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A History of the Personal Computer Index/11

A History of the Personal Computer Index/11

A History of the Personal

6100 CPU. See Intersil Index 6501 and 6502 . See MOS Legend: Chap.#/Page# of Chap. 6502 BASIC. See /Prog. Languages -- Numerals -- 7000 copier. See Xerox/Misc. 3 E-Z Pieces , 13/20 8000 . See 3-Plus-1 software. See /Microprocessors Commodore 8010 “Star” Information 3Com Corporation, 12/15, System. See Xerox/Comp. 12/27, 16/17, 17/18, 17/20 8080 and 8086 BASIC. See 3M company, 17/5, 17/22 Microsoft/Prog. Languages 3P+S board. See Processor 8514/A standard, 20/6 Technology 9700 system. 4K BASIC. See Microsoft/Prog. See Xerox/Misc. Languages 16032 and 32032 micro/p. See 4th Dimension. See ACI 8/16 magazine, 18/5 65802 and 65816 micro/p. See 8/16-Central, 18/5 Western Design Center 8K BASIC. See Microsoft/Prog. 68000 series of micro/p. See Languages 20SC hard drive. See Apple 80000 series of micro/p. See Computer/Accessories Intel/Microprocessors 64 computer. See Commodore 88000 micro/p. See Motorola 80 Microcomputing magazine, 18/4 --A-- 80-103A . See Hayes A Programming lang. See APL 86-DOS. See Computer A+ magazine, 18/5 128EX/2 computer. See Video A.P.P.L.E. (Apple Pugetsound Technology Program Exchange) 386i . See user group, 18/4, 19/17 Call-A.P.P.L.E. magazine, 432 microprocessor. See 18/4 Intel/Microprocessors A2-Central newsletter, 18/5 603/4 Electronic Multiplier. Abacus magazine, 18/8 See IBM/Computer (mainframe) ABC (Atanasoff-Berry 660 computer. See Control Data Computer), 1/5 700 series printers. See ABIOS (Advance Basic Centronics Input/Output System) chip. 820 computer. See Xerox/Compu See IBM/Software 1101, 1102 & 1103 memory Above Board specification. chips. See Intel/Misc. See Intel/Misc. 1201 microprocessor. See Academic American Intel/Microprocessors Encyclopedia, 20/2 1702 memory chip. See Access . See Intel/Misc. Microsoft/Applic. Programs 1802 microprocessor. See RCA Access , 2020 computer. See Dec/Comp. 11/12 2107 and 2117 memory chips. Accounting programs, 9/8, See Intel/Misc. 13/22 2650 microprocessor. See ACE (Advance Computing Signetics Environment), 19/17 4004 microprocessor. See Ace 100 computer. See Franklin Intel/Microprocessors Computer 5100 series of . See Acer Inc., 11/13, 16/17 IBM/Computers (Personal) Acer America Corp., 11/13 6085 . See ACI (Analyses Conseils Xerox/Computers Informations) company, 13/19

Index/1 Index/2 A History of the Personal Computer

ACIUS company, 13/19 See 4th Dimension database, Adventure game. See Games and 13/19 Microsoft/Applications ACM (Association for Computing , 7/10 Machinery), 1/14, 2/10, Adventure Land game, 7/10 17/23, 19/3 Laser Ball game, 7/11 Communications of the ACM, Fire Copter game, 7/11 1/14, 13/17 Pirate Adventure game, 7/11 Journal, 1/14 AFIPS. See American Federation SIGPC, 19/3 of Information Processing Acorn prototype computer. See Societies IBM/Computers (Personal) Agenda conference, 19/25 Acorn Computers Ltd., 11/13 Agents, 15/15 Acorn computer, 11/13 Agfa company, 19/18 BBC Models A and B, 11/13 Agilent Technologies Inc., BBC BASIC, 11/13 16/17 Acorn, Al, 5/8 Agrawal, Anant, 8/8, 11/26 Acoustic coupler, 17/19 Ahl, David H., 4/1, 18/2, 18/9 Acoustic , Aiken, Howard H., 1/3-4 1/7 1/8 Ainsworth, Dick, 13/29 ACS and ACS Newsletter. See AIX (Advanced Interactive Amateur Computer Society Executive). See IBM/Software Activenture Corporation, 20/2 Akers, John F., 9/23-24, Adam computer. See Coleco 16/5-6 Industries Alagem, Beny, 11/22-23, 16/16 Adams, Scott, 7/10 Albrecht, Robert L., 18/1, Adelson, Sheldon, 19/5 19/1-2 Adobe Systems Inc., 10/6, Alcoff, Larry, 19/11 13/23-24, 16/15, 19/18 Aldhadeff, Victor, 19/22 PostScript, 10/6, 13/23-24 Aldus Corporation, 13/24, Advance Computing Environment. 16/15 See ACE PageMaker, 10/7, 13/24, Advanced BASIC (BASICA). See 16/15 Microsoft/Programming Lang. Alex. Brown & Sons, 12/8 Advanced DOS. See ALGOL (Algorithmic Language), Microsoft/Operating Systems 2/5-6, 5/2, 7/5 (AMD), ALGOL 30. See Dartmouth Inc., 3/15, 8/5, 8/9, College 14/7, 16/7, 16/16 ALGOL 60, 7/5 Am386 microprocessor, 14/7 Burroughs ALGOL. See Am486 microprocessor, 14/7 Burroughs AMD 8080A microprocessor, Alien Rain game. See 4/20 Brøderbund Software. K5 microprocessor, 14/7 Allchin, James, 16/9 K6 microprocessor, 14/7 Allen, Paul G. K6-2 microprocessor, 14/7 Microsoft, 4/11, 6/1-14, Advanced Research Projects 12/1, 12/4, 12/8, 12/12, Agency. See ARPA 12/14, 16/12 Advanced RISC Machines (ARM) Other companies, 4/10, Ltd., 14/10 10/19 ARM 610 microprocessor, Group, 19/23 14/10 Allison, Dennis, 7/4 Advanced Systems Division Alpert, Martin A., 17/19 See Xerox/Miscellaneous Alpha computer project Advantage Professional Word (HP 3000). See Hewlett- Processor. See MultiMate Packard International Alpha microprocessor. See Advantage series computers. DEC/Miscellaneous A History of the Personal Computer Index/3

Alpha project (HP3000). See Computer History Association Hewlett-Packard of California AlphaWorks integrated program, Anderson, Harlan E., 1/15-16 13/22 Anderson, John J. 18/9 Alps Electric Company, 5/14, Anderson, J. Reid, 17/4, 17/16 10/11, 10/15, 10/21, 12/5, Anderson, Tim, 13/24 17/8 Andreessen, Marc, 15/10-11 Alsop, Stewart, 19/25 Annals of the History of Altair 680b and 8800 Computing. See IEEE computers. See MITS Ansa Software company, 13/18 Altair BASIC and . See MITS ANSI (American National Alto computers. See Standards Institute), 2/12, Xerox/Computers 4/19, 6/11, 7/3, 13/7 Am386 and Am486 ANSI BASIC, 6/10 microprocessors. See G subset of PL/I, 2/12, 13/9 Advanced Micro Devices “Full” BASIC, 7/4, 13/7 Amateur Computer Group of New Minimal BASIC, 7/4 Jersey, 19/4 A-0 , 1/12 Amateur Computer Society AOL. See America Online (ACS), 2/14, 4/3, 18/1, APDA (Apple ’s and 19/1 Developer’s Association). ACS Newsletter, 2/14, 4/3, See Apple Computer 18/1, 19/1 /Miscellaneous Amateur computing, 2/14-16 APL (A ), Amazon Inc., 19/20 4/4, 4/12, 4/19 Ambra computers. See Also see Microsoft /Prog. IBM/Computers (Personal) Lang. AMD. See Advanced Micro Apollo Computer company, 9/17, Devices 11/21, 11/26 AMD 8080A microprocessor. See Apollo II computer, 11/14 Advanced Micro Devices Apple Assembly Line Amdek company, 17/12 newsletter, 18/5 Amelio, Gilbert F., 16/1-2 Apple Computer Company, 5/6, America Online (AOL), Inc., 5/9 15/12, 16/17, 19/15 Apple Computer, Inc. America Online service, 1970’s, 5/1-17; 19/15 1980’s, 10/1-26; American . See 1990’s, 14/10-11, 16/1-3 The American Computer Museum IBM, 9/2, 9/23, 16/15 American Federation of Markets, 4/21, 11/1, 19/15 Information Processing Microsoft, 6/10-11, 12/2-3, Societies Inc., (AFIPS), 12/6, 12/10, 12/20-21, 18/7, 19/5 12/27, 16/8-9, 16/11 American National Standards Miscellaneous, 2/11, Institute. See ANSI 13/5-6, 17/8-9, 17/14, American Telephone & Telegraph 17/15 Corporation. See AT&T NeXT, 11/11, 16/16 Ami Pro . See Other companies and Lotus Development organ’s, 3/11, 4/6, 4/17, Computer Corporation, 16/13-14, 16/17, 19/2, 11/5 19/9-10, 19/17, 20/2 Amiga computer. See Commodore PowerPC Alliance, 14/3, International 14/6, 16/5, 16/16, 19/19, An Introduction To 20/5 , 11/6, 20/1 Software, 7/3-5, 7/7-8, Analyses Conseils 7/10, 11/13, 13/3-4, Informations. See ACI 13/12-13, 13/18-20, 13/24, Analytical Engine. See 13/27, 15/7-8 Index/4 A History of the Personal Computer

Accessories: Apple IIx project, 10/3, 20SC hard drive, 10/12 10/13 Disk II drive, 5/12, 5/14, Apple III, 5/17, 7/3, 10/1, 10/5, Development of, 5/14-15, 10/12, 10/21, 13/3, 17/8 10/2, 10/9-11 DuoDisk, 10/5 Miscellaneous, 10/5, ImageWriter , 10/5, 10/15, 10/18, 17/9 10/21, 13/20, 17/14 Software, 13/3, 13/8, LaserWriter printer, 10/6, 13/12, 13/20 13/24, 17/15-16 Apple III Plus, 10/5, LaserWriter II printer, 10/11, 17/12 17/16 Apple 32 SuperMicro LaserWriter Plus printer, product line, 10/16 10/7, 10/24, 17/16 Cortland project (Apple ProFile hard disk, 10/11, IIGS), 10/13 10/15, 10/17, 17/9 eMate, 16/2 Scribe printer, 10/13 Junior Newton project, Silentype printer, 5/14 14/10 Twiggy drive, Lisa, 5/14 10/15, 10/17, 10/21 Apple corporate, 10/1-2, UniDisk, 10/6 10/5-6, 10/9-11, 10/17 Computers: Development of, 5/15-16, Board, 4/10, 10/14-17 5/4-7, 5/11, 19/4, Miscellaneous, 3/11, 19/9-10 10/19-21, 10/23, 12/18, Apple II, 17/23 Apple corporate, 5/1, Software, 10/19, 13/5 10/1-2, 10/5, 10/11, Lisa 2, 10/2, 10/5, 10/11, 10/18, 14/11, 16/3 10/17 Clones, 11/13-14, 17/16 Lisa 2/5, 10/17 Development of, 5/10-15 Lisa 2/10, 10/17-18 Magazines, 18/5, 18/8 , Markets, 4/1, 4/15, Apple corporate, 10/1, 5/14, 9/1 10/5-6, 16/1-3 Microsoft, 6/9, 6/14, Development of, 5/16, 12/1, 12/21, 12/23 10/18-23 Miscellaneous, 3/14, Magazines, 18/6, 18/8 9/13, 10/6, 11/16, Microsoft, 12/2-3, 17/17-19, 19/9 12/5-7, 12/10, Software, 7/5, 7/8-9, 12/17-19, 12/23-24, 7/10-11, 10/5, 10/9, 12/26-28, 15/4, 10/11, 10/14, 10/23, 16/8-9, 16/11 13/3, 13/7-9, 13/12, Miscellaneous, 3/11, 13/18, 13/24-27 10/8-11, 10/17-18, Apple II clones, 11/13-14, 11/11-12, 14/11, 16/3, 17/16 17/8, 17/16, 17/21, Apple II Plus, 4/1, 4/16, 17/23, 19/9, 19/17, 5/14, 10/12, 17/17 19/19 Apple IIc, 10/5, 10/7, Software, 10/7, 10/14, 10/12-13, 14/9 13/5-6, 13/11, Apple IIc Plus, 10/8, 13/15-17, 13/19-20, 10/13 13/23-24, 13/30, 15/7, Apple IIe, 10/5, 10/6, 15/10-11 10/11-14, 13/18, 13/20, Fat Mac, 10/23 17/18 iBook portable, 14/11, Apple IIGS, 8/6, 10/7-8, 16/2 10/12-14, 13/4, 13/21, iMac, 14/11, 16/2 13/30, 18/6 Mac LC, 14/9 A History of the Personal Computer Index/5

Macintosh II, 10/8, Network, 10/6, 13/27 10/24-25, 13/7 AppleWorks, 10/5, 13/20, Macintosh IIci, 10/8, 18/6 10/25 AppleWorks GS, 10/8, Macintosh IIcx, 10/8, 13/21 10/25 Boot 13 utility, 7/3 Macintosh IIx, 8/6, Breakout game, 5/7, 7/10 10/8, 10/25 FileServer, 10/6 , 10/7, FST’s ( 10/24 Transactors), 13/4 , GS Works, 13/21 10/8, 10/26 HyperCard, 10/8 Macintosh SE, 10/8, HyperCard IIGS, 15/7 10/24 HyperTalk, 10/8, 13/30 Macintosh SE/30, 10/25 Lisa Office System, Macintosh XL, 10/18 10/16, 10/18 , 14/11 LisaCalc, 10/16, 13/15 PowerBook 500 Series LisaDraw, 10/16 portable, 14/11 LisaGraph, 10/16 TurboMac, 10/23 LisaGuide, 10/16 Newton MessagePad (PDA), LisaList, 10/17 10/8, 14/10, 16/2 LisaProject, 10/17 Phoenix project (Apple LisaTerminal, 10/17 IIGS), 10/13 LisaWrite, 10/16 Rambo project (Apple LocalTalk, 13/27 IIGS), 10/13 Lunar Lander game, 7/10 Sara project (Apple III), MacDraw, 10/23 5/14, 10/9 , 10/6 Miscellaneous: MacPaint, 10/20. 10/22 Apple II Forever MacProject, 10/23 conference, 10/12 MacSketch, 10/20 Apple Fellow, 10/5, 11/11 MacTerminal, 10/23 Apple Programmer’s and MacWrite, 10/22, 13/13 Developer’s Association Penny Arcade game, 7/10 (APDA), 19/16-17 QuickFile, 13/18-19 Apple University QuickFile IIe, 10/12, Consortium (AUC), 10/23 13/18 AppleBus, 10/18 QuickDraw, 10/12, 10/16, AppleFest, 10/3 10/22 AppleWorld, 10/24 QuickDraw II, 10/14 IWM (Integrated Woz Switcher, 10/6 Machine), 10/21 Toolbox, 10/20, 10/22 MacWorld Expo, 10/8, 19/5 Operating Systems: Mega II chip, 10/13-14 A/UX , NuBus architecture, 10/25, 10/25 17/21 Blue project (), Software: 10/25 Application Programs: Copland project, 15/7 Apple Pie (AppleWorks), Desktop Manager, 10/16 13/19 DOS (Disk Operating , 5/14, 7/7, System), 5/12, 7/3 10/5, 13/12 Finder program, 10/20, Apple Writer II, 13/12 10/22 Apple Writer IIe, 10/12 GS/OS operating system, AppleLink, 10/7 10/14, 13/4 AppleNet, 10/17 MacWorks operating AppleShare, 13/27 system, 10/18 AppleTalk Personal MultiFinder operating Index/6 A History of the Personal Computer

system, 10/8 PC Transporter card, 17/18 OS 8, 9 and X, 15/8 Transwarp card, 17/18 Pink project, 10/25, APX (Advance Processor 19/19 Architecture). See Intel ProDOS (Professional Disk Aquarius computer. See Mattel Operating System), ARC (Augmented Research 10/5, 10/13, 13/3-4, Center). See Stanford 13/6 Research Institute ProDOS 8, 10/14, 13/4 ARC (Automatic Relay ProDOS 16, 10/14, 13/4 Computer), 1/9 Rhapsody project, 15/7 ARC (Average Response Sophisticated Operating Computer). See MIT System (SOS), 10/10, Ariel Publishing, 18/5 13/3 ARITH-MATIC software, 1/12 System 7, 10/25, 15/7 ARM. See Advanced RISC Window manager, 10/16 Machines Programming Languages: ARPA (Advanced Research Apple BASIC, 5/5, 5/7, Projects Agency), 2/3-4, 5/10 2/12-13 Apple , IPTO (Information Processing 10/10 Techniques Office), 2/3-4, Apple , 10/2 2/9, 2/13 Apple II Pascal, 5/14, ARPANET, 2/4, 2/12-13, 4/6, 7/3 7/10, 19/13 Applesoft BASIC, 5/12, Arrowhead Computer Co., 19/10 6/10, 10/12, 10/13-14, Artificial intelligence, 13/29 10/23 Artwick, Bruce A., 13/26 Applesoft Extended BASIC, Artzt, Russell M., 13/29 5/14 ASCC (Automatic Sequence Assembler/Debugger, 10/23 Control ), 1/4, Integer BASIC, 5/10, 6/10 1/6 Logo, 10/23, 13/5 ASCII characters, 17/11 MacBASIC, 10/20, 10/23, ASCII Corporation, 6/12, 12/9 12/7, 12/21 ASCII magazine, 18/3 Pascal, 10/10, 10/23 Ashton, Alan, 13/10-11, 16/15 Apple II Review. See The Apple Ashton-Tate, Inc., 7/9, 13/12, II Review 13/15-16, 13/19, 13/21, Apple IIGS Buyer’s Guide 16/14 magazine, 18/6 dBASE II, 7/9, 13/16, 16/14 Apple Programmer’s and dBASE III, 13/16 Developer’s Association. See dBASE III PLUS, 13/16 Apple/Miscellaneous dBASE III PLUS LAN PACK, Apple Pugetsound Program 13/16 Library Exchange user group. dBASE Mac, 13/16, 13/19 See A.P.P.L.E. Framework, 13/20-21 Apple Writer. See Apple Framework II, 13/21 Computer/Software Full Impact , AppleBus, AppleFest and 13/15 AppleWorld. See Apple ASR-33 terminal. See Teletype Computer/Miscellaneous Corporation AppleWorks Forum newsletter. Assembler programming See National AppleWorks language, 4/19, 7/2, Users Group 13/18, 15/8 Application programs, 12/22 Also see Microsoft Applicon company, 2/10 /Prog. Lang. Applied Computer Technology, Assembler/Debugger. See Apple 4/20 Computer/Software , 17/18 Assistant series of programs. A History of the Personal Computer Index/7

See IBM and Software 10/22, 19/22 Publishing Corporation Atlantic Monthly magazine, Association for Computing 1/14 Machinery See ACM. AuctionWeb site, Associations, 1/14, 19/17-19 19/21 AST Research, Inc., 11/14, AUGMENT. See Tymshare 16/15, 17/21, 20/4 Augmented Research Center. See Combo Card, 17/19 Stanford Research Institute Premium/286 computer, 11/14 Autodesk, Inc., 13/23, 16/15 Asymetrix Corporation, 12/4, AutoCAD, 13/23 19/23 Automatic Sequence Control AT Bus. See IBM/Miscellaneous Calculator. See ASCC AT&T (American Telephone & A/UX operating system. See Telegraph Corporation), Apple Computer/Software Apple Computer, 10/5, Auxiliary storage, 1/7 10/25 Avant-Garde Creations, 13/28 language, 7/5 Creative Life Dynamic Microsoft, 12/1, 12/15 series, 3/28 Miscellaneous, 2/12, 12/28, 17/19, 18/2, --B-- 19/18, 20/6 Baby Blue card. See Xedex Other companies, 8/8, BackOffice software. See 9/17, 11/26, 16/14 Microsoft/Applic. Progs. operating system, Backus, John W., 1/13 C language, 7/5 Baer, Ralph, 2/14 IBM, 9/17, 9/21, 12/11 Bailey, David, 17/10 Microsoft, 12/1, 12/15, Baker, Al, 13/29 12/17, 16/9 Baker, Bill, 7/7, 7/9, 13/9-10 Miscellaneous, 2/12, 13/6, Balakrisman, Jay, 13/28 15/10, 19/14, 19/17-18 Balleisen, Gary, 13/15 Other companies, 10/25, Ballmer, Steven (Steve) A., 11/12, 11/25-26, 13/4, 6/4, 12/1, 12/6, 12/8, 13/27, 15/9, 15/11, 12/11, 12/19, 12/22, 15/8, 16/13 16/9-12 UNIX System V operating Bank Street Writer. See system, 9/17 Brøderbund Software Atanasoff, John V., 1/4-5, Baran, Paul 2/13 1/8-9 Bardeen, John, 1/11 Corporation, Barksdale, James L., 15/11 Apple Computer, 5/3, Barnaby, Bob, 7/7 5/6-9, 5/17, 10/5 Barnes, Susan, 11/11 Corporate, 11/1, 11/5, Barnhart, Dennis, 11/30 11/14, 16/16 Barrett, Craig R., 16/8 Early developments, Bartz, Carol, 16/15 4/17-18 Barzilay, Jason, 11/23 Games, 7/10-11, 19/15 BASIC (Beginner’s All-purpose IBM, 9/4 Symbolic Instruction Markets, 4/15, 4/21, 5/15 Code), Software, 13/12, 13/14 Apple Computer, 5/4, 5/6-8, Atari 400, 3/14, 4/17 5/10, 5/13, 10/10-11, Atari 800, 3/14, 4/17 10/13-14, 10/18-19, Atari 1200XL, 11/14 10/21-22 Breakout game, 4/17, 5/7, Development of, 2/3, 2/5-6, 7/8 7/3-5, 7/12, 13/7 Pong tennis game, 4/17 IBM, 4/3, 4/12, 9/4, 9/7 ATI Technologies Inc., 19/20 Microsoft, 6/3, 6/5-11, Atkinson, Bill, 5/15, 7/5, 15/5, 17/17-18 10/5, 10/8, 10/15, 10/19-20, MITS, 4/9-11 Index/8 A History of the Personal Computer

Other companies, 4/15, Models III, IV, V and VI 4/17-20, 7/8, 11/28, computers, 1/3 11/3-4, 11/7, 11/10, Bell System Technical 11/13, 11/18, 11/20, Journal, 20/6 11/24, 13/2, 18/3 Belleville, Robert L., 10/20 Also see Microsoft/Progr. Bendix Aviation Corporation, Languages 1/16 BASIC computer. See Sphere G-15 computer, 1/16 Corp Benton Harbor BASIC. See Heath Basic Input/Output System Company (BIOS), 13/22 Berez, Joel, 13/24-25 Computer, 11/9 Berkeley campus. See , 7/2 University IBM, 9/5, 9/7, 9/12, 11/19, of California 12/14, 13/22-23 Berkeley Softworks, 13/6 Zenith Data Systems, 11/29 GEOS (Graphic Environment BASIC interpreters (Altair and Operating System), 13/6 Macintosh). See Microsoft Berkeley UNIX operating /Progr. Lang. system, 11/25 BASIC-80. See Microsoft/Progr. Berners-Lee, Tim, 19/14, 20/3 Lang. Bernoulli, Daniel, 17/10 BASIC-Plus. See Digital Bernoulli box and disk drive. Equipment/Software See Iomega BASICA (Advanced BASIC). See Bernstein, Alex, 1/13 Microsoft/Progr. Lang. Berry, Clifford E., 1/5 Bastian, Bruce, 13/10-11, Bezos, Jeffrey, 19/20 16/15 Bibliographies, 20/2 Bates, Roger, 17/23 Big Blue . See Bauer company, 12/11, 12/20 Baum, Allen J., 5/1-4, 5/7, Bina, Eric, 15/10 5/10 BINAC (Binary Automatic Bauman, Joe, 9/4, 9/6, 9/23 Computer), 1/5, 1/8 Bawden, David, 20/2 BIOS. See Basic Input/Output BBC. See British Broadcasting System Corporation Bishop, Bob, 7/10 BBC BASIC, BBC Model A and B Bit - term origin, 20/6 computers. See Acorn Bit Pad. See Summagraphics Computers BitBlt procedure, 4/5 BCPL programming language. See BIX on-line service, 19/16 Xerox/Software Blank, Marc, 13/24 Be Inc., company, 16/14 Blankenbaker, John V., 4/3 BeBox computer, 16/14 Bletchley Park, 1/3-4 Beagle Bros. company, 13/20, phone tone generator, 18/5 5/3 MacroWorks, 13/20 Blue project. See Apple TimeOut modules, 13/20 Computer/Software Bechtolsheim, Andreas, Blumenthal, Jabe, 12/24 11/24-25 Bob operating system. See Beckman Instrument Systems, Microsoft/Oper. Systems 5/9 Bobrow, Daniel, 2/12 Bedke, Janelle, 13/18 Boeing Computer Services, 16/8 Bell, Jay, 11/17 Boggs, David, 19/13 Bell, Murray, 11/21-22 Boich, Mike, 10/7 Bell Telephone Laboratories, Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc., 1/3, 1/6, 1/11, 2/4, (BB&N), 2/4-5, 2/12-13 2/11, 7/3, 13/7, 20/6 Bookshelf. See General Purpose Relay Microsoft/Multimedia Calculator, 1/3 Boone, Gary W., 3/12, 14/8 A History of the Personal Computer Index/9

Boot 13 utility. See Apple Print Shop, 13/24 Computer/Software Space Quarks, 13/25 Booth, A. D., 1/9 Where in the World is Carmen Borel, Daniel, 19/22 Sandiego?, 13/25 Borland International, Inc., Brodie, Richard, 12/25-26 Beginning of, 13/8-9 Broedner, Walt, 10/11 Miscellaneous, 13/19, Brookhaven National 15/5, 16/12, 16/14, 16/17 Laboratory, 1/13 Programs, 12/21, 13/7, Brother International 13/15, 13/29 Corporation, 17/16, 19/20 Paradox database, 13/9, Brown, David, 17/9 13/19, 16/12 Brown, Dick, 10/4, 12/6, 19/11 Quattro Pro spreadsheet, Brown University, 10/4 13/9, 13/15 16/12 Browsers, 15/10-11 Sidekick, 13/9, 13/29 Bubble jet printing, 17/14 Turbo BASIC, 12/21, 13/7 Bubble memory, 11/18 Turbo C, 12/21, 13/7 Buchholz, W., 20/6 , 12/21, 13/8 Budge, Bill, 7/10, 13/26 Bosack, Leonard, 19/21 Budgeco company, 13/26 Computer Museum. See Raster Blaster game, 13/26 The Computer Museum Bug - term origin, 20/6 Boston Computer Society, 19/3 Bull company, 11/30 Both Barrels game. See Sirius Bunnell, David, 6/8, 18/2-3, Software 18/6-7, 19/4 Bowles, Kenneth L., 7/5 , 7/6, Bowman, William, 13/28 17/12 BPC microprocessor. See ALGOL, 7/6 Hewlett-Packard Printer, 17/12 BPI accounting software, 13/29 Burtis, Don, 6/14 Bradley, David J., 9/5, 12/13, Bus systems, 17/20-21, 20/3 13/22 Bush, Vannevar, 1/14-15, 2/9, Bradley, Terry, 13/25 20/1 Brainerd, Paul, 13/24 Bushnell, Nolan K., 4/17, 5/9, Brattain, Walter, 1/11 7/10 Bravo and BravoX word Busicom company, 3/6-8, 4/7 processors. See Xerox/ Business Accounting Series Software software. See Peachtree Breakout game. See Atari Software Bricklin, Daniel S., 5/14, Button, Jim, 13/18 7/8, 13/15, 13/29, 19/12 ButtonWare company, 13/18 British Broadcasting PC File database, 13/18 Corporation (BBC), 11/13 Bybe, Jim, 4/9 British Telecom company, 13/27 Byte - term origin, 20/6 Brock, Rod, 12/14, 17/18 BYTE magazine, Brockman, Inc., 19/25 Beginning of, 18/2-3 Brockman, John, 19/25 Borland, 13/9 Brøderbund Software, Inc., Microprocessor, 3/17-18 13/12, 13/24-25 Miscellaneous, 4/11-12, Alien Rain, 13/25 17/5, 17/7, 17/23, 19/3, Bank Street Writer word 19/16, 20/6-7 processor, 13/12 North Star Computers, 17/19 Choplifter, 13/25 , 7/9 David’s Midnight magic, Byte Shop’s, 5/6, 5/9, 19/10 13/25 Bytec Management Corporation, Galactic Empire, 13/25 11/21, 13/27 Galactic Saga series, 13/25 Bytec-Comterm, 11/22 Galactic Trader, 13/25 Hyperion computer, 11/10, , 13/25 11/21 Index/10 A History of the Personal Computer

Bytesaver board. See Cromemco. Carlston, Gary, 13/25 Carmack, Adrian, 19/22 --C-- Carmack, John, 19/21 C & E (Coleman & Eubanks) Carnegie-Mellon University, Company, 13/29 13/4 C programming language, 4/5, Carr, Robert, 13/21 7/5, 13/7, 13/17, 15/8, Cartridge BASIC. See 15/13, 19/26 Microsoft/Prog. Languages C++ programming language, Cary, Frank T., 9/1 13/7, 15/13 Case, Stephen M., 18/9, 19/15 C.Itoh (CIE), Cashmere project (Word for Inc., 10/17, 17/14 Windows). See Microsoft/ Cable-TV, 15/15, 16/10 Application Programs Cache, 8/4, 8/6 Cassette BASIC. See CAD (Computer Assisted Microsoft/Progr. Languages Drafting), 2/10, 9/17, , 5/6, 5/10, 11/25, 13/23, 20/4 5/12, 11/24, 17/4-5, 17/19 CAE (Computer Assisted CAT acoustic coupler. See Engineering), 2/10, 11/24 Novation Cahners Publishing, 18/7 Caulkins, Dave, 19/14 Cairo project. See Microsoft/ Cayre, Joseph J., 19/22 Operating Systems C-BASIC, 7/4, 11/7, 11/12 CalcStar. See MicroPro CBASIC-86. See Digital International Research , CBI. See Charles Babbage Busicom company, 3/6, 4/6, Institute 4/8 CBM-8032 computer. See Early computers, 1/3, 1/7 Miscellaneous, 3/5, 3/12, CBS company, 19/16 4/2, 7/8, 17/9, 19/1 cc:Mail. See Lotus Development Other calculator products, CD-ROM (Compact Disk – Read 4/3, 4/8, 4/15, 4/19, Only Memory), 12/7, 12/28, 11/23, 11/28 15/9, 17/9, 20/2, 20/4-5 Calculedger spreadsheet, 7/8 CD-I (Compact Disk Call-A.P.P.L.E. magazine. See - Interactive), 12/7, 20/4 A.P.P.L.E. CD-R (Compact Disk Call Computer company, 5/4 - Recordable), 20/4 Calma company, 2/10 CD-ROM XA standard, 20/4 CAM (Computer Assisted CD-ROM conference, 12/7, 12/10 Manufacturing), 11/24 CD-ROM division. See Cambridge University, 1/5, Microsoft/Multimedia 1/12 CD-Write disk. See Cytation Campbell, Gordon, 8/7 CeBIT computer show, 19/5 Campbell, Rob, 12/10 Celeron microprocessor. See Campbell, William V., 13/30, Intel/Microprocessors 16/2 Central Intelligence Agency. Canion, Rod, 11/9, 16/3 See CIA Cannavino, James A., 9/21-22, Central Point software 9/24-25, 12/17, 15/8, 16/5-6 company, 16/14 Canon Inc., 3/5, 16/15, 17/8, Centronics Data Computer 17/14-15 Corporation, 17/12 LPB-CX laser printer, 17/15 700 series printers, 17/12 Pocketronic calculator, 3/5 779 printer, 17/12 Cantin, Howard, 5/10 Micro-1 printer, 17/12 Capellas, Michael D., 16/4 Model 101 printer, 17/12 Capps, Steve, 10/20, 14/10 CERES workstation, 13/8 Captain Crunch, 5/3 CERN (European Particle Carlston, Douglas G., 13/25 Physics Laboratory), 19/14, A History of the Personal Computer Index/11

20/3 Clubs (Computer), 19/2-3 CES. See CMC (Corporate Management Show Committee), See CGA (Color Graphics Adapter), IBM/Miscellaneous 9/5, 11/18, 14/9, 20/5 CMG@Ventures company, 19/23 Challenger series of CMOS (Complementary Metal computers. See Ohio Oxide Semiconductor), 3/13 Scientific Instruments CMP Media Inc., 18/2 Chamberlain, Hal, 4/3, 18/3 COBOL (COmmon Business Chamberlain, Mark, 4/10-11 Oriented Language), Chambers, John T., 19/21 1/12-13, 2/11, 6/2, 6/9 Chang, Dean, 19/23 Also see Microsoft/ Chaplin, Charlie characture, Programming Languages 9/6 Cochran, Michael, 3/12, 14/8 Charles Babbage Institute Cocke, John, 8/7, 14/8 (CBI), 19/6-7 CoCo computer. See Tandy/Radio Newsletter, 19/6 Shack Charlson, Chester, 17/15 CODASYL (Committee On Data Charney, Howard, 17/18 SYstem Languages), 1/13, Chart software. See Microsoft/ 2/11 Application Programs Codd, Edgar F., 13/17 Cheadle, Edward, 2/11 Cole, Ida, 12/6 Cheiky, Mike and Charity, 4/14 Coleco Industries, 11/30 Chess project. See IBM/ Adam computer, 11/30 Computers (Personal) Coleman, Deborah “Debi” A., Chicago project (). 10/7 See Microsoft/Oper. Systems Coleman, Dennis, 13/29 Chieftain computer. See Smoke Coleman, William T., 13/5 Signal Broadcasting Collard, Paul, 17/19 Chips and Technologies, Inc., Colligan, John C., 19/23 8/7, 11/17, 16/7 Color Graphics Adapter. See Choplifter game. See CGA Brøderbund Software Colvin, Neil, 13/22 CIA (Central Intelligence Combo Card. See AST Research Agency), 13/17 Comcast Corporation, 16/11 Cider Press newsletter, 18/5 COMDEX (COMputer Dealers’ CIE (Community Information Exposition), Exchange) Net, 19/13 Beginning of, 19/5 Circus project (PC AT). See Miscellaneous, 9/21 IBM/Computers (Personal) Product introductions at, Cirrus project. See 9/11, 11/17, 11/21, Microsoft/Applic. Programs 12/17-19, 13/5, 13/7, Cisco Systems, Inc., 19/21 13/10-11, 13/14 CL-9. See Cloud-9 Softbank purchase of, 19/24 Clamshell project (5140 PC Commodore Business Machines Convertible.) See IBM/ Company, 4/15 Computers (Personal) Commodore International Inc., Corporation, 10/8, Apple Computer, 5/8, 5/14 13/20, 13/21 Beginning of, 4/15-16 Clark, James H., 11/23, Later products, 11/4-5 15/11-12 Liquidation of, 16/15 Clark, Wesley A., 1/15, 2/2, Market, 4/15, 4/21, 5/17, 2/7 9/1-2, 11/1 Clayton, Dubilier & Rice Microsoft, 6/9, 6/11 company, 16/4 Miscellaneous, 3/14, Clones, 4/13, 9/20, 11/13, 11/14, 11/28, 13/20, 11/30, 12/3, 13/23 17/20, 19/8, 19/15 Cloud-9 (CL-9) company, 10/6 3-Plus-1 software, 11/5, Index/12 A History of the Personal Computer

13/20 SystemPro, 11/11 64 computer, 11/5, 18/8 Compass computers. See GRiD computer, 11/6 Systems CBM 8032, 11/3 Compiler Systems, Inc., 7/4 MAX Machine, 11/5 Complementary Metal Oxide PET 2001 (Personal Semiconductor. See CMOS Electronic Transactor), Complex Number Calculator, 1/3 3/14, 4/15-16, 6/9, 9/1, CompUSA Inc., 19/10 11/3, 11/28, 13/14, 19/9 CompuServe Corporation, 17/20, PET 4000 series, 4/16 19/15-17 PLUS/4, 11/5, 13/20 CompuServe Information SuperPET 9000 series, 11/4 Services, Inc., 19/16 SX-64, 11/5 MicroNET services, 19/16 Ultimax, 11/5 Compute magazine, 18/8 VIC-20, 11/4, 17/17 Compute Publications, 18/8 VIC BASIC, 11/4 Computer Assisted Drafting, VICMODEM program, 17/20 Engineering & Manufacturing. VICTERM program, 17/20 See CAD, CAE and CAM Video Interface chip, 11/4 Computer Associates Commodore Portable International, Inc., 13/10, company, 4/15 13/15, 13/29 Common Business Oriented Computer Center Corporation Language. See COBOL (CCC), 6/2-3 Communications, 20/3 Computer City stores, 19/10 Communications of the ACM. See Computer Control Corporation ACM (3C), 2/9 Communicator Professional. See Computer Converser company, Netscape Communications 5/4 Community Computer Center, Computer History Association 19/1 of California (CHAC), 19/7 Community Information Exchange The Analytical Engine Net. See CIE Net journal, 19/7 Community Memory, 19/1, 20/1 Computer History Association Compact Disk - Read Only of Delaware, 19/10 Memory. See CD-ROM Computer History Association Compaq Computer Corporation, of Iowa, 19/10 1990’s, 14/11, 16/3-4 Computer Hobbyist newsletter, Beginning of, 11/9-11 18/3 IBM, 9/16, 9/23, 16/5 Computer Intelligence Intel, 8/4 Infocorp, 19/21 Microsoft, 12/3, 12/21 Computer Lib and Dream Miscellaneous, 11/30, Machines, 20/1 13/22, 17/21, 19/17, Computer Mart store, 5/7-8, 19/25 19/10 Compaq LTE notebook, 11/11 Computer Museum and Computer Compaq Plus, 11/11 Museum History Center. See Contura, 14/11 The Computer Museum and The Deskpro 286, 8/4, 11/11 Computer Museum History Deskpro 386, 11/11 Center Deskpro/M, 14/11 Computer Notes newsletter. See Portable, 9/9, 9/16, MITS. 11/9-11, 11/20, 12/21, Computer Shack, 4/11, 19/11 20/8 Computer Shopper magazine, Portable 286, 11/11 18/7 Portable 386, 11/11 Computer Space game. See Games ProLinea, 14/11 Computer Store, 19/11 ProSignia, 14/11 Corporation Ruby project, 14/11 (CTC), 3/7, 3/12, 4/2 A History of the Personal Computer Index/13

Computerfest, 19/4 WordPerfect suite, 15/9 ComputerLand, 4/3, 4/13, 4/20, Cornell University Classic 9/8, 19/11 Computer Club, 19/10 Computers & Electronics, 18/8 Cornet, Jean Claude, 3/9 Computervision Corporation, Coronado Corporation, 3/12 2/10 Corporate Management Committee ComputerWorld, newspaper, 18/7 (CMC). See IBM/Miscellaneous Computing-Tabulating-Recording Corrigan, Robert J., 16/5 Company, 1/6 Cortland project. See Apple Computist magazine, 18/8 Computer/Computers Concentric Data Systems, 13/13 Corvus Concept computer, 11/15 Concurrent CP/M-86 and Couch, John D., 5/15, 10/15 Concurrent DOS. See Digital Courtney, Mike, 12/14, 12/21 Research Cowell, Casey G., 17/19 Condor database, 7/9 Cowpland, Michael C. J., Connelly, Dan, 20/3 11/21-22, 13/27 Conner Peripherals, Inc., CP/M operating systems. See 17/6, 17/9 Digital Research Conner, Finis F., 17/7-9 CP/NET. See Digital Research CONSOL operating system. See CP-DOS. See IBM/Software Processor Technology. Crawford, John, 8/3, 14/6 Consumer Electronics Show Cray, Seymour, 16/14 (CES), 5/12, 11/4-5, 11/13, Cray Research, Inc., 16/13, 19/4 16/16 Consumer Products Division. Cray-1 computer, 19/8 See Microsoft/Miscellaneous Cream Soda Computer, 5/2, 5/5 Context Management Systems, Creative Computing magazine, 13/19 18/1, 18/3, 18/9 Context MBA, 13/19, 13/21 Creative Labs, Inc., 17/16 Continuum company, 12/11 Creative Life Dynamic series. See Avant-Garde Creations (CDC), 2/9, 6/3, 13/5, Creative Technology Ltd., 17/6, 17/9 17/16 660 computer, 19/9 Sound Blaster audio card, Cyber 6400 computer, 6/3 17/16 Control Video Corporation, Cromemco Inc., 4/10, 4/14-15, 19/15 5/7, 6/14, 17/16-18 Contura computer. See Compaq Bytesaver board, 17/16 Computer Corporation Dazzler machine, 5/7 Conventions, 19/4 Kaleidoscope program, 17/17 Convergent Technologies, 11/30 System Zero, One, Two and Workslate portable computer, Three computers, 4/14 11/30 TV Dazzler board, 17/17 Cook, Scott D., 13/30 Z-1 computer, 4/14 Cooper, Alan, 7/4 Z-2 Computer System, 4/14 Copland project. See Apple Z-80 board, 17/17 Computer/Software Crosby, Kip, 19/7 Coprocessors, 8/4-5 Crow, George, 11/11 Corbató, Fernando J., 2/4 Crowther, Will, 7/10 Corbis Corporation, 12/11 CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Core memory. See Magnetic core Multiple Access with memory Collision Detection), 19/13 Corel Corporation, 13/17, CSOS (Computer System 15/9, 15/12, 16/12, 16/15 Operating System). See Corel Systems Corporation, IBM/Software 13/24, 13/27, 16/15 CT-64 Terminal Kit. See CorelDRAW, 13/27, 15/9, Southwest Technical Products 16/15 CT-VM video monitor. See Index/14 A History of the Personal Computer

Southwest Technical Products DataMaster. See IBM/Computers CTC. See Computer Terminals Datamation, magazine, 1/14, Corporation 18/6 CTSS (Compatible Time Sharing Datanet-30 communications System). See MIT computer. See General Culbert, Michael, 14/10 Electric Company Cutler, David N., 12/17 DataPerfect database. See CW Communications company, WordPerfect 4/3, 18/8 Datapoint Corporation, 3/7, Cyber 6400 computer. See 3/12, 4/2, 12/1 Control Data terminal, Cyber Strike game. See Sirius 4/2, 19/6 Software Dataquest information Cyrix company, 14/7 provider, 19/21 Cytation company, 12/7, 20/2 DataStar. See MicroPro CD-Write disk, 12/7, 20/2 International Datronic company, 11/28 --D-- Davidoff, Monte, 6/6-7 D.C. Hayes Associates Inc., David’s Midnight Magic. See 17/20 Brøderbund Software Also see Hayes Corporation Davies, Donald, 2/12 D’Arezzo, James, 9/6, 9/23 Davis, Robert, 19/23 Dabney, , 4/17 Daytona project (NT). See Daisy Systems company, 11/24 Microsoft/Operating Systems Daniels, Bruce, 13/24 Dazzler machine. See Cromemco Dartmouth College, 1/3, 2/3-6, dBASE software. See 7/3-4, 13/7 Ashton-Tate ALGOL 30, 2/5 DCS (Digital Computer System), BASIC (Beginner’s 4/18 All-purpose Symbolic Deadline game. See Instruction Code), 2/3, DEC (Digital Equipment 2/6, 7/3-4, 13/5 Corporation), DARSIMCO (Dartmouth Beginning of, 1/15-16 Simplified Code), 2/5 Compaq purchase of, 16/4 DART (Dartmouth programming Early systems, 2/8-9, 4/2, language), 2/5 4/4, 4/11, 4/19-20 DOPE (Dartmouth Later systems (1980’s), Oversimplified Programming 11/15-16 Experiment), 2/5 Microsoft, 6/2-5, 6/9, DTSS (Dartmouth Time sharing 6/13, 12/4, 12/18, 15/2 System), 2/6 Miscellaneous, 3/6, 4/1, SCALP (Self Contained ALGOL 4/18, 7/8, 8/8, 10/16, Processor), 2/5 14/7, 16/14, 18/2, Structured BASIC (SBASIC), 19/17-18, 20/7 13/7 Other companies and True BASIC, 13/7 organizations, 2/4, 7/1, Darwin workstation. See Sun 16/8 Microsystems Software, 7/5, 13/8, 13/17 , 2/9, 4/5, 5/2, Computers: 6/3, 13/10, 13/13 2020 , 6/13 Nova 1220, 4/5 DECmate II word processing Nova computer, 2/9, 5/2, 6/3 system, 11/15 Data Machines company, 2/9 DECstation (VT78), Data Processing Management 4/19-20, 13/8 Association. See DPMA EduSystem, 4/4 Data routers, 19/21 LINC-8 computer, 2/7 , 7/9, 12/22, 12/26, LSI-11 13/16-21, 15/5, 16/14 board, 4/1, 4/11, 4/18, A History of the Personal Computer Index/15

7/5 9/25, 11/16-18, 16/4-5 LSI-11/23 microcomputer , Michael S., 11/16-17, system, 4/11 16/4 PDP-1 (Programmed Data Delphi on-line service. See Processor - One), 1/16, General Videotex 2/4, 2/8, 2/14 Denman, Donn, 10/20, 10/23 PDP-4, 2/8 Dennis, Jack B., 2/4, 7/2-3 PDP-5, 2/8 Department of Defense, 2/3, PDP-8, 2/8, 2/15, 3/6, 19/13 4/1, 4/4, 4/20, 19/6, Department of Justice (DOJ), 19/9 9/1, 9/23, 15/12, 16/9-11, PDP-8/A, 4/4 16/14 PDP-8/E, 4/2 Deskpro computers. See Compaq PDP-8/I, 2/8 Computer PDP-8/L, 2/8, 6/3 Desktop Management Interface. PDP-8/S, 2/8 See DMI PDP-10, 6/3-4, 6/6, 7/10, Desktop Management Task Force. 19/9 See DMTF PDP-11, 4/2, 4/11, 4/18, Desktop Manager. See Apple 7/5, 11/16 Computer/Software PDP-11/03 microcomputer , 13/23-24, system, 4/11 13/27, 16/15 Professional 300 Series, Desktop Software Division. See 11/16 IBM/Miscellaneous Models 325 & 350, 11/16 DESQ and DESQview software. Rainbow 100 series, See Quarterdeck Office 11/15-16 Develop-65, 68 and 80 Rainbow 100, 11/15 software. See Microsoft Rainbow 100+, 11/15-16 /Miscellaneous VAX (Virtual Address Dhuey, Mike, 10/24 Extension) computer, DIF format, 13/14 8/8, 12/17, 13/17 Digerati: Encounters with the Miscellaneous: Cyber Elite, 19/25 Alpha 21064 Digital Computer Newsletter, microprocessor, 14/7, 1/14 15/2 Digital Computer System. See DECUS user group, 6/3 Digital Group F-11 CPU, 11/16 Digital Deli book, 17/23, Omnibus backplane, 4/3 18/9 VT52 terminal, 4/20, 10/17 Digital Equipment Corporation. VT78. See DECstation See DEC VT100 terminal, 10/17 Digital Group Inc., 4/20, 7/4 Software: Digital Computer System, DEC BASIC, 6/3, 6/5 4/20 DEC BASIC-Plus, 6/6 Digital Logic Microlab. See DECwindows, 13/6 Southwest Technical Products Focal language, 6/9 Digital Research, Inc. (DRI), P/OS operating system, Beginning of, 7/1-2 11/16 IBM, 9/6, 9/8, 12/13 RT-11 operating system, Later developments at, 11/16 13/2-3, 13/5, 13/7, VMS ( 13/9, 13/27, 15/9 operating System), 12/17 Microsoft, 6/10, 6/14, DECUS user group. See 12/12, 12/14, 17/17 DEC/Miscellaneous Miscellaneous, 7/4, 13/24, Delbourg-Delphis, Maryléne, 13/29, 20/2 13/19 Other companies, 11/6, Dell Computer Corporation, 13/1 Index/16 A History of the Personal Computer

Purchase by , 15/9, 19/10-12 15/12, 16/12 DLL (Dynamic Link Libraries), CBASIC-86, 13/7 15/3 CD-ROM disk, 20/1 DMI (Desktop Management Concurrent CP/M-86, 13/3 Interface), 19/17 Concurrent DOS, 13/3 DMTF (Desktop Management Task CP/M (Control Program for force), 19/17 Microprocessors), Document Type Definition. See Development of, 7/1-2 DTD IBM, 9/6, 12,12 Dompier, Steve, 4/13, 19/2 Microsoft, 6/10-11, 6/14, DOPE (Dartmouth Oversimplified 12/1, 12/12, 12/14, Programming Experiment). See 17/17 Dartmouth College Miscellaneous, 4/17, Dorado processor. See Xerox/ 7/3-4, 7/7, 7/9, 7/12, Miscellaneous 13/1-2, 13/15-16, 13/27, DOS (). 19/12 See Apple Computer/Software Other companies, 11/6, and Microsoft/Oper. Systems 11/8, 11/12, 11/15-16, DoubleSpace utility. See Stac 11/18, 17/19 Electronics CP/M-80 operating system, Dow Jones and Company, Inc., 11/18 19/16 CP/M-86 operating system, Dow Jones News/Retrieval 9/8, 11/28, 12/13-14, Service, 9/8, 17/20, 19/16 13/1-2 DPMA (Data Processing CP/M Plus, 11/7 Management Association), CP/NET, 13/27 1/13 DR-DOS, 13/3, 15/9, 15/12 DR-DOS. See Digital Research GEM (Graphics Environment Dr. Dobb’s Journal, 4/11, 5/8, Manager), 13/5 7/4, 18/2-3, 19/4 MP/M (Multi-Programming DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Monitor), 7/2, 13/27 Memory), 3/6, 4/7, 8/6, PL/I compiler, 13/9 17/3-4 PL/M. See PL/M Draper, John, 5/3, 7/7, 13/9 DrawPerfect presentation (DSP). See Texas graphics program. See Instruments/Misc. WordPerfect Corporation Digital Video Interactive DRI. See Digital Research (DVI). See RCA company DriveSpace. See Microsoft/ Digitizer, 17/22 Application Programs Dilks, John, 19/4 DTD (Document Type Direct marketing, 9/25, 11/16, Definition), 20/3 11/19 DTSS (Dartmouth Time Sharing Disbrow, Steven, 18/6 System), See Dartmouth DISK BASIC. See College Microsoft/Progr Lang. and Dubinsky, Donna, 14/12 PolyMorphic Systems DuoDisk. See Apple Computer/ Disk drives, 1/9, 17/5-10 Accessories Disk II drive. See Apple DVI (Digital Video Computer/Accessories Interactive). See RCA Disks. See Floppy disks company Diskworld for the Macintosh. Dynabook concept, 4/5, 7/6, See Softdisk 20/1 Displays, 17/11-12 Dynalogic Corporation, 11/21 Displaywrite word processor Dynamic Random Access Memory. and DisplayWriter See DRAM workstation. See IBM Dynamical Systems Research, Distributors of software, Inc., 12/9, 12/16 A History of the Personal Computer Index/17

Mondrian software, 12/16, Eklund, Jon, 19/9 13/6 Electric Pencil. See Michael Dysan Corporation, 17/9, 17/22 Shrayer Software Dyson, Esther, 19/25 Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only --E-- Memory. See EEPROM company, 11/30 Inc., 13/26 EARS laser printer. See Xerox/ Music Construction Set, Miscellaneous 13/26 Eastern Joint Computer , Conference, 1/16 13/26 Eastman Kodak. See Kodak Electronic Data Systems EasyWriter word processor. See company. See EDS Information Unlimited Electronic-mail. See E-mail Software Electronic Design, 17/11 E-BASIC, 7/4 Electronic Industries eBay Inc., 19/21 Association. See EIA Ebrahimi, Farhad Fred, 13/12 Electronic News, 3/7, 20/9 ECHO IV (Electronic Computing Electronic Paper spreadsheet. Home Operator IV), 2/15 See Microsoft/Applic Eckert-Mauchly Computer Programs Corporation, 1/12 Electronics magazine, 3/5, Eckert, J. Presper, 1/5, 1/8, 3/12 1/11 Electrophotographic printing, E-commerce (Electronic- 17/15 commerce), 15/15 Electrostatic cathode ray tube ECS Magazine, 18/2 memory, 1/5, 1/7-9 Edit-80 text editor. See Elephant company, 17/22 Microsoft/Applic. Programs Ellenby, John, 4/14-15, 11/19 EDLIN text editor. See Eller, Marlin, 12/18 Microsoft/Applic. programs Ellison, Lawrence J., 13/17, EDS (Electronic Data Systems) 16/2 company, 6/14 Elly, Carol, 17/19 EDSAC (Electronic Delay E-mail (Electronic-mail), Storage Automatic 2/11, 12/27, 15/3, 15/11, Calculator), 1/5, 1/8, 1/12 eMate (PDA). See Apple Edu System 20 terminal, 19/1 Computer/Computers EduSystem computer. See EMS (Expanded Memory DEC/Computers Specification), 12/20, 20/4 EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Enable integrated program, Variable Automatic 13/22 Computer), 1/5, 1/8 . See Microsoft/ EdWord word processor, 11/15 Multimedia EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Encoder Kit. See Southwest Programmable Read Only Technical Products Memory), 17/4 Encyclopedia of Computer EGA (Enhanced Graphics History, 20/3 Adapter), 14/9, 20/5 Encyclopedia of Eggebrecht, Lewis, 9/4 Microcomputers, 3/18, 20/2-3 Egghead Discount Software, Engelbart, Douglas C., 2/9-10, 19/22 4/5, 17/23, 20/1 Egghead, Inc., 19/22 Engineering Research EGO Systems company, 18/6 Associates (ERA), 1/9 EIA (Electronic Industries English, William K., 2/10, Association), 19/18 4/6, 17/23 EISA (Extended Industry Enhanced BASIC interpreter. Standard Architecture), See Hewlett-Packard /Misc. 11/11, 17/21 Enhanced Graphics Adapter. See Index/18 A History of the Personal Computer

EGA Powerstation computer, 11/30 ENIAC (Electronic Numeric Excel spreadsheet. See Integrator and Calculator), Microsoft/Applic. Programs 1/5, 1/8-9, 1/12, 19/9 Executer word processor, 7/6 Enquire program, 19/14 Executive computers. See Entry Level Systems (ELS). See Osborne Computer IBM/Miscellaneous Executive Word Processor. See Entry Systems Division (ESD). MultiMate International See IBM/Miscellaneous Executive WordPerfect. See EP-101 printing device. See WordPerfect Epson America Expanded Memory Specification. EPD company, 4/4 See EMS System One computer kit, 4/4 Experimenters’ Computer System EPIC (Explicitly Parallel (ECS) magazine, 18/3 Instruction Computing). See Explicitly Parallel Intel/Miscellaneous Instruction Computing EPROM (Erasable Programmable (EPIC). See Intel/Misc. Read Only Memory), 17/4 Extended BASIC. See Microsoft/ Epson America, Inc., Programming Languages Computers, 11/18-19, 12/21 Extended Benton Harbor BASIC. Miscellaneous, 17/21 See Heath company Printers, 9/8, 11/12, Extended Graphics Array. See 17/13 XGA EP-101 printing device, Extended Industry Standard 17/13 Architecture. See EISA Equity Series, Equity I, II Extended Memory Manager. See & III, 11/19 XMM Geneva computer, 11/18 Extended Memory Specification. HX-20 computer, 11/18, 12/21 See XMS HX-40 computer, 11/18 Extended Software Package 1. MX-80 printer, 9/8, 11/12 See ESP-1 MX printers, 17/13 Exxon corporation, 3/14, 8/8 QX computers, QX-10, QX-11 & E-Z Draw utilities. See Sirius QX-16, 11/18 Software TX-80 printer, 17/13 Epstein, Robert S., 13/18 --F-- Equity Series. See Epson Faber, Edward, 19/11 America Faggin, Federico, 3/6-8, 3/14, Erasable Programmable Read 3/17 Only Memory. See EPROM Fairchild Camera and ESP-1 (Extended Software Instrument Corporation, 1/11 Package 1), 7/6 Espinosa, Christopher, 5/4, Corporation, 1/11, 3/5-6, 5/10 3/15-16, 5/2, 5/9, 8/7, Esquire magazine, 5/3 16/7 Estridge, Philip D. (Don), Fairs, 19/4 9/3, 9/5, 9/9, 9/13, Falcon Technology, 12/3, 12/9 9/23-24, 10/3, 12/16 Fano, Robert M., 2/4 ETH (Eidgenossische Technische FAT (), Hochschule), 7/5, 13/8 6/11, 12/12, 13/2 network. See Xerox/ Fat Mac computer. See Apple Miscellaneous Computer/Computers Eubanks, Gordon E., 7/4, 13/29 Federal Trade Commission European Laboratory for (FTC), 16/8-9 Particle Physics. See CERN Feeney, Hal, 3/7 Evans, Kent, 6/3 Felsenstein, Lee, 4/13, 11/6, Ewing, Marc, 15/10 17/12, 17/18, 19/1-2 Excaliber Technologies, 11/30 Fernandez, William, 5/2, 5/7 A History of the Personal Computer Index/19

Ferranti Ltd., 1/5 Computers MARK I computer, 1/6 Framework software. See Feurzeig, Wallace, 2/12 Ashton-Tate File Allocation Table. See FAT Frank, Richard, 13/15 File program. See Frankenberg, Bob, 16/12 Microsoft/Applic. Programs Franklin Computer Corporation, File software, 13/28 9/13, 10/3, 10/5, 11/13 Also see Apple Computer/ Ace 100 computer, 11/13 Software Frankston, Robert (Bob), 5/14, File System Translators (FST). 7/8, 13/14, 13/29, 19/12 See Apple Computer/Software Frassanito, Jack, 4/2 Filo, David, 15/14-15 French, Donald H., 4/15 Finder program. See Apple French, Gordon, 19/2 Computer/Software French, Melinda, 16/9 Findley, Robert, 4/7 Frenzel, Louis E., 4/3 Fiorina, Carleton S., 16/17 Friedl, Paul, 4/4 Fire Copter game. See Frohman, Dov, 17/4 Adventure International FrontPage program. See Vermeer First Choice software. See Technologies Software Publishing FST's (File System Corporation Translators). See Apple First West Coast Computer Computer/Software Faire. See West Coast FTC. See Federal Trade Community Faire Commission , 17/4 Fudge, Don, 13/28 FLEX computer, 2/11, 4/5 Limited, 17/3 Flight Simulator game. See Full BASIC. See American Microsoft/Applic. Programs National Standards Institute Floppy disk drives, 7/1, (ANSI) 17/6-8, 17/19, 17/21 Full Impact spreadsheet. See Floppy disks, 17/22, 19/12 Ashton-Tate Florence, Philip, 12/24 Fulmer, Howard, 17/19 FLOW-MATIC software, 1/12 Funk and Wagnalls FMS 80 database, 7/9 Encyclopedia, 12/28 Focal. See DEC/Software and Furukawa, Susumu, 12/9 Microsoft/Progr. Languages Fylstra, Daniel, 7/8-9, 7/11, Folsom, Barry James, 11/15 19/12 Forbes magazine, 16/8, 16/12, 19/20 --G-- Forefront Corporation, 13/21 G Subset of PL/I. See ANSI Forethought, Inc., 12/10, G&G Systems, 4/20 12/27 G-15 computer. See Bendix Forrestor, Jay W., 1/9 Aviation FORTH programming language, Galactic games. See Brøderbund 2/12, 13/11 Software FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation), Galvin Manufacturing 1/13, 2/6, 2/8, 5/1-2, 6/3, Corporation, 3/10 7/5, 10/3, 11/15 Galvin, Paul V., 3/10 Also see Microsoft/Progr. Gamer’s Edge disk magazine. Languages See Softdisk FORTRAN-80. See Microsoft Games, 1/13, 2/10, 2/13, 3/9, /Progr. Languages 4/16, 5/4, 7/10-11, Fortune magazine, 10/5, 12/6, 13/24-26 19/25 Adventure, 6/14, 7/10, 9/7, Fox Software, 15/5 13/25 FoxPro database, 15/5 Adventure Land, 7/10 FPB, Model A floating point Alien Rain. See Brøderbund board. See North Star Software Index/20 A History of the Personal Computer

Both Barrels. See Sirius Gartner Group Inc., 19/21 Software Gassée, Jean-Louis, 10/7, Breakout. See Atari Corp. 16/14 and Apple Computer Gates, William H., Choplifter. See Brøderbund 1960’s and 1970’s, 6/1-15; Software 1980’s, 12/1-28; Computer Space, 7/10 1990’s, 15/15, 16/9-12 Cyber Strike. See Sirius Apple Computer, 10/19, 10/23 Software History of BASIC, 7/3 David’s Midnight Magic. See IBM, 9/21, 9/25, 15/8 Brøderbund Software Miscellaneous, 4/11, 7/8, Deadline. See Infocom 11/2, 18/9, 19/26, 20/1 Fire Copter. See Adventure MITS, 4/10 International Gateway 2000, Inc., 9/25, Flight Simulator. See 11/19 Microsoft/Applic. Programs Gaudette, Francis (Frank) J., Galactic Empire, Saga & 12/7, 16/9 Trader. See Brøderbund GBASIC. See Microsoft/Progr. Software Languages King’s Quest. See Sirius Gebelli, Nasir, 13/25 Software GEM (Graphics Environment Laser Ball. See Adventure Manager). See Digital International Research Lode Runner. See Brøderbund (GE) Company, Software 2/4-6, 6/1, 6/10, 10/5, Lunar Lander. See Apple 10/7, 19/16 Computer/Software Datanet-30 communications Merlin tennis, 1/13 computer, 2/5 , 7/11, 19/12 GE-225 computer, 2/5-6 Music Construction Set. See GE-235 computer, 2/6 Electronic Arts GE-645 computer, 2/4 . See Sierra GE-BASIC, 2/6 On-Line GEnie on-line service, 19/16 Odyssey 100. See Magnavox Mark II time sharing system, Pac-Man. See 6/1 Penny Arcade. See Apple General Ledger program. See Computer/Software Tandy/Radio Shack/Software Pinball Construction Set. General Magic company, 19/22 See Electronic Arts operating system, Pirate Adventure. See 19/22 Adventure International Corporation, Pong tennis. See Atari 2/10, 10/5 Corporation General Purpose Relay Princess. See Sierra On-Line Calculator. See Bell Raster Blaster. See Budgeco Telephone Laboratories company General Systems Division. See , 7/11 IBM/Miscellaneous Space Quarks. See Brøderbund General Videotex Corporation, Software 19/16 Space Wars, 2/14, 7/10 Delphi on-line service, Star Cruiser. See Sirius 19/16 Software Geneva computer. See Epson Wizard. See Sierra On-Line America Zork. See Infocom GEnie on-line service. See Gandalf project (Encarta). See General Electric Company Microsoft/Multimedia Geometry Engine integrated Garland, Harry, 4/14, 17/16 chip. See Silicon Graphics Garner, Robert, 8/8 Geophysical Service, Inc., A History of the Personal Computer Index/21

(GSI), 3/12 Grolier company, 20/2 GEOS (Graphic Environment Groupware, 15/6, 15/10 Operating System). See Grove, Andrew S., 3/3, 3/6, Berkeley Softworks 8/6, 16/8, 18/9 GeoSafari. See Microsoft GRT (Great Records and Tapes), /Applic Programs 6/12, 6/14 German Aeronautical Research GS Works software. See Apple Institute, 1/4 Computer/Software Gernelle, Francois, 4/7 GS+ magazine, 18/6 Gerstner, Louis V., 16/6 GS/OS operating system. See Geschke, Charles M., 13/23 Apple Computer/Software Gibbons, Fred M., 13/18 GT Interactive Software Gilbert, Paul, 6/4, 20/7 Corporation, 19/22 Gill, Timothy E., 13/12 GTE Sylvania, 5/1 Gimix Ghost computer, 17/21 Guglielmi, Joseph M., 9/22, Glaser, Rob, 12/10 15/8, 19/19 Go Corporation, 14/9 GUIDE (Guidance of Users of Gold, Tony, 18/6, 19/11 Integrated Data-processing Goldhaber, Nathaniel, 19/19 Equipment), 1/14 Golding, Val J., 18/4 Gunji, Akio, 18/3 Goldman Sachs & Company, Gunji, Hiromi, 19/20 11/17, 12/8 Gunter, Tom, 3/11 Good Housekeeping magazine, Gutknecht, Jurg, 13/8 12/6 GWBASIC. See Microsoft/Progr. Goodhew, Bill, 13/22 Languages Gosling, James, 15/13 Gypsy text editor. See Graetz, J. M., 2/14 Xerox/Software Grant, Charles, 4/20 Grant, Richard, 2/12 --H-- Graphics, 1/12, 2/9-11, 5/15, H & R Block Inc., 19/16 10/7, 11/29, 12/17, 12/20, H7 to H89 accessories and 12/22, 13/21, 13/23, computers. See Heath Company 13/26-27, 20/4 Haba Systems company, 13/20 Gray, Stephen B., 2/14, 18/1, HAL-4096 computer, 4/3 19/1 Hall, Tom, 19/22 Grayson, George D., 13/26 Hallman, Michael R., 16/9 Grayson, Paul J., 13/26 Halpin, James F., 19/10 Greelish, David A., 19/8 Haloid Corporation, 17/15 Greelish, Tamara, 19/8 Haltek surplus retailer, 5/2 Great Records and Tapes. See Hammond, Mike, 11/19 GRT Hanson, Rowland, 12/5 Green Book specification, 20/4 Harbers, Jeff, 12/24 Green, Cecil H., 3/12 Hard disk drives, 7/1, 17/5, Green, Wayne, 18/2-5, 18/8 17/8-9, 20/8 Greenberg, Bob, 6/11, 6/13 Hardcore Computing magazine, Greenberg, Mark, 4/20 18/8 Greenia, Mark, 20/3 Hardcore Computist magazine, GRiD Systems Corporation, 18/8 11/19, 13/27 Hardware, 20/4 Compass I computer, 11/19, Harp, Bob, 17/19 20/8 Harp, Lore, 17/19 Compass II computer, 11/19 Harrigan, Sid, 19/11 GRiD Server software, 13/27 Harris, James, 11/9 GRiDCase computer, 11/20 Harvard Graphics program. See GRiDCase Plus computer, Software Publishing 11/20 Harvard University, GRiDPad , Bricklin, Daniel, 7/8 11/20, 20/8 Early computers,1/4, 1/7, Index/22 A History of the Personal Computer

1/12, 19/9, 20/6 Hercules Card, 17/18 Gates, Bill, 6/4-7, 6/9-10 Hertzfeld, Andy, 10/6, Harvard Business School, 7/7 10/19-20, 19/22 Mark I computer, 1/4, 1/12, Hewlett, William, 2/8, 5/2 19/9 Hewlett-Packard (HP) Company, Mark II, III & IV computers, Apple Computer, 5/2-6, 1/4, 20/6 5/9-10, 10/8 Harvey, Mike, 18/4 Beginning of, 2/8-9 Harvey, Will, 13/26 Early calculators and Hassett, Christopher R., 19/24 computers, 4/3, 4/18 Haughton, Kenneth E., 17/6 Microprocessors, 3/15, Hawkins, Jeff, 14/12 14/4, 14/6, 16/7 Hawkins, William “Trip”, Microsoft, 12/4, 12/10 10/14, 13/26 Miscellaneous, 4/1, 4/19, Hawley, Jack, 17/23 11/23, 13/18, 16/12, Hayden Publishing, 18/3 16/17, 17/8, 17/21, Hayes Corporation and Hayes 19/17-18 Microcomputer Products, Personal computers Inc., 16/15, 16/17, 17/20 (1980’s), 11/20-21 80-103A Data Communications Printers, 17/14-15 Adapter modem, 17/20 Software, 2/6, 13/6 Micromodem 100, 17/20 Calculators and Computers: Smartmodem 300, 17/20 Alpha project (HP 3000), Hayes, Dennis C., 17/20 4/3 HDOS operating system. See HP 35 calculator, 5/3 Heath Company HP 70 series of computers, Heath Company, 4/18-19, 6/11 11/20 Benton Harbor BASIC, 4/18 HP-75 Portable computer, Extended Benton Harbor 11/20 BASIC, 4/19 HP 80 series of computers, H89 computer, 4/18 11/20 H7 floppy disk drive, 4/18 HP-85, 3/15, 11/20 H8 computer, 4/18 HP 100 series of H9 video terminal, 4/18 computers, 11/20 H10 paper tape reader/punch, HP-150 computer, 11/21, 4/18 17/8 H11 computer, 4/11, 4/18 HP 200 series of HDOS operating system, computers, 11/20-21 4/18-19 Models 216, 226 and 236, Heath/Zenith-89, 4/18 11/21 Heath-Robinson cryptoanalysis HP-2114A minicomputer, 2/9 machine, 1/4 HP 2116 controller, 2/8 Heatherington, Dale, 17/20 HP 3000 minicomputer, 4/3 Heckel, Paul, 12/22 HP 9100 series of Hector, Hans-Werner, 19/24 calculators, 2/9 Heiser, Dick, 19/10 HP 9100A calculator, 2/9 Helios disk drive. See HP 9800 series of Processor Technology calculators/computers, Heller, Andy, 14/8 4/3, 4/19 Helmers, Carl T., 18/2-3 HP 9830A calculator, 4/3 Helsinki University, 15/9 HP 9831A computer, 4/19 Hendrix, Gary, 13/29 HP Vectra computer, 11/21 Hennessy, John L., 8/8 Miscellaneous: Henochowicz, Mike, 19/10 BPC microprocessor, 4/19 Henry, G. Glenn, 9/17 Enhanced BASIC Herbold, Robert J., 16/10 Interpreter, 11/20 Hercules Computer Technology, LaserJet printer, 17/15 17/18 NewWave interface program, A History of the Personal Computer Index/23

10/8, 12/10, 13/6 Huck, Jerry, 14/6 ThinkJet printer, 17/14 Human Engineered Software UNIX operating system, (HES), 13/28 14/6 Hungarian notation, 12/22 Higgins, Frank M. (Pete), HX-20 and HX-40 computers. See 12/6, 16/10 Epson America High Sierra Proposal, 12/7, Hyatt, Gilbert, 3/16-17, 14/8, 20/4-5 20/7 Higinbotham, William, 1/13 HyperCard. See Apple Hillman, Dan, 10/3, 10/13 Computer/Software Hinckley, Norton, 4/16 Hyperion computer. See Bytec- Hinckley-Tandy Leather Comterm Company, 4/16 HyperStudio. See Roger Wagner Historical Computer Society, Publishing 19/8 HyperTalk programming Historically Brewed language. See Apple magazine, 19/8 Computer/Software Historical organizations, Hypertext markup language. See 19/6-9 HTML Hitachi company, 12/4, 17/8 Hypertext transfer protocol. HITS (Hobbyists’ Interchange See HTTP Tape System), 17/5 Hypertext, 1/15, 19/14, 20/1, Ho, Kwok Yuen., 19/20 20/3, 20/7 Hobbiest computer. See Sphere Hobby computing, 2/14 --I-- Hoeffler, Don, 20/9 IA-64 microprocessor. See Hoerni, Jean, 1/11 Intel/Microprocessors Hoff, Marcian E. "Ted", 3/3, IAS computer. See Institute 3/6-7, 3/17, 20/7 for Advance Studies Hoffman, Mark B., 13/18 IBM (International Business Holt, Frederick Rodney “Rod”, Machines) Corporation, 5/8-10, 10/1-3, 10/19 1970’s, 4/2, 4/4, 4/11, Systems, 12/11 4/20; , 4/11, 1980’s, 9/1-25; 5/3-7, 6/7, 17/18, 18/2, 1990’s, 14/8-10, 15/8-10, 19/2-3 16/4-7 Newsletter, 18/2 Apple Computer, 5/1, 5/12, Homestead High School, 5/1 10/2-3, 10/18, 10/20, Homeword word processor. See 10/24-25, 16/15 Sierra On-Line Beginning of and early company, 2/9, 6/4, computers, 1/4, 1/6-8, 6/6-7, 8/8 1/15-16, 2/3-4, 2/8-9, Hoo, Sim Wong, 17/16 2/15, 4/2 Hopp, Dietmar, 19/24 Digital Research, 13/2-3 Hopper, Grace M., 1/12, 20/6 Market, 4/1, 4/21, 8/3-7 Horizon computers. See North Microprocessors, 3/10, Star Computers 14/3 Horn, Bruce, 10/19-20 Microsoft, 12/1, 12/3-4, Howard, Brian, 5/16, 10/18 12/6-7, 12/9-18, 12/21, Howard, Robert, 17/12 12/24, 13/3, 15/1-2, HP company and products. See 16/8-9 Hewlett- Packard Company Miscellaneous, 1/14, HTML (HyperText Markup 17/5-8, 17/11-14, 17/16, Language), 15/12, 19/14, 17/19, 17/21-22, 17/24, 20/3 18/8, 19/8, 19/16-18, HTTP (HyperText Transfer 20/5-6, 20/9 Protocol), 19/14 Other companies, 11/3, Huang, Minsiu, 19/23 11/7, 11/9-11, 11/16, Index/24 A History of the Personal Computer

13/4, 15/14 1/7 PowerPC Alliance, 14/6, IBM Electronic Data 15/7, 16/1, 16/16, 19/19 Processing Machine, 1/7 20/4 IBM SSEC (Selective Software, 1/12-13, Sequence Electronic 2/11-12, 7/4, 7/6, 13/5, Calculator), 1/7 13/9, 13/17, 13/22-23, IBM Stretch system, 1/7, 13/28 20/6 Accessories: IBM System/3 Model 6, 4/2 23FD floppy disk drive, IBM System/360, 2/11, 5/1, 17/5 7/1, 19/6 33FD floppy disk drive, IBM System/370, 9/15 17/6 Personal Automatic 43FD floppy disk drive, Calculator (PAC), 1/15 17/6 Computers (Personal): 53FD floppy disk drive, 3270 PC, 9/15 17/6 5100 Portable Computer, 305 RAMAC (Random Access 4/4, 4/11, 9/1, 20/8 Method of Accounting and 5110 Portable Computer, Control) system, 1/10 4/12 350 Disk Storage System, 5120 , 1/10 9/2, 9/4 3270 display terminal, 5140 PC Convertible, 9/17 9/15, 17/12 5160 Model 588 (PC/XT 3277 display terminal, 370), 9/15 9/15 5371 Models 12, 14 & 16, 3340 Disk storage Unit 9/15 (Winchester), 17/5 9000 Instrument System Hard disk drives, 17/5 Computer, 9/11 Igar project (33FD), 17/6 Acorn prototype (IBM PC), Minnow project (23FD), 9/5, 12/12-13 17/6 Ambra series, 14/10, 16/5 Model 2213 printer, 17/12 Chess project (IBM PC), Model 6640 printer, 17/14 7/7, 9/5-6, 12/12 ProPrinter, 17/13 Circus project (PC AT), Type 26 , 17/12 9/11 Computers (Mainframe & Clamshell project (5140 PC Mini): Convertible), 9/17 DataMaster. See IBM System DataMaster. See IBM System 23 23 IBM 405 Accounting DisplayWriter workstation, Machine, 1/9 9/22 IBM 603/4 Electronic IBM System/23 DataMaster, Multiplier, 1/7 9/4-5 IBM 608 calculator, 1/7 Olympiad project (PC RT), IBM 610 Auto-Point 9/17 Computer, 1/15 PC (Personal Computer), IBM 700 series, 1/7 Apple Computer, 10/2, IBM 701, 1/7, 1/9 10/9, 10/20 IBM 704, 1/13, 2/3 Development of, 9/3-9, IBM 705 Model III, 1/7 9/23 IBM 709, 2/4 Intel, 3/10, 8/5 IBM 801 minicomputer, 8/7 Market, 11/1, 13/1 IBM 1130, 2/8, 5/1 Microsoft, 10/24, 12/1, IBM 1620, 2/8, 2/15, 19/6 12/5, 12/11-12, IBM 7090 Data Processing 12/15-16, 12/19-21, System, 1/7, 2/4 12/23-25, 12/27, 13/3, IBM Defense Calculator, 17/23 A History of the Personal Computer Index/25

Miscellaneous, 9/13-14, workstation, 9/17, 13/8, 9/18, 17/13, 17/19, 14/3, 14/8 17/21, 17/24, 18/7, SCAMP (Special Computer 19/9, 19/12, 19/24, APL Machine Portable), 20/4 4/4, 4/12 Other computers ThinkPad notebook, 14/9-10 compatible with, ValuePoint series, 14/10, 11/10-11, 11/16, 16/5 11/19, 11/21, 11/30 Miscellaneous: Software, 13/2, 13/4-6, Almaden Research 13/8-13, 13/16, 13/18, Laboratory, 14/9 13/20, 13/22-23, 15/10 AT Bus, 17/21 PC AT (Advanced Corporate Management Technology), Committee (CMC), 9/4-6, Development of, 9/10-11, 9/11, 12/12, 15/8, 16/5 9/16-17 Data Processing Division, Microsoft, 12/15, 12/19 9/8 Miscellaneous, 8/3, 8/7, Desktop Software division, 11/19, 17/21, 20/5 9/22 PC Convertible. See 5140 Entry Level Systems (ELS), PC Convertible 9/1 PC Junior (PCjr), 9/11, Entry Systems Division 9/13-14 10/12, 18/7 (ESD), 9/21, 9/23-24, PC RT workstation, 8/8, 12/17 9/17 General Systems Division, PC/XT, 4/4 Development of, 9/10-12 IBM Archives, 19/8 Microsoft, 12/18, 12/21 IBM Instruments Inc., 9/11 Miscellaneous, 9/15, IBM Personal Computer 9/17, 11/19 Company (IBM PC PC/XT 370, 9/15 Company), 16/5-6 PC/XT Model 286, 9/18 IBM Product Centers, 9/8 Peanut project (PCjr), IBM Research Division, 9/13 14/9 Portable PC, 9/16 IBM Scientific Center, 4/3 POWERstation & IBM Technical Newsletter, POWERserver, 14/8 1/14 PS/1 (Personal System/1), Independent Business Units 14/8 (IBU’s), 9/1, 9/5 PS/2 (Personal System/2), Individual Computer Development of, 9/18-20 Products International Microsoft, 12/17 (ICPI), 16/5 Miscellaneous, 9/24, Information Systems 10/24, 17/21, 20/5 Division, 9/6, 9/15 PS/2 Model 25, 9/18-19 MCA (Micro Channel PS/2 Model 30, 9/18 Architecture), 9/18-19, PS/2 Model 50, 9/18 9/24, 12/16, 14/8-9, PS/2 Model 60, 9/18 17/21 PS/2 Model 80, 9/18-19 Unit PS/2 Model L40 SX , (MMU), 9/15 14/9 Palm , 4/4 PS/2 Model P70 portable, PC Bus, 17/21 9/19 Personal Computer Group, PS/2 Model P75 portable, 9/23-25, 16/6 14/8 Personal Systems Group, RIOS project (RISC 16/5 System/6000), 9/17, 14/7 POWER architecture, 14/8, RISC System/6000 19/19 Index/26 A History of the Personal Computer

PowerPC microprocessor, ICPL (Initial Control 14/5, 15/7, 20/4 Program Load), 17/6 PowerPC 601 NPL (New Programming microprocessor, 14/3, Language), 2/11 14/6 OfficeVision, 9/20, 9/22, PowerPC 603 19/19 microprocessor, 14/3 OS/2 (Operating System/2), Research Division, 14/9 Development of, 9/18-22, Research Laboratory (San 9/24-25, 15/8-9 Jose, California), 13/17 Microsoft, 12/9, RISC central processing 12/15-17, 12/20, unit (CPU), 14/3 12/24, 12/27, 13/3, ROMP (Research Office 15/1, 15/4, 16/9 products Micro Miscellaneous, 13/12, Processor), 8/7-8, 9/17 13/14, 15/14, 19/19 System R (Relational) OS/2 Extended Edition, group, 13/17 9/20-21, 12/16, 15/6 Systems Products Division, OS/2 Warp, 15/9 9/9 PC Network, 9/22, 13/28 Tabulating machine, 19/6 PC-DOS, 9/8, 9/12-16, Technical Reference manual 9/21-22, 12/14-15, (IBM PC), 9/9 12/21, 13/3 TrackPoint pointing PL/I (Programming Language device, 14/9 One), 2/11-12, 7/6, 13/9 Yamato Laboratory (Japan), Presentation Manager, 14/9 9/20-21, 12/10, Software: 12/16-17, 12/20, 12/25, 3270 PC Control Program, 13/6, 15/9 9/15 SAA (Systems Application ABIOS (Advance Basic Architecture), 9/20, Input/Output System), 12/16 9/20, 12/16 System R (Relational AIX (Advanced Interactive Database specification), Executive) operating 13/17 system, 9/17, 14/8, TopView , 19/19 9/22, 12/9, 12/16, Assistant series of 12/18-19, 13/6 programs, 13/18 VM/PC (Virtual BIOS (Basic Input/Output Machine/Personal System), 9/5, 9/11, Computer), 9/15 11/10, 11/21, 11/30, IBM Instruments Inc. See 12/13, 13/22-23 IBM/Miscellaneous Cassette BASIC. See IBM Personal Computer Company Microsoft Corporation/ (IBM PC Company). See Programming Languages IBM/Miscellaneous Computer System Operating iBook portable computer. See System. See CSOS Apple Computer/Computers CP-DOS, 9/19 ICC (International Color CSOS (Computer System Consortium), 19/18 Operating System), 9/11 iCOM Microperipherals company, Disk BASIC. See Microsoft 17/7 Corporation/Programming Frugal Floppy disk drive, Languages 17/7 Displaywrite word Microfloppy disk drive, 17/7 processor, 9/22, 13/13 Icons, 2/10-11, 4/5, 10/7, Extended BASIC. See 10/15, 11/29, 12/20, 12/24 Microsoft Corporation/ ICPL (Initial Control Program Programming Languages Load). See IBM/Software A History of the Personal Computer Index/27 , Inc., 19/22 Information Sciences Inc., IEEE (Institute of Electrical (ISI), 6/3-4 & Electronic Engineers), Information Systems Division. 2/10, 3/7, 8/5, 17/20-21, See IBM/Miscellaneous 17/23 Information Terminals IEEE - Annals of the History Corporation (ITC), 17/4-5, of Computing, 18/7 17/22 IEEE 696 bus, 17/21 Information Unlimited Software IEEE Computer periodical, (IUS), Inc., 7/7, 7/9, 20/7 9/8, 13/9-10 IEEE Micro periodical, 3/10, EasyWriter word processor, 3/18 7/7, 9/8, 13/9, 13/29 Igar project. See IBM/ WHATSIT? database, 7/9 Accessories Informix Software Inc., 13/15, IGES (Initial Graphics 13/18 Exchange Standard), 20/4 WingZ spreadsheet, 13/15 II Computing magazine, 18/6 InfoStar word processor. See iMac computer. See Apple MicroPro International Computer/Computers InfoWorld periodical, 18/8, ImageWriter printer. See Apple 20/9 Computer/Accessories Ingalls, Dan, 4/5 IMP (Interface message Ingram, Gary, 4/13, 17/17 processor), 2/13 Initial Graphics Exchange IMP-8 and IMP-16 Standard. See IGES microprocessor systems. See Ink jet printers. See Printers National Semiconductor Inprise Corporation, 16/17 IMS Associates, Inc. (IMSAI), Input/Output devices, 17/10-11 4/13, 4/19, 19/11 Institute for Advance Studies IMSAI Manufacturing (IAS), 1/5, 1/8 Corporation, 4/13, 4/15, IAS computer, 1/5, 1/9 4/20, 7/4, 7/7 Institute of Electrical & IMSAI 8080, 4/13, 7/9, 19/11 Electronic Engineers. See VDP-40 computer, 4/20 IEEE VDP-80 computer, 4/20 Integer BASIC. See Apple In-A-Vision graphics software. Computer/Software See Micrografx , 1/3, inCider magazine, 18/5 1/10-11, 2/8, 2/15-16, inCider/A+ magazine, 18/5 3/5-7, 3/11-12, 3/16-18, Independent Business Units 4/2-3, 11/23 (IBU’s). See IBM/Misc. Integrated programs, 12/26, Indigo workstation. See 13/19-22 Silicon Graphics Integrated Services Digital Individual Computer Products Network. See ISDN International (ICPI) Intel Corporation, company. See IBM/Misc. 1970’s, 3/3-10, 4/7-8, Industry Standard Architecture 4/11, 4/20; bus. See ISA 1980’s, 8/3-6, 8/9; Infocom Inc., 13/25 1990’s, 14/3-7, 16/7-8 Deadline game, 13/25 IBM, 9/23-24 Zork I game, 13/24-25 Memory, 3/5-6, 4/7, Zork II game, 13/25 17/3-4, 20/4 Inc., Microsoft, 6/11, 12/10, 17/19 12/16, 15/2, 17/17 SwyftCard, 17/19 Miscellaneous, 3/11, 3/18, Information highway, 15/15 4/1-2, 5/2, 13/8, 15/9, Information Processing 16/13, 16/16, 19/8, Techniques Office (IPTO). 19/17, 20/7, 20/9 See ARPA Other companies, 3/12-15, Index/28 A History of the Personal Computer

4/9-10, 5/4, 5/9, 7/1, 14/6, 16/13 7/6, 11/6 OverDrive processors, 14/4 Patent controversy, P6 (Pentium Pro), 14/5 3/16-17 P54C, 14/4 Microprocessors: Pentium, 14/4-5, 14/7, 432. See APX 432 16/7 1201, 3/7-8 Pentium II, 14/5-6 4004, 3/4, 3/6-8, 3/17, Pentium II Xeon, 14/6 4/7, 7/1 Pentium III, 14/6 8008, Pentium Pro, 14/5 Development of, 3/8 Miscellaneous: Miscellaneous, 4/7-8, 1101 memory chip, 3/6 6/4, 7/1, 18/3 1103 1K memory chip, 3/6, 8080, 17/3 Development of, 3/8-9 1702 EPROM chip, 17/4 Microcomputer applic’s, 2107 4K memory chip, 17/3 4/9-10, 4/13, 4/17, 2117 16K memory chip, 17/3 4/19, 5/5 “intel inside” logo, 16/7 Miscellaneous, 3/14, Above Board specification, 6/5-6, 6/8, 6/15, 7/5 20/4 8085, 3/9, 3/15, 4/11 EPIC (Explicitly Parallel 8086, Instruction Computing), Development of, 3/9 14/6 Personal computers, 9/6, 4 & 8 Development 9/12, 9/18-19 Systems, 4/7 Miscellaneous, 3/10, MMX technology, 14/5 6/12, 6/14-15, 8/3-4, Museum, 19/8 12/13-14, 17/18 Operation Crush, 8/5 8087 coprocessor, 8/4-5, PCI (Peripheral Component 9/5 Interface), 16/7 8088, 3/10, 4/20, 8/3-5, SIM4 simulator board, 4/7 9/5, 9/7-8 SIM8 simulator board, 4/7 80186, 8/3, 9/7 Intelligent agents, 15/15 80188, 8/3 Intelligent computer. See 80286, 8/3, 8/5, 9/6, Sphere 9/8-10 Intelligent Systems company, 80386DX, 8/3-6, 8/9, 14/7, 13/22 16/5 Intellimouse. See 80386SL, 14/3 Microsoft/Miscellaneous 80386SX, 8/4 Interactive computing, 1/13, 80486DX, 8/4, 14/3 15/15 80486DX2, 14/4 Interactive Home Systems, 80486DX4, 14/4 12/11 80486SLC, 14/7 Interactive Media Division. 80486SX, 14/3 See Microsoft/Miscellaneous 82786 graphics Interface Age magazine, 5/8, coprocessor, 8/5 8/2 Celeron, 14/6 Interface Group. See The IA-64, 14/5-6 Interface Group iAPX 432 (Advance Interface Manager (Windows). Processor Architecture), See Microsoft/Oper. Systems 3/9, 8/3 Interface message processor. Itanium, 14/6 See IMP MCS-4 (Micro Computer Intergalactic Computer System 4-bit), 3/4, 3/6 Network, 2/13 MCS-8 (Micro Computer Intergalactic Digital System 8-Bit), 3/8 Research, 7/1 Merced project (IA-64), International Business A History of the Personal Computer Index/29

Machines Corporation. See V.34 standard, 20/3 IBM Iwatani, Toru, 7/11 International Color IWM (Integrated Woz Machine). Consortium. See ICC See Apple Computer/Misc. International Federation for Information Processing --J-- (IFIP), 1/14 Jacobson, Errol, 19/10 International Standard JaM language. See Organization. See ISO Xerox/Software International Janus project (Xerox Star). Telecommunications Union. See Xerox/Computers See ITU Java programming language. See Internet, 2/13, 15/3, 15/8-9, Sun Microsystems 15/11-13, 16/10-11, 16/13, Javelin Software company, 19/13-14, 19/20-22, 19/24 13/15 . See Javelin spreadsheet, 13/15 Microsoft/Applic. Programs Jaz disk drive. See Iomega Intersil company, 4/20 software. See Lotus 6100 CPU, 4/20 Development Intuit, Inc., 13/29-30, 16/2, Jennings, Peter R., 7/11, 16/10, 16/15 19/12 Quicken finance program, Jewell, Jerry, 13/25 13/29, 16/10 Jini software. See Sun QuickBooks, 16/15 Microsystems Invention & Technology Jobs, Steven Paul, magazine, 4/2 Apple Computer, Inventory Control System. See 1970’s, 5/9-15., Tandy/Radio Shack/Software 1980’s, 10/1-4, 10/6-8, Iomega Corporation, 17/10 10/9, 10/15, 10/17-20, Bernoulli Box, 17/10 10/24., Bernoulli disk drive, 17/10 1990’s, 16/3 Jaz disk drive, 17/10 Early years, 5/1-9, 19/10 Zip disk drive, 17/10 Microsoft, 12/2-3, 16/11 Iowa State College, 1/4 Miscellaneous, 18/9, 19/2, IPTO (Information Processing 19/23, 20/2 Techniques Office). See ARPA NeXT, 11/11, 16/2, 16/15, IRE Transactions on Electronic 16/17 Computers, 20/6 Other companies, 4/17, 7/8, Iris Associates Inc., 15/10 7/10, 13/24 Notes communications Johnson, Reynold B., 17/12 program, 15/10 Jonsson, J. Erik, 3/12 IRIS terminal, Joy, William N., 8/8, and IRIS Graphics Library. 11/24-25, 15/13 See Silicon Graphics Jurassic Park movie, 11/23 ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) bus, 17/21 Isaacson, Portia, 19/3 --K-- ISDN (Integrated Services K5 and K6 microprocessors. See Digital Network), 19/14 Advanced Micro Devices ISO (International Standard K56flex technology, 20/3 Organization), 20/4 Kahn, Philippe, 13/8 Itanium. See Intel/Micro’s Kahn, Robert, 2/13 ITC. See Information Terminals Kaiman, Art, 12/7 Corporation Kaleida company, 15/7-8, 16/5, ITU (International 19/19 Telecommunications Union), Kaleidoscope program. See 20/3 Cromemco V.32 standard, 20/3 Kamradt, Alex, 5/4 Index/30 A History of the Personal Computer

Kansas City Standard, 17/5 Typing Tutor, 13/29 Kaplan, Jerry, 14/10 Kuehler, Jack D., 9/25, 16/5-6 Kapor, Mitchell D., 7/11, Kurtz, Thomas E., 2/5, 7/3 13/13-14, 13/28-29 Kyoto Ceramics (Kyocera) Karcher, J. Clarence, 3/12 company, 11/2, 12/2 Kassar, Raymond, 4/17, 11/14 Kawasaki, Guy, 10/7, 13/19 --L-- Kay, Alan C., 2/11, 4/5, 7/6, Lakeside Group, 10/5, 20/1, 20/8 6/3, 6/8 Kay, Andrew, 11/8 Lakeside School, 6/1-3, 6/7, Kay, Gary, 4/12 12/9 Corporation, 11/8 Lampson, Butler, 4/5, 7/6, Kaycomp II portable 17/15 computer, 11/8 LAN. See Kaypro 4, 11/8 LAN Manager. See Kaypro 10, 11/8 Microsoft/Applic. Programs Kaypro II portable computer, Lancaster, Don, 4/12, 17/11 11/8 Lane, Jim, 6/12-13 KBD-2 Keyboard. See Southwest Languages. See Programming Technical Products Languages Kemeny, John G., 2/5-6, 7/3 Lanier company, 13/9 Kenbak Corporation, 4/3 Laptop computers, Kenbak-1 computer, 4/3 IBM, 9/17, 14/9 Kentucky Fried Computers, 4/20 Other companies, 11/19-20, Kenyon, Larry, 10/20 12/2, 12/21 Keremedjiev, Barbara and Term description, 20/8 George, 19/6 , 11/27 Keyboards, 17/23 Large Scale Integration. See Khalsa, Sat Tara Singh, 13/29 LSI Khosla, Vinod, 11/24-25 Larson, Chris, 6/7, 12/9 Kilburn, T., 1/6 computer. See Video Kilby, Jack St. Claire, 1/11, Technology 3/12 Laser Ball game. See Adventure Kildall, Gary A., 6/14, 7/1-2, International 7/4, 7/6, 12/12, 16/12, 20/2 Laser printers. See Printers Killer application, 7/9 LaserJet printer. See Hewlett- Killian, Joseph, 4/13 Packard kilobaud magazine, 18/3 LaserWriter printers. See KIM-1 microcomputer. See MOS Apple Computer/Accessories Technology Lashlee, Hal, 13/16, 19/12 Kimsey, James V., 19/15 Lattin, William W., 3/9, 8/3 King, Olin B., 19/24 Lau, Benny, 19/20 King’s Quest game. See Sierra Lau, Lee, 19/20 On-Line Lawrence Livermore National Kingston Technology Laboratory, 19/8 Corporation, 19/22 Computer Museum, 19/9 Klunder, Doug, 12/23-24 Lawten, Bob, 9/25, 14/9 Knowledge manipulator, 4/5 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), Knowledge Navigators, 14/10, 11/16-19, 11/21, 11/26, 14/9 20/1 Lear Siegler Inc. (LSI), 17/12 KnowledgeSet Corporation, 20/2 LSI ADM-1 terminal, 17/12 Knuth, Donald E., 19/26 Learning Research Group. See Kodak company, 17/22, 19/18 Xerox/ Miscellaneous Konzen, Neil, 6/14, 12/19, Lebling, Dave, 13/24 12/23 Leeds, Richard, 12/14 Koogle, Timothy, 15/14-15 Leff, Robert S., 19/12 Krauskopf, Tim, 15/11 Lehtman, Harvey, 10/13 Kriya Systems company, 13/29 Leininger, Steven, 4/16-17, A History of the Personal Computer Index/31

7/4 Local-area network (LAN), Leng, John, 20/7 9/10, 9/22, 13/27 Lentz, John L., 1/15 LocalTalk. See Apple Lerner, Sandra, 19/21 Computer/Software LetterPerfect word processor. Lockwood, Russ, 7/3 See WordPerfect Lode Runner game. See Letwin, Gordon, 4/18, 6/12-14, Brøderbund Software 12/9, 12/16 International SA, Level-I, II and III BASIC. See 19/22 Tandy/Radio Shack/Software Logo language, 2/12, 13/7 Level II and III BASIC. See Also see Apple Computer Microsoft/Prog. Languages /Software Levin, Michael, 2/12 Long Island Computer Levy, Bill, 7/3 Association of New York, Lewin, Dean, 11/11 19/3 Lewis, Andrea, 6/13 Lopez, Tom, 12/7, 12/10, 20/2 Lexikon Services company, 20/3 Lord, Geller, Federico and Lexmark International Group, Einstein advertising agency, Inc., 16/4 9/6 LGP-30 computer. See Lorenzen, Lee, 13/5 Librascope Lotus Development Corporation, Libes, Sol, 19/4 Beginning of, 13/13-14 Librascope/General Precision, IBM acquisition of, 16/6 1/13 Microsoft, 12/4, 12/23 LGP-30 computer, 1/16, 2/5 Miscellaneous, 13/15, Licklider, J.C.R., 2/4, 2/9, 13/20, 13/28, 15/10, 2/13 19/25, 20/4 Liddle, David, 9/22, 11/29, Ami Pro word processor, 13/6 13/13 Life magazine, 10/2 ccMail, 13/28 Lifeboat Associates, 12/15, Jazz, 12/24, 13/20-21 18/6, 19/11-12 Lotus 1-2-3, 12/23-24, Software Bus-86 (SB-86), 13/13-15, 13/19, 13/21 12/15, 19/12 Lotus 1-2-3/3, 13/14 Lifetree Software Inc., 13/12 Lotus Notes, 15/6, 15/10 Volkswriter word processor, Symphony, 13/20 13/12 TR10 project (Lotus 1-2-3), Light pen, 2/10, 2/14 13/13 LIM (Lotus, Intel and Word Pro wordprocessor, Microsoft) specification, 13/13 20/4 Lougheed, Kirk, 19/21 LINC (Laboratory Instrument Lowe, William C., 9/1-3, Computer). See MIT 9/4-6, 9/24, 12/12, 12/16-17 LINC-8 computer. See LPB-CX printer. See Canon DEC/Computers company Lincoln Laboratory. See MIT LSI (Large Scale Integration), Linnett, Barry, 12/27 2/14, 3/5-6, 4/7, 4/20, operating system, 17/3, 20/7 15/9-10 LSI-11 microcomputer systems. Liquid crystal display. See See DEC/Computers LCD LTE notebook. See Compaq Lisa computers and software. Computer See Apple Computer Lucasfilm company, 19/23 Lissner, Rupert, 13/18, 13/20 Lucent Technologies, 20/3 Loadstar magazine. See Luggable portable computer, Softdisk 9/16, 9/19, 11/11, 20/8 Lobo International, 11/22 Lunar Lander game. See Games Max-80 computer, 11/22 Lutus, Paul, 7/7, 13/12 Index/32 A History of the Personal Computer

Lycos Inc., 19/23 4/9, 17/4-5, 17/11 Mail program. See Microsoft/ --M-- Application Programs M6800 series of MailMerge software. See microprocessors. See MicroPro International Motorola Main, James, 19/4 M-10 computer. See Olivetti Major, Drew, 13/28 MAA. See Microcomputer Malloy, Tom, 10/16 Applications Associates Management Information Format. MACazine magazine, 18/6 See MIF MacBusiness Journal, 18/6 Management Science America MACC. See Midwest Affiliation Inc., 13/22 of Computer Clubs Mangham, Jim, 18/5 MacGraph. See Microsoft Mann, Marvin L., 16/4 /Applic. Programs Manock, Jerrold “Jerry” C., MacGregor, Scott, 12/18-19 5/10, 10/19 operating system, 12/17, Manzi, Jim P., 13/14, 16/6 13/4, 16/9 Maples, Michael (Mike) J., Macintosh computers and 12/10, 16/9-10 software. See Apple Computer Maritz, Paul A., 12/9, 16/10 Macintosh Today magazine, 18/6 Mark I, II, III and IV Macintosh Word. See computers. See Harvard Microsoft/Applic. Programs University MacMail. See Microsoft/Applic. MARK 1 computer. See Ferranti Programs Mark II time sharing system. MaCom company, 4/21 See General Electric MacPaint and MacProject. See Mark-8 computer, 3/8, 4/8-9, Apple Computer/Software 18/1 Macro Assembler. See Mark-8 Group, 18/1 Microsoft/Prog. Languages Markell, Bob, 9/19 , Inc., 19/23 Markkula, A. C. "Mike", 5/1, MacroWorks. See Beagle Bros. 5/9-11, 5/13, 7/8, 10/1-3, MacSketch and MacTerminal. See 10/8, 10/15, 16/2 Apple Computer/Software Marquardt, David F., 12/1 Marsh, Robert, 4/13, 17/17, MacUser magazine, 18/6 19/2 MacWeek magazine, 18/6 Institute of MacWorld Expo. See Apple Technology. See MIT Computer/Miscellaneous Massaro, Donald J., 11/27-28, Macworld magazine, 18/6 13/6, 17/7 MacWrite. See Apple MATH-MATIC software, 1/12 Computer/Software Mathews, Bob, 12/23 Magazines, 1/14, 18/1-9 Mathews, Mark, 12/22 Magic Cap operating system. MathPlan spreadsheet. See See General Magic WordPerfect Magic Paintbrush. See Penguin Matson, Katinka, 19/26 Software Mattel company, 11/30 Magic Wand word processor. See Aquarius computer, 11/30 Small Business Applications Mauchly, John W., 1/5, 1/8, Magnavox company, 2/14 1/11 Odyssey 100 game, 2/14 Mauldin, Michael, 19/23 Magnetic card reader, 11/20 Max Machine. See Commodore Magnetic core memory, 1/9, International 1/15, 2/7-8, 2/14-15, 3/5, Max-80 computer. See Lobo 4/1, 17/3 International Magnetic disk storage, 1/10 Maxell company, 17/22 Magnetic drum storage, 1/7-8, Maxtor company, 17/7 1/9, 1/13 Mazner, Marty, 13/21 , 1/7-8, 1/9, A History of the Personal Computer Index/33

Mazor, Stan, 3/6-7 Microsoft, 12/23 MBASIC. See Microsoft/Progr. Xerox, 4/5, 11/29 Languages Merced project. See MC6809 and MC68000 series of Intel/Microprocessors microprocessors. See Merisel, Inc., 19/11-12 Motorola Merlin project (Encarta). See MCA (Micro Channel Microsoft/Multimedia Architecture). See IBM/Misc. Merlin video tennis game. See McCabe, Dan, 12/18 Games McCarthy, John S., 2/3-4 MESA programming language. See McCracken, Edward R., 11/23 Xerox/ Software McCracken, William E., 16/6 MessagePad (PDA). See Apple McDermott, Eugene, 3/12 Computer/Computers McDonald, Marc, 6/9, 6/11, Metal Oxide Semiconductor. See 6/13 MOS McDonnell Douglas Corporation, Metaphor Computer Systems 2/10 Inc., 13/6 McEwen, Dorothy, 7/1 Metaprocessor, 7/11 MCGA (Multi-Color Graphics Metcalfe, Robert, 4/5, 12/15, Array), 20/5 17/18, 19/13 McGraw-Hill, Inc., 11/6, 18/2 Meyer, Dan, 4/12 McIntosh Laboratories, 5/16, MGA (Hercules Monochrome 10/21 Graphics Adapter), 20/5 McKenna, Regis, 5/9 MIC (Microfloppy Industry McNealy, Scott G., 11/24-25, Committee), 17/8, 19/18 16/13-14 Michael Shrayer Software MCS (Micro Computer System). company, 7/7 See Intel/ Microprocessors The Electric Pencil, 7/6-7 MDA (Monochrome Display The Electric Pencil II, 7/7 Adapter), 9/7, 20/5 Michels, Douglas L., 13/4 MDL language. See MIT Michels, Larry, 13/3 Measday, Tom, 13/28 Micral computer. See REE Media Laboratory. See MIT (Recherches et Étude Medium Scale Integration. See Électroniques) MSI Micro Channel Architecture Mega II chip. See Apple (MCA). See IBM/Miscellaneous Computer/Misc. Micro Computer Inc., 3/16-17, Melear, Charles, 3/10 4/15 Melen, Roger, 4/14, 17/16 Micro magazine, 18/4 Memex device, 1/14-15, 2/9, Micro-1 printer. See 20/1 Centronics Memorex company, 17/7, 17/22 Micro-8 Computer Users Group, Memory, 18/1 Early technology, 1/5, Micro-8 Newsletter, 18/1 1/8-10, 1/15, 2/14-15 Micro-Altair computer. See Intel, 3/5-6, 4/6, 17/3-4 PolyMorphic Systems Miscellaneous, 4/1, 17/3-4, Micro-Disk system. See North 20/4 Star Computers (MMU). Microamerica company, 19/12 See IBM/Miscellaneous Microchess game. See Games Memory Test Computer (MTC). Microcomputer - term origin, See MIT 3/15, 20/7 Memphis project (Windows 98). Microcomputer Applications See Microsoft/Oper. Systems Associates (MAA), 7/1-2 Mensch, Bill, 8/7 Microcomputer Industry Trade Menu bar and Menus: Association, 19/18 Early development, 2/10 Microcomputer Periodicals, Apple Computer, 10/15, 10/22 18/9 Index/34 A History of the Personal Computer

Microcomputing magazine, 18/3 Commodore, 4/15, 11/4 Microfloppy disk drive. See Compaq, 11/10-11 iCOM Microperipherals IBM, 9/4-8, 9/10, 9/12, Microfloppy Industry 9/16, 9/18-22, 9/25, Committee. See MIC 13/3, 15/8 Micrografx Inc., 13/26 Miscellaneous, 4/11, 4/17, In-A-Vision graphics 7/3, 7/5, 7/8, 7/10, software, 13/26 17/17-18, 17/23-24, Micromainframe computer, 8/3 18/8, 19/12, 19/16-18, Micromodem 100. See Hayes 19/23, 20/2-4, 20/9 Microcomputer Products Netscape, 15/12 Micron Electronics, Inc., Other companies, 11/7, 16/16 11/12, 11/18, 13/2, Micron Technology, Inc., 16/16 13/6, 15/14, 16/14 MicroNET. See CompuServe Tandy/Radio Shack, 4/16, Micronics Computers, Inc., 7/5, 11/2-3 19/23 User interface, 2/11, 4/6, Micropolis Corporation, 17/7 13/6 MicroPro International Application Programs: Corporation, 7/7, 11/6, Databases: 13/9-10, 16/15 Access, 15/5 CalcStar, 13/10 Cirrus project, 12/26 DataStar, 13/10 Omega project, 12/10, InfoStar, 13/10 12/26 MailMerge, 13/10 Miscellaneous: SpellStar, 13/10 Adventure game, 6/14, Super-Sort, 7/7 7/8, 9/8, 12/14 Word-Master, 7/7, 9/2 BackOffice, 15/4-5, 15/5 Word-Star, 7/7, 11/6-7, Chart, 12/6, 12/18, 13/9-10, 13/29 12/27 Word-Star 2000, 13/10 DriveSpace, 16/10 Microprocessor, Exchange, 15/5 IBM, 14/3 File, 12/6 Intel, 3/6-10, 8/3-6, 14/3-6 Flight Simulator, 13/26 Miscellaneous, 2/14, 2/16, GeoSafari, 15/3 17/2, 20/2 Internet Explorer, 15/4, Motorola, 3/10-11, 8/6-7, 15/6, 16/2, 16/11 14/6-7 LAN Manager, 12/27 Other companies, 3/13-15, MacGraph, 10/20 3/18, 8/8-9, 14/7 MacMail, 12/27 Patent controversy, 3/16-17 Mail, 12/27, 15/6 RISC, 8/7-8 Microsoft at Work, 15/5 Term origin, 20/7 Money, 15/5 , 3/11-13 Mouseworks, 12/26 Microprocessors and MS-NET, 12/27 Microsystems magazine, 18/3 Office, 15/4, 15/6, Micro-Soft partnership, 6/7-8 16/2, 16/11, 16/14 Microsoft, Inc., 12/1 Office 95, 97 and 2000, Microsoft Corporation, 15/4 1960-1970’s, 4/11, Olympic Decathlon game, 6/1-15; 12/14 1980’s, 12/1-28, 13/3-5, PCMail, 12/27 13/7-9, 13/11-13, 13/15, PowerPoint graphics, 13/17, 13/21, 13/26-29; 12/10, 12/27, 15/1, 1990’s, 15/1-6, 16/8-14 15/4-5 Apple Computer, 5/11, Professional Office, 10/8, 10/19-20, 15/3 10/22-23, 16/1-2 Project, 12/27 A History of the Personal Computer Index/35

Publisher, 12/27 Natural Keyboard, 17/23 Schedule +, 15/5 Office of the President, Time Manager, 12/14 16/9, 16/11 Typing Tutor, 6/14, RamCard, 17/17 12/14, 13/28 Systems Division, 12/6 Works for Macintosh, Tiger system project, 15/6 12/26 Z-80 SoftCard, 6/14, 12/1, Works for PC, 12/27 17/17 : Multimedia: Electronic Paper, 12/14, Bookshelf, 12/7, 12/28 12/22, 13/15 CD-ROM division, 12/7, Excel, 10/24, 12/20, 12/10, 12/28, 15/6 12/23-25, 13/15, Encarta, 15/6 13/21, 15/1, 15/4 Gandalf project (Encarta), Multiplan, 10/20, 10/22, 15/6 12/6, 12/18, 12/23, Merlin project (Encarta), 13/15 15/6 Odyssey project (Excel), MS-CD format, 12/7 12/24 Multimedia PC (MPC) Word Processors: standard, 12/28 Cashmere project (Word Multimedia Systems for Windows), 12/10, division, 12/10 12/26 Operating & Interface Edit-80 text editor, Systems: 6/15 Advanced DOS, 12/16 EDLIN text editor, 12/13 Bob, 15/3 Macintosh Word, 10/23, Cairo project, 15/1, 15/3, 12/6, 12/26 16/9 Multi-Tool Word, 12/5-6, Chicago project (Windows 12/25, 13/13 95), 15/3, 16/10 Opus project (Word for Daytona project (NT), 15/3 Windows), 12/26 Interface Manager, 12/6, Word, 12/6-7, 12/18, 12/18 12/25-26, 13/9, Memphis project (Windows 13/12-13, 15/5 98), 15/4 Word for Windows, 12/11, MIDAS project, 6/11 12/26, 13/13, 15/5 MS-DOS (Disk Operating Miscellaneous: System), Applications Division, Computer use of, 11/7, 12/6, 16/10 11/10-11, 11/16, ASCII Microsoft, 6/12 11/18, 11/20-21, Consumer Products 11/28, 12/4 Division, 6/14, 12/14, Development of, 15/3, 16/11 12/13-15, 13/2 Develop-65, 68 and 80, 6/9 Later releases, Headquarters, 12/8 12/18-19, 15/1-2, Interactive Media 15/5, 16/10 Division, 16/11 Miscellaneous, 12/6-7, Microsoft International, 12/15, 13/3, 17/24, 12/3 19/12, 20/3 Microsoft Network (MSN), Other software, 11/26, 15/3, 16/10-11 12/19, 12/21, 12/27, , 12/5 13/28, 15/3-4, 15/9 Microsoft Quarterly, 18/8 Seattle Computer Microsoft System Journal, Products, 12/10, 18/8 12/14, 17/18 Mouse, 12/5, 17/24 MSX system, 12/6 Intellimouse, 17/24 MSX-DOS, 12/6, 12/15 Index/36 A History of the Personal Computer

Multi-Tool Interface, BASIC Compiler, 6/13, 6/15 12/22 BASIC interpreter NT (New Technology), (Altair), 6/5-8 12/17, 13/4, 15/1-2, BASIC interpreter 15/4 (Macintosh), 10/20, OS/2. See IBM/Software 10/22-23, 12/6, 12/21 PC-DOS. See IBM/Software BASIC, Psycho project (NT), 12/17 Apple Computer, 5/12, SB-86 (Software Bus-86). 12/6, 12/22 See Lifeboat Associates Early developments of, Win32, 15/2-3 6/5-13 Windows, IBM, 9/8, 9/12, Apple Computer, 10/8, 12/12-14, 12/21 10/23, 12/7, 12/10, Other companies, 4/16, 16/1, 16/8-9 11/10, 11/18, 12/3-4, Development of, 12/3, 12/21 12/6, 12/17-20 BASIC-80, 17/17 IBM, 9/22, 12/16-17, BASICA. See Advanced BASIC 15/1, 15/8-9, 16/9 C, 12/21 Later releases, 15/1-4 Cartridge BASIC, 9/14 Miscellaneous, 11/26, Cassette BASIC, 9/7-8, 13/5, 20/3, 20/9 9/14 Other software, 12/25, COBOL, 6/10-11, 6/14, 12/27, 13/6, 13/11, 12/12-13, 12/14, 12/21 13/17, 13/27, 15/5, COBOL-80, 6/13-14 15/14 DISK BASIC, 6/9, 9/8, Windows 95, 13/26, 15/3-5, 12/14 15/12, 16/10-11 Extended BASIC, 6/8 Windows 98, 15/4, 16/12 Focal, 6/9 Windows 286, 12/20 FORTRAN, 6/9-10, 6/12, Windows 386, 12/20 6/14, 12/12-13, 12/21 Windows CE, 15/4 FORTRAN-80, 6/10, 6/13-14, Windows for Workgroups, 7/5 15/2 GBASIC, 17/17 Windows NT (New GWBASIC (Gee Whiz BASIC), Technology), 15/2-4, 9/13, 12/21 16/9 Level II BASIC (TRS-80), Windows NT Server, 15/4 4/17, 6/12, 7/4 Windows NT Workstation, Level III BASIC (TRS-80), 15/4 6/14, 7/5 WINPAD, 15/4, 15/6 Macro Assembler, 6/15 XENIX, 11/2, 12/10, 12/12, MBASIC, 11/7-8, 11/12, 12/15, 13/3 17/17 XENIX 286, 9/16, 12/15 Pascal, 6/10, 6/13, 9/8, ZDOS (Zenith), 12/14-15 12/12-13, 12/21, 13/8, Programming Languages: 13/12 4K BASIC, 6/6, 7/3 PC BASIC, 12/21 8K BASIC, 6/6 Quick C, 12/21 6502 BASIC, 6/9-10 Quick Pascal, 12/22, 13/8 6800 BASIC, 6/8-9 QuickBASIC, 12/21, 13/7 8080 BASIC, 6/10, 6/12, Stand-alone Disk BASIC, 17/13 6/9, 6/11 8086 BASIC, 6/12, 6/14, , 15/5 13/2, 17/18 MicroTeck magazine, 18/3 Advanced BASIC (BASICA), MIDAS project. See 9/8, 12/14 Microsoft/Oper. Systems APL, 6/9, 12/14 Midwest Affiliation of Assembler, 12/13 Computer Clubs (MACC), 19/4 A History of the Personal Computer Index/37

MIF (Management Information Whirlwind computer, 1/5, Format), 19/17 1/9, 1/12, 1/15-16 Mikbug operating system. See , 13/6 Motorola Mitel Corporation, 13/27 Millard, William H., 4/12, MITS, Inc., 4/20, 19/11 Beginning and end of, Mims, Forrest M., 4/8 4/8-11 Miner, Robert N., 13/17 Microsoft, 6/5-11 Minicomputer, 2/4, 2/8-9, 4/8, Miscellaneous, 3/8, 3/11, 4/10, 4/18, 11/16 4/14-15, 18/2, 19/2, Term origin, 20/7 19/4, 19/10, 20/2 Minimal BASIC. See ANSI Other companies, 4/13-14, MiniScribe company, 17/7 5/1, 7/7, 17/17-18 MinisPort portable computer. Altair 680, 4/10 See Zenith Data Systems Altair 680b, 3/11, 4/10, 6/8 Minnow project. See , IBM/Accessories Development of, 4/8-11 MIPS Computer Systems, 8/8, Expansion boards, 4/13-14, 14/7, 15/2, 16/15, 19/17 17/17-19 R2000 RISC microprocessor, Microsoft, 6/5-7, 7/3 8/8 Miscellaneous, 3/8, 4/13, R8000 microprocessor, 14/7 5/1, 7/7, 9/1, 17/7, R10000 microprocessor, 14/7 17/20, 18/2, 18/8, 19/2, Workstation, 15/2 19/9-11, 20/2 MIT (Massachusetts Institute Altair 8800b, 4/10 of Technology), Altair BASIC, 4/10, 6/5-7, Computer graphics, 2/10-11 7/2 Early computers, 1/12, Altair Bus, 4/10, 17/20 1/15, 2/2 Computer Notes newsletter, Games and other software, 4/10, 6/7-8, 18/2-3 2/13-14, 13/6, 13/24, Memory boards/cards, 4/10, 15/10 6/6 Magnetic core memory, 1/9 MITS 816 calculator, 4/8 Miscellaneous, 4/1, 7/8, PE-8 computer, 4/9 7/11, 10/25, 13/13, World Altair Computer 17/21, 19/26 Convention (WACC), 6/8, Other companies, 1/7, 1/9, 19/4 1/16 Mitsubishi Chemical Company, Time sharing, 2/3-5 17/22 ARC (Average Response Mitsubishi Kasei, 17/22 Computer), 1/15 MMX technology. See CTSS (Compatible Time Intel/Miscellaneous Sharing System), 2/4 Model 100 computer. See LINC (Laboratory Instrument Tandy/Radio Shack/Computers Computer), 1/15, 2/2, 2/7 Model 101 printer. See Lincoln Laboratory, 1/16, Centronics 2/7 Models 33 and 35 teletypes. MDL language, 13/24 See Teletype Corporation Media Laboratory, 19/26 Modem, 9/14, 17/19-20, 19/17, Memory Test Computer (MTC), 20/4 1/15 Modula programming language, NuBus, 11/12, 17/21 13/7 Project MAC (Multiple Access Modula-2 programming language, Computer), 2/4 13/8 TX-0 computer, 1/15, 2/4, Molnar, Charles E., 1/15, 2/7 2/13 Mondrian software, See TX-1 and TX-2 computers, Dynamical Systems Research 1/15 Money magazine, 12/6 Index/38 A History of the Personal Computer

Monochrome Display Adapter. 14/10, 15/7, 16/1, 16/5, See MDA 19/19, 20/4 Monochrome Graphics Adapter. 68008 microprocessor, 3/11 See MGA 68882 math coprocessor, 10/8 Moore School of Electrical 88000 RISC microprocessor, Engineering, 1/5 8/6 Moore, Charles H., 2/12 M6809E microprocessor, 5/15 Moore, Dave, 12/23 MC6800 MPU (Micro Processor Moore, Fred, 18/2, 19/2 Unit), 3/9, 3/10, 3/13, Moore, Gordon E., 3/3, 3/5-6, 4/7, 4/10, 4/12, 4/14, 16/8 5/4, 11/25, 17/21 Moore’s Law, 3/5 MC6801 microprocessor, 3/11 Moore, Rob, 10/13 MC6809 microprocessor, 3/11, Morgan, Charles R., 2/12 10/18, 11/22 Morgan, James J., 11/14 MC68000 microprocessor, Morgridge, John P., 19/21 3/11, 4/20, 5/15, 6/12, Morill, Lyall, 7/9 8/6, 9/6, 10/15, 17/11 Morrow’s Micro Decisions, MC68010 microprocessor, 8/6 11/30 MC68020 microprocessor, 8/6, Morse, Stephen P., 3/9 17/16 MOS (Metal Oxide MC68030 microprocessor, 8/6, Semiconductor), 17/3 10/8 MOS Technology, Inc., MC68040 microprocessor, 8/7 Apple Computer, 5/4, 5/14 MC68060 microprocessor, 14/6 Beginning of, 3/13-14 Mikbug operating system, Commodore purchase of, 4/12, 7/1 4/15, 5/8 MPC601 microprocessor, Miscellaneous, 3/18, 4/12, 14/6-7 6/9, 7/11, 11/28 MPU (Micro Processor Unit), KIM-1 (Keyboard Input 3/9 Monitor-1), 4/12, 7/11 Museum of Electronics, 19/9 MOS 6501, 3/13, 4/13 PowerPC 601 microprocessor, MOS 6502, 3/13-14, 3/18, 14/6 4/12, 4/14-16, 5/4, PowerPC 603 microprocessor, 10/12-13, 11/25 14/7 MOS 65C02, 10/11 PowerPC 604 microprocessor, Mosaic browser, 15/10-12 14/7 Mosaic Communications PowerPC 620 microprocessor, Corporation, 15/11 14/7 Mosaic Navigator, 15/11 PowerPC 750 G3 Mostek company, 3/15, 4/18, microprocessor, 14/9, 8/8 14/11 , 16/7, 19/17 PowerPC microprocessor, software. See OSF 14/5, 15/8, 16/1, 20/5 Motorola, Inc., Versabus bus standard, 9/11 1970’s, 3/9-11, 4/8, 4/10, Mott, Tim, 7/6 4/20, 5/4; Mouse, 1980’s, 8/6-7; Also see. Trackball 1990’s, 14/6-7 Apple Computer, 10/12, Microprocessor 10/14-15, 10/21-22 application, 4/8-9, Development of, 2/10, 4/13, 5/15-16, 9/11, 17/23-24 11/2, 11/12, 11/14, Microsoft, 12/5, 12/17, 16/13, 17/21 12/19, 12/22, 12/25-26 Miscellaneous, 3/13, Miscellaneous, 2/3, 2/13, 3/15-16, 6/12, 7/1, 11/19, 13/5, 19/22 10/8, 11/28, 19/9 Xerox, 4/5, 5/15, 11/29 PowerPC Alliance, 14/3, Mouse Systems company, 17/24 A History of the Personal Computer Index/39

Mouseworks. See Microsoft/ See NEC Application Programs Multitasking, 8/3, 9/16, 9/19, Moussouris, John, 8/8 9/22, 10/25, 12/19 MP/M (Multi-Programming Multitech International Monitor). See Digital Corporation, 11/13 Research Mundie, Craig, 16/9 MPC601 microprocessor. See Murto, William, 11/9 Motorola Museums See: MPU (Micro Processor Unit). Intel Corporation/Misc. See Motorola Motorola Museum of MS-CD format. See Electronics Microsoft/Multimedia National Museum of American MS-DOS. See Microsoft/ History (Smithsonian) Operating Systems The American Computer Museum MS-NET. See Microsoft/ The Computer Museum (Boston) Application Programs Music Construction Set game. MSI (Medium Scale See Electronic Arts Integration), 3/5, 4/3, MX printers. See Epson America 11/20, 11/29 Myhrvold, Nathan P., 12/9, MSX hardware, 12/16 12/17, 16/8, 16/10 MSX-DOS. See Microsoft/ Mystery House game. See Sierra Operating Systems On-Line MTC (Memory Test Computer). See MIT --N-- Muka, Steve, 17/19 N M Electronics, 3/5 Multi-Color Graphics Array. N.V. . See Philips See MCGA Namco Limited, 7/11 Multi-Tool Interface. See Pac-Man game, 7/11 Microsoft/Operating Systems National AppleWorks Users Multi-Tool Word. See Group (NAUG), 13/20, 18/5 Microsoft/Applic. Programs AppleWorks Forum newsletter, (Multiplexed 18/5 Information and Computing National Bureau of Standards Service), 2/4 (NBS), 1/10 MultiFinder operating system. National Cash Register See Apple Computer/Software Company, 1/6, 1/13, 6/9, MultiMate International 6/11, 17/4 Corporation, 13/12 8200 Terminal, 6/11 Advantage Professional Word National Center for Processor, 13/12 Supercomputing Applications Executive Word Processor, (NCSA), 15/10-11 13/12 National Computer Conference Professional Word Processor, (NCC), 4/16, 6/14, 7/9, 13/12 10/10, 11/3, 11/29, 12/5, Multimedia, 13/14, 17/18, 19/5 Microsoft, 12/7, 12/10, National Museum of American 12/28, 15/6 History. See Smithsonian Miscellaneous, 15/9, 15/15, Institution 19/23, 20/2 National Physical Laboratory PowerPC Alliance, 15/7-8, (NPL), 2/13 16/5, 19/19 National Radio Institute Multimedia PC (MPC). See (NRI), 4/3 Microsoft/Multimedia NRI 832 computer kit, 4/3 Multimedia Systems division. National Science Foundation See Microsoft/Multimedia (NSF), 19/13 Multiplan spreadsheet. See NSFnet, 19/13 Microsoft/Applic. Programs National Semiconductor MultiSpeed portable computer. Corporation, 3/9, 3/15, Index/40 A History of the Personal Computer

5/9, 6/11, 8/7, 10/14, 2/9-10 16/1 Newton MessagePad (PDA). See 16032 microprocessor, 8/7 Apple Computer/Computers 32032 microprocessor, 8/7 NewWave interface program. See IMP-8 microprocessor Hewlett-Packard Company systems, 3/15 NexGen company, 14/7, 16/16 IMP-16 microprocessor NeXT Computer, Inc., 9/21, systems, 3/15 10/7, 11/11-12, 15/7, Pace microprocessor, 3/9, 16/15-16 3/15 NeXT computer, 11/12, 13/4, SC/MP microprocessor, 3/15 17/10, 19/14 Super-Pace microprocessor, NeXT laser printer, 11/12 3/15 NeXTSTEP operating system, Natural Keyboard. See 9/21, 11/12, 12/11, 13/4, Microsoft/Miscellaneous 15/7 Naval Postgraduate School, NeXT Software, Inc., 15/7, 7/1, 7/4 16/2, 16/17 Navigator browser. See Nibble - term origin, 20/8 Netscape Communications Nibble Mac magazine, 18/4 NBC television network, 16/11 Nibble magazine, 18/4, 20/6 NCC. See National Computer Nippon Electric Company. See Conference NEC N-channel Metal Oxide Nishi, Kazuhiko (Kay), Semiconductor. See NMOS 6/12-13, 11/2, 12/2, 12/6, NCSA. See National Center for 12/9, 18/3 Supercomputing Applications NLQ. See Near Letter Quality Near Letter Quality (NLQ), NLS (On-line system). See 17/13 Stanford Research Institute NEC (Nippon Electric Company), NMOS (N-channel Metal Oxide 6/13, 11/19, 11/22, 12/2, Semiconductor), 3/7 12/28, 16/16, 17/14, 17/21 Noble, David L., 17/6 PC-100 computer, 11/22 Non-Linear Systems company, PC-8200 Portable Computer, 11/8 12/2 Noorda, Raymond, 13/27, 16/12 MutiSpeed portable computer, North Star Computers, Inc., 11/22 4/20, 5/12, 11/21, 17/7, UltraLite portable computer, 17/19, 19/12 11/22, 20/8 FPB, Model A floating point V-30 microprocessor, 11/19, board, 17/19 11/22 Horizon-I, 4/20 NED (New Editor), 7/7 Horizon-II, 4/20 Negroponte, Nicholas, 18/9, Micro-Disk system, 17/7 19/26 Peripheral boards, 17/19 Nelson, Theodor H., 20/1, Northrop Aircraft, Inc., 1/8 20/7 Norton, David, 17/10 Netscape Communications Notebook computer, Corporation, 15/11-13, Apple Computer, 14/11 16/17, 19/15 Compaq, 11/11 Communicator Professional, Epson, 11/18 15/12 IBM, 14/9 Netscape Navigator, 15/11-12 Miscellaneous, 4/5, 14/7, NetWare. See Novell 16/17 Network computers, 11/25 NEC, 11/22 Networks, 11/25, 12/27, 13/27, Tandy/Radio Shack, 11/2 15/15, 16/10, 16/13, Term description, 20/8 19/13-14, 19/21 Notes. See Iris Associates and Newell, Martin, 13/23 Lotus Development Newman, M. H. A., 1/4, 2/4, Corporation A History of the Personal Computer Index/41

Nova computers. See Data 4/14 General Oki, Scott D., 12/3 Noval Inc., 4/19 Okidata company, 17/14 Noval 760 computer, 4/19 OLE (Object Linking and Novation, Inc., 17/20 Embedding), 10/25, 13/8, CAT acoustic coupler, 17/20 15/1-2, 15/4 Novell Data Systems, 13/27 Olivetti company, 12/2, 12/28, Novell, Inc., 13/27, 15/9, 17/21 15/12, 16/8, 16/12-13, M-10 computer, 12/2 19/17 Olsen, Kenneth H., 1/15-16, NetWare, 13/27 11/15, 16/14 Novell DOS, 15/9, 15/12 Olympiad project (PC RT). See PerfectOffice, 16/12 IBM/Computers (Personal) Noyce, Robert N., 1/11, 3/3, Olympic Decathlon. See 3/5, 8/6, 16/7, 19/8, 20/7 Microsoft/Applic. Programs NPL (New Programming Omega database project. See Language). See IBM/Software Microsoft/Applic. Programs NRI 832 computer kit. See Omidyar, Pierre, 19/21 National Radio Institute Omnibus backplane. See NSFnet. See National Science DEC/Miscellaneous Foundation On Disk Monthly magazine. See NT (New Technology). See Softdisk Microsoft/Operating Systems On-line services, 19/15-17 NuBus architecture. See Apple On-Line Systems company, 13/25 Computer/Misc. and MIT Onyx Computer company, 11/25 N.V. Philips company. See Opel, John R., 9/4, 9/23, 10/2 Philips Open bus architecture, 4/8, 9/3, 10/20 --O-- Open Look software. See UNIX O2 workstation. See Silicon International Graphics . See Oak project (Java). See Sun OSF Microsystems Open-Apple newsletter, 18/5 Oates, Edward, 13/17 Open-source software, 15/9 Oberon programming language, Operating systems, 7/1-3, 13/8 9/19-21, 12/15-20, 13/1-6, Object Linking and Embedding. 13/18, 15/7, 15/11-13, 16/9 See OLE Operation Crush. See Intel O’Connor, Dave, 9/13 Corporation/Miscellaneous Odyssey 100 game. See Magnavox Optical disk drives, 11/12, Odyssey book, 14/10, 20/1 17/10 Odyssey project (Excel). See Opus project (Word for Microsoft/Applic. Programs Windows). See Microsoft/ Office Products Division. See Application Programs Xerox/Miscellaneous Oracle Corporation, 13/17, Office program. See 15/13, 16/2 Microsoft/Applic. Programs Oracle relational database, OfficeVision program. See 13/17 IBM/Software Orange Book specification, Ogdin, Jerry, 17/5 20/4 Ohio Scientific Instruments Orange Computer, 11/14 (OSI), 4/14-15, 4/21 O’Rear, Bob, 6/11-14, 12/13 Challenger series of OS 8 and 9 operating systems. computers, 4/21 See Apple Computer/Software OS 65 operating system, 4/21 OS-65 operating system. See OSI 300 computer training Ohio Scientific Instruments board, 4/14 OS/2 (Operating System/2). See OSI 400 Superboard computer, IBM/Software Index/42 A History of the Personal Computer

Osborne Computer Corporation, Paperback Software 11/1, 11/6-7 International, 11/7, 13/15 Executive portable computer, VP-Planner, 13/15 11/7 Papert, Seymour, 2/12 Executive II portable Paradox database. See Borland computer, 11/7 International portable computer, Parasitic Engineering, 17/19 11/6-7, 12/23, 19/2, 19/9, Peripheral boards, 17/19 20/8 PARC (Palo Alto Research Osborne, Adam, 11/6, 12/18, Center). See Xerox/Misc. 19/2, 20/1 Parkinson, Joseph, 16/16 OSF (Open Software Parkinson, Ward, 16/16 Foundation), 9/21, 11/26, Parsons, Keith, 7/4 12/11, 13/6, 19/18 Pascal programming language, Motif software, 13/6, 14/8 Also see Microsoft/Prog. OSI computers. See Ohio Languages and Apple Scientific Instruments Computer/Software Ovation integrated program, Apple Computer, 5/12, 7/3, 13/22 10/10, 10/21 OverDrive processors. See Development of, 7/5 Intel Corporation Miscellaneous, 4/5, 11/15, /Microprocessors 13/8, 13/18 Owens, Don, 13/10-11 Patch, Glenn E., 18/7 Oyama, Terry, 10/19 Paterson, Tim, 6/11, 6/14, Ozzie, Raymond, 13/20, 15/10 12/3, 12/6, 12/9, 12/12-13, 12/15, 13/1-2, 17/17-18 --P-- Patterson, David, 8/8 P6 and P54 microprocessors. Patterson, James, 17/9 See Intel/Microprocessors Paul Allen Group, 19/23 PAC (Personal Automatic PC BASIC. See Microsoft Calculator), 1/13 /Programming Languages Pac-Man game. See Namco PC Bus. See IBM/Miscellaneous Pace microprocessor. See PC computers. See National Semiconductor IBM/Computers (Personal) Electronics, PC Computing magazine, 18/7 Inc., 11/22-23, 16/16 PC File database. See Packard Bell NEC, Inc., ButtonWare 16/16-17 PC Forum conference, 19/26 Packard, David, 2/8 PC Magazine, 18/6 Packet communications, 2/13 PC Network. See IBM/Software Page Description Language. See PC Transporter card. See PDL Applied Engineering Page, John D., 13/18 PC Week magazine, 18/7 Page, Rich, 10/5, 10/14, 11/11 PC World Communications Inc., PageMaker software. See Aldus 18/7 Palladin Software company, PC World magazine, 12/25, 13/15 18/6-7 Palm microcontroller. See PC’s Limited company, 11/16, IBM/Miscellaneous 11/18 Palmer, Robert, B., 16/14 Also see Dell Computer PalmPilot PDA. See U.S. PC-8200 computer. See NEC Robotics PC-DOS. See IBM/Software Palo Alto Research Center PCC Newsletter. See People’s (PARC). See Xerox/Misc. Computer Company Palo Alto Scientific Center. PCI (Peripheral Component See IBM/Miscellaneous Interconnect). See Intel/ Paper tape, 1/15, 4/18, 17/4, Miscellaneous 17/11 PCjr magazine, 18/7 A History of the Personal Computer Index/43

PCMail. See Microsoft/Applic. Personal Computer Fair and Programs Exposition, 19/5 PCNET (Personal Computer Personal Computer Group. See NETwork), 19/14 IBM/Miscellaneous PDA (Personal Digital Personal computing, Assistant), 14/10, 14/12, Hobby and amateur computing, 19/22 2/14-16 PDL (Page Description Miscellaneous, 1/3, 1/16, Language), 10/6, 13/17 2/3, 4/1, 4/6, 4/10, 4/21, PDP computers. See 17/4, 18/1 DEC/Computers MITS Altair, 4/8 PE-8 computer. See MITS Time sharing, 2/5 Peachtree Software, Inc., 9/8, Xerox, 4/20 13/22 Personal Computing magazine, Business Accounting Series, 18/3 13/22 Personal Computing 76 show, Peachtree Complete, 13/22 4/13, 5/7, 19/4 Peacock, H. B., 3/12 Personal Computing Show!, 19/4 Peanut project (PCjr). See Personal Digital Assistant. IBM/Computers (Personal) See PDA Peddle, Charles H. “Chuck”, Personal Filing System. See 3/10, 3/13, 4/12, 4/15, Software Publishing Corp. 5/14, 11/28 Personal Pearl database, 11/7 P-Edit editor. See WordPerfect Personal Software, Inc., Peelings II magazine, 18/5 Also see VisiCorp Pelczarski, Mark, 13/26, 18/3 Apple Computer, 5/14 Pen computing, 10/8, 14/9-10 Founding of, 19/12 Penguin Software company, IBM, 9/6, 9/8 13/26 Other software, 7/11, 13/25, Magic Paintbrush graphics 13/28-29 utility, 13/26 VisiCalc development, 7/8-9 Penny Arcade game. See Apple VisiCorp, 13/5, 13/14 Computer/Software Personal Systems Group. See Pennywhistle modem, 17/19 IBM/Miscellaneous Pentium microprocessors. See Personality Module. See Intel/Microprocessors Processor Technology People's Computer Company, PERT (Program Evaluation and 18/1, 19/2, 20/1 Review Technique), 10/17 PCC Newsletter, 7/4, 18/1, Pertec Computer Corporation, 19/1 4/11, 6/10-11, 17/7 People’s Computers magazine, PET computers. See Commodore 18/1 Peter Norton Computing, 16/14 People magazine, 12/6 Peters, Chris, 12/2 PepsiCola company, 10/3 Peterson, Rich, 4/14 PerfectCalc, 11/8, 11/13 Peterson, W.E. Pete, 13/11, PerfectFiler, 11/8, 11/13 16/15 PerfectOffice. See Novell Pfeiffer, Eckhard, 16/3-4 PerfectSpeller, 11/8, 11/13 pfs software. See Software PerfectWriter, 11/8, 11/12 Publishing Peripheral cards, 11/14, PGA (Professional Graphics 17/16-19 Array), 20/5 Perot, Ross H., 6/15, 11/12 Philips N.V. company, 12/7, Personal Automatic Calculator 12/28, 17/9, 20/4 (PAC). See IBM/Computers Phoenix project (Apple IIGS). Personal computer, See Apple Computer - term origin, 20/7 Ltd., - the “first,” 1/16, 2/2, 13/22 2/7, 4/2, 4/7 Pico magazine, 18/8 Index/44 A History of the Personal Computer

Pinball Construction Set game. Compaq, 11/9-11, 12/3, See Electronic Arts 12/21, 13/22 Pineapple computer, 11/14 IBM, 4/4, 4/10, 9/1, 9/25, Pink project. See Apple 14/8 Computer/Software Other companies, 11/6, 11/8, Pinpoint Publishing, 13/20 11/12, 11/19-22, 11/30, Pinpoint Desk Accessories, 13/11, 17/8, 13/20 Tandy/Radio Shack, 11/2, PIP (Programmable Integrated 12/2 Processor). See Signetics Term definition, 20/8 Pirate Adventure game. See Texas Instruments, 11/26 Adventure International P/OS operating system. See Pitman, Doug, 16/16 DEC/Software Pittman, Tom, 7/4 POSIX operating system, 15/2 Pixar Animation Studios, 19/23 PostScript. See Adobe Systems Toy Story film, 19/23 Potter, Dave, 1/13 PL/I (Programming Power architecture. See Language/One). See IBM/Miscellaneous IBM/Software PowerOpen environment, 19/19 PL/I “G” subset. See ANSI PowerPC Alliance, 14/3, 14/6, PL/I compiler. See Digital 14/9, 15/7-8, 16/1, 16/5, Research 19/19 PL/M (Programming Language for PowerPC microprocessor. See Microcomputers), 7/1-2, 7/6, IBM/Misc. and Motorola 13/9 PowerPoint graphics. See Planar , 1/11 Microsoft/Applic. Programs PlanPerfect spreadsheet. See Powerstation computer. See WordPerfect Corporation Excaliber Technologies Platt, Lew, 16/17 POWERstation and POWERserver. Plattner, Hasso, 19/24 See IBM/Computers (Personal) PLUS/4 computer. See Commodore PPS microprocessors. See Pocketronic calculator. See Rockwell Canon Premium/286 computer. See AST Pohlman, William B., 3/9 Research PointCast Inc., 19/24 Prentice-Hall Inc., 19/5 PointCast Network, 19/24 Presentation Manager. See PolyMorphic Systems, 4/14-15, IBM/Software 7/4 Princess game. See On-Line Disk BASIC, 4/14 Systems Micro-Altair computer, 4/14 Princeton University, 1/8 POLY 88 computer, 4/14 Print Shop software. See System 8813, 4/14 Brøderbund Software Pong tennis game. See Atari Printers, 17/12-16 Corporation Ink jet, 17/14 Poor, Vic, 4/2 Laser, 11/11, 12/25, 13/27, Popular Computing magazine, 17/15-16 18/3 Thermal, 11/20, 17/16 magazine, Wire matrix, 17/12-14 4/8, 4/13, 6/5, 17/5, 17/11, Processor Technology 17/19, 18/1, 18/8 Corporation, 4/10, 4/13-15, Popular Mechanics magazine, 5/7, 6/12, 7/3-4, 2/15 17/17-18, 19/2, 19/10 Popular Science magazine, 3/18 3P+S (Parallel + Serial) Porat, Marc, 19/22 board, 17/18 Portal, 15/13, 19/22 CONSOL operating system, Portable computers, 4/13 Apple Computer, 10/12, Helios disk drive, 4/14 10/26, 14/11 Memory expansion boards, A History of the Personal Computer Index/45

17/17-18 QDOS (Quick and Dirty Personality Module, 4/13 Operating System). See PT-DOS operating system, Seattle Computer Products 4/14, 7/3 QL (Quantum Leap) computer. Sol-10 Terminal Computer, See 4/13, 5/8, 6/10, 19/2, Q-Link on-line service. See 19/4, 19/10 Quantum Computer Services Sol-20, 4/13 QST magazine, 4/7, 18/1 SOLOS operating system, 4/14 Quadram company, 17/19 VDM-1 (Video Display Module) Quadboard, 17/19 board, 17/7, 17/18 Quantum Corporation, 17/7, PRODAC IV computer. See 17/9 Westinghouse Quantum Computer Services Prodigy Services Company, Inc., 19/15 19/16 Q-Link on-line service, ProDOS (Professional Disk 19/15 Operating System). See Apple , Inc., 13/12, 13/24 Computer/Software QuarkXPress desktop Professional Graphics Array. publishing program, 13/24 See PGA Word Juggler, 13/12 Professional Office. See Quarterdeck Office Systems, Microsoft/Applic. Programs 12/18, 13/5 Professional Word Processor. DESQ windowing system, See MultiMate International 12/18, 13/5 ProFile hard disk. See Apple DESQview, 13/5 Computer/Accessories Quasar project (). See Profit Plan, 11/8 VisiCorp Program Evaluation and Review Quattro Pro spreadsheet. See Technique. See PERT Borland Programming languages, Quick Pascal. See Microsoft/ 1/12-13, 2/11, 7/3-6, 12/21, Programming Languages 13/7-9, 15/12 QuickBASIC and Quick C. See Project MAC (Multiple Access Microsoft/Programming Computer). See MIT Languages Project program. See QuickBooks. See Intuit Microsoft/Applic. Programs QuickDraw. See Apple ProLinea and ProSignia Computer/Software computers. See Compaq Quicken. See Intuit Computer QuickFile database, See ProPrinter. See IBM Apple Computer/Software /Accessories Quinn, Peter, 10/11-12 PS/1 & 2 computers. See Qume company, 9/14 IBM/Computers (Personal) Qume disk drive, 9/13 Psycho project (NT). See Qume printer, 10/17 Microsoft/Operating Systems Qureshey, Safi, 11/14 p-System. See SofTech QX computers. See Epson Microsystems America PT-DOS operating system. See Processor Technology --R-- Publish It! See Timeworks R/1, R/2 and R/3 software. See Publisher program. See SAP Microsoft/Applic. Programs R2000, R8000 and R10000 RISC PUP (PARC Universal Packet). microprocessors. See MIPS See Xerox/Miscellaneous R2E. See REE (Realisations Études Électroniques) --Q-- Rabinow, Jacob, 1/10 Q & A integrated program. See Raburn, Vern, 6/12, 6/14, Symantec 12/1, 12/4, 19/23 Index/46 A History of the Personal Computer

Radio Shack. See Tandy/Radio Retailers, 19/10-12 Shack Reuters news service, 15/15 Radio-Electronics magazine, Rhapsody project. See Apple 4/8-9, 17/11, 18/1 Computer/Software Raikes, Jeffrey (Jeff) S., Ribardiére, Laurent, 13/19 10/11, 12/2, 16/11 Rickard, Jay, 10/13 Rainbow 100 computer. See Ricoh Company, Ltd., 6/14 DEC/Computers Riddle, Michael, 13/23 RAM (Random Access Memory), Rider, Ronald, 17/15, 17/23 17/3 Ringewald, Erich, 10/25, 16/14 Rambo project (Apple IIGS). RIOS project (RISC See Apple Computer/Computers System/6000). See IBM/ RamCard. See Microsoft/Misc. Computers (Personal) RAND Corporation, 2/13 RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Random Access Memory. See RAM Computing), Rashid, Richard (Rick), 13/4, Apple Computer, 16/1, 16/5 16/9 Development of by IBM, 8/7-8 Raskin, Jef, 5/15-16, IBM, 9/17, 13/8, 14/3, 14/8 10/18-19, 10/21, 10/24, Microsoft, 12/17 17/19 Miscellaneous, 8/8, 14/6, Raster Blaster game. See 19/17 Budgeco Sun, 8/8, 11/26 Ratliff, Wayne C., 7/9, 13/16 RISC-I microprocessor, 8/8 Rattner, Justin, 8/3 Ritchie, Dennis M., 2/12, 7/5 Ray, Phil, 4/2, 4/13, 13/12 RJR Nabisco Inc., 16/6 RCA company, 3/15, 12/7 Roark, Raleigh, 12/5, 12/7 1802 microprocessor, 3/15 Roberts, H. Edward, 4/8-11, 1804 microprocessor, 3/15 4/14, 6/5-6, 6/8, 20/2 DVI (Digital Video Roberts, Lawrence G., 2/13 Interactive), 12/7, 12/10 Robitaille, Roger, 18/3 Read Only Memory. See ROM Robwin company, 19/12 Reader’s Digest organization, Roche, Gus, 4/2 19/16 Rock, Arthur, 3/6, 5/14, 7/8, Real Estate program. See 9/13 Tandy/Radio Shack/Software Rockwell International, 3/16, Recherches et Études 3/18, 20/3 Électroniques. See REE PPS-4 microprocessor, 3/16 Red Book specification, 20/4 PPS-8 microprocessor, 3/16 Software Inc., 15/10 Roger Wagner Publishing Reduced Instruction Set company, 13/30 Computing. See RISC HyperStudio, 13/30 REE (Realisations Études Roizen, Heidi and Peter, 13/15 Électroniques), 4/7 Rollins, Kevin B., 16/4 Micral computer, 3/8, 4/7 Rolm Systems, 16/5 R2E, 4/6 ROM (Read Only Memory), 17/3 Reed College, 5/3 ROM magazine, 18/3 Reference sources, 20/3 Romeo, John, 19/22 Regis McKenna agency, 5/9-10 ROMP (Research Office products Relational database, 13/17-18 MicroProcessor). See Relational Software Inc. IBM/Miscellaneous (RSI), 13/17 Rosen Electronics Letter, Relay technology, 1/3-4 19/25 Release 1.0 newsletter, 19/25 Rosen, Benjamin M., 11/9, Remala, Rao, 12/18, 12/20 13/13, 16/4, 19/25 Research and Engineering (The Rosenfeld, Eric, 7/11 Magazine of Datamation), Rosing, Wayne, 10/15 1/14 Rotenberg, Jonathan, 19/3 Resource One, 19/1 Rothmueller, Ken, 5/15, 10/15 A History of the Personal Computer Index/47

Routers. See Data routers Satellite Software Rowley, John, 13/2 International (SSI), RS-232C standard, 9/7, 19/18 13/10-11 RSBASIC. See Tandy/Radio Also see WordPerfect Shack/Software Corporation RT-11 operating system. See Satz, Greg, 19/21 DEC/Software SB-86 (Software Bus-86). See Rubinstein, Seymour, 7/7 Lifeboat Associates Ruby project. See Compaq SBASIC (Dartmouth Structured Computer BASIC). See Dartmouth Russell, Stephen, 2/14 College SBASIC (Kaypro), 11/8 --S-- SC/MP microprocessor. See S-100 Bus, 4/10, 4/20, 6/14, National Semiconductor 13/1, 17/18, 17/20-21, 19/9 Scalable Processor SA-400 and SA-900 diskette Architecture (SPARC). See drives. See Shugart & Sun Microsystems Associates SCALP (Self Contained ALGOL SAA (Systems Application Processor). See Dartmouth Architecture). See IBM/ College Software SCAMP (Special Computer APL Sachs, Jonathan M., 13/13 Machine Portable). See Sackman, Robert, 11/25 IBM/Computers (Personal) Safeguard Scientifics company, SCCS Interface newsletter. See 13/27 Southern California Computer SAGE (Semi Automatic Ground Society Environment), 1/7, 1/9, SCDP. See Software 1/12, 1/16 Consultation Design and Sakoman, Steve, 10/8, 14/10 Production Salsberg, Arthur P., 18/8 Scelbi Computer Consulting, company, 13/13 Inc., 4/7-8 Sams, Jack, 9/4, 12/11-12 Scelbi-8B, 4/8 Samson, Peter, 2/14 Scelbi-8H, 3/8, 4/7 Samuel, Arthur L., 1/13 Schedule + program. See Sandberg-Diment, Erik, 18/3 Microsoft/Applic. Programs Sandel, Alex, 11/23 Schlumberger Ltd., 4/18 Sander-Cederlof, Bob, 18/5 Schmidt, Eric, 16/12 Sander, Wendell, 10/9 Schriber, Gene, 3/11 Sanders Associates, 2/14 SCI Systems, Inc., 19/24 Sanders, Walter Jeremiah Scientific American magazine, (Jerry), 3/15 4/3, 18/8 (SCO), Scientific Control Systems Inc., 12/10, 12/15, 13/4, (SCS), 2/9 13/15, 19/17 (SDS), SCO Professional 2/9, 4/4 spreadsheet, 13/15 SCO Professional spreadsheet. SAP AG (Systems Applications See Santa Cruz Operation Products), 19/24 Scott, Bruce, 13/17 R/1 and R/2 accounting Scott, Michael M., 5/9, 5/11, systems software, 19/24 7/7, 10/2, 10/6, 10/15, R/3 system software, 19/24 10/19, 11/16, 12/3, 12/14-15 Sara project (Apple III). See Scribe printer. See Apple Apple Computer/Computers Computer/Accessories Sargent, Murray, 12/20 SCSI (Small Computer System SARGON chess program. See Interface), 17/21 Games Sculley, John C., 10/3-8, Sarubbi, Joseph, 9/6, 9/12, 10/9, 10/23, 12/7, 14/10, 9/23-24 16/1, 16/5, 20/1 Index/48 A History of the Personal Computer

Seagate Technology, Inc., Shugart, Alan F., 17/7-8 9/12, 17/7-9 Sidekick program, See Borland ST-506 hard drive, 17/9 Sideways program, 13/16 Sears Roebuck and Company, Siemans AG company, 3/15 9/8, 19/16 Sierra On-Line Inc., 13/13, Seattle Computer Products, 13/25 Inc., 6/11, 6/14, 12/3, Homeword word processor, 12/9, 12/12-14, 13/1-2, 13/13 17/17-18 King’s Quest game, 13/25 8086 microprocessor card, Mystery House game, 13/25 6/12, 12/13, 13/1 Princess and Wizard games, 86-DOS operating system, 13/25 12/13-14, 13/2 Sigma V time computer. See Memory cards, 17/18 Xerox/Computers QDOS (Quick and Dirty Signetics Corporation, 3/16, Operating System), 6/11, 5/2 12/12, 13/1-2, 17/18 2650 processor, 3/16 Seiko company, 17/13 Programmable Integrated Selective Sequence Electronic Processor (PIP), 3/16 Calculator (SSEC). See SIGPC. See Association for IBM/Computers Computing Machinery (ACM) Selector database, 7/9 Silentype printer. See Apple Selker, Ted, 14/9 Computer/Accessories SEMATECH, Inc., 8/6 Silicon Graphics, Inc. (SGI), Sequoia Capital, 5/9, 5/14, 11/23, 14/7, 14/11, 15/11, 15/14, 19/21 16/13, 16/15-16, 19/18 Series 70, 80, 100 and 200 Geometry Engine integrated computers. See Hewlett- chip, 11/23 Packard Indigo workstation, 14/11 Servers, 9/25, 11/11, 13/18, IRIS 1000 3-D terminal, 13/27, 14/6, 15/5, 15/12, 11/23 16/13-14, 19/21 IRIS 1400 3-D workstation, Set-top terminals, 15/6, 16/11 11/23 Seuss, C. David, 13/28 IRIS Graphics Library, 11/23 Sevin-Rosen Partners, 11/9, O2 workstation, 14/11 13/13 Silicon Valley -term origin, Sevin, L.J., 3/15, 13/13 20/9 SGML (Standard Generalized , David, 13/28 Markup Language), 20/3 Silverberg, Brad A., 16/8 Shannon, Claude E., 1/13, 20/6 SIM4 and 8 simulator boards. Shapiro, Fred R., 20/6 See Intel/ Miscellaneous SHARE user group, 1/14, 2/11 Simonyi, Charles, 4/5, 7/6, Shareware, 13/16, 19/22 12/9, 12/18, 12/22-23, 12/25 Shaw, Greg, 17/18 Sinclair Radionics company, Shih, Stan, 11/13 11/23 Shima, Masatoshi, 3/8, 3/14 Sinclair Research Ltd., Shirley, Jon A., 12/5-6, 12/9, 11/23-24, 11/27 12/11, 16/8 QL (Quantum Leap) computer, Shockley, William B., 1/11 11/24 Shows, 19/4-5 ZX80 computer, 11/24 Shrayer, Michael, 7/6-7 ZX81 computer, 11/24, 11/27 Shugart Associates, 5/12, Sinclair, Clive M., 11/23 7/1-2, 11/28, 17/7-8, 17/22 Singer, Hal, 18/1 5.25-inch floppy disk drive, Singleton, Henry E., 5/14, 17/6 9/13 SA-400 diskette drive, 17/7 Sippl, Roger, 13/18 SA-900 diskette drive, 17/7 Sirius Software, 13/25 Shugart Technology, 17/8 Both Barrels game, 13/25-26 A History of the Personal Computer Index/49

Cyber Strike game, 13/26 9/8, 13/4 13/8 E-Z Draw utilities, 13/25 UCSD p-System, 9/8, 11/7, Star Cruiser game, 13/26 13/4, 13/19 Sirius Systems Technology, SoftImage, Inc., 16/10 11/28 Softkey International, Inc., Sirius 1 computer, 11/28 16/15 Sketchpad, 2/10 Softkey Software Products, Skiwriter word processor, 16/15 11/18 Softsel Computer Products, Skoll, Jeff, 19/21 19/12 SLOT (Scanned Laser Output SoftSide, magazine, 18/3 Terminal) printer. See Software, 1/12-14, 2/11-13, Xerox/Miscellaneous 7/1-11, 13/1-29 Small Business Applications, Software & Information Inc., 7/7 Industry Association, 19/19 Magic Wand word processor, Software Arts, Inc., 7/8-9, 7/7 13/14-15, 13/29, 19/12 Small Computer System TK!Solver program, 13/29 Interface. See SCSI Software Bus-86. See Lifeboat Small Scale Integration. See Associates SSI Software Consultation Design Smalltalk language. See and Production (SCDP) Xerox/Software company, 7/9 Smart integrated program, Vulcan data base, 7/9, 9/2, 13/22 13/16 Smartmodem 300. See Hayes Software Development Microcomputer Products Laboratories, 13/17 Smith, Burrell C., 5/16, Software Garden, Inc., 13/15 10/18-19, 17/16 Software Package One (SP-1), Smith, Marshall, 11/5 7/6 Smith, Mary Carol, 13/28 Software Plus company, 13/16, Smith, Steve, 6/13 19/12 Smithsonian Institution, 19/6, Software Publishers 19/9 Association (SPA), 19/19 National Museum of American Software Publishing and History, 19/9 Research Co. (S.P.A.R.C.), Smoke Signal Broadcasting 18/4 company, 17/21 Software Publishing Chieftain computer, 17/21 Corporation (SPC), 13/13, Soft Warehouse Inc., 19/10 13/15, 13/18, 13/21 Softalk Publishing, Inc., 18/4 Assistant series of programs Softalk, magazine, 18/4-5 (IBM), 13/17 Softbank COMDEX Inc., 19/5 First Choice, 13/21 Softbank Corporation, 15/15, Personal Filing System, 19/5, 19/24 13/18 SoftCard. See Microsoft/Misc. pfs:File, 13/18 Softdisk Inc., 18/5, 18/7-8 pfs:Graph, 13/15, 13/18 Big Blue Disk magazine, 18/7 pfs:Plan, 13/18 Diskworld for the Macintosh pfs:Report, 13/18 magazine, 18/5 pfs:Word, 13/18 Gamer’s Edge magazine, 18/7 pfs:Write, 13/13 Loadstar magazine, 18/5, Software Publishing, Inc., 18/8 13/27 On Disk Monthly magazine, Harvard Graphics, 13/27 18/5 Sol computers. See Processor Softdisk GS magazine, 18/5 Technology Softdisk magazine, 18/5 Solid State Software command SofTech Microsystems, Inc., module. See Texas Index/50 A History of the Personal Computer

Instruments Technologies, 16/1 Solid State Speech SpellStar. See MicroPro synthesizer. See Texas International Instruments Sphere Corporation, 3/11, 4/12 Solomon, Leslie (Les), 4/9, BASIC computer, 4/12 4/13, 18/8 Hobbiest computer, 4/12 SOLOS operating system. See Intelligent computer, 4/12 Processor Technology System 340 computer, 4/12 Son, Masayoshi, 15/15, 19/24 Spindler, Michael “Mike” H., Corporation, 10/17, 10/7, 16/1 10/21, 17/8, 17/9, 17/22, Spinnaker Software 20/4 Corporation, 13/28, 16/15 Soon, Chay Kwong, 17/16 Sporck, Charles E., 3/15 Sophisticated Operating System Spracklen, Dan and Kathe, 7/11 (SOS). See Apple Computer/ Spreadsheets, 7/8-9, 11/30, Software 12/22-24, 12/26, 13/13-15, , 11/6, 13/15 13/20-21 SuperCalc spreadsheet, Springer-Verlag company, 18/8 11/6-7, 13/15, 13/29 Sprite graphics, 11/5 SuperCalc3 spreadsheet, Spyglass, Inc., 15/11, 15/12 13/15 SQL (Structured Query SuperCalc5 spreadsheet, Language), 13/17 13/15 SR-60A personal Sound Blaster audio card. See computer/calculator. See Creative Technology Texas Instruments Source. See Telecomputing SRAM (Static Random Access Corporation of America Memory), 17/3 Southern California Computer SRI. See Stanford Research Society (SCCS), 7/6, 18/2, Institute 19/3 SS-50 bus. See Southwest SCCS Interface newsletter, Technical Products 18/2 Corporation Southwest Technical Products SSEC (Selective Sequence Corporation (SwTPC), Electronic Calculator).See 4/12, 4/15, 6/12, 7/4, IBM/Computers 11/24, 17/21, 19/10 SSI (Small Scale Integration), Digital Logic Microlab, 4/12 3/5 KBD-2 Keyboard and Encoder SSI Software company, 13/11 Kit, 4/12 Also see WordPerfect SS-50 bus, 4/12, 17/21 Corporation SwTPC 6800 Computer System, SSI* software. See WordPerfect 3/11, 4/12, 7/4, 17/21 Corporation SwTPC 6809, 11/24 ST-506 hard drive. See Seagate SwTPC BASIC, 7/4 Technology SPA. See Software Publishers Stac Electronics, 16/10 Association DoubleSpace utility, 16/10 Space Craft, Inc., 19/24 Stand-alone Disk BASIC. See Space Quarks game. See Microsoft/Programming Brøderbund Software Languages Space Wars game. See Games Standard Generalized Markup SPARC (Scalable Processor Language. See SGML Architecture) microprocessor Standards, 20/4 and workstation. See Sun Stanford Linear Accelerator Microsystems Center (SLAC), 5/1, 19/2 Sparks, H. L., 9/6, 9/23, 11/9 Stanford Research Institute Spatial navigation, 20/1 (SRI), 2/3, 2/9, 2/11, Specifications, 20/4 17/23 Spectrum Information ARC (Augmented Research A History of the Personal Computer Index/51

Center), 2/10-11 RISC microprocessor, 8/8, NLS (On-line System), 14/7 2/10-11 386i personal computer, Stanford University, 11/26, 16/13 Apple Computer historical Darwin workstation, 16/13 collection, 19/9 Java programming language, Association with, 4/14, 15/13, 16/17 11/23, 11/25, 13/21, Jini software, 15/13 15/14, 17/16, 19/21-22 Oak project (Java), 15/13 Miscellaneous, 20/9 Solaris operating system, RISC microprocessor, 8/8 11/26, 16/13 Software, 7/4, 7/6 SPARC (Scalable Processor Stanley, Robert C., 20/2 Architecture) Star computer. See microprocessor, 8/8, Xerox/Computers 11/26, 16/13 Star Craft company, 13/25 SPARCstation 1, 8/8, 11/26, Star Cruiser game. See Sirius 13/8 Software Sun-1 workstation, 11/25 Star Division, 16/13 Sun-2 workstation, 11/25, StarOffice, 16/13 19/9 StarPortal, 16/14 Sun-3 workstation, 11/25-26 Starkweather, Gary, 17/15 SunOS operating system, Static Random Access Memory. 11/25 See SRAM Sun UNIX, 11/26 Statistical Analysis program. SuperSPARC microprocessor, See Tandy/Radio Shack/ 14/7, 16/13 Software The Network is the Computer Stephensen, John, 4/14 slogan, 11/25 Stephenson, Robert, M., 16/6 UltraSPARC microprocessor, Stibitz, George, 1/3 14/7, 16/13 Stiskin, Nahum, 12/5 SunSoft company, 19/17 Storage devices, 1/9-10, Super VGA, 20/5 17/4-10 Super-Pace. See National Strachey, Christopher, 2/3 Semiconductor Stritter, Skip, 8/8 Super-Sort. See MicroPro Strom, Terence, M., 19/22 International Strong, David, 12/5 SuperCalc spreadsheets. See Stroustrup, Bjarne, 13/7 Sorcim Structured BASIC. See SuperPET 9000 series. See Dartmouth College Commodore , 13/6 Superscalar processor, 14/3-4, Structured Query Language. See 4/7 SQL SuperSPARC microprocessor. See Styleware company, 13/21 Sun Microsystems subLogic company, 13/26 Sutherland, Ivan E., 2/10, 4/5 computer, 20/8 Sutherland, James F., 2/15 Suding, Robert, 4/20 SWEET16, software, 7/11 Sugiura, Go, 17/12 Swingle, Richard, 14/11 Summagraphics Corporation, Switcher program. See Apple 17/22 Computer/Software Bit pad, 17/22 SwTPC. See Southwest Technical Sun, David, 19/22 Products Corporation Sun Microsystems, Inc., SwyftCard. See Information Beginning of, 11/24-26 Appliance Java, 15/13 SX-64 computer. See Commodore Miscellaneous, 9/17, 13/8, Sybase, Inc., 13/18 16/13-15, 16/17, 19/15, Sydnes, Bill, 9/4, 9/13 19/18 Symantec Corporation, 13/29, Index/52 A History of the Personal Computer

16/14 Expansion unit, 4/17 Q&A integrated program, Model 100, 11/2, 12/2 13/22 Tandy 1000, 11/3 Symphony program. See Lotus TRS-80 and TRS-80 Model I, Development Development of, 4/16-17 Synertek, Inc., 3/18, 8/8, Microsoft, 6/11-12, 6/14 10/10 Miscellaneous, 3/14, SynOptics Communications, 9/1, 18/4, 19/9 19/17 Software, 7/4, 7/11, System/3 computer. See 13/14, 13/25 IBM/Computers TRS-80 Color Computer System 7 operating system. See (CoCo), 11/2 Apple Computer/Software TRS-80 Mini Disk System, System 340 computer. See 4/17, 7/3 Sphere TRS-80 Model 100 Portable System/360 and 370 computers. computer, 11/2 See IBM/Computers TRS-80 Model 16, 11/2 System 8813 computer. See TRS-80 Model 4, 11/3 PolyMorphic TRS-80 Model II, 4/17, System One computer kit. See 11/1 EPD company TRS-80 Model III, 11/1 System R (Relational database TRS-80 Pocket Computer, specification). See IBM/ 11/2 Software Software: System Zero to Three General Ledger, 7/11 computers. See Cromemco Inventory Control System, SystemPro computer. See Compaq 7/11 Computer Level-1 BASIC, 4/16-17, Systems Development Division 7/4 (SDD). See Xerox/Misc. Level II and III BASIC. Systems Engineering See Microsoft/Progr. Laboratories, 2/9 Languages Systems Product Division. See Real Estate, 7/11 IBM/Miscellaneous RSBASIC, 13/7 Statistical Analysis, 7/11 --T-- TRSDOS operating system, 4/17, 7/3 T3100 laptop computer. See Tandy, Charles, 4/16, 11/1, Toshiba 11/3, 12/2, 12/44, 17/15, Tablet computer, 11/20 20/8 18/3 Inc., 15/7-8, 16/6, Tandy, Dave, 4/16 16/16, 19/18-19 Tape drives, 1/7, 2/7, 17/4-5 Tandem Computer Inc., 16/3 Tate, George, 13/7, 13/16, Tandon Corporation, 9/8, 9/24, 16/4, 19/12 17/8-9 Taylor, Bob, 2/13, 4/5 , 4/15, 11/19 Tchao, Michael, 14/10 Tandy/Radio Shack, TCP/IP (Transport Control Beginning of, 4/16-17 Protocol/Interface Program), Discontinue personal 19/13 computers, 16/15 Teager, Herbert M., 2/3 Later releases, 11/1-3 TEC company, 17/14 Microsoft, 6/11-12, 12/2, TechAlliance, 18/4 12/5, 12/28 Technology Venture Investors, Miscellaneous, 4/15, 4/21, 12/1, 12/8 5/17, 9/1-2, 17/21, Tecmar, Inc., 17/19 18/4, 19/10-11, 19/15 Tektronix company, 12/2, 19/1 Software, 7/3-4, 7/11, TELCOMU communications 13/18 program, 11/13 Computers and Accessories: A History of the Personal Computer Index/53

Tele-Communications, Inc., microprocessors, 3/13 16/10 TMS9900 microprocessor, Telecomputing Corporation of 3/13, 4/19, 6/11 America, 19/16 Text editor, 4/19 The Source, 9/8, 17/20, Thacker, Charles P. “Chuck”, 19/16-17 4/5 Teledyne Inc., 5/14, 9/13, The American Computer Museum 11/22-23 Ltd., 19/6 , 2/9, 17/10 The Apple II Review magazine, Teletype Corporation, 10/17, 18/6 17/11 The Computer Hobbyist ASR-33 terminal, 6/1, 10/17, newsletter, 18/1 17/11 The Computer Museum, 2/15, Models 33 and 35, 17/11 4/3, 19/7 Teletype terminal, 2/7, The Computer Museum History 2/10, 2/15, 5/4, 5/10, Center, 19/7-8 6/1, 10/14, 17/4, The Electric Pencil. See 17/10-11, 19/1 Michael Shrayer Software Teletypewriter, 2/4 company Terminology origins, 20/6-9 The Interface Group Inc., 19/5 Terrell, Paul, 5/6, 5/9, 19/10 The Network is the Computer Tesler, Lawrence G. “Larry”, slogan. See Sun Microsystems 4/6, 5/15, 7/6, 10/14-15, The Reactive Engine thesis, 14/10 4/5 Tevanian, Avidis, 13/4, 15/7 The Road Ahead book, 15/15, Texas Instruments, Inc., 20/1 Integrated circuit, 1/11 The Source. See Telecomputing Microprocessor, 3/7, Corporation of America 3/11-13, 3/16-17, 8/8, Thermal printers. See Printers 14/8 Thi, Truong Trong, 4/7 Miscellaneous, 3/5, 4/2, ThinkJet printer. See Hewlett- 5/17, 6/10, 11/1, 11/9 Packard Personal computers, ThinkPad computer. See 4/18-19, 11/27, 16/17 IBM/Computers (Personal) Computers: Thoman, G. Richard, 16/6 SR-60A personal computer Thompson, Kenneth L., 2/12 /calculator, 4/19 Thomson-CSF company, 8/8 TI CC40 computer, 11/27 TI-99/4 and TI-99/4A TI-99/4 computer, 3/13, computers. See Texas 4/19, 11/27 Instruments TI-99/4A computer, 11/27, Tiger system project. See 13/7 Microsoft/Miscellaneous TIPC (Texas Instruments Time magazine, 10/2, 12/6, Professional Computer), 18/9, 19/20 11/27 Time Manager. See Microsoft/ Miscellaneous: Application Programs Solid State Software Time sharing, command module, 4/19 1960’s, 2/3-6, 2/9, 2/12, Solid State Speech 2/16 synthesizer, 4/19 Miscellaneous, 4/1, 6/1-2, TI 9980 microprocessor, 19/1, 19/15 3/13 TimeOut modules. See Beagle TI BASIC, 11/27 Bros. TMS320 Digital signal Timeworks company, 13/24 processor (DSP), 8/8 Publish It!, 13/24 TMS1000 microprocessor, Timex Corporation, 11/24, 3/12 11/27 TMS9000 series of Timex/Sinclair 1000 Index/54 A History of the Personal Computer

computer, 11/24, 11/27 Shack/Computers , 4/17, 7/4, 18/2 TRSDOS operating system. See Tiny Troll program, 7/11, Tandy/Radio Shack/Software 13/13, 13/28 True BASIC. See Dartmouth TIPC computer. See Texas College Instruments TrueImage fonts, 12/11, 12/20 Titus, Jonathan A., 4/8 TrueType fonts, 12/20, 15/2 TK!Solver program. See TRW company, 6/4 Software Arts Tschira, Klaus, 19/24 T/Maker spreadsheet, 13/15 TSR (Terminate and Stay TMS processors. See Texas Resident), 13/29 Instruments/Miscellaneous Tu, John, 19/22 Tokyo Shibaura Electric Tuckey, John W., 20/6 Company. See Toshiba Turbo BASIC, Turbo C and Turbo Tom Swift Terminal, 19/2 Pascal. See Borland Tomash, Erwin, 19/6 International Tommervik, Al, 18/4-5 TurboMac computer. See Apple Tommervik, Margot, 18/5 Computer/Computers Toolbox. See Apple Computer/ TV Dazzler board. See Cromemco Software TV Typewriter, 17/11, 19/2 Topfer, Morton L., 16/4 TVT-1 prototype, 17/11 TopView user interface. See Twiggy floppy disk drive. IBM/Software See Apple Computer/ Torode, John, 7/1 Accessories Torvalds, Linus, 15/9 TX-0, TX-1 and TX-2 computers. Toshiba Corporation, 11/27, See MIT 17/3-4, 17/16 TX-80 printer. See Epson T3100 laptop computer, 11/27 America Towne, James C., 12/2-3, 12/5 Tymshare, Inc., 2/11 Toy Story film. See Pixar AUGMENT system, 2/11 TR10 project (Lotus 1-2-3). Typing Tutor. See Kriya See Lotus Development Systems and Microsoft Corporation /Application Programs Trackball pointing device, 10/26 --U-- TRACKPOINT pointing device. U.S. Army Ordnance Department, See IBM/Miscellaneous 1/5 TRADIC (TRAnsistor Digital U.S. Department of Commerce, Computer), 1/6 19/13 Traf-O-Data company, 6/4-5 U.S. Government, 15/2, 17/4, Tramel Technology Limited 19/13 (TTL), 11/5, 11/14 U.S. Patent and Trademark Tramiel, Jack, 4/15, 11/5, Office, 3/16-17, 14/8, 15/3 11/14 U.S. Robotics Corporation, Transistor, 1/5, 1/10-11, 14/12, 16/17, 17/18-20, 2/14-15, 3/5, 3/9-10, 3/12 20/3 Transport Control Protocol/ PalmPilot PDA, 14/12 Interface Program. See X2 technology, 20/3 TCP/IP U.S. Venture Partners, 11/25 Transportable computer, 20/8 UCSD p-System. See SofTech Transwarp card. See Applied Microsystems Engineering UCSD Pascal, 7/5, 9/8, 13/4, Trenton Computer Festival, 13/8 19/4 Uiterwyk, Robert, 7/4 Tribble, Guy “Bud” L., Ultimax computer. See 10/18-20, 11/12 Commodore Tripp, Dr. Robert, 18/4 UltraLite portable computer. TRS computers. See Tandy/Radio See NEC A History of the Personal Computer Index/55

Ultraportable computer, 20/8 V.32 and V.34 standards. See UltraSPARC microprocessor. See ITU Sun Microsystems V-30 microprocessor. See NEC Ungermann, Ralph, 3/14 Valentine, Donald T., 5/9, UniDisk. See Apple Computer/ 5/14, 15/14, 19/21 Accessories ValuePoint computers. See United Technologies, 3/15, 8/8 IBM/Computers (Personal) UNIVAC (UNIVersal Automatic Van Natta, Bruce, 4/13 Computer), 1/5, 1/8, 1/12, - term origin, 19/9 12/19, 20/9 Universal Resource Locator. Varian Associates, 5/2 See URL VAX computer. See University of California, 5/3, DEC/Computers 7/5, 8/8, 10/3, 10/7, 11/25, VDM-1 (Video Display Module) 12/21, 12/23, 13/8 board. See Processor University of Arizona, 12/20 Technology University of Colorado, 5/3, VDM-1 Video Display Terminal, 12/3 17/12 University of Delaware, 11/6 VDP computers. See IMS University of Illinois, Associates 15/10-11 Vector Graphic, 17/19 University of Manchester, 1/6, Peripheral boards, 17/19 1/9 Veit, Stanley, 5/7-8 18/7, University of Minnesota, 19/6 18/9, 19/10 University of Pennsylvania, Venrock Associates, 5/14, 7/8 1/5, 10/4 Ventura Software Inc., 13/24 University of Texas, 11/16 Ventura Publisher program, University of Utah, 2/11, 13/24 7/10, 13/10, 13/23 Verbatim Corporation, 17/5, University of Washington, 17/22 6/3-5, 7/1 Inc., UNIX International, 13/6 16/11 Open Look software, 13/6 FrontPage program, 16/11 UNIX operating system. See Versabus bus standard. See AT&T Motorola Ural II computer, 12/22 VESA (Video Electronics URL (Universal Resource Standards Association), Locator), 19/14 17/21, 19/20 UseNet (Users NETwork), 19/14 VL bus, 17/21 User interface: Vezza, Albert, 13/24 Early developments, 2/3, VGA (), 2/9-11 9/18, 14/9, 20/5 Apple Computer, 5/14, 10/15, VIC BASIC, VIC-20, VICMODEM 10/18, 10/22, 12/18, 13/5, and VICTERM. See Commodore 13/21 Victor Business Products, IBM, 9/17, 9/20-22, 12/10, 11/28 12/16, 15/4, 15/8 Victor Technologies Inc., Microsoft, 12/3, 12/5, 12/7, 11/27, 12/4 12/17-18, 12/20-22, 15/1, Victor 9000 computer, 11/28 15/3 Video standards, 20/5 Other developments, 2/10-11, Video Electronics Standards 13/5-6, 13/11, 13/13, Association. See VESA 15/10 Video games, 1/11, 2/14, 4/16, Xerox, 4/4-5, 10/2, 11/29 7/8, 11/14 USI International company, Video Graphics Array. See VGA 13/28 Video Interface Chip. See Commodore --V-- Video Technology, 11/14 Index/56 A History of the Personal Computer

128EX/2 computer, 11/14 Consultation Design and Laser 128 computer, 11/13 Production Vieth, Kathy, 14/9 ViewPoint system. See --W-- Xerox/Computers W65C816. See Western Design Viruses, 20/2 Center VisiCorp, 12/3, 12/17-18, Wa, Ng Kai, 17/16 13/5, 13/14-15, 13/28, Wadsworth, Nat, 4/7 19/12 Wagman, David, 19/12 Quasar project (VisiOn), Waitt, Norm, 11/19 13/5 Waitt, Theodore W., 11/19 VisiCalc (Visible Walker, John, 13/23, 16/15 Calculator), Wallace, Bob, 6/13 Apple Computer, 5/14, , Inc., 4/13, 5/17, 10/1 12/24, 13/9, 19/25 Development of, 7/8-9 Wang, An, 19/25 IBM Personal Computer, Wang, Charles B., 13/29 9/2, 9/6, 9/8 Wang, Li-Chen, 7/4 Microsoft, 12/22-23 Warner Communications Inc., Miscellaneous, 7/12, 13/5, 4/17, 11/5, 11/14 13/28, 19/12 Warnock, John E., 13/23 VisiCorp, 13/14-15 Warren, Jim, 5/10, 18/2, 19/4 VisiCalc Advanced Version, Jr., Thomas J., 9/1 13/14 Watson Sr., Thomas J., 1/6 VisiCalc III, 10/11 Wayne, Ron, 5/6-7, 7/6, 10/13, VisiGraph, 13/5 13/10, 18/2-4 VisiOn graphic interface, Web. See WWW 12/3, 12/17-18, 13/5, WebTV Networks, Inc., 16/11 13/15 Weiland, Richard, 6/3, 6/8-9, VisiPlot program, 7/11, 6/11, 12/27 13/13, 13/28-29 Weise, Dave, 12/10, 12/20 VisiTrend program, 7/11, Weishaar, Tom, 18/5 13/13, 13/28 Weiss, Eric A., 18/8 VisiWord word processor, Weiss, Larry, 13/9 13/5 Wellenreuther, Claus, 19/24 Visio Corporation, 16/12 WESCON show, 3/14, 5/5 Visual BASIC. See Microsoft/ West Coast Computer Faire, Programming Languages Apple Computer, 5/10-11, VL bus. See VESA 20/2 VLSI (Very Large Scale Founding of, 19/4-5 Integration), 11/12 Miscellaneous, 7/7, 19/13-14 VM/PC (Virtual Other product introductions, Machine/Personal Computer). 7/9, 11/6, 12/1, 13/12, See IBM/Software 13/25 VMS operating systems. See Western Design Center, 8/7, DEC/Software 10/3, 10/14 Volition Systems company, 13/8 65802 microprocessor, 8/7 Volkswriter word processor. 65816 microprocessor, 8/7, See Lifetree Software 10/3 von Meister, William, 19/16 W65C816 microprocessor, 8/7, von Neumann, John, 1/12 10/14 VP-Planner spreadsheet. See Corporation, Paperback Software 17/7, 17/9 International Western Joint Computer VT52, VT78 and VT100 computers Conference, 1/10 and terminals. See DEC Westfield, Bill, 19/21 /Miscellaneous Westinghouse company, 2/15, Vulcan data base. See Software 17/4 A History of the Personal Computer Index/57

PRODAC IV computer, 2/15 Wirth, Niklaus, 7/5, 13/8 What-You-See-Is-What-You-Get. Wise, Mike, 4/12 See WYSIWYG Wizard game. See Sierra WHATSIT? database. See On-Line Information Unlimited Wong, Albert, 11/14 Software Wong, Harvey, 19/23 Where in the World is Carmen Wood, Marla, 6/13 Sandiego? game. See Wood, Steve (Microsoft Brøderbund manager), 6/9, 6/11, 6/13, Whirlwind computer. See MIT 12/1 White, Phillip E., 13/18 Wood, Steve (Microsoft Whitman, Meg, 19/21 programmer), 12/18 Wigginton, Randy, 5/4, Woods, Don, 7/10 5/10-12, 6/10, 10/19-20, Word Juggler word processor. 10/22, 13/15 See Quark Wilber, Mike, 19/13 Word Plus word processor 11/8 Wilcox, Brian, 4/14 Word Pro. See Lotus Wilkes, Maurice V., 1/5 Development Wilkie, Dan, 9/6, 9/23-24 Word processors, 7/6-7, 11/5, Wilkins, Jeffrey, 19/15 11/15, 11/18, 12/7, 12/22, Williams, Don, 12/26 12/25-27, 13/9-13, 13/20-21, Williams, F. C., 1/5, 1/9 13/29, 19/24 Williams, Ken, 13/25 Word, word processing program. Williams, Roberta, 13/25 See Microsoft/Application Williams, S. B., 1/3 Programs Wilson, Camila, 13/12 Word-Master and Word-Star. See Win32. See Microsoft/Operating MicroPro International Systems WordPerfect Corporation, Winblad, Ann, 19/26 13/9-12, 15/14, 16/12, Winchester , 16/15 9/12-13, 10/14, 17/5, DataPerfect database, 13/11 17/8-9, 20/9 DrawPerfect presentation term origin, 20/9 graphics program, 15/14 Window Manager. See Apple Executive WordPerfect, 13/11 Computer/Software LetterPerfect word Windows: processor, 15/14 Early developments, 2/10-11 MathPlan spreadsheet, 13/11 Apple Computer, 10/7, 10/15, P-Edit editor, 13/10-11 10/22, 15/8 PlanPerfect spreadsheet, IBM, 9/15, 9/22 13/11 Microsoft, 9/21, 10/8, SSI*Data database, 13/11 10/21-22, 12/17-20, SSI*Forth programming 12/23-27, 15/1-6, 15/8, language, 13/11 15/12, 20/3, 20/9 SSI*Legal, 13/11 Xerox, 4/5, 11/29 SSI*WP word processor, Also see Microsoft/Operating 13/10-11 Systems WordPerfect for Windows, Windows World Exposition 15/14 Conference, 15/1 WordPerfect Office, 13/11, WingZ spreadsheet. See 16/12-13 Informix WordPerfect word processor, Winkless, Nelson, 18/3 12/26, 13/9-12, 15/12, WINPAD. See Microsoft 15/14 /Operating Systems WordStar International, 13/10, term, 20/9 16/15 Wire matrix printers. See Also see MicroPro Printers International Wired magazine, 18/9, 19/26 Works programs. See Index/58 A History of the Personal Computer

Microsoft/Applic. Programs workstation, 11/29 Workslate portable computer. 8010 “Star” Information See Convergent Technologies System, 4/20, 11/29, Workstation, 8/6, 9/11, 11/21, 17/22 11/24-26, 11/29, 14/6-8, Alto computer, 14/10, 16/13-14 Development of, 4/4-6, World Altair Computer 4/14-15, 4/20-21 Convention. See MITS Miscellaneous, 4/1, . See WWW 10/14, 11/29-30, WorldCom company, 19/16 17/15, 17/23, 19/9, Wozniak, Stephen G. “Woz”, 19/13 Apple Computer 1970’s, Software, 7/6, 12/22 5/1-13., 1980’s, 10/1-4, Alto II computer, 4/13, 10/8, 10/13, 10/21 11/19 Homebrew Computer Club, 19/2 Alto III computer, 4/15 Miscellaneous, 7/11, 20/2 Janus project (Xerox Other companies, 4/1, 4/17, Star), 4/20 6/10 Sigma V, 6/3 WWW (World Wide Web), 15/11, Star system. See 8010 15/14, 16/14, 19/14, 19/23, “Star” Information 20/3 System Wynn-Williams, C. E., 1/4 ViewPoint system. See 6085 Wyse company, 17/21 workstation WYSIWYG (What-You-See-Is-What- Miscellaneous: You-Get), 4/5, 7/6, 10/15, 7000 copier, 17/15 10/21, 11/29, 12/25, 13/23 9700 laser printing system, 17/15 --X-- Advanced Systems Division X Window System. See MIT (ASD), 4/20 X2 technology. See U.S. Dorado processor, 11/30 Robotics EARS laser printer, 17/15 Xanadu data management system, Ethernet network, 4/5, 20/1, 20/7 11/29, 17/18, 19/13 Xedex Corporation, 17/19 Learning Research Group Baby Blue card, 17/19 (LRG), 7/6 XENIX. See Microsoft/Operating MESA processor, 11/29 Systems Office Products Division, Xerox Corporation, 11/27 1970’s, 4/4-6, 4/14-15, PARC (Palo Alto Research 4/20; Center), 1980’s, 11/28-30 Apple Computer, 5/15-16, Apple Computer, 5/15-16, 10/1, 10/5-6, 10/9, 10/1, 10/5, 10/8, 10/15-16, 16/1 10/14-16, 16/1 Beginning of, 4/4-6, IBM, 9/22, 9/24 4/14 Laser printer, 17/15 Microsoft, 12/18, 12/22, Microsoft, 12/18, 12/22, 12/25 12/25 Miscellaneous, 2/11, Miscellaneous, 2/11, 4/1, 4/20, 7/6, 11/30, 6/3, 11/19, 17/7, 17/18, 17/15, 17/23, 19/13 19/13 Other companies, 9/22, Software, 7/6, 13/21, 11/19, 13/21, 13/23, 13/23-24 17/18 Star computer, 4/20, 17/23 Star Computer, 4/20, Computers: 11/29 820 personal computer, SLOT (Scanned Laser Output 11/29 Terminal) printer, 17/15 6085 “ViewPoint” Systems Development A History of the Personal Computer Index/59

Division (SDD), 4/20, Zenith Radio Corporation, 11/28 4/18, 11/30, 12/16, 12/28, Xerox Data Systems, 6/3 17/21 Z-89 computer, 4/18 Software: ZDOS. See Microsoft BCPL programming language, /Operating Systems 4/5, 7/6 company, 16/16 Bravo word processor, 4/5, Ziff-Davis Publishing Company, 7/6, 12/22, 12/25 18/2, 18/5-7, 19/21, 19/24 BravoX word processor, 7/6 Zilog Inc., Gypsy text editor, 7/6 Beginning of, 3/14 JaM language, 13/23 Intel, 3/15, 8/5 MESA programming language, Miscellaneous, 3/8-9, 4/5, 7/6 6/12, 7/2, 8/7 PUP (PARC Universal Products using Packet), 4/6 microprocessor, 4/14, Smalltalk language, 4/5, 4/16, 4/18-19, 11/8, 7/6 11/23, 11/28, 17/17 XGA (Extended Graphics Array), Z-80, 3/8, 3/14-15, 4/14, 14/9, 20/5 4/15, 4/17, 6/13, 7/2, 8/7 Xidex company, 17/22 Z-80A, 3/14, 4/16, 11/7, XMM (eXtended Memory Manager), 11/14, 11/23, 11/28 20/5 Z-280, 8/7 XMS (eXtended Memory Z-8000, 3/14-15, 6/12, 8/6 Specification), 20/4 Z-80000, 8/7 XPL language, 7/6 Zip disk drive. See Iomega XYZ Corporation, 19/11 Zork games. See Infocom Zuse, Konrad, 1/3-4 --Y-- ZX80 and ZX81 computers. See Yahoo! Inc., 15/14-15 Sinclair Research Yahoo! search engine, 15/14 Yale University, 13/13 Yang, Jerry, 15/14-15 Yates, John E., 2/4 Yates, William, 4/9, 6/5 Yee, Min S., 12/5 Yellow Book specification, 20/4 Yocam, Delbert “Del” W., 10/7 Young, Bob, 15/10 Yuen, Thomas C., 11/14

--Z-- Z-1, Z-2 and Z-3 computers, 1/4 Also see Cromemco Z-80 SoftCard. See Microsoft/Miscellaneous Zaltair microcomputer, 20/2 Zander, Ed, 11/26, 16/13 Zappacosta, Pierluigi, 19/22 ZDOS (Zenith). See Microsoft/ Operating Systems Zenith Data Systems (ZDS), 11/30, 16/16 MinisPort portable computer, 11/30 Index/60 A History of the Personal Computer

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