4010, 237 8514, 226 80486, 280 82786, 227, 280 a AA. See Anti-Aliasing (AA) Abacus, 16 Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP), 219 Acce
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Index 4010, 237 AIB. See Add-in board (AIB) 8514, 226 Air traffic control system, 303 80486, 280 Akeley, Kurt, 242 82786, 227, 280 Akkadian, 16 Algebra, 26 Alias Research, 169 Alienware, 186 A Alioscopy, 389 AA. See Anti-aliasing (AA) All-In-One computer, 352 Abacus, 16 All-points addressable (APA), 221 Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP), 219 Alpha channel, 328 AccelGraphics, 166, 273 Alpha Processor, 164 Accel-KKR, 170 ALT-256, 223 ACM. See Association for Computing Altair 680b, 181 Machinery (ACM) Alto, 158 Acorn, 156 AMD, 232, 257, 277, 410, 411 ACRTC. See Advanced CRT Controller AMD 2901 bit-slice, 318 (ACRTC) American national Standards Institute (ANSI), ACS, 158 239 Action Graphics, 164, 273 Anaglyph, 376 Acumos, 253 Anaglyph glasses, 385 A.D., 15 Analog computer, 140 Adage, 315 Anamorphic distortion, 377 Adage AGT-30, 317 Anatomic and Symbolic Mapper Engine Adams Associates, 102 (ASME), 110 Adams, Charles W., 81, 148 Anderson, Bob, 321 Add-in board (AIB), 217, 363 AN/FSQ-7, 302 Additive color, 328 Anisotropic filtering (AF), 65 Adobe, 280 ANSI. See American national Standards Adobe RGB, 328 Institute (ANSI) Advanced CRT Controller (ACRTC), 226 Anti-aliasing (AA), 63 Advanced Remote Display Station (ARDS), ANTIC graphics co-processor, 279 322 Antikythera device, 127 Advanced Visual Systems (AVS), 164 APA. See All-points addressable (APA) AED 512, 333 Apalatequi, 42 AF. See Anisotropic filtering (AF) Aperture grille, 326 AGP. See Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) API. See Application program interface Ahiska, Yavuz, 260 standard (API) AI. See Artificial intelligence (AI) Apollo Computer, 154, 161, 164 J. Peddie, The History of Visual Magic in Computers: How Beautiful Images 433 are Made in CAD, 3D, VR and AR, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-4932-3, © Springer-Verlag London 2013 434 Index Apollo DN2500, 166 B Apple, 279 Babbage, Charles, 133 Apple II, 278 Babylonian mathematics, 20 Apple Macintosh, 194, 279 Babylonians, 16 Application program interface standard (API), Backup Interceptor Control system (BUIC), 233 305 Application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC), Baer, Ralph H., 182, 314 230 Bailey, Ron, 168 ARB, 242 Banatao, Dado, 253, 262 Archos, 187 Baptistry in Florence, 29 Ardent, 273 Barry, Dave, 106, 397 Ardent Computer, 163 BAT CAVE, 421 ARDS. See Advanced Remote Display Station BCE, 15 (ARDS) Beale, Horace, 227 Area 51 PC, 186 Beale, Robert, 227 Argonaut Software, 243 Bechtolsheim, Andreas, 161 Arithmetic units (AUs), 201 Beckers, Alexander, 378 ARM processor, 156 Beginning of linguistics, 17 ARPANET, 90, 304 Bell, Gorden, 163 Array Technologies Incorporated (ATI), 230, Bell Labs, 158, 160 232, 254, 277 Belluzzo, Rick, 170 Arthur C. Clarke, 153 benchMark Technologies, 260 Artificial intelligence (AI), 83, 431 Berkeley Computer Group, 157 Artist Graphics, 228, 281 Berkeley, Edmund C, 175 ArtX, 170, 257 Bezier´ curves, 44 AR, VR. See Augmented and virtual reality Bezier,´ Pierre, 44, 45 (AR, VR) Bezier´ splines, 44 Ashtadhyayi, 17 Bilinear filtering, 64 ASIC. See Application-specific integrated Billingsley, Fred C, 290 circuits (ASIC) Binocular vision, 387 Asimov, Isaac, 174, 196 Birkhoff, Garabedian, 44 ASME. See Anatomic and Symbolic Mapper Bishop, Robert, 170 Engine (ASME) Bit BLT, 279 Assassin’s Creed, 29 24-bit color, 328 Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 8-bit DACs, 328 238 Bitzer, Donald L, 310, 341 Atanasoff-Berry computer, 144 Blackbelt, 268 Atanasoff, John, 144 Blinn, Jim, 51, 61 Atari, 92, 276 Blinn–Phong shading model, 61 Atari 800, 279 Blinn’s Law, 429 AT bus, 216 BLT’er, 262 ATI. See Array Technologies Incorporated Blue screen of death, 234 (ATI) BNL. See Brookhaven National Laboratory ATI Technologies, 254 (BNL) Augmented and virtual reality (AR, VR), 152 Boeing Man, 102 Augmented Reality, 413 Bomarc and Nike missiles, 303 AUs. See Arithmetic units (AUs) Boston route 128, 305 AutoCAD, 105, 195, 228, 278 Bouton, Charles L., 80 Autodesk, 105, 170, 243 Bowditch curve, 292 AUTOPROMT, 47 Bowery, Jim, 94 Auto-stereoscopic, 388 Braun, Ferdinand, 292 AV S . See Advanced Visual Systems (AVS) Braun, first CRT, 137 Index 435 Braun, Karl Ferdinand, 137 Charles Muench, 337 BRender, 243 Checkerboard pattern, 391 Bresenham, Jack, 46 Cheek, Thomas B., 311 Bresenham’s line algorithm, 47 Chess program, 83 Brightland, 406 Chips, 225 Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), 86 Chips and Technologies (C&T), 253, 254 Brooktree, 253 Chiu Chang Suan Shu, 24 Brubelleschi, 29 Chromatics, 335 BSD UNIX, 160 CIE 1931 color space chromaticity diagram, B-splines, 42 330 Bucketing, 274 Circular polarization, 393 Bump mapping, 62 Cirrus Logic, 253 Burroughs, 163 C language, 90 Burroughs Corporation, 306 Clarke’s, Arthur C., 57 Bushnell, Nolan, 92 Clark, Jim, 60, 155, 167 Bush, Vannevar, 101, 140 Clarkson, Tom, 240 Clark, Wes, 100 CMYK, 328 C Cocke, John, 155, 158 86C911, 262 Cohen, Dan, 333 CAD. See Computer Aided Design (CAD) Cohen-Sutherland computer graphics line CADAM, 103, 172 clipping algorithm, 335 CAD/CAM. See Computer Aided Coin-operated video game, 92 Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing Cold cathode, 297 (CAD/CAM) Cold-cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL), 338 CADD. See Computer-Aided Design and Cold war, 300 Drafting (CADD) CollAborative Virtual Environment, 421 CADDS4, 156 Colley, Steve, 95 CAD modeling, 109 Color, additive, 328 Callahan, Mark, 413 Color CRT, 326 Calligraphic displays, 292, 313 Color gamut, 328 Cambridge Interactive Systems, 156 Color Graphics Adaptor (CGA), 220, 224, 356 Campbell, Gordon, 253 Color model, 328 Cani, Marie–Paule, 51 Color-shifted glasses, 376 Cape Cod System, 301 Color space, 328 Capture (encode), 375 Color, subtractive, 328 Carl Friedrich Gauss, 24 Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS), 276 Carmack, John, 416 Commodore, 254 Cathode rays, 292 Commodore Amiga, 279 Catmull, Edwin, 60, 69 Commodore Business Machines, 192 CAVE. See Computer-assisted virtual Commodore PET, 181, 192, 278 environment (CAVE) Complex Number Calculator, first digital CAVE2, 422 computer, 145 CCFL. See Cold-cathode fluorescent lamp Computational fluid dynamics, 110 (CCFL) Computek Inc, 322 CDC. See Control Data Corporation (CDC) Computer Aided Design (CAD), 40, 102, 105, CDC model 274, 316 152, 400 CDI. See Computer Displays Inc.,(CDI) Computer-Aided Design and Drafting CE, 15 (CADD), 103 CGA. See Color Graphics Adaptor (CGA) Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided CGI. See Computer-generated imagery (CGI) Manufacturing (CAD/CAM), 152 CG industry. See Computer graphics (CG) Computer-assisted virtual environment industry (CAVE), 78, 419 Channel, alpha, 328 Computer Automatic Virtual Environment, 419 436 Index Computer Displays Inc. (CDI), 322 Daguerre, Louis, 381 Computer game, 86 Daguerrotype,´ 381 Computer-generated imagery (CGI), 240 Dana Computer, 163 Computer graphics, 101 Dassault, 235 Computer graphics (CG) industry, 152 Data General, 154, 157, 336 Computer interaction, 152 Datagloves, 415 Computer, parts of, 211 Datapoint 2200, 177 Computer Space, 92 3D avatar, 110 Computer Terminal Corporation (CTC), 177 3DCIF, 244 Computervision, 152, 156 D3D. See Direct3D (D3D) Condon, Ed U., 80, 83 2D/3D switchable LCD, 388 Conexant, 253 DDWG, 360 Conic sections, 42 Death Becomes Her, 70 Conograph, 317 de Boor, Carl, 44 Control Data Corporation (CDC), 316 DEC. See Digital Equipment Corporation Control Systems, 227 (DEC) Convergent Technologies, 162, 273 de Casteljau, Paul, 44, 45 Cook, David, 407 de Castro, Edson, 154 Coons Patch, 44 DEC 340 display system, 308 Coons, Steven Anson, 44 DEC GT40 Graphic Display Terminal, 332 Coopetition, 252 DEC KV8I, 322 Core, 238, 242 DEC Type 30 Direct View Display, 299 COTS. See Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) de Dondi, Giovanni, 131 Courant, Richard, 53 de Dondi, Jacopo, 131 CP/M operating system, 179, 278 Deep Blue, 84 Craig, Alan, 412 DeFanti, Tom, 419 Cray Research, 169 dell’Orologio, Jacopo Dondi, 131 Creative Labs, 260, 277 Delta-gun, 326 Criterion, 235 Denali graphics, 273 Criterion Software, 243 De prospectiva pingendi, 31 Crookes, William, 292 Desargues, Girard, 381 Crooks tube, 292 Descartes metaphysical views, 32 Crow, Frank, 63 Design augmented by computer (DAC), 103 Crowther, Will, 95 Desktop publishing, 280 CRT controllers (CRTC), 225, 230 Deville, Edouard,´ 382 CrystalEyes, 384 3Dfx, 225, 235, 244, 268, 277 Crystal radio, 138 3Dfx Voodoo, 281 C&T. See Chips and Technologies (C&T) DGIS. See Direct Graphics Interface Standard CTC. See Computer Terminal Corporation (DGIS) (CTC) Diamond Multimedia, 256 Cybernauts, 415 Dick, Philip K, 99 CYM, 329 Difference Engine, 135 Differential analyzer, 140 Digigraphics, 316 D Digital Display Working Group, 360 2½-D, 374 Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), 88, 3D, 374 150, 164, 198, 230, 273, 299, 304 Dabney, Ted, 92 Digital light processing (DLP), 227 DAC-1, 47 Digital Media Professionals (DMP), 409 DAC chip, 253 Digital Research, Inc (DRI), 179 DAC project, 313 Digital to analog, 357 da Cruz, Frank, 176 Digital-to-analog converters (DACs), 215, 253, DACs. See Digital-to-analog converters 328 (DACs) Digital Visual Interface, 360 Index 437 Digitizers, 197 E Dimension Technologies, 388 Early computers, 145 Dimond, Tom, 196 Eckert, J. Presper, 145, 296 Direct3D 5.0, 281 Edens, Glenn, 197 Direct3D (D3D), 245, 248 EDID, 360, 362 DirectDraw, 235, 245 EDM. See Electronic Drafting Machine (EDM) Direct Graphics Interface Standard (DGIS), EDSAC. See Electronic Delay Storage 241, 243 Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) Direct-memory access (DMA), 279, 317 EDVAC, 296 Direct-view bi-stable storage tube (DVBST), Edwards, Dan, 89 321 EGA. See Enhanced Graphics Adaptor (EGA) Direct View