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Cromemco 3K Control Basic Instruction Manual 023-0023 197904
l•• CROMEMCO 3K CONTROL BASIC INSTRUCTION MANUAL J (Models MCB-216 & CB-308) \":'f,_'~", ~,-:- \ 1I q q .'.':&...•• q~"'!'-- - ~.' q..~¥_..../ CROMEMCO; INC. q 280 Berna rd'o Avenue Mountain View, CA 94043 >""1 ;~ Part No. 023-0023 April 1979 ~r Copyright © 1977, 1979 By CROMEMCO, INC. I' _ All Rights Reserved ...i· ... I'-. •I r This manual was produced in its entirety with the Cromemco Word ( Processing System and was printed on a Cromemco 3355 P r in t e r wit h pro po r t ion a 1 I spacing. I ,I I I I I I I I 1 ~~ J Table of Contents I Section 1 1 Introduct ion . ....... 1 2 Getting Started with Control Basic 3 1 2.1 Installing Control Basic in Your System ••• 3 2.2 Entering programs from the Console Device 3 2.3 Entering or Saving Programs l with Other Devices •••••• 4 3 Elements of the Control Basic Language 6 1 3.1 Numbers and Constants • •••• 6 3.2 Variables •••• •• • ••• 6 3.3 Functions •••••••• ••• 7 .4 3.4 Arithmetic and Compare Operators 8 3.5 Expressions • •• ••• 9 4 Control Basic Syntax 10 4.1 Control Basic General Syntax •••• 10 4.2 Abbreviations and Summary of Commands 12 4.3 Memory Organization of Control Basic 14 .1 5 Control Basic Commands and Statements 16 5.1 Assignment Commands •••••• 16 5.1.1 LET Command 16 5.1.2 PUT Command ••••••••• 16 1 5.2 Control Commands 18 5.2.1 IF Command ••••••• 18 5.2.2 GOTO Command •••••••••••• 18 .1 5.2.3 FOR Command. -
Alog 01 Rsonal
1 I A IRELEASED FOR p _______L!:::....!I..:....L ___+-_-1 I OLUME l.,-=r-~ALL 1986 The I alog 01 MK4096 (or eq uiv) .... "!> "'= ",Il! RAM 14 -'lI S A'!/-A5 II A lB rsonal pulers I------<~ I N OTES: (continued from sheet 1 /3) L---------~;>CAI4 N 7. UNIT. AS SUPPLIED. IN ~ I CLUDES A 6502 MICRO '-------<CAIZ P PROCESSOR, AND SOLDER 14 JUMPERS AT BOTH POINTS L-------<;>~AII/5 MARKED " 6502", AND HAS ~R OMITTED ALL COMPON L-________<~. 15 ENTS SHOWN WITHIN THE L---------------~ .A8/Z S DOTTED BOX. IF A 6800 IS SUBSTITUTED FOR THE c L---------------~;>~A7/1 16 6502 IT IS NECESSARY TO L-_______~~ T INSTALL ALL COMPON ENTS SHOWN. AND TO ~ I BREAK BOTH SOLDER L---------<3:: ~ BRIDGES NOTED "6502". 8. UNIT IS SUPPLIED WITH: ~ v Y Jumpe red to CSF '--------------<AI 19 Z Jumpe red to eso L------------<~A_ W W Jumpercd to CSI and X Jumper-ed to esg. 614 '-------------$<VMA C II~ cs R, S. and T, ARE USER '-------------------------~~BA 6 SELECTABLE CHIP 613 DO 14 R Z SELECTS. (4K BLOCKS) ~C S 01 Z :r : ~ Z 3 ~ 2 9. KYBD & DSP ARE INTER 612 I------------~-t--s_<--<.O:A I~ RUPT OUTPUTS FROM PIA. ~~I.L- -~ R POINTS LABELED "IRQtI, SEE '.-- ~ Z 3 "NMI" ARE INTERRUPT 6 11 NOTE ~~I-L-- -~ 8 S·.•• _ INPUTS FROM MICRO PROCESSOR. FOR NOR T .....----<.......-T L MAL OPERATION NO CL h~--------_<>0~ M JUMPERS ARE REQU IRED. IS) r--------------------<~~ ~ 10. KEYBOARD SOCKET. (B4) . PIN 15, (BIT 8). SHOULD I--- r---------~;>RDY BE JUMPERED TO Vee .1. -
Basic Electronics.COM -- Internet Guide to Electronics
BASIC ELECTRONICS.CD INFO Best Viewed at 800X600 Last Updated: January 10, 2003 Previously Internet Guide to Electronics Site. Welcome! This website allows you to NEW & NEWS: browse the subject of ELECTRONICS. If you are just starting the learning journey, I hope Your Projects you'll make use of the simple nature and graphical content of this site. Feel free to look Basic Electronics around. Don't worry -- there are no tests at the FAQ end of the day. If you would like to contact me regarding this site, email me at [email protected] John Adams - Author ( Place mouse over symbol to see selection in LCD screen then view explanation in the Email Me browser's status window. Non-Javascript browsers, scroll down for link explanations.) THEORY|APPLY IT!|COMPONENTS|MESSAGE BOARD|REF/DATA/TOOLS BOOKS/MAGs|LECTRIC LINKS|BASIC ELECTRONICS.CD INFO ABOUT|EMAIL|WHATS NEW! THEORY Gain the basic understanding of electronic principles that you will be making use of later. This includes Ohm's Law, Circuit Theory, etc. APPLY IT! Putting the theory to work. This includes sections on how to solder, multimeters, and of course, PROJECTS! COMPONENTS Learn about various electronics components. MESSAGE BOARD Post your basic electronics related questions here for others to answer and read. REFERENCE, DATA AND COOL TOOLS! Resistor color code info, plenty of calculators, chart, electronics data and other cool tools! VERY POPULAR PAGE BOOKS/MAGs A list of books and magazines relating to the subject of electronics. Includes direct links to amazon.com for ordering online. LECTRIC LINKS A list of top-rated Electronics-related sites on the Web. -
Personal Computing
Recent History of Computers: Machines for Mass Communication Waseda University, SILS, Science, Technology and Society (LE202) The communication revolution ‚ In the first period of the history of computers, we see that almost all development is driven by the needs and the financial backing of large organizations: government, military, space R&D, large corporations. ‚ In the second period, we will notice that the focus is now shifting to small companies, individual programers, hobbyists and mass consumers. ‚ The focus in the first period was on computation and control. In the second period, it is on usability and communication. ‚ A mass market for computers was created, through the development of a user-friendly personal computer. Four generations of computers 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Period 1940s–1955 1956–1963 1964–1967 1971–present ? Tech- vacuum transistors integrated micro- ? nology tubes circuits processors Size full room large desk sized desk-top, ? (huge) machine hand-held Software machine assembly operating GUI ? language language systems interface The microprocessor ‚ In 1968, the “traitorous seven” left Fairchild Semiconductor to found Intel. ‚ In 1969, Busicom, a Japanese firm, commissioned Intel to make a microprocessor for a handheld calculator. ‚ This lead to the Intel 4004. Intel bought the rights to sell the chip to other companies. ‚ Intel immediately began the process of designing more and more powerful microchips. Schematic: The Intel 4004 ‚ This has lead to computers small enough to fit in our hands. Consumer electronics ‚ The microprocessor made it possible to create more affordable consumer electronics. ‚ The Walkman came out in 1979. Through the 1980s video players, recorders and stereos were marketed. -
Do-It-Yourself Devices: Personal Fabrication of Custom Electronic Products
Do-It-Yourself Devices Personal Fabrication of Custom Electronic Products David Adley Mellis SB Mathematics Massachusetts Institute of Technology, June 2003 MA Interaction Design Interaction Design Institute Ivrea, June 2006 SM Media Arts and Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology, September 2011 Submitted to the Program in Media Arts and Sciences School of Architecture and Planning in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Media Arts and Sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology September 2015 © 2015 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. All right reserved. Author: David A. Mellis Program in Media Arts and Sciences August 7, 2015 Certified by: Mitchel Resnick LEGO Papert Professor of Learning Research Program in Media Arts and Sciences Accepted by: Pattie Maes Academic Head Program in Media Arts and Sciences Do-It-Yourself Devices Personal Fabrication of Custom Electronic Products David Adley Mellis Submitted to the Program in Media Arts and Sciences School of Architecture and Planning on August 7, 2015 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Media Arts and Sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Abstract Many domains of DIY (do-it-yourself) activity, like knitting and woodworking, offer two kinds of value: the making process itself and using the resulting products in one’s life. With electronics, the sophistication of modern devices makes it difficult to combine these values. Instead, when people make electronics today, they generally use toolkits and other prototyping processes that aren’t well suited to extended use. This dissertation investigates digital fabrication (of both electronic circuit boards and enclosures) as an alternative approach to DIY electronics, one that can support individuals in both making devices and using them in their daily lives. -
Uni International 300 N
INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed, a definite method of “sectioning” the material has been followed. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. -
CP/M-80 Kaypro
$3.00 June-July 1985 . No. 24 TABLE OF CONTENTS C'ing Into Turbo Pascal ....................................... 4 Soldering: The First Steps. .. 36 Eight Inch Drives On The Kaypro .............................. 38 Kaypro BIOS Patch. .. 40 Alternative Power Supply For The Kaypro . .. 42 48 Lines On A BBI ........ .. 44 Adding An 8" SSSD Drive To A Morrow MD-2 ................... 50 Review: The Ztime-I .......................................... 55 BDOS Vectors (Mucking Around Inside CP1M) ................. 62 The Pascal Runoff 77 Regular Features The S-100 Bus 9 Technical Tips ........... 70 In The Public Domain... .. 13 Culture Corner. .. 76 C'ing Clearly ............ 16 The Xerox 820 Column ... 19 The Slicer Column ........ 24 Future Tense The KayproColumn ..... 33 Tidbits. .. .. 79 Pascal Procedures ........ 57 68000 Vrs. 80X86 .. ... 83 FORTH words 61 MSX In The USA . .. 84 On Your Own ........... 68 The Last Page ............ 88 NEW LOWER PRICES! NOW IN "UNKIT"* FORM TOO! "BIG BOARD II" 4 MHz Z80·A SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER WITH "SASI" HARD·DISK INTERFACE $795 ASSEMBLED & TESTED $545 "UNKIT"* $245 PC BOARD WITH 16 PARTS Jim Ferguson, the designer of the "Big Board" distributed by Digital SIZE: 8.75" X 15.5" Research Computers, has produced a stunning new computer that POWER: +5V @ 3A, +-12V @ 0.1A Cal-Tex Computers has been shipping for a year. Called "Big Board II", it has the following features: • "SASI" Interface for Winchester Disks Our "Big Board II" implements the Host portion of the "Shugart Associates Systems • 4 MHz Z80-A CPU and Peripheral Chips Interface." Adding a Winchester disk drive is no harder than attaching a floppy-disk The new Ferguson computer runs at 4 MHz. -
Itty Bitty Micro Company | ______| | 8080 Future Drive | | | | | Rochester, NY 14650 | | ITTY | | | | | BITTY | | | | | MICRO | | | | | | | | |______| | /
_____________ / /| /____________/ | Itty Bitty Micro Company | _________ | | 8080 Future Drive | | | | | Rochester, NY 14650 | | ITTY | | | | | BITTY | | | | | MICRO | | | | | | | | |_____________| | / ............ / | January 22, 1980 / ............ / / /______________/ / |_______________|/ Dear Wiz, I know, I know... the West Coast Computer Faire is coming up FAST! You SAID you're on vacation; but I KNOW you, man! You're probably still at home, hacking on that PDP-8 you got at the hamfest. Well, forget that old crap. THIS IS IMPORTANT! The boards for "Project Z" arrived. PLEASE get them assembled and working NOW! If we don't have something INCREDIBLE for the show, we're dead! I already talked to Jim Warren, and got a great booth at the show, right across from Heathkit. I put everything in the box we could find. You've got the boards (aren't they GORGEOUS?), all the parts (I hope!), and every scrap of paper Chip thought you might need. Crash also burned his latest monitor program into the EPROM, and wrote some docs on it. Remember, this is going to be the world's first POCKET COMPUTER! There's no time to get a custom case; so for now just stick it in an Altoids tin. It's a hacker classic, and "everyone knows" you can't make a computer that small (but WE can)! In a world full of big beige boxes, we've got something people will REMEMBER! This is going to be SO much more powerful than your little "Altaid 8800" (that Altair 8080 in a Altoids tin)! Yours truly, Gil Bates Emperor of Marketing Itty Bitty Micro Company cc: Chip Hacker, hardware herder Crash Kernigan, codemeister Wiz Wireman, solderking Trace Weaver, PCB artiste 1 2 Introduction January 1975. -
Related Links History of the Radio Shack Computers
Home Page Links Search About Buy/Sell! Timeline: Show Images Radio Shack TRS-80 Model II 1970 Datapoint 2200 Catalog: 26-4002 1971 Kenbak-1 Announced: May 1979 1972 HP-9830A Released: October 1979 Micral Price: $3450 (32K RAM) 1973 Scelbi-8H $3899 (64K RAM) 1974 Mark-8 CPU: Zilog Z-80A, 4 MHz MITS Altair 8800 RAM: 32K, 64K SwTPC 6800 Ports: Two serial ports 1975 Sphere One parallel port IMSAI 8080 IBM 5100 Display: Built-in 12" monochrome monitor MOS KIM-1 40 X 24 or 80 X 24 text. Sol-20 Storage: One 500K 8-inch built-in floppy drive. Hewlett-Packard 9825 External Expansion w/ 3 floppy bays. PolyMorphic OS: TRS-DOS, BASIC. 1976 Cromemco Z-1 Apple I The Digital Group Rockwell AIM 65 Compucolor 8001 ELF, SuperELF Wameco QM-1A Vector Graphic Vector-1 RCA COSMAC VIP Apple II 1977 Commodore PET Radio Shack TRS-80 Atari VCS (2600) NorthStar Horizon Heathkit H8 Intel MCS-85 Heathkit H11 Bally Home Library Computer Netronics ELF II IBM 5110 VideoBrain Family Computer The TRS-80 Model II microcomputer system, designed and manufactured by Radio Shack in Fort Worth, TX, was not intended to replace or obsolete Compucolor II the Model I, it was designed to take up where the Model I left off - a machine with increased capacity and speed in every respect, targeted directly at the Exidy Sorcerer small-business application market. Ohio Scientific 1978 Superboard II Synertek SYM-1 The Model II contains a single-sided full-height Shugart 8-inch floppy drive, which holds 500K bytes of data, compared to only 87K bytes on the 5-1/4 Interact Model One inch drives of the Model I. -
Personal Computing
Personal Computing Thomas J. Bergin ©Computer History Museum American University Recap: Context • By 1977, there was a fairly robust but fragmented hobbyist-oriented microcomputer industry: – Micro Instrumentation Telemetry Systems (MITS) – Processor Technology – Cromemco – MicroStuf – Kentucky Fried Computers • Two things were needed for the personal computer revolution: 1) a way to store and retrieve data, and 2) a programming language in which to write applications. Homebrew Computer Club • March 5, 1975: the Amateur Computer Users Group (Lee Felsenstein, Bob Marsh, Steve Dompier, BobAlbrecht and 27 others) met in Gordon French’s garage, Menlo Park, CA • 3rd meeting drew several hundred people and was moved to the Coleman mansion • Stanford Linear Accelerator Center’s auditorium – Steve Wozniak shows off his single board computer – Steve Jobs attends meetings Homebrew-ed • 21 companies formed: – Apcose Apple – Cromemco Morrow – North Star Osborne • West Coast Computer Faire • Byte magazine, September 1975 • Byte Shop Both: images.google.com And then there was Traf-O-Data • October 28, 1955: William H. Gates III born – father: attorney mother: schoolteacher • Lakeside School: Lakeside Programming Group – Mothers Club: access to time-shared system at GE – Students hired by local firm to debug software – First computer program: Tic-Tac-Toe (age 13) – Traf-O-Data to sell traffic mgt. software (age 16) • 1973, Bill Gates enrolls at Harvard in pre-law. • Paul Allen is in his second year. January 1975, Popular Electronics: Altair • Allen shows -
Po Box 5487, Berkeley, Ca 94705 (415)
VOLUME 1, NUMBER 4, OCTOBER 1984 AN INTERNATIONAL NEWSLETTER FOR USERS OF MORROW'S COMPUTERS P.O. BOX 5487, BERKELEY, CA 94705 (415) 654-3798 • If you thought you couldn't afford hard disk performance, think again. • The MDS-E hard disk Micro Decision computer with 128K RAM • Seagate Sl)t" Hard Disk with S.4M bytes formatted (Second hard disk can be added) • 384K floppy disk backup. Superfast CP/M 3.0 operating system (compatible with most CP/M 2.2 software) • NewWord word processor. Correct-it spelling checker • New tilt & swivel monitor. Low profile keyboard. Morrow does it again. At $1999, this special introductory offer shatters the price barrier for hard disk computer systems • Call (800) 521-3493 (in California (408) 980-7462) for a dealer near you. Or write to Morrow, 600 McCormick Street, San Leandro, California 94577. CONTENTS EDITORIAL EXCHANGE Edi torial. ••••••••• 2 Letters to the Editor•• 6 COLUMNS The Can File •••• • Ed Niehaus 10 David's Q & A Colurm •• Dave Block 12 Fran The Mailbox ••• •• Stan Ahal t 14 MORROW USERS GROUPS Lost & Found Department ••••• •• Clarence Heier 18 Cleo .............. •• Lionel Johnston • 18 News About MJrrow Users Groups • •• Clarence Heier 19 THE CURIOUS NOVICE'S EXPERIENCE INSIGHT: Spreadsheet Calculators, Part I •• Art Zerrx:>n • 22 Manuals .. ................ •• Milton Levison 25 How To Tell \\hat MD You Have ••••• •• Brian Leyton 26 About Surge and Spike Protectors •••••••• ••• Jerry Sheperd 27 I Thought It Would Never Happen to Me •••• •• Rick Goul ian 28 Never Too Old to Start with a MOrrow • Herb Kahler • 30 WORDSTAR AND NEWWORD MOre Printing and Editing Concurrently with WordStar • Nick Mills •••• 33 Brightening Your Day with NeWWord •••••••••• Bill Steele 35 Progr~ing Your Function Keys with NeWWord ••••• Bill Steele. -
Page 1 of 4 Sinclair ZX80 Computer 1/24/2013
Sinclair ZX80 computer Page 1 of 4 Home Page Old Ads Links Search Buy/Sell! Sinclair ZX80 Anouncedced: February 1980 Available: Late 1980 Price: £99.95 / US$199.95 How many: 50,000 Weight: 12 ounces CPU: Zilog Z80A @ 3.25MHz RAM: 1K, 64K max Display: 22 X 32 text hooks to TV Ports: memory, cassette Peripherals: Sinclair thermal printer OS: ROM BASIC For just $199.95, you can get a complete, powerful, full- function computer, matching or surpassing other personal computers costing several times more. The Sinclair ZX80 is an extraordinary personal computer, compact and briefcase sized, it weighs just 12oz, yet in performance it matches and surpasses systems many times its size and price. The ZX80 is an advanced example of microelectronics design. Inside, it has one-tenth the number of parts of existing comparable machines. In 1980, British company Sinclair released their ZX80 computer for £99.95 (British pound available in the United States, it is considered to be the world's first computer for under U that's what Sinclair Research Ltd stated in all of their ads. At the bottom of the magazine advertisements was an order form: "Please send me __ ZX computer(s) for $199.95 each ..." The ZX-80 was designed with only the base necessit the shelf components - there are no custom or propri involved. An external cassette drive, typical of the era, is the o loading and saving programs. Even cheaper at £75.95 in a kit form, the inexpensive Sinclair ZX-80 introduced many people to the computer world who might otherwise have forth due to the perceived high prices of other albeit more capable computer systems.