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Robert Kahn, Martin Kirkpatrick, Dr. Gwen Bell. ComputerLand" Polese-Clancy, Inc. Andrew Lavien. Nicholas and Nancy Founding President Control Data Corporation" Price Waterhouse Pettinella, Paul R. Pierce, Ann Roe-Hafer, The Computer Museum Data General Corporation" Project Software & Development, Inc. Jonathan Rotenberg. Oliver and Kitty Shawmut Corporation Erich Bloch Digital Equipment Corporation" Selfridge, Bob Whelan, Leo R. Yochim Hewlett-Packard Standard Oil Corporation National Science Foundation International Business Machines, Inc." SYMEDCO Sponsor-$2S0 David Donaldson NEC Corporation" Teradyne Ropes and Gray Wang Laboratories, Inc." Warner & Stackpole Isaac Auerbach, G. C. Beldon, Jr., XRE Corporation Philip D. Brooke. Richard J. Clayton, John J. Evans Benefactor-$1O.000 " Contrjbuted to the Capital Campajgn Richard Corben. Howard E. Cox, James Manufacturers Hanover Trust B. Deaderick, Delta Management, Philip MIPS, Inc." H. Dorn, Dan L. Eisner, Bob O. Evans, Dr. Sydney Fernbach American Express Foundation Branko Gerovac, John and Arlene Computer Consultant Apollo Computer. Inc." Gilmore, Dr. Roberto Guatelli. Robert Gardner Hendrie International Data Group" Core Members Hoffman, M. Ernest Huber, Lawrence J. The MITRE Corporation" Kilgallen, Marian Kowalski. Raymond Arthur Humphreys Raytheon Company Harlan E. and Lois Anderson Kurzweil, Michael Levitt, Carl ICL Sanders Associates Charles and Constance Bachman Machover, Julius Marcus, Joe W .. The Travelers Companies C. Gordon Bell Matthews, Tron McConnell, R. W. Mitchell Kapor Erich and Renee Bloch Lotus Development Corporation Xerox Corporation Meister, Richard G . Mills, Joseph Howard E. and Jody Brewer Nestor, Joseph M. Newcomer, James N. August Klein Patron-$3.000 Henry Burkhardt 1lI O'Boyle, Jr., Anthony Oettinger, James MASSCOMP Roger and Mary Cady V. Patton, James A. Pitts, Linda J. Addison-Wesley Howard Cannon Dr. Koji Kobayashi Bitstream Phillips, J. Eric Pollack, Linda & David R. Steve Chehej'l Rodgers, Thomas S. Roy II, William M. NEC Corporation Boris Color Labs, Inc." Robert C. and Eleanor W. Chinn Burroughs Corporation Steul, Charles A. Stott, John V. Terrey, Dr. Robert Lucky Pat Clark Michael and Beverly Tomasic, G. Computer Society of the IEEE Robert G. Claussen AT&T Bell Laboratories Coopers & Lybrand Michael Uhler, Allan L. Wallack, William Congleton Andrew Wilson. James L. McKenney Data Translation Alex d'Arbeloff Harvard Business School DECUS" Arnaud de Vitry Dentsu (New York), Inc. Donor-$lOO Dr. Carver Mead David Donaldson Draper Laboratories" Douglas Drane Kenneth R. Adcock, Lawrence Adrian, California Institute of Technology Goston Snow & Ely Bartlett" Robert Everett Timothy Anderson, Rolland Arndt, Dr. Robert M. Metcalfe General Computer Company Kenneth G. Fisher Richard G. Bahr, Mario Barbacci, Ph.D., 3Com Corporation Gourmet Caterers. Inc. Jay W. Forrester Steve F. Barneby, John C. Bartsow, Honeywell Information Systems William Foster James Bell, Alfred M. Bertocchi. Lois J. Dr. Arthur P. Molella Liberty Mutual Insurance Company Gardner Hendrie Bizak, Dr. John R. Blankenship, Richard The National Museum of Lotus Development Corporation Winston R. Hindle. Jr. C. Bloom, Bontronics, Daniel S. Bricklin, American History. Major Computer, Inc. Peter Hirshberg Fred and Nancy Brooks, D. F. Brown, Smithsonian Institution MASSCOMP Theodore G. and Ruth T. Johnson Gordon S. Brown, John and Ann Brown, McGraw-Hill, Inc. Russell Noftsker John Allen Jones Roger M. Buoy. James Burnett, W. The MITRE Corporation Mitchell Kapor Carlson, Maria L. Carr, Charles and Symbolics NEC Systems Laboratory. Inc. Allan Kent Virginia Casale, George Chamberlain, Nicholas Pettinella Nolan, Norton & Company, Inc." Jack S. Kilby George Champine, James F. Cody, Intermetrics. Inc. Phoenix Software Associates Ltd. August Klein Michael Cronin, Daniel Crowley, Prime Computer Corporation Andrew C. Knowles III Curriculum Associates, David N. Cutler, Jonathan Rotenberg The Prudential Insurance Company David J. A. Koogler Nick De Wolf, Peter De Wolf, Harvey The Boston Computer Society Regis McKenna, Inc." Edward and Debbie Kramer Deitel. Lucien and Catherine Dimino, Jean E. Sammet Ropes & Gray John W. and Edna W. Lacey Ditargiani Family, Theodora Drapos, International Business Machines Software Results Corporation" Ralph and Linda Linsalata Joseph J. Eachus, Fred Ebeling, Dr. Stratus Computer, Inc." John Norris Maguire Richard J. Eckhouse and Dr. Ruth Edward A. Schwartz Sun Microsystems Richard D. Mallery Maulucci, William Elliott, Lucian Digital Equipment Corporation Symbolics. Inc. Thomas and Marian Marill Endicott, Geoffrey Feldman and Sharon 3Com Corporation" Daniel D. McCracken Lipp, Larry Forte, Clark Frazier, Edward Irwin J. Sitkin Iuls/rl group Aetna James L. McKenney A. Feustal. J. Thomas Franlclin, Kevin Thomas and Elizabeth McWilliams and Judith Galvin, David Goodman, Dr. W.J. Spencer Contrjbutor-$l,ooo Carver Mead William Graustein, Stephen Gross, Xerox Corporation Access Technology Robert M. Metcalfe Jerrier A. Haddad, Michael P. Halter, J. Dr. An Wang Adage, Inc. Allen Michels Scott Hamilton. Franlc E. Heart, Daniel Wang Laboratories. Inc. Analog Devices, Inc. Robert M. Morrill and Nancy Heff. Margaret Herrick, American Management Systems" David and Pat Nelson Thomas L. Hohmann, Nancy S. Horie, Arthur Andersen, Inc. Russell Noftsker Charles A. Jortberg, Richard M. Karoff, Arthur D. Little, Inc. Robert Noyce Bryan S. Kocher, Josh and Mabel Kopp, Autographix Kenneth Olsen Neal Koss, Alan and Judith Kotok. Trustees Automatix John L. Payne Stanley Kugell, Robert Laman, Curt Bank of Boston Edward G. Perkins Larock, Tsvi Lavi, Grace Leahy, Craig Charles Bachman. C. Gordon Bell. Russell Planitzer Lee, John R. Levine, John V. Levy, Reed Harvey D. Cragon. Robert Everett. Bank of New England Baybanks John William Poduska Little, George Logemann, Carl D. C. Lester Hogan. Theodore G. Johnson. Robert M. Price Lowenstein, John Lowry. Lube, Inc .. Andrew Knowles 1lI. John Lacey. Bolt Beranek & Newman Boston Safe Deposit & Trust Company Fontaine K. Richardson Arthur Luehrmann, Andrew H. Mason, Patrick McGovern. George Michael. Benjamin Robelen Robert O. Mason, Robert Mayer, Jr .. William Millard. Robert Noyce. BusinessLond Citicorp (USA), Inc. Douglas Ross Richard McCluskey, F. Warren Kenneth Olsen. Brian Randell. Jean E. Sammet McFarlan, Jim McIntosh, William and Kitty Selfridge. Michael Spock. Cullinane Foundation Dane, Falb, Stone & Co. Paul and Katherine Severino Vesta McLean, Todd Medlock, Charles Erwin Tomash. Paul Tsongas Hal Shear Minter, Allen Moulton, Dr. J. Craig Maurice Wilkes Deloitte Haskins & Sells Foley Haag & Eliot Alan F. Shugart Mudge, Carol E. Muratore, Dr. and Mrs. Ford Motor Company' Richard L. Sites Isaac R. Nassi, Lee Neal. Cynthia and Executive Committee General Systems Group, Inc.' Ronald G. Smart Richard Nelson, Tim K. Nguyen, GenRad Charles E. Sporck Bernard J. Nordmann, H. Edward Nyce, David Donaldson. Chajrman. Dr. Gwen Goldman, Sachs Co. Ivan and Maria Sutherland Lawrence and Pauline Oliva, Dr. Robert Bell. Theodore Johnson. August Klein. Gould, Inc. Del Thorndike and Steve Teicher K. Otnes, John E. Parker, Kenneth D. Ralph Linsalata. Prof. James McKenney Greylock Erwin Tomash Patterson, James and Beverly Philip, Nicholas Pettinella. John William GTE Data Services, Inc. Jean De Valpine Juan Pineda, Andrew Plescia, James N. Poduska. Sr. Jonathan Rotenberg. Paul GTE Laboratories, Inc. Charles P. Waite Porter, David Potter, Robert C. Severino. Hal Shear. Ronald Smart. Houghton Mifflin Company" Stephen 1. Watson Probasco, Audrey Reith, C. Mike Riggle, Oliver Strimpel Hyams Trust Harvey W. Wiggins, Jr. David C . Roh, Michael Rooney, Daniel Index Technology Corporation William Wolfson Rose, David Rose, Eugene Rudolphe, INNOVA Howard Salwen, Michael J. Samek, F. Intel Corporation Grant Saviers, Andrew Scott, Sebell International Computer Ltd.' Software Systems, Aaron and Ruth Investment Orange Nassau, Inc. Seidman, W. Lee Shevel, John J. Shields LTX Corporation 1lI, Diane J. Skiba, Ph.D., Allen G. Manufacturers Hanover Trust Sneider, Robert and Diane Stewart, J. Meditech" Michael Storie, David Tarabar, William Mentor Graphics R. Thompson. Warren G. Tisdale, Noah MICOM-Interlan. Inc. E. VanDenburgh, Thomas Vaughn. The 300 Congress Street Micro Control Systems Christian Walker, Joseph B. Walters, Jr., Computer Boston Microsoft" Thomas E. Welmers, John D. Wick, Museum Massachusetts New York Air" Hugh Wilkinson III, Kevin Willoughby, 02210 Pathway Design. Inc. Richard Witek, Paul Wittman, T. J. Wojcik, Jr., D. L. Wyse. Jelfrey N. Zack. The Early Model Personal Computer Contest Oliver Strimpel
Content. Every year the Fall issue of The world. The heading ran-"Wanted: The Early Model Personal Computer Museum Report features the Old Thinker-toys". Phil Lemmons, Computer Contest Museum's collections. This issue con editor-in-chief of Byte magazine also Oliver Strimpel stitutes a complete catalog of the put out the call in Byte's tenth an 3 The Making of an Engineer and Museum's collection of personal com niversary issue. a Computer puter hardware as of July 1986. Col Offers flooded in-320 in all from Steven Wozniak 13 countries. The early US commercial 9 The Personal Computer lected artifacts not relating to personal machines, topped by the Altair 8800's Collection computers will be listed next year. It (13 offers) were well represented. follows a somewhat unusual collect There were also many offers of one-of Cover ing event-the Early Model Personal a-kind home brew machines and Computer Contest. single-board computers, mostly still in Schematic of the processor sec full working order. Perhaps the most tion of the Apple I computer. In the Spring of 1985, William Mil See article on page 3 and photo lard, then chairman of ComputerLand, bizarre offer came from Argentina-a graph of the Apple I board on toured the Museum wi th Pat manuscript dating from around 1800 page 8 . McGovern, chairman of CW Commu containing a card punched with holes. Reproduced from Apple I Opera nications, the world's largest pub Said to be from Marie Antoinette im tion Manual. Courtesy of Apple Computer. lisher of computer trade magazines, prisoned in the Bastille, it contained a Gift of Dysan Corporation and Gwen Bell, Museum President. coded message to her supporters out Millard noticed gaps in our collection side the prison. Overall the response of personal computers and asked how from abroad was disappointing; the the Museum could remedy the situa collection still needs foreign enrich tion before the early machines dis ment. appeared. Bell. half in jest, suggested A total of 137 items were accepted. a contest to find the earliest personal The remainder were declined to avoid computers. Millard took up the idea excessive duplication, or because they enthusiastically and offered Com did not really fall into the categories The Computer Museum puterLand's support for the collection. collected by the Museum. The donors The Computer Museum IS a non-profIt 5O !(c)3 McGovern offered to publicize the shipped their items to us for the final foundabon that chromcles the evolution of mformatIon processmg through exhihillons, event and the contest was born. judging by Stephen Wozniak, designer archives, publications. research. and programs. From October 1985 to March 1986 of the Apple II and co-founder of Apple advertisements appeared in CW Com Computer, David Bunnell, an early Museum Hours: The Museum hours are 10 AM-6PM. Tuesday-Thursday, Saturday. and munications' magazines all over the MITS employee and current publisher Sunday. and 10 AM-9 PM Friday. It IS Closed Mondays. Christma s. New Years. and Thanksgiving.
Me mbership: All members receIve a Stephen Wozniak inspecting the Micral. membership card. free subscription to The Owing to a hitch at US Customs, this prize Computer Museum Report. a 10% discount on of merchanmse from The Computer Museum winner arrived just in the nick time for Store . free admiSSion and invitations to the judging. Museum p reviews. Por more information, contact Membership Coordmotor at The Computer Museum. 300 Congress Street, Boston, MA 02210. (617)426-2800.
Staff Dr. Gwen Bell. Founding President Dr. Oliver Strimpel. Associate Director and Curmar Lynn Hall. Registrar Gregory Welch, Research Assistant Bonrue Turrenhne. Educahon Dlfeclor Kurt leVItan. Exhlblt Speciahst Gregory Schroeder. Reservations
Mark Hunt. Marketing Director Laura Goodman, Store Manager Pot fiorelli, Public Relations Manager unda Holekamp, Commumcatlons Assistant Kathleen Keough. FunctIons Coordinator Michael N. Oleksiw II. Development Director Anne Jenckes, Development Coordinator Susan Versailles. Membership Coordinator
Ray Nira, Interim Business Manager Pat Pearson. Acx::ountant Germain DRK Public Relauons AdVlsors Jackson-Blum Shaprro AdvertiSing Consultants Benson ClemonsIBCOM Design
The Computer Museum ReportlFall 1986 of PC World, and myself. It was on this occasion that Wozniak announced his intention to donate his personal collec tion of hardware and notebooks to the Museum. He also gave a public lecture to a packed house after the judging. We include his talk in this issue as the story behind the machine that epito mized the spectacular growth of per sonal computing-the Apple II. In defining the personal compu ter, we excluded plastic or cardboard educational and toy kit 'computers' (such as CARDIAC, BRANIAC and GENIAC), as well as programmable calculators. We were impressed by machines in several categories. First. there were the highly original designs that had significant impact on the de velopment of the technology. Don Lan caster's TV Typewriter and Lee Felsen stein's Visual Display Module paved the way to the keyboard and screen interface now universal on personal computers. They were each awarded a prize. Next there were the early com mercial products, bold design and packaging efforts. We awarded the first prize to the 1971 Kenbak-l. sub mitted by its creator John Blankenbak er. This small machine contained an eight-bit processor built up from medium-scale and small-scale inte grated circuits, and qualified as the earliest personal computer known to the judges. Thi Truong's 1973 Micral was awarded a prize as the first com gained honorable mention for com The winners were flown to the Museum mercially available microprocessor pleteness. There were machines that for "Personal Computer Pioneers Day" based computer. The Scelbi-8B, the must have taken solid weeks of wire and presented with engraved silicon EPA Micro 68 and Cromemco Dazzler wrapping and soldering to assemble. wafer medals. From left to right: fohn V. were given honorable mention in this We received many offers of maga Blankenbaker (Kenbak-l), Robert Pond (Altair 8800 hobbyist), Lee Felsenstein category. zines, personal computer club news (prototype VDM-J) and Thi T. Truong Some of these machines bore testi letters and advertising literature. (Micral). Don Lancaster (prototype TVT-l) mony to the e~traordinary zeal of the David AhL founder of Creative Com was unable to attend the prize-giving. early hobbyists. We gave a prize to putingmagazine, sent us his large col Robert Pond's Altair 8800 and honor lection of personal computer per able mentions to a Southwest Techni iodicals. Volunteers from the Boston cal Products 6800 and a TRS-80 Modell Computer Society are piecing together which came complete with every con the offers to create complete periodical ceivable add-on board or peripheral runs. The collections of literature and and with extensive, well documented software will be listed in a later issue. software collections. One Altair had The contest was a success-the even been time-shared! Museum now has a very fine collection Lastly there were the homebrew of personal computers, including machines, some indicating that build some little known, but significant ma ers had gone to enormous lengths to chines. This provides a unique histori make useful machines at low cost. The cal record and a valuable resource for computer based on an RGS-008 kit future exhibits.
2 The Computer Museum Report/Fall 1986 Stephen Wozniak
NOVA. I started to design my own ver The Making 01 an Engineer sions of it. Sometimes it would take 20 pages to design a floating point add. Then I tried to make the design smaller and a Compu ter and smaller. Every time a company, like Fairchild, would come out with a I was lucky as a kid because my new chip, I'd go back and re-design the NOVA using that chip. I'd make the design better and better using fewer Mom and Dad got me to do science fair chips. If I could have afforded building any of these machines, I would have projects, tell jokes, and have fun. I stopped designing and learning. The knew I'd get an electronics project for teacher said "we now have a computer reward was in improving a design. Christmas. I'd sneak down the night and you can use it." I said, "Great- In 1968, I headed off to the Univer before and open up the packages (then ... what an opportunity." It was a lit sity of Colorado where I signed up for a close them up again). It was sort of like tle board that could be wired to create computer class. This gave me the exploring a computer system without a relay. The teachers thought this was opportunity to sign up for computer getting caught. In sixth grade my hero a computer! time by using my student number. I was Tom Swift who used his Then, I had a teacher who recog didn't understand that computer time resourcefulness with technology to do nized that I needed something beyond was charged for. As a kid I really didn't good. The kids on my block wired what the school could provide. He had know about accounting principles house-to-house intercoms, helped by a couple of friends at Sylvania and ar and I was still a kid. I was put on pro the local electronics store where we ranged for me to go down once a week bation for computer abuse. I ran some hung out. We got someone to give us a to program computers. They gave me a programs that just printed scrap paper ton of telephone wire and we just FORTRAN manual and I thought it was as fast as they could; others that ran walked down the block hammering it the neatest thing in the world. Then every mathematical table that I could to the fences and jumping into people's one day, I saw The Small Computer find-powers of two, inverse powers yards and burying it in the ground. Handbook on someone's desk. It de of two, and so on. Eventually my facto When you're kids you don't understand scribed DEC's PDP-8. I read it from rials would take more than a page and that things are owned by others. it would run 60 pages worth; that was Mom gave me 3S cents a day for what the CDC machine could do in lunch. I didn't eat; I saved the money under the minute that I was allowed as for a walky-talky. But I got nailed. The a student. It would punch out cards school had a lottery and I spent all the which I could submit again to make it money on tickets. And I lost. start up exactly where it had stopped. I My father, an engineer, taught me used 60 pages for each of six sets of how transistors work and got me inter tabulations three times a day for about ested in computers by giving me IEEE a month. There were reams and reams reports to read. This way I learned the stacked up in my dorm. I never thought basics of Boolean logic and built some that my professor would think that I adders/subtracters for science fair was trying to get him because I was projects. By eighth grade I talked a spending money that was un company into giving me a few hundred budgeted. transistors and diodes. I built some That year I built my first video gates and figured out why they weren't project, a device out of one transistor working. It was a good head start. and some old radio parts that jammed By the time I got to high schooL I TVs. I didn't try it out in my dorm be was real fast on the slide rule and that cause they knew me. I went to another helped me become the top math stu dorm, sat in the TV room and started to dent. But when you're in math you jam the picture. A friend, in on the gag, don't take electronics, because you're cover to cover learning about binary went up to the TV, hit it. and I un in the college curriculum. Electronics arithmetic, how ands and ors work. jammed the picture. Each time I'd jam was a shop course; Somehow a few about registers, instruction sets, it. my friend would have to hit it harder people covered both. Neither the stu sequencing, and everything you and harder. Everyone understands dents nor the teachers in high school needed to know to build a minicompu that when an inanimate object doesn't knew what a computer was and ter. Later, when the growth of mini work you just hit it. I discovered in that vacuum tube technology was still be computers started exploding, my favo age of peace-loving anti-war college ing taught. When I was a junior, a rite machine was Data General's students that you could turn any group
The Computer Museum ReportlFali 1986 3 into animals just by jamming the TV Blue Box. 1972 set. One time I jammed it and someone Inspired by the "phone phreak" hero said the TV repairman had been in and Captain Crunch, Steve Jobs and had said it was the antenna. So he Stephen Wozniak built their own held the antenna up in the air, and the tone generators to make free calls. set was perfect, but only for a couple of Known as blue boxes, they were sold minutes, then it went bad again. The in the dormitories of the University guy held it up higher. Same scenario. of California at Berkeley where When it went bad, he stood up on a Wozniak was an undergraduate. The chair, and it worked, for a while. Up on particular box shown here was his tiptoes it worked; down on his demonstrated to a packed roomful of heels it didn't work. On another occa students performing the legendary sion they discovered if you touched the experiment of calling around the set in a weird position -hand on set world to a phone in the next room. and leg on the chair-it worked. He The signals had to travel over such a said, "It's a grounding effect." And great distance that there was they watched the last half hour of Mis sufficient delay for a person to walk sion Impossible with a hand on the over to the receiving phone to hear middle of the TV. his own voice. Following this The computer class was very demonstration, Richard Prelinger large. The professor would lecture to a bought the box for $120. quarter of the students and the rest would watch on TV monitors in an The box used a crystal oscillator and other room. I built the TV jammer into a was switched on or off simply by magic marker pen and took it to class. inserting or removing the plug The class started and I jammed the TV. leading to the earpiece. The early Three teaching assistants stood up, boxes were equipped with a safety 'looked us over and I was scared. Then, feature-a reed switch inside the before I paniced, someone picked up housing operated by a magnet taped his books and started to leave early. onto the outside of the box. Should He was near the worst jammed TV. As the phone phreak be apprehended, he got up the TV started to go in and the magnet could be removed out, until as he walked out the door it quickly, whereupon the blue box was perfect. I learned that whatever would generate distorted prank you do, make someone else get off-frequency tones rendering it the credit. inoperable. "You tell them it's just a My second year of college was in music box", said Wozniak. The Cupertino. They had an IBM 360. I took taped-on magnet is visible on the some computer courses that gave me bottom right side of the box. no credit at all, but they were what I Gift of Richard Prelinger wanted to take. I met a computer oper ator and I found that as an insider he had keys and passwords. We would go in late at night and run programs. By to us by another company. The friend tion" about these weird phone phreaks sliding a piece of paper over the offi that helped me build it, introduced me who drove around the country in vans cial record on the console printer, we to another friend, Steve Jobs. We were with racks of equipment in their buses, prevented our jobs from being re introduced because we both liked plugging into communications net corded. One night the manager of the pranks and electronics. works. The author, Captain Crunch, center came in at about 2 AM and In 1971. after a little stint on unem philosophized that exploring the found me alone in the computer room. I ployment insurance, I went to Ber phone system would improve it for Ma was scared because he didn't even keley, one of a handful of colleges Bell. I fell in love with this philosophy. know me. I said, "Larry went out for the offering computer science, for my third I wanted to explore a system and a pizza." year of college. I took a course on writ computer and I didn't care about free To pay for my third year of college, ing assemblers and wanted to learn calls. Half way through the article, I I went to work for a mini-computer computing, read every manual. tryev called Steve Jobs up and started to company. It had a great machine with ery code, and learn every language. read it to him. Suddenly I realized 64 terminals that could run FORTRAN Getting grades or going to classes was there were too many details in the and other programs. But the company of secondary importance. One time I article-frequencies of 700 hertz and was hit by the recession and went signed up for ten courses and only 900 hertz. They gave too much informa under. It was surprising for me to learn went to five. Steve Jobs, a freer spirit, tion. It's too real. These are not things that people could invest two million went off to Reed College in Oregon, that a fiction writer can make up. My dollars in a company and it couldn't where he only attended the courses source for material at the time was the make it. that he wanted to, not the ones that he Stanford Linear Accelerator; I knew I In my spare time a friend and I was registered for. Reed was also free could always get in there on the built "The Cream Soda Computer", be and let him hang around for two years. weekend. With those high end re cause we drank cream soda while we One day at my parents house, I search types, the door was never lock put it together from spare parts given read an article characterized as "fic- ed. Steve and I went to the library and
4 The Computer Museum Report/FaU 1986 tors, an incredibly good product that gone. I met a lot of interesting people bypassed slide rules. My career kept there who were all talking about the going up. While it's widely reported new Altair Computer. Somehow every that I'm a college dropout, that's not body knew that some day they were true. It just took ten years until I had going to own there own computer. I enough money to finish. had decided back in high school in the I started to get away from com sixties that I was going to own a per puters. The blue boxes had been fun. sonal computer-a 4K NOVA was Then I heard about "Dial-a-Joke" and I what I really wanted. At the time, it started the first one in the San Francis was the cost of two Pintos and almost co area. In those days you could not the cost of a home. This was a big thing own your own answering machine, to think: to have a computer instead of you had to rent it from the phone com a home or a car. Now I discovered that pany. Two thousand calls a day came there were people around who knew into my machine to hear a Polish joke. how to build affordable computers. Then the Polish/American Congress And, I got back into the field by study Incorporated in Chicago twice ing a microprocessor instruction set, threatened me with law suits. I said, the inner workings of the chip. I dis "How about Italian jokes?" They said, covered a microprocessor was just like "Fine with us." Twelve years later the a minicomputer. organization gave me their national Over the next year, the club grew heritage award. to five hundred members who met One night after work, I walked twice a week. We all worked for com into a bowling alley and I saw the first panies with mainframes-and sub Pong game. It blew me away. I wanted mitted our decks of cards through the one and since I knew TV sets and dig window and the computer priests itallogic, I designed my own. Around would run the program. We'd try to that time, Steve Jobs got a temporary crash the system because it wasn't job at Atari. He introduced me to some ours. We were a group that had a pur of those people, but I wouldn't leave pose: the revolution of home com such a good company as HP for Atari. puters. Byte Magazine started. In the HP really cared about its employees beginning most home computers were and I just didn't feel like leaving, for sold as kits and you had to be a hob any reason. On the side, Steve and I byist who knew how to use a soldering got a job to design the game Breakout iron and not be afraid to put one for Nolan Bushnell at Atari. together. The members of our club Then, one day, I went to see myoId were not high level managers; we ran friend Captain Crunch who was in his around with holes in our jeans, and basement on a teletype. He said, ''I'm were a technical community who playing chess with someone at MIT." wanted their own computers. The club Then said, "Look I can log into all these was based on sharing. Lee F elsenstein computers." He was on the ARPANET. I conducted our meetings. The first seg said, "Wow, I've got to do this." The ment was called the mapping period. started to research the phone system. only way that I could afford it was to People offered information, material We discovered that the frequencies build a terminal. I designed a video or discussed problems. For example, mentioned in the article were correct. terminal because the cheapest input one of the members would ask, "Is Now we knew that we could build a output device was your own tv set. La there anyone here from AMI?" If no box and make free phone calls all over ter Captain Crunch was to go to prison hands went up, he'd say, ''I've got the world. We even managed to meet for phone phreaking. The second time some chips to raffle off for the club." He the author of the article, Captain he got caught the judge said that if he gave the first Pong chip for your home Crunch. I was so pure about the ever did this again he would go to pris Pong game to members of the club be philosophy of the phone company as a on. He got the same judge the third fore Atari got it. Then, in the random system, that I paid for my phone calls time. access groups, people matched offers home. Then, late at night, I'd call every I had been out of the computer and problems. country in the world. I showed it off. I area for a while and I wasn't aware I still could not afford a computer told phone jokes. I sold blue boxes on that the microprocessor had been in so I started to think about building one the campus. I just wondered how far I troduced. A friend of mine, who had for myself. A new company called could get. But I was still pure, I paid for gone to MIT, called me up and said MOS Technology introduced a new everything I should pay for-I was just there was club starting up for people microprocessor, the 8-bit 6502 costing using unused wires. It was disappoint who had built terminals and things. $400. It was the finest microprocessor ing when I found out that the phone Since I had just built a terminal and yet and they sold it over-the-counter at phreaks were not pure. since I like to show off, I said, "Great, a show in San Francisco for $20-a After that year at Berkeley I had to I've got to go to this meeting and show very unique marketing step. A lot of take another year off to work and earn off my terminal." He didn't tell me it folks from the club bought one and that enough money to go back to college. I was a microcomputer club because if night at the Homebrew Computer Club got a job as an engineer at Hewlett he had, I would have said, "I don't meeting it was a big topic. Packard designing scientific calcula- know anything." And I wouldn't have A company called Sphere stopped
The Computer Museum ReportIFall 1986 5 Apple I. 1975 In designing the Apple L Wozniak squeezed as many functions as he could onto a single PC board. The upper two rows of integrated circuits constitute the video terminal he designed in 1974 to access mainframes remotely; it contains its own memory consisting of 7 lK dynamic shift registers and displays characters in a 5 by 7 matrix, with 40 characters per line, 24 lines per page and automatic scrolling. It interfaces to an ASCII encoded keyboard which is plugged into the empty socket at location B4. The video output and low voltage AC power sockets are at the top left corner. The lower two rows are the computer, shown in schematic form on the cover. The S502 microprocessor is in the white package on the bottom row towards the left; the IS chips on the right (A,BII-I8) are 4K dynamic RAM's; 2 PROM's, containing the 25S byte resident system monitor program, are at the bottom ieft corner. The memory could be expanded to S5K via the edge connector on the right. Gift of Dysan Corporation
by our club meeting with a IS-bit worked hard and late to get it done board for $20 each and sell them at the minicomputer hooked up to a color before January when I was getting club for $40." We figured we'd have to monitor that spun a color clock around. married. In late November 1975, I sell 50 to get our money back and we To see a computer doing color on a demonstrated the Apple I computer didn't think we could sell that many. video screen was beyond our im running BASIC. All it could do was a Steve said, "We might not sell 50, but aginations. It was shocking. This was tab and a print. at least we'll have a company." Steve's at the time that Microsoft BASIC was I went to Hewlett Packard with the motivation was to be like Nolan Bush only available on paper tape for input design and the costs and suggested nell. I was telling Steve about every via Teletype terminals. The first two that they manufacture and sell it for thing that microprocessors would do attempts at' color for personal comput $800. My manager was intrigued with one day, which was everything that ing came from the club: the Dazzler, a machine that could run BASIC and minis did. I bought a microprocessor built by Cromemco, and the Apple II have 4K of RAM that would sell for for $20, a keyboard for $SO, a few trans computer. about the same price as HP's top-end formers for about $10 each, and picked Although I had a FORTRAN and calculators. He was especially inter up the integrated circuits from the lab ALGOL background, I saw that BASIC ested since HP's desk-top machine stock at HP. The company has a writ was going to be the language for per sold for $5-8,000. He said no to the ten rule that any engineer can take sonal computers. Within two months I project in the end. But this took weeks. chips from lab stock without cost for a wrote a BASIC that would run on the One time when I was showing off project of their own design if their su S502. I wrote a simulator in ALGOL to the computer at the club, Steve Jobs pervisor approves. The company feels see that it would work. I had to came along and said, "Why don't we that one learns by doing, and that the assemble the code by hand, because I sell it?" I was passing out a lot of lowest level of management can de didn't have a computer to work on. schematics and literature because a cide. Once it was done, I put together what lot of people wanted to build one. One day Steve called me up at HP became known as the Apple I. I Steve said, "Let's just make the PC and said, "Guess what." "What?" "I
6 The Computer Museum Report/Fall 1986 dynamic RAMS came out I could do in 4 chips what I used to do in 32 . In 1975 several styles of 4K dynamic RAMS came out; the first set were from AMI and the second from Intel. The Apple 1 had the right RAM, a 16 pin Intel chip that led to a 16K RAM. After I had my legal release for the machine and was selling Apple Is, HP had a project called Capricorn-doing everything that I had just done. I went to the new lab manager and I said 1'd do anything to work on the personal computer and he turned me down. Steve and I went to Atari and asked if they would like it. They said, "No, the home video market is going to be very large." They were so friendly to us, that they let us buy chips for the Apple 1 right out of their warehouse. We went down to Commodore and talked to Chuck Peddle who was about to do the Pet Computer. Steve thought we might get a few hundred thousand dollars but they only offered us em ployment. All in all about 200 Apple 1's were sold out of the garage. A few months later, I started to think about color. I made sure that the Apple 1 worked at the right speed so that color could be added. Things be gan to coalesce. I realized that I could combine video screen memory and processor memory and save chips. The Apple II design started to emerge. It would be twice as fast, do twice as many things, and have tons of mem ory. In the first days, I designed the Apple II to work with both 4 and 16K RAMS (because the 16K chips were still very expensive). There was an issue of slots for extra cards. How much do they matter? The only argument over the got an order for $50,000." That was the chips and then put on the wave solder Apple II design was that Steve Jobs biggest shock of the Apple experience. ing machine. In two days 25 boards wanted two slots and I wanted eight Steve had gone down to the Byte Shop were complete and we drove over and because I was a little leery about lock where they bought Altairs as kits, took them to Steve's garage. We'd plug ing into too little. So I sat down with wired them in the backroom, and sold in the keyboard and the TV and some Steve and said, "OK, I don't want the them a s personal computers. Steve transformers and test the boards with company." And we had eight slots. discovered that it would only cost $13 the oscilloscopes to see if they would That was the end of it. to insert all the chips on our board. The work. On the weekends we would sit I decided to write the Atari game Byte Shop placed an order for 100 com down with the ones that didn't work, Breakout on a microprocessor, in puters at $500 each and we had to pur and usually found the problem in bent BASIC not in hardware. So I wrote chase the parts. To come up with the pins. Then we would deliver them to some commands in BASIC to put color money, I sold my HP-65 calculator for the local store and get paid. It was a dots on the screen and to make sounds $500. However I knew we were coming ten day cycle. It's amazing what you come over a little speaker. It was out with the HP-67 the next month and can do when you have one level of shocking to me how much you could do my employee price would be $37, so I management. in software and still run so much faster didn't take much risk. I still had my HP The Apple 1 design had few chips than hardware. job a s well. Steve went to the com and was optimized for one board. The Originally Apple had three part ponent suppliers and by showing the biggest decision was memory; the first ners: Steve and I each had 45% and order asked fo r 30 days net credit. The 4K dynamic RAMS were about to come Ron Wayne, who helped with the man chips were stocked in a closet at the out. One principle that I had was "the ual. had 10%. Ron sold his 10% to us for company making the board. When the fewer chips the better". After a discus $800. The Apple II looked like an out chips came out of the closet the 30 days sion about chip size and number of standing product that could sell 1.000 a started. When the pc boards came off pins, I deeided that I would go for op month. We thought we had hit the big the line, they would be stuffed with the timizing board size. When the 4K one. The problem was that we didn't
The Computer Museum ReportlFa ll 1986 7 know how to build a thousand of some computers had a different flavor: now QUESTIONS thing that cost $250 each. Where would you could walk into a store and buy a There are some things that are we get $250,000 worth of credit? We computer with a solution. Our dreams inevitable in history and other things had to look for money. People would of people controlling garage doors and that depend on a unique individual. come by the garage and ask, "What's keeping recipes were of much less im How do you feel about your role? the market?" I'd say, "A million." portance. Almost everything would have They'd say, "What makes you say A lot of things happened at Apple happened about the same time. It that?" And I'd have too rational an an because one of the top managers had a turns out that my whole life was swer: "There's a million ham radio op pet project. One of Mike Markkula's directed to one kind of computer erators and more people are getting pet ideas was that recipes and keep design and when the window into computers." There's no way that ing track of the check-book were going occurred, I was there. It was great answer could be wrong but they we to be principle uses. So he had Randy luck for me. ren't the right words. We got directed Wigginton (who was to write MacWrite to Mike Markkula, who had wanted to in the future) write a check-book pro What is it like to have to use an build computers in the home for quite a gram in BASIC. Two things came out of assumed name to go to college and while. He had left Intel with a lot of that: a floating point BASIC to make it to be a hero? stock options and he was still young. easier to write money handling pro I used an assumed name and went He started developing a business plan grams, and the addition of a floppy back to Berkeley in 1981-2 for a full and joined us as a third and equal disc to make the machine fast. The cur year. And I got away with it. partner. For a while I didn't want to rent practice had been to use cassette because I wasn't known quite that leave Hewlett Packard. Then a friend tapes that took three minutes to load a well then. It was strange to read said to me, "Steve, you can start this program after which you could add the about myself. I couldn't understand company, manage it and get rich. Or, data for two checks, and then down why people would want to come up . Steve, you can start this company, stay load, which took another several min and shake my hand. Then I met Ted an engineer all your life and get rich." I utes. We started to work on both proj Turner who was my hero for realized that I could still sit down and ects. The floppy disc controllers at the challenging the networks and I write code and build things, and that time used about 50 chips. I had figured asked him for his autograph. I now the company was just a way to make out a design with five chips and understand that we all want to have money_ We hired a President who thought that I must be leaving impor heros. could get things done. Steve had a tant things out. But after a lot of anal friend at Atari who could design ysis of other designs, I found that mine How do you feel about the switching power supplies which re did even more. So I knew that I was Macintosh? quired less cooling than the regular onto a good winner: real fast. real I love my Macintosh. I brought it on type. Our phony reason for needing small (based on the new 5 and a half the trip. I dropped it in the San this was our belief that no computer inch disc from Shugart). and real Francisco airport but it lived. should have a fan. cheap. From that time, Apple took off. What's your relationship with Apple? We started producing Apple U's. We were backlogged for four mon ths of Since the computer keeps track of This was the first computer that you orders and the path had been set. the employee benefits, I make sure could take out of the box, plug in, read We premiered the floppy disc at that I get the minimal salary. I travel only a little bit and start typing, "play the first National Computer Con on their behalf, consult with them, ing" BASIC. It was the first computer to ference in Dallas that allowed micro and think its a great company. be in a plastic case; it was the first computers to be shown. This com computer to come with video as stan pleted the initial development of the What is your new company doing? dard; it was the first to build BASIC in Apple II. I don't remember much about CL 9 is working on remote control ROM; it was the first low cost computer the show, but the hotel was the first devices for the home. It's not going to come fully assembled; it was the one that I stayed in that had movies to be a huge company but it's fun. first to have paddles and sound. Fortu you could dial in your room. I had de Right now two engineers are nately it had a lot of memory slots. signed one of these systems while I working together in an environment While the wodq only wanted 4K bytes was at Hewlett Packard and I knew where we can do great things. that year for anything, they thought that it has to send your room number maybe 8 sometime, but 48K bytes down to a computer. Travelling with would never be needed. In the begin our tools, we opened up the box and ning, The Commodore, Radio Shack saw a bunch of switches. I just toggled and Apple machines all sold in about in a different code on the switches and equal numbers. Then, 8K programs didn't get billed for the movies. Randy started to come out and, in 1978, the Wigginton and I looked at the touch first spreadsheet and floppy discs tone phone with different numbers for came out. Both needed more than 8K of room service and so on. We took it RAM . The Apple was the one of the apart and rewired the keypad to go three that had expandable memory vertically instead of horizontally. and could support spreadsheet or flop py control software. With Visicalc
8 The Computer Museum ReportlFall 1986 The Personal Computer Collection
Complete Hardwa re Listing as of Acorn Computers, Ltd., APF Electronics, Inc., Apple Computer, Inc., July 1986. Acorn Atom, PeCos I, (X71O.86) Apple Macintosh, Gift of Acorn Computers, Ltd. Gift of Carl D. Hess (X499.84, S50, S51) Gift of Apple Computer, Inc. x-numbered artifacts constitute the (X667.86) Apple Computer Company, Gift of Nigel H. Searle (S26) permanent collection. Apple 1. (X210.83) AT&T Information Systems, Acorn Computers, Ltd., Gift of Dysan Corporation AT&T Personal Computer 6300, s-numbered artifacts are dupli (X639.85, S52, S53, S54) cates, retained for exhibits and Acorn Electron, (X666.86) Apple Computer, Inc. , Gift of Acorn Computers, Ltd. Gilt of AT&T loans. Apple II Plus, (X539.84) Acorn Computers. Ltd., Gift of Katherine Schwartz BBC Model B Microcomputer, with Apple Computer, Inc., 6502 Second Processor, Z80 Apple II , (X683.86) Second Processor, Acorn Data Gift of Dr. and Mrs. Fred 0. Smith Recorder, Music 500 Synthesiser and family and Teletext Adapter, (X665.86) Gift of Acorn Computers, Ltd. Apple Computer, Inc. , Apple ill, (X684.86) Gift of Kenneth Dockser Apple Computer, Inc. , Apple Lisa, (X496.84 , S48, S49) Gift of Apple Computer, Inc.
The Computer Museum ReportlFall 1986 9 Bull Micral of America Commodore Business Machines, Compaq Computer Corporation, Digital Equipment Corporation, (formerly R2E of America). Micra!. Inc., Compaq Portable, (X484.84, S58, Digital Professional 350, model XP/2, (X747.86) Commodore PET 2001. S59) (X435.84) Gift of Bull Corporation of America Gift of Commodore Business Gift of Compaq Computer Gift of Digital Equipment Commodore Business Machines, Machines, Inc. (X364.84) Corporation Corporation Inc. , Gift of M icrosoft Corporation (555) Cromemco, Inc., Digital Equipment Corporation, Amiga, (X675.86) Commodore Business Machmes, Cromemco Dazzler boards (2). Rainbow, (X476.84, S61. S62) Gift of Commodore Business Inc., (X687.86) Gift of Digital Equipment Machi nes, Inc. VIC 1001 with Japanese keyboard, Gift of M ichael K. Lomax Corporation (X723 .86) Commodore Business Machines, Gift of Kenneth C. Barroll Data General Corporation, Digital Group, The, Digital Group Inc., Data General Desktop Model 10, System 2, (X555.85) Commodore 64, (X366.84 A-E) Commodore Business Machines, (X479.84, S60) Gift of St. George's School, Gift of Commodore Business Inc., Gift of Data General Corporation N ewport, Rl Machines, Inc. Commodore VIC-20, Gift of Commodore Business Machines, Inc. (X367.84) Gift of Kenneth C. Barroll (544) Compaq Computer Corporation, Compaq DeskPro, (X481.84, S56, S57) Gift of Compaq Computer Corporation
Micral. by R2E. 1973 The Micral is the earliest commercial non-kit computer based on a microprocessor. The founder and president of R2E (Realisations Etudes Electrqniques), Thi T. Truong, created the Micral as a replacement for minicomputers in applications where high performance was not required. He perceived a big gap between minicomputers, such as the DEC PDP-8, on the one hand, and a wired logic system on the other. As Micral advertising for the National soon as the Intel 8008 microprocessor Computer Conference Exhibition, was introduced, he decided to build Chicago May 1974. a computer to fill this gap. By May 1973, barely six months after the Intel 8008 became available, Thi T. Truong, speaking at the Truong together with engineers Museum after receiving his prize. Francois Gernelle and Ben Chetrite, had the Micral designed and built. It had some remarkable similarities to 27.5 microseconds. The Micral had later personal computers such as a an assembler and an operating bus system and slots for expansion. system which supported a teletype The basic original model had 256 and cassette recorder connected to bytes of RAM, and could be the Pluribus. The machine evolved expanded to 2K with ROMS and rapidly, with later models offering PROMS. It was capable of directly more RAM, floppy discs, hard discs addressing 16K, and boards to and a range of standard software. expand the memory beyond 2K soon The Micral's low cost of $1950 and became available. The Micral had a bus architecture attracted great real-time clock, eight levels of interest. By 1974, only six months interrupt priority and automatic after the Micral's debut. 500 had enabling and disabling. The CPU, been sold; 2000 were sold over the memory, input/output interfaces and next two years. However, following fast peripheral controllers all an unsuccessful attempt to penetrate plugged into the Pluribus - a 60-bit the US market. Truong could no single data bus. There were 52 longer finance the growth of his instructions, oriented towards business. In 1979 he sold Micral to process-control and data the major French computer maker transmission applications. Bull who currently produce IBM Instruction times ranged from 7.5 to PC-compatible Bull-Micrals.
10 The Computer Museum ReportIFall 1986 micra' •
The first Micrals were sold to industry for process control and to the French government to help collect demographic information in France's African colonies. It was therefore supplied with a strong protective metal cabinet. Gift of Thi T. Truong
The Micral's CPU board. The use of a microprocessor earned the Micral the name 'microcomputer', used for the first time in print in the June 21 1973 issue of Electronics magazine.
The Computer Museum Report/Fall 1986 11 Homebrew 16-bit computer, by Loren Jacobson, 1974-5
This one-of-a-kind machine contains a 16-bit processor based on small-scale and medium-scale TTL integrated circuits. All input and output was via the front panel switches and lights. Jacobson had more time than money, so he used every possible means to keep costs down. For example, very few connectors or sockets were used; all wiring was point-to-point. even between boards. Gift of Loren Jacobson
Micro-68, by Electronic Product Associates Inc., 1975 The Micro-S8 was a microcomputer trainer based on the Motorola 6800 microprocessor. Priced at $430, it came with integral numeric keypad input and LED output in a slim hardwood cabinet that could fit inside a briefcase. It had an on-board maximum of lK words of ROM and 768 words of RAM and could be expanded to 64K via edge connectors. The system was controlled by the John Bug monitor program, contained in a 512-word PROM. This allowed users to load, inspect and edit programs, insert break points for debugging purposes, and execute. Victor Wintriss, president of EPA Associates, developed the Micro-68 as a low-cost tool for training engineers in the use of microprocessors. It could also be used to prototype applications for the Motorola 6800. 1500 Micro-68's were sold between 1975 and 1978 when EPA went out of business, due, in part. to competition from the identical Heath ET3400, introduced in 1976. Gift of G. Victor Wintriss
12 The Computer Museum ReportlFall 1986 Eckert, Scott B., Franklin Computer Corporation, Home assembled as per Jacobson, Loren, Homebrew system based on the Franklin Ace 100, (X340.84) July 1974 Radio Electronics Homebrew l6-bit Computer, MOS Technology 6502 CPU, Gift of Franklin Computer magazine design, (X698.86) (X699.86) Corporation Mark-8, (X704.86) Gift of Loren Jacobson Gift of Scott B. Eckert Godbout, Thinkertoys, SD Sales, Gift of Myron A. Cahoun Jade Computer Products, Electronic Product Associates, Inc., et. a1.. mM, Z80 based S-100 Computer System, Micro-68, Various boards for personal mM 5100. (X616.85) Gift of G. Victor Wintriss (X694.86) computer kits, (S36) Gift of Silenus Wines, Inc. Gift of Joel Goldstick Gift of Sanford Shapiro, MD (S31) Gilt of Robert Pond (X629.85) Kaypro Corporation, Felsenstein, Lee, Heath Company, Gift of United Fruit Company (S17) Kaypro 10. (X487.84) VDM- l Video Display Module Heathkit H-8, (X696.86) Gift of Neil Karl (S18) Gift of Kaypro Corporation prototype, (X711.86) Gift of Terry Brandon Gift of A r thur D. Little, Inc. (S22) Gilt of Lee Felsenstein Heath Company, mM. Heathkit H-I L (X695.86) mM PC XT, (X430.84, S65) Gift of Errol Brick Loan from IBM Hewlett-Packwd Company, IMSAI Manufacturing Corporation, HP ISO Personal Computer, IMSAI 8080 Microcomputer System, (X432.84. S63, S64) Loan from Mike Miller (X589.85) Gift of Hewlett-Packard Company Gilt of Rober t W. Beatrice (S32) Gilt of R. Donald Carter (S33) Home assembled as per Aug. and Sept. 1976 Popular Electronics Intersil, Inc., magazine design, Intercept Jr. , (X700.86) Cosmac ELF, (X692.86) Gift of Stephen S. Mangione Gift of Klaus Ernst
I II Lee Felsenstein and the VDM-l. - The unit in the collection is adapted for stand-alone operation. The chassis was salvaged from a Singer-Friden 4321 key-to-tape Visual Display Module This unit is the first implementation converter bought at a junkyard. The of a memory-mapped alphanumeric keyboard was bought at a hobby Prototype. video display for personal shop. The unit was used for several by Lee Felsenstein. 1975 computers. The key design months as a terminal in the innovation was making the RAM development of software for The Community Memory Project. Gift of Lee Felsenstein directly accessible from the computer's data and address busses, The VDM-l prototype was rather than in a character sequential demonstrated at the World Altair fashion through an I/O port. As Lee Convention in Albuquerque in March Felsenstein put it, he made it 1976. Variants of the VDM board possible to view the video display as were immediately incorporated into a "window on memory rather than a many personal computers; the glass teletype [such as in the TV design had a great influence on the Typewriter]". This made it possible development of personal computer for the first time to use personal video displays. Felsenstein himself computers for highly interactive uses used the design in the Sol terminal such as real-time games. computer and the Osborne-I.
The Computer Museum Report/Fa U 1986 13 DIGITAL COMPUTER Kenbak-I. marketed through advertisements and direct mail. From the start. the by Kenbak Corp.• 1971 machine was billed more as an educational tool rather than as a The Kenbak-l was awarded first full-blown machine for executing prize in the Museum's Early Model applications programs. The Personal Computer Contest as the marketing was accordingly focused earliest personal computer. It was KENBAK-l on schools as a low cost way of presented to the Museum by its FUN EDUCATIONAL introducing hands-on computing to designer and builder, John V. Modern electronic technology students. Blankenbaker. created the Kenbak-1 with a price Although small computers Blankenbaker became interested in that even private individuals and small schools can afford. The easy eventually found their way into the computing while at college. In 1951. to-understand manuals assume the classroom in large numbers, the during his junior year, he got a job reader is approaching a computer Kenbak never caught on. The at the National Bureau of Standards for the first time. Step-b y-step, you alternatives at the time, timeshared where he came into contact with the can learn to use the computer with minicomputers and programmable SEAC (Standards Eastern Automatic its three programming registers, calculators, were beyond the reach Computer) project. The following five addressing modes, and 256 of school budgets. Teachers were not year Hughes Aircraft charged him bytes of memory. Very quickly yet attuned to the idea that an wi th the considerable task of you, or your family or students, electronic computer might be building, from scratch, an arithmetic can write programs of fun and affordable, and those that wanted unit based on binary-coded decimal interest. one often took a long time to secure numbers. At that time, flip-flops cost PRICE $750.00 the funds. Only 40 machines were $500 each. He struggled to design KENBAK CORP. sold to schools and a dozen to the machine with the absolute P. O. Box 49324 individuals over two years. In 1973, minimum number of flip-flops and Los Angeles, CA 90049 the Kenbak Corporation closed its even came up with a design that doors. Blankenbaker moved on to would ,use only one. Though such a use his creative engineering talents machine would take a long time to Kenbak's most successful to build the first production LISP get through ~ven one clock cycle, it advertisement. Scientific American, workstation for the newly formed could emulate any other computer. September 1971 Blankenbaker was so taken by this Symbolics Inc. single flip-flop design that in 1955 he loading would take too long with tried to patent it. Though he was any more memory than that. Two unsuccessfuL the idea of a $500 lK-bit MOS shift registers were used. computer had been firmly planted in his mind. Since microprocessors had not been introduced yet. Blankenbaker built In 1970 Blankenbaker actually set out his processor from standard to build a small computer. His medium-scale and small-scale fixation upon a selling price of $500 integrated circuits. It operated on meant that he had to keep the cost of 8-bit words, one bit at a time. The 1 parts down to about $150. He MHz clock coupled with a serial decided that speed was not memory organization gave the important and that the only Kenbak an effective speed of 1000 input/output within the price instructions per second. Altogether constraint were lights and switches. the machine used 130 integrated However he did cut a slot in the front circuits, all mounted on a single panel in the hope that one day board. punched card input could be added. In Spring 1971. a working prototype He could only afford the tooling costs was shown to a convention of for the printed circuit board. mathematics teachers. Blankenbaker Everything else, including the even managed to demonstrate a cabinet, lights, switches and logic three-dimensional tic-tac-toe circuits had to be made from program that just squeezed into the standard parts. He decided that the 256 bytes. Complete documentation, machine would be byte-oriented, programming manual and exercises and that 256 bytes would be a good suitable for school laboratories were choice of memory size. This allowed published. a single byte to store a complete The Kenbak Corporation was address. In any case, manual formed, and the computer was fohn V. Blankenbaker
14 The Computer Museum ReportIFall 1986 Kenbak Corporation, Lancaster, Donald, Microcomputer Associates, Inc., Kenbak-l. (X703.86) TVT-l TV Typewnter prototype, JOLT microcomputer, (X701.86) Gift of John V. Blankenbaker (X689.86) Gift of Brian Yee Lancaster, Donald, Gift of Don Lancaster MITS, Inc., ASCII Keyboard and Encoder Lancaster, Donald, Altair 680b, (X679.86) prototype, (X691.86) TVT-3 TV Typewriter prototype, Gift of James Post Gift of Don Lancaster (X690.86) Lancaster, Donald, Gift of Don Lancaster Cheap Video prototype board, Martin Research, (X688.86) Mike 2, (X706.86) Gift of Don Lancaster Gift of Robert F. Casey
Gift of fohn V. Blankenbaker
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The Computer Museum ReportIFall 1986 15 MITS, Inc., MITS , Inc., NEC Corporation, Altair 8800, Altair 8800b, (X682.86) NEC APC ill, (X494.84 , S19, S20) Anonymous Gift (X58.82)Gift of Gift of Jerry Soden Gift of NEC Systems Laboratory Robert L. Froemke MOS Technology, Inc., NEC Corporation, (X680.86) KIM-I Microcomputer, NEC PC-8000, (X446.84) Gift of Robert L. Leffert (S28) Gift of Commodore Business Gift of Microsoft Corporation Gift of Robert Pond (S29) Machines, Inc. (X365.84) Gift of Wallace B. Riley (S30) NEC Corporation, Gift of Robert F. Casey (S34) NEC TK-SO (X447.84) MITS , Inc., Motorola, Inc., Gift of Microsoft Corporation Altair 8800A with two disk Micro Chroma 68, (X707.86) Netronics, R&D Ltd., drives, adapted for time-sharing, Gift of Robert Pond (X68 1. 86) Cosmac ELF II, (X693.86) Loan from The State of Colorado Gift of S. Scott Kostka North Star Computers, Inc., North Star Horizon, Gift of James B. Straus (X708.86) Gift of William Romaine (S35) Ohio Scientific, Inc., Ohio Scientific, model 600, (X709.86) Gift of Bill Leehan Osborne Computer Corporation, Osborne L Gift of Osborne Computer Corporation (X362.84, S66) Gift of Ben Rosen (S3) Anonymous Gift (S9) Osborne Computer Corporation, Osborne Executive, (X615.85) Gift of Joel Goldstick Polymorphic Systems, Polymorphic System 8813, an ..... " • _ 0"'_"" .... ep._a a...... on ~ (X6l4.85)Gift of Robert and Margaret Wesley - -- Powertran Computers, b__ . k ••--p ,,'nll'. cn,.,...or ...... o,r. -1. '.. "- ~U-" Psi 80, (X724.86) Gift of Livnat Yehiel Processor Technology, Inc., Sol Terminal Computer, Gift of Richard S. Russell (X7l5.86)Gilt of Ray Duncan (S39) Gift of Michael Cuchna (S40)
TV Typewriter Prototype. extremely low cost proved that home on-board memory consisted of 512-bit video terminals and video displays serial registers. The memory boards by Don Lancaster. 1973 for personal computers were had character generators which The TV Typewriter made it possible practical. High resolution bit displayed each character as an for the first time to display mapped displays followed within a array of 5 by 7 dots. The original personally generated alphanumeric few years, enormously enhancing design had two memory boards and information on an ordinary the utility of personal computers. Lee could generate and store 512 unmodified television set. The Felsenstein (featured on page 13) characters arranged as 16 lines of 32 design was published in the called the TV Typewriter "the characters. The device could also September 1973 issue of Radio opening shot of the computer use a cassette recorder to provide Electronics magazine as a home revolution" . additional storage; a 90 minute assembly project using only $120 It consisted of a keyboard together cassette could hold about 100 pages. worth of components. Don with circuit boards to provide the Gift of Don Lancaster Lancaster's design attracted memory, cursor, timing and considerable attention as its television transmission signals. The
16 The Computer Museum ReportIFaU 1986 Altair 8800 machine that had the greatest impact on him was the Hewlett by NITS 1975 Packard 9100, introduced in 1968. It The Altair is widely thought of as had a CRT, keyboard, magnetic the first personal computer. Indeed, storage for programs and data, and the Altair's creator, Ed Roberts, a printer. It could even drive a founder and president of MITS (Micro plotter. But it was not a personal Instrumentation and Telemetry computer by Roberts' definition-it Systems), coined the term. was expensive ($6000), did not have Distinguishing PC's from hobby a real programming language and machines, demonstration machines, only had a small memory. industrial machines and In 1971, MITS introduced the 816, a development systems, his view was kind of programmable calculator. that PC's had to be used for Several thousand were sold, mainly applications typically run on a for accounting applications and as minicomputer or larger computer. controllers. In the same period, a The PC also had to be affordable, company called Prolog built Ed Roberts. easily interfaced with other devices industrial processors based on the and feature a conventional console Intel 4004, 4040 and 8008. Intel built powerful enough to do the sort of with a keyboard, CRT or something the Intellect series of machines things you normally expect a similar. It should have an operating between 1971 and 1973. The TV minicomputer to do", Roberts said. system and mass storage; paper Typewriter was also noticed by "When we found out about the Intel tape was acceptable. A PC should MITS, as were several logic 8080 in late 1973, we started design have a reasonably large memory. demonstration devices and an on the Altair, which was finished in MITS used 64K because that was 8008-based machine, the Mark-8, the summer of 1974." what the 8080 could directly address. introduced in Radio Electronics in Ed Roberts and Bill Yates designed Lastly, he stipulated that a good 1974. number of people had actually used the Altair with an open 100-line bus the machine as a computer that was In 1972 MITS made a terminal structure. Though originally known personal! system that could be interfaced to as the Altair bus, it was adopted for time-shared computers. "In 1973 and so many other machines that it later In thinking about what sort of device 1974 we started design work at MITS came to be called the S-lOO bus (S to build, Roberts considered the DEC with 4004, 4040 and 8008 processors for Standard). The first machines PDP-8 as a prototype. However, the and didn't feel that they were were shipped with only two of the 18
Gift of Robert Pond
The Computer Museum ReportlFall 1986 17 available slots filled with the CPU Quest. Inc .. Scelbi Computer Consulting. Inc .. board and the 256 byte memory Super ELF. (X7l7.S6) SCELBI-SH . (X574 .S5) Gift of Willits High SchoollROP board. Programs had to be entered Gift of Carlton B. Hensley RCA. Sinclair Research Ltd .. in machine code via the switches on Cos mac VIP. (X6S6.S6) Sinclair ZXSO. the front panel. During the next few Gift of Robert F. Casey Gift of Sinclair Research Ltd. months, MITS as well as many third R2E. (X5 l 3.84) parties, came out with expansion Micral. (X705.S6) Gift of Lea Vanderboom (537) boards to provide more memory (up Gift of Thi T. Truong Sincla ir Research Ltd .. RGS Electronics. Sinclair ZXS I. to a maximum of 64K) and interfaces RGS-OOS. Intel SOOS based Gift of Sinclair Research Ltd. for input-output devices and storage microcomputer built from kit. (X5l4.84) media. One of the first boards was a (X7 l2.S6) Gift of Arnold ]. Savitt (538) Gift of Brian Yee Solid State Music. California 4K memory board, big enough to Computer Systems. Heathkit. et. hold a 4K BASIC interpreter specially Rockwell International. AIM 65. al..Various boards for personal written for the Altair by Bill Gates Gift of David Martz (X678.86) computer kits. (X65S.S6) and Paul Allen. Gift of Neil Doughty (527) Gift of Alan Frisbie Saga Systems. Southwest Technical Products The original Altair sold without the Saga. model PPS-SOOS. (X7l3.S6) Company.SwTPC 6S00. case for $297, $395 with the case- an Gift of Computer Maintenance Gift of Steven B. Leeland Corporation (X7IS.S6) order of magnitude less than the cost Gift of Fred Laskowski of the PDP-B. Though initially offered Scelbi Computer Consulting. Inc .. (541) SCELBI-SB. (X71 4.S6) Gilt of Dr. Gordon Wolfe as a kit, the first units were sold as Gift of Michael Rossman (542) assembly units since the kit manuals Southwest Technical Products were not completed. Company.TVT-2 TV Typewriter. (X7 19.S6) The demand for the machine Gift of Robert Pond exceeded even MITS's wildest Sphere Corporation. expectations. More machines were Sphere System 330. sold in the first day than the Gift of Dr. Roger]. Spott (X295.83) company expected to sell during the Gift of John Rible (514) entire lifetime of the product. Sphere Corporation. Roberts likes to point out how MITS Sphere System 320. (X297.S3) increased the installed base of Gift of Dr. Roger J. Spott SSM Microcomputer Products general computers by 1% each (formerly: Solid State Music). month for a period between 1975 and SSM CBl 8080 CPU Board. 1976. There was a huge pent-up (X7l 6.86) Gift of Dana Smith demand for a computer with the kind of power offered by the Altair. Most of the machines were purchased by electronics hobbyists who simply wanted to have a machine of their own. They tinkered with and modified their computers. However the machine was not really powerful enough or equipped with enough software to enable it do useful work conveniently. It was used to control PROJECT BREAKTHROUGH I various processes-some industriaL some recreational. One of the fi rst \\brId's First Minicomputer Kit customers used his Altair to control to RIval Commercial Models ••• his model railway. "ALTAIR 8800" SAVE OVER $1000 The company was sold to Pertec in 1977 for 6 million dollars. Faced with stiff emerging competition from companies such as Processor ; " h .. '\U4-\ \ :. Technology, IMSAL Commodore and i\ ii lX- - Apple, Pertec was unable to retain ALSO IN THIS ISSUE. market share, and the Altair went • An Under-$90 Scientific C.lcu.... r ProJect out of production in 197B. • CCD'.-TV c._. TUM S __? • Thyrl.tor-Controlled PhoIofI.hen MITS and the Altair played a central TEST REPORTS. role in the development of the US TechnICS 200 Speaker System Pioneer RT·10ll Open·ReelRecorder personal computer market. They Tram Diamond·40 r- ..... - - Edmund Scientific II' ,l ," pioneered a whole marketing Hewlett.Packard ~ "I style-computer shows, computer '.It. ;",n': ,,' '~I:C' retailing, computer company The January 1975 issue o/Popular magazines, user groups and Electronics ran a cover story on the numerous add-on hardware and Altair which propelled the machine software options. to instant success.
18 The Computer Museum ReportlFaU 1986 6800 Computer System. than its competitor, the Intel 8080. Southwest also offered a video The computer was sold as a kit. terminaL the $275 CT-1024, based on by Southwest Technical costing $395 for the basic system Don Lancaster's TV Typewriter, Products Corp.. 1975 which included 2K bytes of RAM and shown on the left in the picture. a serial teletype interface. It could Above the computer on the right. are The SWTPe 6800 was one of the first be expanded to 16K. It had a the $79.50 AC-30 cassette interface computers to be based on the mini-operating system in ROM and the $250 PR-40 matrix printer kit. Motorola 6800 microprocessor. The enabling it to boot up automatically In front of the keyboard is a 6800 was thought by some engineers without throwing switches on a front home-made switch box, a useful to be more powerful and versatile panel. input device, especially for games. With its complete set of peripherals, the SWTPC 6800 was one of the first low-cost systems on which software could be developed and run in a reasonably convenient fashion. Gift of Steven B. Leeland
008A Microcomputer Kit. by RGS Electronics. 1974
The 008A was sold for $375 as a kit based on the Intel 8008. The system had lK of static RAM, expandable to 16K, and an RC (not crystal) clock. It featured an input/output bus which . could handle up to 256 perihperal devices instead of the arrangement of input/output ports more usual with the 8008. The programs were entered into memory using toggle switches. The version received was built on a 60-socket wire-wrap board. The printed circuit board version of the RGS-008 was described in September 1975 in the first issue of Byte magazine. Gift of Brian Yee
The Computer Museum Report/Fa\I 1986 19 Sutherland, James, Gift of Melvin O. Duke ECHO IV Home Computer, (X509.84) Gift of James Sutherland Tandy Corporation, TRS-80, Model l, Gift of M elvin 0. Duke (X722.86) Gift of Nigel H. Searle (543) Gift of Samuel M. Gerber (567) Terak Corporation, Te rak Model 8510, (X351.84, S68, S69) Gift of Douglas Ross Terak Corporation, Terak Model 85 12, (X354.84) Gift of Douglas Ross Texas Instruments, Inc., TI-99/4 prototype (Dimension 4)' (X720.86) Gift of Robert Childress Timex -Sinclair, Inc., Timex-Sinclair TS-lOOO, Gift of Dennis Knollenberg (X72l.86) Gift of Ruth Leyden (547) but over 10,000 were sold within a Van Cleve, Robert, TRs-ao, Model I month of the TRS-80's introduction. Homebrew system based on the Motorola 6808 TV Bug CPU, by Radio Shack, 1977 To the left of the TRS-80 is an (X697.86) Exatron Stringy Floppy, a miniature Gift of Robert Van Cleve The TRS-SO was Radio Shack's first tape-drive which holds a smalL Wang Laboratories, Wang PIC (Professional Image entry into the computer market. continuous, removable tape. Called Computer), (X566.85) Their wide network of reta il outlets a wafer, the tapes could be up to 75 Gift of Wang Laboratories greatly increased the accessibility of feet long and stored 4K bytes on five Wave Mate, Inc., microcomputers. The TRS-80 was feet of tape in 6 seconds. It was Jupiter Computer system, (X702.86) based on a Z80 microproce ssor and significantly faster and more reliable Gift of Dennis Painter came with a video display, 4K of than the standard cassette tape Xerox Corporation, memory, BASIC and cassette drive originally supplied with the Notetaker l, (X748.86) storage, at a price of $599.95. It was TRS-80. Gift of Xerox Corporation aimed at the novice- the manuals To the right of the TRS-80 is the assumed no prior computer Comprint Model 912 thermal printer. knowledge. The original ma chine This could print 225 12 by 9 dot was slow as Radio Shack had kept matrix characters per second. It used the price down to a n absolute special silvery-looking minimum. New software and aluminum-coated paper. Characters extended memory were released to were printed by styli which improve performance, and in 1979 vaporized the metal surface a t the the more powerful Model II was points of contact to expose a black introduced. under-layer. The Com print operated Illustrations from the friendly The TRS-80 was extremely more quietly than impact printers. It manual "Getting S tarted with TRS-80 successful; the company had was one of the first matrix printers to BASIC". Courtesy of Radio Shack projected annual sales of 3000 units, print letters with true decenders.
20 The Computer Museum ReportIFa li 1986 20 Available From The Computer Museum.
New Color New Computer Slide Series! Museum T-Shirts! The Personal Computer Slide Set These four-color quality shirts 50010 Cotton-50% Polyester. Adult includes the classic machines from communicate the spirit of The (small, medium, large, x-large) or this catalog. The 20 slides, arranged Computer Museum-antique Children (small. medium. large) in groups of four, may be purchased computers fancifully displayed sizes; Be sure to specify adult or as a unit for $20.00 ($18 for alongside modem, hands-on child. and size. members). Each group of four slides computers. These make great Children sizes, $S.50 each (5.85 is $4.50 (members $4.05). Stocking Stuffers. members): Adult sizes. $8.00 each (7.20 members). Postage Separate. Volume II. The Personal Computer Slide Set Set 13: The First Personal Computers 13.1 Kenbak-l (1971) 13.2 Micral (1973) 13.3 Scelbi (1974) 13.4 Altair (1975) Set 14: The Hobbyist Milestones 14.1 Apple 1 Board 14.2 Visual Display Module, Lee Felsenstein's VDM-l 14.3 Don Lancaster's TV Typewriter 14.4 Cromemco Dazzler boards Set 15: Homebrew and Single Board Computers 15.1 Homebrew IS-bit computer by Loren Jacobson 15.2 RGS Electronics 008A Microcomputer Kit 15.3 Kim 1 15.4 Super Elf Set IS: Early Commercial Machines IS.1 EPA Micro S8 lS.2 1M SAl 8080 The Computer Museum IS.3 SWTPC S800 {Southwest Technical Products} IS.4 Sol Terminal Computer Boston Set 17: Classic Commercial Machines 17.1 Apple II 17.2 TRS 80 Model I rl~=::=D~~== ______-=~=~=-____D _M__~ _O_~____ ~ zw=-______1 i:! 17.3 Commodore Pet 17.4 Sinclair ZX80 ;~;;;r~~;:g: :;::~:m$::t :oM useum Store 300 Congress Street Boston. MA 02210 P Volume L 48 slides in 12 sets of Card Number ..... four, covers early calculating o Check or money order enclosed (no COO's) devices, early computers, super o Visa 0 Am Ex 0 Mastercard ,.. computers, logic and memory Interbank No. I I I I I (Mastercard only) .... Signature Exp. date: technologies, and classic integrated circuits. This set of 48 is available QUAN DESCRIPTION UNIT COST TOTAL for $45.00 (members $40.50).
Please add $2.50 to cover postage & handling charges for SUBTOTAL the first item ordered; add 50¢ for each additional item. MASS. 5% TAX o PJ.a.. ch«lr ben U MUMWD member. SHIPPING roTAL ENCLOSED Tbcmk you. Your purcha... help to .uppor! the MuoeuM. 8 7 6 5
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