good time 1,380 hours An IBM 523 is used. The printer prints 136 columns, Attempted to run time 1,500 hours 56 char/column (alphanumeric). Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run) 0.92 Figures based on period July to November During the year an on-line modified EAI plotter 1956 1956 1959 Acceptance test March was installed. The 40" x 40" plotter was modified 1954 to include straight line drawing ability as well as Two transistors of the new arithmetic unit failed circle drawing ability. The plotter can be instruc­ during the first year of operation due to defective ted under JOHNNIAC control to go to point Xl' Y l seals. No failures have occurred since early 1958. and draw a line to point X , Y • The circle 2 2 This failure record represents two transistor fail­ drawing instruction causes the plotter to go to ures in transistor-hours. poInt X, Y and draw a circle of radius r. Point 14,976,000 plotting and symbol printing are also available. In 1959, an on-line ANelex printer was added. ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS System includes console facilities which report CI RCU tT ELEMENTS OF ENTI RE SYSTEM static state of all registers in an octal display, Tubes allow manual entry of information via a keyboard, 5,000 punch contents of all registers and keyboard TulJe types 11 conditioning switches on a single card, display Crystal diodes 500 static state of all toggles and allow manual con­ M~~netic storage cores 163,840 trol over toggle states. Magnetic switch cores 5,120 Transistors 1,400 A wired in core store test routine is included which tests all addresses and bits under a variety CHECKI NG FEATURES of information patterns without aid of a stored Manual marginal testing is performed. program.

POWER, SPACE, WEI GHT p AND SITE PREPARATION I NSTALLA TIONS Pow"er, computer 55 KW, 63 KVA, 0.88 PF Pow"er, air cond. 28 KW The Rand Corporation 1700 Main Street Space, computer cu. ft., sq. ft. 290 36 Santa Monica, California Space, air condo 180 cu. ft., 50 sq. ft. Weight, computer 5,000 Ibs. Weight, air condo 5,000 Ibs. Capacity, air condo 25 tons

Dimensions of computer are 12 x 3 x 8 feet. PRODUCTION RECORD Produced 1 Operating 1

This system was designed and is owned and operated by the Rand Corporation.

577 JOHNNIAC JUKE BOX MANUFACTU RER Missile Firing Data Computer JUKEBOX Autonetics Division North American Aviation, Incorporated

APPLICATIONS OUTPUT General purpose computing. Media Speed Printer ( Typewriter) 11 char/sec (BCD or octal) Nixie Display Tubes 16 char/17,280 microsec PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM (BCD or octal) Internal number system Binary Binary digits/word 39 + Sync + sign Binary digits/instruction 20 CI RCU IT ELEMENTS OF ENTI RE SYSTEM Instructions per word 2 Type Quantity Arithmetic system Fixed point Tubes 0 Instruction type Two address Diodes 5,316 Number range -lflops in a dynamic or static one­ Automatic coding shot mode; includes marginal test Punched tape teletype code to octal or binary coded feature of power supply variation decimal during tape fill. and clock jitter. Registers and B-boxes Two 8-word rapid access storage registers. Five 1- word arithmetic registers. POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE. PREPARATION Power, computer 0.5 Kw 0.9 pf Volume, computer 4 cu ft ARITHMETIC UNIT Volume, parameter 1.25 cu ft Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access Volume, tape reader 2.5 cu ft Micro sec Microsec Volume, control 1.25 cu ft Area, computer 2 sq ft Memory lIS Storage Area, parameter 1.25 sq ft Add 9,590 2,040 540 Area, tape reader 1.25 sq ft Mult 19,850 12,300 10,800 Area, control 1.25 sq ft Div 20,390 12,840 11,,340 Room Size, computer (weight) l25 lbs Average access time 9,050 microseconds. Room Size, parameter (weight) 55 lbs ~onstruction (Arithmetic unit only) Room Size, tape read (weight) 45 lbs Transistors 664 Room size, control (weight) 50 lbs Condensers 673 Diode s 4,401 Floor loading 35 lbs/sq ft Aritbmetic mode Serial 125 lbs concen max Timing Synchronous Weight, computer 275 lbs, total plus 90 Operation Sequential lbs auxiliary equipnent Air conditioner is not supplied with cOJ!lPU.ter. Computer operating temperature range 550f to llOoF STORAGE Temperature rise approximately 10~ above roam No. of No. of' Access temperature. Medium Words Digits Microsec Frequency range 50 to 70 cycles/sec Magnetic Disk Voltage range 105v, ac to l35v, ac 4,096 167,936 9,050 Auxiliary equlpnent Systems tester 2 cu ft, 2. 5 sq ft, .38 lbs 60v Component tester 3.75 cu ft, 2.5 sq ft, 52 lbs INPUT 90w Media Speed Paper Tape 200 char/sec 20 in/sec Keyboard Manual.

JUKEBOX 578 PRODUCTION RECORD ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS NUDlber produced to date 5 Outstanding features include simplicity of opera­ In addition to the five computers specified, there tion and programming. eox:j,st five R&D models operating on 400 cycle power Unique system advantages include high-speed visual with half the clock rate and computing speed. display of information in memory, either in binary coded decimal or command format.

PERSONNEL REQU I REMENTS One operator per 8-hour shift. FUTURE PLANS ~xaining made available by manufacturer to users This system has been replaced by the FADAC computer. inc:ludes maintenance and programming.

RELIABILITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE, I NST ALlAT IONS . AND TIME AVAILABILITY Autonetics, a Division of North American AViation, Inc. Several construction features have been incorporated 9150 E. Imperial Highway to enhance reliability. These are all solid-state Downey, California con~nents, gold-plated pins, connectors, and etched circuitry, epoxy-coated boards, closed-loop wiring; wires to gates, power supplies, clock signals are routed back to the origin to retain operation in case of wire breakage, and extensive use is made of time­ shared gates and flip-flops to Rlinimize the total num~er of components.

579 JUKEBOX LEEDS NORTHRUP 3000 MANUFACTURER Leeds and Northrup Computer 3000 Leeds and Northrup Company

Photo by Leeds and Nortnrup Company

APPLICATIONS System is used for industrial process control. Number range -1 < n < +1 Instruction word format ,.--' 1 8 9 14 15 16 17 20 21 PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM 'rrack Sector Modi- Instruc- Type: Internal number system Binary Address Address fier tion Single Binary digits/word 20 + sign bit + parity bit (000-255 ) (000-063 ) or 1 + 1 Binary digits/instruction 6 bits ,--, 10 10 Instructions per word 1 or 1/2, if 1 + 1 ~ode Automatic built-in subroutines include square root. Instructions decoded 16 Basic Up to 64 by use Programming is done in simple pseudo-code with rel­ of modifiers ative addressing facility. Arithmetic system Fixed point at extreme left Instl~ction type One address or 1 + 1 by means of programming

LEEDS NORTHRUP 3000 ARITHMETIC UNIT CHECKING FEATURES Incl. Stor. Access Exclud. Stor. Access Parity bit in each word Checks all transfers from Microsec Microsec drum memory. Ad,i 910 130 Mult 3,600 2,730 Div 3,600 2,730 Construction (Arithmetic unit only) Transistors POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION Art thmetic mode Serial Power, computer 0.60 Kw 0.65 KVA 0.925 pf Timing Synchronous Volume, computer 25 cu ft Operation Sequential Area, computer 9 sq ft Room size 6x12ft Weight, computer 400 lbs STORAGE No. of Access Hedium Words No. of Digits Microsec RElIABI lITY p OPERATING EXPERIENCE, Magnetic Drum 16,260 357,720 bits Min. - 130 AND TIME AVAILABILITY Max. - 16,640 System features and construction techniques uti­ lized by the manufacturer to insure required relia­ bility include parity checks, solid state, plug-in INPUT components, rugged construction, and extensive Media Speed checks on input-output eqUipment. Paper Tape 10 Char/sec (Flexowriter) Analog to Dig Con 5 pOints/sec (10,000 count ADC) External counters 50/sec (For integrated measure­ ments, e.g. KWH) ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS Direct binary inputs 400-600/sec (For reading digital Outstanding features include powerful command dial and On-Off status of exter­ structure, rapid access registers, and memory par­ nal equipment) ity check. Unique system advantages include exten­ Being a control computer, the design emphasis is sive checks on input-output equipment. on direct inputs from the process under control or analysis.

OUTPUT Media Speed Typewriters 10 char/sec F'lexowriter, punch, IBM electric. Digital to Analog Con 6/sec Stepping motors are used for DAC On-Off controls 50/sec Control state of external equipment. Annunciator lights 100/sec Stepping motors are used for digital to analog conversion, because they have inherent memory.

CI RCU IT ELEMENTS OF ENTI RE SYSTEM Type Quantity Diodes 3,000 Transistors 1,300

LEEDS NORTHRUP 3000 LEPRECHAUN MANUFACTURER TRADIC Second Feasibility Computer, LEPRECHAUN Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated

Photo by Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated

Arithmetic system Fixed point Instruction type One address APPLICATIONS Number range -1:S n < 1 The system was built under a U. S. Air Force contract for programming and logical design research on digi­ tal computers for military real-time control appli­ cations and as a feasibility model of a direct­ AR ITHMETI C UNIT coupled transistor logic system and a transistor Incl Stor Access driven magnetic core storage unit. This solid-state Microsec computer features low power and small size. The Add 40 design emphasizes reliability. Mult 375 avg Div 520 Construction Transistors PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Arithmetic mode Parallel Internal number system Binary Timing Asynchronous Binary digits/word 17, including sign Operation Concurrent Binary digitS/instruction 17, including two spare bits Instructions/word 1 Instructions decoded 32 Instructions used 28

LEPRECHAUN STORAGE POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT, AND SITE PREPARATION Medium Words Access Microsec Power, computer 0.160 Kw Magnetic Cores 1,024 8 Volume, computer 16 cu ft There are 18 bits/word stored, including an "odd" Weight, computer 450 lbs pro~ity bit. The read-write cycle is 20 microseconds. Figures are for computer proper and do not include input-output equipment.

INPUT PRODUCTION RECORD Media Speed Number produced 1 Paper Tape (Photoelectric) 200 char/sec Number in operation 1 Keyboard Manual This system is a feasibility model and was not designed for production. OUTPUT RElIAB.llITY, OPERATING EXPERIENCE, Media Speed AND TIMEAVAILABllITY Paper Tape (Punch) 60 char/sec This system has been completed. Typewriter 10 char/sec ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS LEPRECHAUN features flexibility in the logical CI RCU tT ELEMENTS OF ENTI RE SYSTEM interconnections in order to make it useful for Crystal diodes 300 logical design research. The operation code has Magnetic cores 18,480 been designed to eliminate the need for many "red­ Transistors 5,000 tape" operations. For example, a special uncondi­ The above figures are for the computer proper, and tional jump operation simplifies the inclusion ot do not include input-output equipment. subroutines in a program. Address modification is accomplished by direct substitution. This operation, together with a repeat operation, which operates on sequential addresses, gives operation equivalent to CHECKING FEATURES a B-box. Odd parity checks on storage and input-output opera­ The machine contains a manual breakpoint provision, tions. several checking modes of operation and complete marginal checking facilities.

INSTALLATIONS Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated Whippany, New Jersey LGP 30 MANUFACTU RER Librascope General Purpose Computer Model 30 Royal McBee Corporation Librascope, Incorporated

Photo by Flight Simulation Laboratory, WSMR, N. M.

APPLICATIONS is used for matrix inversion, numerical integrations Manufacturer of definite integrals and differential equations, 3ystem is designed for scientific computations, e.g. diagonalization of matrices, solution of transcenden­ statistical analysis, operations research, war gaming, tal equations, arising from problems in solid state bridge and highway design, aeronautical, chemical, physics, elasticity, and elastic instability, and electronic, hydrauljc, mechanical, mining, nuclear, thin shell theory. optical, biological, physical and mathematical re­ White Sands Missile Range search; and data processing, e.g. payroll; cost Located at the Flight Simulation Laboratory, Build­ accounting, distribution and analysis; inventory con­ ing 1526, White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, the trol; sales analysis. system is used for small problems, mathematical re­ ADPS Committee, Officers' Dept., USASCS, Ft. Monmouth search, and preliminary checkout for problems to be System is located in Myer Hall, Room G05, Fort Mon­ run on large computers. mouth, New Jersey. System is used for instruction. Pitman-Dunn Laboratories, Frankford Arsenal Materials Research Laboratory, Watertown Arsenal, Located at Building 202, 3rd Floor, Optical Branch, Watertown, Massachusetts Fire Control Division, system is used for design of Located at Watertown Arsenal, Watertown, Massachusetts, optical systems and components for fire control system is used for numerical integration, least instruments and related activities. squares curve-fitting, data processing, finite diff­ U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office erences, numerical solution of differential equations, Located at FOB No.3, Room G274B, the system is used algebraic equations (minimization, etc.), and trial for mathematical and statistical studies made of the and error solution of equations. various parameters of the ocean, primarily in connec­ U. S. A. Watertown Arsenal Laboratories tion with anti-submarine warfare but also in connec­ Located in Building 39, Watertown Arsenal, computer tion with ice forecasting and climatology.

LGP 30 Photo by Tennessee Valley Authority

U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, Pasadena ical integrations, nth degree polynomials, exponen­ Loeated at 3202 E. Foothill Blvd., Pasadena, Cali­ tials, and trigonometric functions. Some of the fo:rnia, system is used for scientific analysis and applied engineering problems have been concerned data reduction. with interior and exterior ballistics, trajectories NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center (projectile and rocket sled), probability studies, One IGP 30 at the Control Center, Greenbelt, Md.. and stress and weight analyses, etc. two IGP 30' s at Anacostia Naval Station, Wash., D.C., ACF Electronics Division are used for orbital calculations, trajectory anal­ Located at 11 Park Place, Paramus, New Jersey, sts­ ysis, data reduction, and mathematical studies. The tem is used for optical design (ray tracing), vibra­ organization is responsible for the provision of tion studies (railroad train coupling), integral e~lipment and services for tracking satellites and transforms (Fourier Analysis), naVigation, satellite probes in nearby portions of space, for obtaining and missile trajectories, reliability studies, telemetry data from these satellites and probes, and reticle deSign, and miscellaneous "One Time" prob­ for computing their orbits and providing station lems. predictions, ephemerides and definitive orbits as Convair-Fort Worth, General DynamiCS Corp. required by all participating organizations. Located at Engineering Flight Test, system is used ~rennessee Valley Authority, Flood Control Branch for editing and calibration of flight test data. Loeated at the TVA, 718 Union Building, Knoxville, General Electric-Missile and Space Vehicle Dept. Telll1eSSee, system is used for principally hydrologic Located at 3198 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia 4, Pa., and hydraulic computations for watersheds, streams, system is used for solution of equations in flight and reservoirs. Limited use in design computations. test data reduction; engineering computations, in­ Aircraft Armaments, Inc. cluding aerodynamics, flight mechanics, space science, Loeated at the Systems Engineering Department, Main mechanics problems, and trajectory analysis. Engineering BUilding, system is used for mathematical The Griscom-Russell Company solutions for research and advanced engineering Located at Massillon, Ohio, two systems are used for problems involving differential equations, simultan­ functional design of heat exchangers and general eous equations (both linear and differential), numer- engineering calculations.

IGP 30 Photo by Aircraft Armaments, mc.

MutuaL Insurance Advisory Association As examples, artillery, close combat and tank anti­ Located at III Fourth Avenue, New York 3, New York, tank assessment are currently carried out for War system is used for actuarial and statistical work in Games Division, CD, on the computer on either a pre­ connection with casualty insurance ratemaking. This computed or "on-line" basis. type of work involves relatively small input used Western Electric Company, Inc. for numerous algebraic calculations. At Winston-Salem, North Carolina, there are two Raytheon Company-Missile Systems Division such systems in use by this organization. Both are Located in the Aerophysics Design Department, system used to monitor the performance of automated pro­ is used to obtain solutions to scientific problems duction lines for electrical components. These pro­ in the fields of aerodynamics, structures, and system duction lines consist of completely automatic, spec­ analysis, which would not be economical on larger ially designed manufacturing facilities integrated systems. into a production line by automatic transport feed Research Division, Servomechanisms, Inc. facilities. At strategic points automatic monitor­ Located in Building 114, Santa Barbara Airport, sys­ ing devices inspect the product and transmit these tem is used for the mathematical simulation of pro­ data through input equipment into the computer. The posed engineering designs; calculation of special computer analyzes these data on a statistical basis functions arising in particular engineering tasks; and if corrective action is needed at any point on laboratory data reduction; and solution of various the production, the computer decides both the correc­ linear and non-linear equations, many of which can­ tion and magnitude and achieves control through the not be analized by classical methods. output equipment. Teclmical Operations, Inc., Fort Monroe, Virginia Computation Center, Dartmouth College located at Fort Monroe, Virginia, this computer is As a separate department closely associated with used to perform scientific computations in support the Mathematics Department, physically located in a of operations research and war gaming activities. small room on campus, the system is used to train ~~e LGP 30 has been used extensively to process, re­ undergraduates in the use of a computer, as a labora­ duce and statistically analyse data. A variety of tory adjunct to several courses, especially numerical applications to war gaming activities also exist.

LGP 30 586 Photo by the Raytheon Company analysis, as a research tool for faculty and studen.t University of South Carolina USt~, and as a basis for computer oriented research Located at the University of South Carolina, Columbia, ( compiler s ) • South Carolina, system is used for instruction and Johns Hopkins University research. Loc:!ated in Room 426 of the Computation Center, Home­ wood Branch, the system is used for research and teaching in fields of Engineering, Science, Social Relations, Economics, Medicine, Biostatistics and PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Related Studies. Manufacturer Lehigh University Internal number system Binary Loeated at the Industrial Engineering Department, Binary digits/word 32 Pac:!kard Lab, Bethlehem, Pa., the system is used for Binary digitS/instruction 32 engineering and scientific analysis and design, Instructions/word 1 statistics and curve fitting, data processing, sys­ Instructions decoded 16 t~ns simulation, and classwork in problem-solving. Aritlnnetic system Fixed point Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy Simulate floating point by programming Loc:!ated at the Computer Center on the campus of the Instruction type One address Mi:ssouri School of Mines and Metallurgy at Roila, Number range 9 decimal digits - 5 alpha Missouri, the system is used for research in Engi­ Instruction word format nec~ring and the Sciences by the faculty and graduate students of the Missouri School of Mines and Metal­ Im'gy, regular scheduled courses in Numerical Anal­ ys:is, programming of digital computers and the de­ sil~ of digital computers for both undergraduate and Automatic coding includes compilers, assemblers, and graduate students. A very small amount of time is interpretitive systems. available for commercial use. Registers includes an accumulator - double extenSion, Ohio University an instruction, a counter, and 4096 memol."Y registers. LoI:!ated in Juper Hall, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, sy;stem is used for teaching and research in atomic anli nuclear physics and chemistry.

WP 30 Photo by Servomechanisms, Inc.

onds (the time for one revolution of the drum which ARITHMETIC UNIT rotates at 4,000 rpm. Manufacturer All user's systems have a 4,096 word drum. Incl Stor Access Exclud Stor Access Microsec Microsec Add 2,000 - average 250 constant INPUT MtLlt 17,000 17,000 Div 17,000 17,000 Manufacturer Construction (Arithmetic unit only) Media Speed Vacuum tubes 113 Paper Tape (Photo-electric) 200 char/sec Diodes 1,450 Paper Tape (Typewriter) 12 Char/sec Arithmetic mode Serial Cards 20 chari sec Timing Synchronous The high speed paper tape reader is for input only Operation Sequential and makes possible loading the entire drum: 64 tracks of the WP 30 in a maximum of five minutes. ~Phe following organizations have the high speed photoelectric paper tape reader: STORAGE ADPS COmmittee, Officers I Dept., USASCS, Ft. Monmouth Manufacturer Materials Research Laboratory, Watertown Arsenal No. of No. of Access U. S. A. Watertown Arsenal Laboratories Medium Words Digits Micro sec Ordnance Mission, White Sands Missile Range Magnetic Drum 4,096 32 binary Min. 2,000 U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office Avg. 8,500 NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center A complete instruction can be done in 2200 micro­ Tennessee Valley Authority-Flood Control Branch seconds, including both accesses yhen optimum pro­ The Griscom-Russell Company grammed. Maximum operation time is 15,000 microsec- Mutual Insurance Advisory Association

WP 30 588 Haytheon Company- Missile Systems Division USA WAL 'I'echnical Operations, Inc., Fort Monroe, Virginia No special preparation necessary. J'ohns Hopkins University P-DL FA Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy Required wiring from existing transformer. Ohio University USN Hydro Western Electric Company, Inc. Essentially the only requirement is access to 115 Media Speed volt, 60 cycle, single phase, 13 ampere alternating E~ectronic equipment by 140,000/sec. meaningful current. Western Electric impulses US NOTS Voltage to frequency converter fed into binary No requirements. frequency counter. Computer scans counter and ex~ NASA tracts information. Special data gathering and con­ No requirements. trol equipment designed by Western Electric from on­ TVA line production equipment. No site preparation. Electric Typewriter 10 char/sec AA The LGP 30 computer is located in a separate room (9'xlO t ) on the second floor of the main Engineering Building. The building is of masonry construction OUTPUT and the walls of the computer room are dry-wall Manufacturer (plaster board) construction. An exhaust vent, which Media Speed includes a blower, supplements the internal blower High Speed Punch 30 Char/sec of the computer. The entire building is air-condi­ T'ape Typewriter Punch 20 char/sec tioned. 'I'ape Typewriter Print 20 char/sec ACF x:-y Plotter No site requirements but it would be advantageous to Servomechanisms have sound absorbing materl al on walls and/or ceiling T'ypewri ter 10 char/sec of computer room. T'ape Punch 10 char/ sec Convair Punch causes typewriter to print No site requirements. Automatic plottin~ equipment includes a separate GE tape reader (Friden). a digital analog converter, No site preparation. 220 VAC power outlet installed. and a servo plotting board (Mosely Autograph). GR W. E. Direct power line for 2 computers. 7 Tons of air Electronic equipment 140,000/sec. meaningful conditioning. designed by Western Electric impulses MIAA Consists of Diode Logic and transistor flip flops No site preparation required for LGP 30 installations. a.ctuating binary relays. Advised to have separate 110 ckt. for ideal operation. E:lectric Typewriter 10 char/sec Raytheon No site preparation requirements. Suggested minimum 100 sq ft of space. Servomechanisms CI RCU IT ELEMENTS OF ENTI RE SYSTEM Acoustic tile on portion of one wall; separately Manufacturer fused (breaker) for computer only. T'ubes 11,3 (Miniature, computer type) TO, Inc. Tube types 7 Primarily 5687, 5965 and 5915 Since this computer is desk size and requires no Crystal diodes 1,500 Subminiature supplementary air conditioning, site preparation and/ Printed circuits are used extensively. or modification is minimized. It is necessary to install the computer in an area where sufficient ven­ tilation is provided to exhaust 5,000 BTU/hour dissi­ pated by computer electrical components. In the case P()WER, SPACE, WEI GHTu AND SITE PREPARATION of this installation, excess heating of an inside Manufacturer room where the computer was in use made it necessary Power, computer 1.15 Kw 1.5 KVA to install a forced air vent system in the wall. 60 cycle single phase line Acoustic tile was also used in the room to reduce the Volume, computer 21.8 cu ft noise level associated with computer operation. Length, computer 44 in WE Height, computer 33 in Isolated 110 volt power circuit. Depth, computer 26 in Lehigh UniverSity Area, computer 8.19 sq ft No site preparation requirements. Hoom size 5 ft x 5 ft min. MSMM Floor loading 97.7 Ibs/sq ft No site preparation requirements. 800 Ibs concen max Ohio U. Weight, computer 800 Ibs Installed in a room converted from a machine shop­ Normal office power is required. is now a class room. USASCS U of S.C. No special site preparation requirements other than No special preparations. air conditioning. MRL Watertown Arsenal We do have air conditioning, but it is a part of a larger system and was not essential for the opera­ tion of computer. However, room temperature should be kept below 9~.

LGP 30 Dartmouth LGP 30 with attached Flexowriter, extra Flexowriter, PRODUCTION RECORD and photoreader about $37,000, school cost. Manufacturer About $2,500 per year, plus parts, plus travel over Number produced to date 462 fifty miles. Number in current operation 450 Lehigh U. Number in current production 20 Cost of basic system Number on order 38 Con~uter $49,500 Anticipated production rates 10 per month Cost of additional equipment Time required for delivery 1 month Photo-reader and punch 6,360 Maintenance service contract is $2,500/year. MSMM. 1 Royal McBee LGP 30 Computer $29,700 COST~ PRICE AND RENTAL RATES 1 Royal McBee Model 342 High Speed Paper Tape Reader Manufacturer and Punch, 1 Off-line tape typewriter (Flexowriter); Cost of basic system grant from Royal McBee Corp. Computer and tape-typewriter commercial $49,500 None first year. All addition years will be $4,500 government 49,300 per year including all parts and service for entire educational 29,700 system. Cost for additional equipment High speed punch and photo-reader $ 6,360 Photoelectric reader alone 4,800 Punched card control unit and X-Y plotter purchased PERSONNEL REQU I REMENTS by special arrangement. Manufacturer Hental for basic system Requirements among users will vary widely. Many $l,lOO/month, commercial and government, $880 educa­ existing LGP 30 installations are staffed by one pro­ tional. grammer and one tape punch operator j others, by one Hental rates for additional equipment person performing all functions; others, by one per­ Punch and reader $265/mo son for each function. No maintenance or other tech­ X-Y plotter 300/mo nical personnel are required by the user. Card input unit lOO/mo Manufacturer trains by programming schools for Photo-reader 200/mo users (no cost), maintenance schools for users, if desired ($600 per person), and local assistance by Maintenance included in rental; service contract applications analysts (no cost). available for purchasers. USASCS USASCS Cost of basic system is $43,500 for the LGP and Flexo­ One 8-Hour Shift Programmers 5-25 writer, and $4,800 for the tape reader. Operators 1 Maintenance service contract cost $1,750/annum, with­ Training is at no cost to the government. Any out parts. engr, math, or phy can be taught in 2 weeks. Main­ USA WAL ,$1,500 per month for computer, photo-reader and extra tenance course, 5 weeks at $500/person. MRL Watertown Arsenal tape typewriter. In general the machine runs about 42 hours a week. WSMR Six persons from three separate organizations (all [OP 30 and Flexowriter rent for $1,100 per month. located at Watertown Arsenal) use the machine and do Paper tape reader rents for $200 per month. Addi­ tional Flexowriter rents for $150 per month. their own programming, operating, and preparation of GR tapes. The operation of the computer is a part time Two LGP 30s rent for $1,100 each, total $2,200/month. job for all six persons, most of whom are mathema­ 0 mo ticians. F'lexowriter $15 / Operation tends toward open shop. Photo-reader 200/mo Twelve hour course given on site by Royal McBee Punch $465~mo personnel. Also programming school (two weeks course) Total 15 mo is available through Royal McBee Corporation, free of Servomechanisms charge. LGP 30 wi th ~aper tape reader, punch, Friden Type­ USA WAL writer cost $50,000. One 8-Hour Shift Tape reader, digital to analog converter, servo Supervisors 2 plot~ing board cost $4,000. Programmers 5 No contract at present; service labor rate is $12.50 Operation tends toward closed shop. per hour. Courses were given by Royal McBee Corporation. TO, Inc. Occasional two or three-shift operation is necessary, LGP 30 Computer with typewriter rents for $1,150/mo. but not enough to warrant hiring extra people. High speed reader-punch and auxiliary typewriter P-DL FA rents for $365/mo. The computer is programmed and operated by six in­ "On-call" servicing from Washington, D. C. ($50 ser­ dividuals engaged in optical design activity with an vice charge). estimated total time equivalent to that of one fUll WE time employee. The majority of programs covering $70{000 total cost (includes special input and out­ optical ray trace methods and related activities have put). been provided by the Royal McBee Corporation. The modifications required to adopt these programs for our particular needs have been completed. Minor modifications to these programs and new programs which are relatively short are developed by optical

LGP 30 590 personnel. analyst will program, code, and "debug" his own Any' future modifications of a lengthy nature or particular problem. In those cases where problems e~tensive programs for automatic lens design would will involve more detailed programming or extensive be performed by either the mathematics section or by coding and "debugging", programmer-coders are avail­ contract. Total cost estimated for this activity able to assume responsibility for the problem. This would be equivalent to that of using one employee open shop operation is tailored to the requirements on. a half time basis. of this organization and has, thus far, proved to Operation tends toward closed shop .. be quite efficient. Personnel attended a two week training course Operation tends toward open shop. of'fered by Royal McBee I s New York office. Two procedures have been used at this installation. TVA These are 1. attendance at a two week LGP 30 pro­ The LGP 30 is used by a staff of approximately 25 gramming course and 2. on-the-job training super­ elltgineers as needed. One of the staff engineers vised by experienced personnel. Option 2 is generally acts as supervisor or coordinator of machine activi­ used in those cases where analysts or programmers ti.es. This supervision requires approximately 20i have prior computer experience. of' his time. Dartmouth The number of engineers using the LGP 30 is con­ One machine supervisor is used. All our program­ ti.nually increasing. ming is done by students. About 10 of them keep the Scheduling and time keeping is on an informal machine busy all week one full shift by putting in ba.sis. about 6 hours apiece. Operation tends toward open shop. Operation tends toward open shop. Approximately 40 people were trained by a Royal Training is "sink or swim" with help given as Mc:Bee instructor when the computer was' installed. needed. We give the students a simple problem, a Approximately 20 people have been trained by in-ser­ machine manual, a few words of advice and let them v:l.ce training and self study. Approximately 35 peo­ work on their own. We do not give extensive lec­ pl.e were trained recently in a TVA sponsored after tures, but may give one or two hours when computing hClurs training class. Other classes will be held is part of regular course where the students do not aE: the need arises. have the time to learn by themselves. AA Lehigh U. One programmer/operator is required normally, but One 8-Hour Shift Two 8-Hour Shifts two often are employed under high computer work load Used Recomm Used Recomm conditions. The computer is used on one standard Supervisors 1 1 1 8.,hour shift (40-hour week) and is in operation Analysts 1 2 1 allproximately 6010 of the time. Programmers 2 2 Operation tends toward open shop. Coders 1 2 1 1 No formal methods of training have been introduced Clerk-Librarian 1 2 1 aE: of this time. Lectures on programming and opera­ Operators 1 1 1 tj,on of the computer have been given to various com­ Operation tends toward open shop. psmy- personnel and will be continued. Methods of training used includes Compiler (short Convair informal course), Interpreter (short, formal course), Complete open shop, no personnel uniquely assigned. Basic Language (intensive course with extensive, in­ GE formal practice) and Operation (intensive course One 8-Hour Shift with extensive, informal practice). Plan to teach Supervisors 1 operation with special "Automated Program". Arlalysts 6 MSMM Programmers 6 1 supervisor 2/3 time - recommended 1 full time Coders 5 1 combination programmer and operator - recommended 2 Operators 1 1 combination coder and clerk - recommended 2 Engineers 4 Operation tends toward open shop. TE!cbnicians 1 Regular scheduled university courses in Numerical Operation tends toward open shop. Analysis, Programming, and operation of the computer. On-the-job training used. Occasionally short courses in programming and opera­ Raytheon tion are taught. At the present time, there areei~ht (8) mathema­ Ohio U. tlcians and engineers from two (2) departments using A course (1 semester, 3 hour credit) is offered in this system, for which one person is responsible. the Mathematics Department. Servomechanisms Operation tends toward open shop. One 8-Hour Shift U of S. C. Used Reconunended One 8-Hour Shift Supervisors .1 .1 Supervisors 1 Arlalysts .1 .2 Analysts 1 Programmers .4 .7 Programmers 1 CJ.erks .1 .2 Operation tends toward open shop . Operators • 5 . 7 Individual instruction to students. Operation tends toward open shop. Company sponsored classes open to all advanced RELIAB I LlTY, OPERATI NG EXPER I ENCE, engineering employees, (uSually 2 hours per day for AND TIME AVAILABILITY OIle week, each year). TO, Inc. Manufacturer The simplicity of LGP 30 operation makes it feas­ Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.95 ll)le to train most analysts to use computational Figure based on user performance records. flLcilities, Wheneyer a problem is encountered suit­ al)le for computer solution. For the most part the

591 LGP 30 MRL Watertown Arsenal Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.95 Good time 39 Hours/Week (Average) Above figures based on period from Oct 59 to Apr 60 Attempted to run time 42 Hours/Week (Average) Time is available for rent to outside organizations. Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.93 The LGP 30 has been a very reliable computer with Above figures based on period from May 59 to May 60 little or no down time except for periodic preven­ Tjme is not available for rent to outside organiza­ tive maintenance checks. The Flexowriter (standard tions. input-output unit) has given only those minor diffi­ USA WAL culties usually encountered with typewriters. Good time 21 Hours/Week (Average) ACF Operating ratio ( Good/Attempted ~o run time) 0.875 Good time 24 Hours/Week (Average) Above figures based on period 27 Sep 59 to 12 Dec 59 Attempted to run time 30 Hours/Week (Average) Passed Customer Acceptance Test 5 May 59 Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.80 Tjme is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Above figures based on period from Jul 59 to Jul 60 tions. Time is available for rent to qualified outside WSMR organizations. Good time 39.5 Hours/Week (Average) Convair Attempted to run time 40 Hours/Week (Average) Good time 40 Hours/Week (Average) Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.99 Attempted to run time 44 Hours/Week (Average) Above figures based on period from Jun 58 to Apr 60 Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.91 Passed Customer Acceptance Test Jun 58 Above figures based on period 1 Jan 59 to 31 Dec 59 Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Passed Customer Acceptance Test 1 May 58 tions. Tjme is available for rent to outside organizations. P-DL FA GE Good time 34.2 Hours/Week (Average) Average error-free running period 34 Hours Attempted to run time 37.4 Hours/Week (Average) Good time 34 Hours/Week (Average) Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.932 Attempted to run time 35 Hours/Week (Average) Above figures based on period from Nov 59 to Apr 60 Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.97 Passed Customer Acceptance Test Apr 59 Above figures based on period from Jan 60 to Aug 60 Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Passed Customer Acceptance Test Jan 60 tions. Tjme is not available for rent to outside organiza­ USN Hydro tions. Good time 36 Hours/Week (Average) GR Attempted to run time 40 Hours/Week (Average) Average error-free running period 190 Hours Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.90 Good time 37.3 Hours/Week (Average) Above figures based on period 1 Apr 59 to 20 Apr 60 Attempted to run time 41.2 Hours/Week (Average) Passed Customer Acceptance Test Apr 59 Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.905 Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Above figures based on period 1 Jan 60 to 30 Mar 60 tions. Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ US NOTS tions. Good time 25 Hours/Week (Average) 1st LGP 30 installed Aug 57 and replaced Mar 59. Attempted to run time 29 Hours/Week (Average) 2nd LGP 30 installed Mar 59 Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.86 Raytheon Above figures based on period 1 Dec 59 to 1 May 60 Good time 28 Hours/Week (Average) Passed Customer Acceptance Test Nov 59 Attempted to run time 32 Hours/Week (Average) T:lme is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.875 tions. Above figures based on period from May 60 to Aug 60 ~~is is a small computer but it is capable of hand­ Passed Customer Acceptance Test Aug 58 J.ing a large number of general engineering and scien­ Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ t:ific problems. It presently complements an IBM 709 tions. J.ocated at the Naval Ordnance Test Station at China Since the operating costs of this machine are ex­ lake, Calif. tremely inexpensive, since this system is open shop NASA not emphasizing programming skills, and since long C~od time 23.0; 36.0; 25.7 Hours/Week (Average) production runs are left running unattended all Attempted to run time 33.4; 38.9; 34.2 Hours/Week nlght, we do not try to schedule work to obtain O~~ating ratio 0.689; 0.925; 0.751 100% utilization during regular working hours; Above figQTes based on period from 1 Feb to 10 Apr however, it is utilized at least 70% of this time ~~ime is not available for rent to outside organiza­ with as much all night productions as necessary. tions. It is not uncommon to have the machlne running 24 TVA continuous error-free hours. Good time 36 Hours/Week (Average) Servomechanisms Attempted to run time 40 Hours/Week (Average) Average error-free running period 6 - 7 Weeks Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.90 Good time 38 Hours/Week (Average) j~bove figures based on period from Dec 57 to May 60 Attempted to run time 40 Hours/Week (Average) Passed Customer Acceptance Test Dec 57 Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.95 Time is not available for rent to outside organiza­ Above figures based on period Apr 59 to 26 Apr 60 tions. Passed Customer Acceptance Test May 58 Down time varies considerably. There was one six Time is available for rent to qualified outside or­ month period of no down time. Service men. come from ganizations. out of town, so down time is largely travel time of TO, Inc. the service man. Average error-free running period 2 Months AA Good time 34.3 Hours/Week (Average) Good time 24 Hoursjweek (Average) Attempted to run time 35.0 Hours/Week (Average) Attempted to run time 25 Hours/Week (Average) Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.98

LGP 30 592 Al)ove figures based on period 25 Feb 59 to 25 Apr 60 MRL Watertown Arsenal Passed Customer Acceptance Test 24 Feb 59 Outstanding features include an internally stored Tj~e is not available for rent to outside organiza­ program; large memory; flexibility with input, out­ tions. put; no special site preparation; relatively simple Excellent reliability since installation. Hours/week progranuning. Several compilers are available for the rlmning time is approaching full single shift opera­ LGP 30, interpretive systems in floating point are tion as computational requirements continue to in­ extremely useful, and almost all of our work is done crease. in floating point and there are a large number of WE subroutines available. Average error-free running period 360 Hours WSMR Good time 35 Hours/Week (Average) Outstanding features include high reliability and Attempted to run time 40 Hours/Week (Average) simple progranuning. ~)erating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.875 USN Hydro Above figures based on period from Dec 58 to Jul 60 Outstanding features include compactness, low heat Passed Customer Acceptance Test 18 Dec 57 dissipation, and reasonable rental. Tj~e is not available for rent to outside organiza­ TVA tions. Outstanding features include simplicity of program­ Dartmouth ming and operation and a practical manual input. Good time One week (Average) Good machine for informal, open shop operation. The ~)erating ratio 0.90 computer serves present needs very well. However, Above figures based on period 1 Jun 59 to 12 Apr 60 service from out of town is inconvenient and waste­ Tj~e is not available for rent to outside organiza- ful of time. tions. AA We have about one breakdown every two weeks. We will Compact, desk-sized, completely mobile. Speed equal then remain down for about two days since the repair­ to many room-sized computers. Plugs into any regular m~m must make it a days trip from Boston. wall outlet (llOV). Compared to computers in its J1IU class{ the LGP 30 has the largest capacity (4096 Average error-free running period 1 Week words) for data and program. Paper program tapes Good time 35 Hours/Week (Average) and data tapes are labeled on the Flexowriter and Attempted to run time 40 Hours/Week (Average) stored in circular containers which are likewise ~)erating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.875 labeled. These tape containers are stored in a Above figures based on period from Feb 60 to Sep 60 metal cabinet with other computer literature and pro­ Tj~e is not available for rent to outside organiza­ granuning forms. tions. ACF General performance of computer has been good. Outstanding features include ease of progranuning Flexowriter input-output unit has been responsible and large memory for machine of this price. for most of the computer down time. GE Lehigh U Outstanding features include ease of progranuning, Good time 36 Hours/Week (Average) small size and sufficient speed. Attempted to run time 37 Hours/Week (Average) Raytheon ~)erating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.97 Outstanding features include low cost computations, Above figures based on period 1 Jun59 to 31 May 60 simplicity in programming and operating, and may be Passed Customer Acceptance Test 1 Dec 57 used as a desk calculator. Tj~e is available for rent to qualified outside or­ Servomechanisms g~mizations . Outstanding features include ease of programming and Ohio U operating. Good time 40 HourS/Week (Average) TO, Inc. Attempted to run time 40 Hours/Week (Average) Outstanding features: This is a simple computer to Operating ratio (Good/Attempted to run time) 0.95 program and operate. 4,000 words of fast access Al)ove figures based on period from 58 to 60 storage make this computer competitive with others Passed Customer Acceptance Test 1957 renting for substantially higher rates. Input is Tj~e is available for rent to qualified outside or­ easily accomplished using typewriter or tape input. g~mizations • Specific storage locations can be interrogated. ~)en shop - we keep no records of who uses it, when, ProgrBmming and "debugging" is simplified through or what for. the use of a single operation option which allows U of S.C. the coder to step through a program instruction by Good time 60 Hours/Week (Average) instruction. System is limited to paper tape input­ Attempted to run time 60 Hours/Week (Average) output, 16 basic orders in fixed point operation, Above figures based on period from Jun 59 to Apr 60 1 logical order, one address, lack of MQ register Passed Customer Acceptance Test Jun 59 makes double precision computation difficult, rela­ Tjooe is available for rent to outside organizations. tively slow, stops on accumulator overflow, ~nd the requirement for "spacer bit" complicates programming. WE Outstanding feature is its simplicity of programming. ADDITIONAL FEATURES AND REMARKS Dartmouth Manufacturer System is small and inexpensive, binary, homogeneous ~ltstanding features include low cost; c~pactness; memory, able to do logical operations on symbols ease of progranuningj large users' organization with eaSily. well-stocked program library; alphanumeric input­ Ohio U output including full format control; large memory; Outstanding feature is its ease of use. no special installation requirements; nation-wide U of S.C. maintenance and service network. This LGP 30 is extremely reliable except for some Flexowriter troubles.

593 IGP 30 FUTURE PLANS MSMM Manufacturer Plans for the immediate future include the purchase Production of basic system to continue with elec­ of an extra tape typewriter, card input-output equip­ tronic improvements as developed. ment and high accuracy analog computer equipment. MRL Watertown Arsenal Future plans also include the purchase of another Present plans indicate renting a larger small scale digital computer with considerable more speed and computer to replace the u}P 30. The RPC 4000 is capacity then the present u}P 30 computer system. the latest machine developed by Royal Precision All of this equipment to be insta.lled in the Campus Corporation and has double the memory, double the Computer Center. number of instruction of the u}P 30, is fully tran­ U of S.C. sistorized and is much faster. Our computing needs It is anticipated that a photoreader for the u}P 30 demand the larger machine now. will be added. USA WAIJ It is possible that the present system will be re­ pl.aced by the slightly larger and faster RPC 4000 a.t an undeterminate future date, but nothing defi­ I NSTALLATI ONS nite has gotten underway on this. ADPS Committee, Officers' Department, USASCS P-DL FA Fort Monmouth, New Jersey Contract with University of Rochester to develop a program for automatic lens design. .Ma.terials Research I6boratory Watertown Arsenal US NOTS It is proposed to install a Digital Equipment Corp­ Watertown, Massachusetts oration PDP-3 Computer in the Simulation and Com­ Watertown Arsenal Laboratories puter Center at NOTS, Pasadena. This would be a Watertown 72, Massachusetts medium. size (16K) very high speed computer which will be used for real time, physical, and computed simu­ Ordnance Mission lation problems, in conjunction with the existing White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico analog facility of over 600 amplifiers. Pitman-Dunn Laboratories, Frankford Arsenal Convair Philadelphia 37, Pennsylvania The function of the u}P 30 is being absorbed by the U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office IBM 704. The u}P 30 will be eliminated. GE Washington 25, D. C. It is anticipated that one additional u}P 30 will U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, Pasadena be put into service. 3202 E. Foothill Blvd. TO, Inc. Pasadena, California ihe increased computational requirements of this NASA. - Goddard Space Flight Center organization during the past year, specifically in Hupport of gaming activity is indicative of a c/o Anacostia Naval Station war Washington 25, D. C. trend which will continue. A concentrated effort is being made to relieve the war gamer of the com­ 'rennessee Valley Authority, Flood Control Branch putational burden associated with combat assessment 712 Union Building and thus improve and accelerate war gaming a.ctivi ty. Knoxville, Tenne s see This gradual automation of war game control functions is currently taxing our computational facilities. Aircraft Armaments, Inc. It is apparent that in the near future these facil­ Cockeysville, Maryland ities must be expanded. ACF Electronics Division :No specific system has been selected at this time, II Park Place however, we are currently surveying the computer Paramus, New Jersey field in an effort to determine which is the system Convair-Fort Worth best tailored to our future needs. Division of General Dynamics Corp. Dartmouth We plan to move in about a year to more suitable Fort Worth, Texas quarters. The Center will then consist of the General Electric-Missile and Space Vehicle Dept. machine room 20 by 30, an adjoining work 12 by 16, 3198 Chestnut Street a store room 6 by 10. This room will be equipped Philadelphia 4, Pennsylvania efficiently for student and open shop operation. We have no plans at present for new equipment, The Griscom-Russell Company though we would naturally want to keep approximate­ MaSSillon, Ohio ly up to date as new developments are made. Mutual Insurance Advisory Association III Fourth Avenue New York 3, N. Y.

U}P 30 594 Haytheon Company Johns Hopkins University Missile Systems Division 34th and Charles Streets lBedford, Massachusetts Baltimore 18, Maryland Hesearch Division, Servomechanisms, Inc. Lehigh University lBullding ll4, Santa Barbara Airport Bethlehem, Pennsylvania

595 WP 30 LIBRASCOPE 407 MANUFACTURER Librascope 407 General Precision, Inc. L:ibrascope Division

APPLICATIONS INPUT General purpose, airborne, guidance and navigational Media computer. Pulse Analog-Digital PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Key Punch Internal number system Binary Number binary digits/word 22 Number binary digits/instruction 44 OUTPUT Number instructions per word 1 Medium Arithmetic system Fixed point Digital-Analog Instruction type Four address Instruction word format

[----- Current Instruction POWER, SPACE, WEIGHT p AND SITE PREPARATION Power, computer 0.25 Kw [-~'=r- at I ~s I ~t I Oper Volume, computer 0.9 cu ft Weight, computer 56 lbs

INSTALLATIONS Operands are a, ~, and l General Precision, Inc. Next instruction is 0 Librascope Division 808 Western Avenue System includes 2 accumulators, 1 mlutiplicand, Glendale, California 1 multiplier register, and 2 instruction registers.

ARITHMETIC UNIT Exclud. Stor. Access Microsec Add 100 Mult 2000 Div 4000 Construction (Arithmetic unit only) Transistors 500 Resistor-Diodes 5000 Arithmetic mode Serial Timing Synchronous Operation Sequential

STORAGE No. of No. of Binary Medium Words Digits Drum 3000 66,000

Librascope 407 Photo by Librascope Division, General Precision Corporation

597 Librascope 407 LIBR~SCOPE AIR / TRAFFIC MANUFACTU RER Librascope Air Traffic Control Central Data Librascope Division Processor (ATC) General Precision, Incorporated

M~ddocks Photo for Librascope Division, GP, Inc.

APPLICATIONS Instruction word format System meets general purpose data processing re­ C X y M quirements where high speed, large capacity random - I I M J M 1 M inquiry files are required and large numbers of Not Command Field Specif Operand Address different types of input-output systems are connected. used Specifically, it is designed for on-line, real time use in the control of air traffic. Some functions Automa~ic built-in subroutines include an error mode, entered by detection of an error. It inter­ are those of flight plan breakdown, conflict predic­ tion, conflict resolution, flow prediction, flight rupts program, stores instruction address, and R strip preparation and updating, flight plan updating, register contents. etc. ARITHMETIC UNIT PROGRAMMING AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM Incl. Stor. Access Exclud. Stor. Access Microsec Internal number system Binary coded decimal Micro sec Add Binary coded decimal digits/word 8 32 22 Max. Mult Binary coded decimal digits/ 8 366 356 Av. Div instruction 380 370 Av. Construction (Arithmetic unit only) Instructions per word 1 (includes field Transistors specification) 3,000 In.structions decoded Arithmetic mode Serio-parallel 31 Timing Synchronous Arithmetic system Fixed point (Magni­ Operation Serial by alphanumeric tude plus sign) char- acter Instruction type One address Parallel by bit

LIBRASCOPE AIR TRAFFIC 598 Maddocks Photo for Librascope Division, GP, Inc. STORAGE No. of No. of Access INPUT Media Words Digits Micro sec No. of Multi­ Gore Memory 4,000 32,000 10 Media Speed plexed Channels ~~gnetic drum 256,000 2,032,000 16,000 Flexowriter 10 char/sec ~~gnetic tape Multiple FR 300 units Photo Reader 330 chari sec No. of units that can be connected 32 Units Teletype via buffer 10 char/sec 12 No. of characters/linear inch 200 Chars/inch Keyboard via display Channels or tracks on the tape 7 Tracks/tape console 15,000-20,000 chis 30 Blank tape separating each record 1/2 Inch Data Link 50 Char/sec 4 Tape speed 75-150 Inches/sec Analog-Digital Transfer rate 30,000 Chars/sec Conv from Radar 50 Char/sec 2 Start time 3 Millisec Inter Computer via Stop time 3 Millisec Buffer 200,000 chis 1 Physical properties of tape Width 1/2 Inches Length of reel 2,400 Feet Composition Oxide on paper or plastic

599 LIBRASCOPE AIR TRAFFIC