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Home , Apollo Computer, ArtX, ATI Technologies, Diamond Multimedia, Digigraphics, IBM 8514

Index

4010, 237 AIB. See Add-in board (AIB) 8514, 226 Air traffic control system, 303 80486, 280 Akeley, Kurt, 242 82786, 227, 280 Akkadian, 16 Algebra, 26 Alias Research, 169 Alienware, 186 A Alioscopy, 389 AA. See Anti-aliasing (AA) All-In-One computer, 352 Abacus, 16 All-points addressable (APA), 221 Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP), 219 Alpha channel, 328 AccelGraphics, 166, 273 Alpha Processor, 164 Accel-KKR, 170 ALT-256, 223 ACM. See Association for Computing Altair 680b, 181 Machinery (ACM) Alto, 158 Acorn, 156 AMD, 232, 257, 277, 410, 411 ACRTC. See Advanced CRT Controller AMD 2901 bit-slice, 318 (ACRTC) American national Standards Institute (ANSI), ACS, 158 239 Action Graphics, 164, 273 Anaglyph, 376 Acumos, 253 Anaglyph glasses, 385 A.D., 15 Analog computer, 140 Adage, 315 Anamorphic distortion, 377 Adage AGT-30, 317 Anatomic and Symbolic Mapper Engine Adams Associates, 102 (ASME), 110 Adams, Charles W., 81, 148 Anderson, Bob, 321 Add-in board (AIB), 217, 363 AN/FSQ-7, 302 Additive color, 328 Anisotropic filtering (AF), 65 Adobe, 280 ANSI. See American national Standards Adobe RGB, 328 Institute (ANSI) Advanced CRT Controller (ACRTC), 226 Anti-aliasing (AA), 63 Advanced Remote Display Station (ARDS), ANTIC graphics co-processor, 279 322 Antikythera device, 127 Advanced Visual Systems (AVS), 164 APA. See All-points addressable (APA) AED 512, 333 Apalatequi, 42 AF. See Anisotropic filtering (AF) Aperture grille, 326 AGP. See Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) API. See Application program interface Ahiska, Yavuz, 260 standard (API) AI. See Artificial intelligence (AI) Apollo Computer, 154, 161, 164

J. Peddie, The History of Visual Magic in Computers: How Beautiful Images 433 are Made in CAD, 3D, VR and AR, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-4932-3, © Springer-Verlag London 2013 434 Index

Apollo DN2500, 166 B Apple, 279 Babbage, Charles, 133 Apple II, 278 Babylonian mathematics, 20 Apple , 194, 279 Babylonians, 16 Application program interface standard (API), Backup Interceptor Control system (BUIC), 233 305 Application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC), Baer, Ralph H., 182, 314 230 Bailey, Ron, 168 ARB, 242 Banatao, Dado, 253, 262 Archos, 187 Baptistry in Florence, 29 Ardent, 273 Barry, Dave, 106, 397 Ardent Computer, 163 BAT CAVE, 421 ARDS. See Advanced Remote Display Station BCE, 15 (ARDS) Beale, Horace, 227 Area 51 PC, 186 Beale, Robert, 227 Argonaut Software, 243 Bechtolsheim, Andreas, 161 Arithmetic units (AUs), 201 Beckers, Alexander, 378 ARM processor, 156 Beginning of linguistics, 17 ARPANET, 90, 304 Bell, Gorden, 163 Array Technologies Incorporated (ATI), 230, Bell Labs, 158, 160 232, 254, 277 Belluzzo, Rick, 170 Arthur C. Clarke, 153 benchMark Technologies, 260 Artificial intelligence (AI), 83, 431 Berkeley Computer Group, 157 Artist Graphics, 228, 281 Berkeley, Edmund C, 175 ArtX, 170, 257 Bezier´ curves, 44 AR, VR. See Augmented and virtual reality Bezier,´ Pierre, 44, 45 (AR, VR) Bezier´ splines, 44 Ashtadhyayi, 17 Bilinear filtering, 64 ASIC. See Application-specific integrated Billingsley, Fred C, 290 circuits (ASIC) Binocular , 387 Asimov, Isaac, 174, 196 Birkhoff, Garabedian, 44 ASME. See Anatomic and Symbolic Mapper Bishop, Robert, 170 Engine (ASME) Bit BLT, 279 Assassin’s Creed, 29 24-bit color, 328 Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 8-bit DACs, 328 238 Bitzer, Donald L, 310, 341 Atanasoff-Berry computer, 144 Blackbelt, 268 Atanasoff, John, 144 Blinn, Jim, 51, 61 Atari, 92, 276 Blinn–Phong model, 61 Atari 800, 279 Blinn’s Law, 429 AT , 216 BLT’er, 262 ATI. See Array Technologies Incorporated Blue screen of death, 234 (ATI) BNL. See Brookhaven National Laboratory ATI Technologies, 254 (BNL) Augmented and virtual reality (AR, VR), 152 Boeing Man, 102 Augmented Reality, 413 Bomarc and Nike missiles, 303 AUs. See Arithmetic units (AUs) Boston route 128, 305 AutoCAD, 105, 195, 228, 278 Bouton, Charles L., 80 , 105, 170, 243 Bowditch curve, 292 AUTOPROMT, 47 Bowery, Jim, 94 Auto-stereoscopic, 388 Braun, Ferdinand, 292 AV S . See Advanced Visual Systems (AVS) Braun, first CRT, 137 Index 435

Braun, Karl Ferdinand, 137 Charles Muench, 337 BRender, 243 Checkerboard pattern, 391 Bresenham, Jack, 46 Cheek, Thomas B., 311 Bresenham’s line algorithm, 47 Chess program, 83 Brightland, 406 Chips, 225 Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), 86 (C&T), 253, 254 Brooktree, 253 Chiu Chang Suan Shu, 24 Brubelleschi, 29 Chromatics, 335 BSD , 160 CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram, B-splines, 42 330 Bucketing, 274 Circular polarization, 393 Bump mapping, 62 , 253 Burroughs, 163 C language, 90 Burroughs Corporation, 306 Clarke’s, Arthur C., 57 Bushnell, Nolan, 92 Clark, Jim, 60, 155, 167 Bush, Vannevar, 101, 140 Clarkson, Tom, 240 Clark, Wes, 100 CMYK, 328 C Cocke, John, 155, 158 86C911, 262 Cohen, Dan, 333 CAD. See Computer Aided Design (CAD) Cohen-Sutherland line CADAM, 103, 172 clipping algorithm, 335 CAD/CAM. See Computer Aided Coin-operated video game, 92 Design/Computer Aided Cold cathode, 297 (CAD/CAM) Cold-cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL), 338 CADD. See Computer-Aided Design and Cold war, 300 Drafting (CADD) CollAborative Virtual Environment, 421 CADDS4, 156 Colley, Steve, 95 CAD modeling, 109 Color, additive, 328 Callahan, Mark, 413 Color CRT, 326 Calligraphic displays, 292, 313 Color gamut, 328 Cambridge Interactive Systems, 156 Color Graphics Adaptor (CGA), 220, 224, 356 Campbell, Gordon, 253 Color model, 328 Cani, Marie–Paule, 51 Color-shifted glasses, 376 Cape Cod System, 301 Color space, 328 Capture (encode), 375 Color, subtractive, 328 Carl Friedrich Gauss, 24 Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS), 276 Carmack, John, 416 Commodore, 254 Cathode rays, 292 Commodore Amiga, 279 Catmull, Edwin, 60, 69 Commodore Business Machines, 192 CAVE. See Computer-assisted virtual Commodore PET, 181, 192, 278 environment (CAVE) Complex Number Calculator, first digital CAVE2, 422 computer, 145 CCFL. See Cold-cathode fluorescent lamp Computational fluid dynamics, 110 (CCFL) Computek Inc, 322 CDC. See (CDC) Computer Aided Design (CAD), 40, 102, 105, CDC model 274, 316 152, 400 CDI. See Computer Displays Inc.,(CDI) Computer-Aided Design and Drafting CE, 15 (CADD), 103 CGA. See Color Graphics Adaptor (CGA) Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided CGI. See Computer-generated imagery (CGI) Manufacturing (CAD/CAM), 152 CG industry. See Computer graphics (CG) Computer-assisted virtual environment industry (CAVE), 78, 419 Channel, alpha, 328 Computer Automatic Virtual Environment, 419 436 Index

Computer Displays Inc. (CDI), 322 Daguerre, Louis, 381 Computer game, 86 Daguerrotype,´ 381 Computer-generated imagery (CGI), 240 Dana Computer, 163 Computer graphics, 101 Dassault, 235 Computer graphics (CG) industry, 152 , 154, 157, 336 Computer interaction, 152 Datagloves, 415 Computer, parts of, 211 Datapoint 2200, 177 Computer Space, 92 3D avatar, 110 Computer Terminal Corporation (CTC), 177 3DCIF, 244 Computervision, 152, 156 D3D. See (D3D) Condon, Ed U., 80, 83 2D/3D switchable LCD, 388 Conexant, 253 DDWG, 360 Conic sections, 42 Death Becomes Her, 70 Conograph, 317 de Boor, Carl, 44 Control Data Corporation (CDC), 316 DEC. See Digital Equipment Corporation Control Systems, 227 (DEC) Convergent Technologies, 162, 273 de Casteljau, Paul, 44, 45 Cook, David, 407 de Castro, Edson, 154 Coons Patch, 44 DEC 340 display system, 308 Coons, Steven Anson, 44 DEC GT40 Graphic Display Terminal, 332 Coopetition, 252 DEC KV8I, 322 Core, 238, 242 DEC Type 30 Direct View Display, 299 COTS. See Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) de Dondi, Giovanni, 131 Courant, Richard, 53 de Dondi, Jacopo, 131 CP/M , 179, 278 Deep Blue, 84 Craig, Alan, 412 DeFanti, Tom, 419 Cray Research, 169 ’Orologio, Jacopo Dondi, 131 Creative Labs, 260, 277 Delta-gun, 326 Criterion, 235 Denali graphics, 273 Criterion Software, 243 De prospectiva pingendi, 31 Crookes, William, 292 Desargues, Girard, 381 Crooks tube, 292 Descartes metaphysical views, 32 Crow, Frank, 63 Design augmented by computer (DAC), 103 Crowther, Will, 95 Desktop publishing, 280 CRT controllers (CRTC), 225, 230 Deville, Edouard,´ 382 CrystalEyes, 384 3Dfx, 225, 235, 244, 268, 277 Crystal radio, 138 3Dfx Voodoo, 281 C&T. See Chips and Technologies (C&T) DGIS. See Direct Graphics Interface Standard CTC. See Computer Terminal Corporation (DGIS) (CTC) , 256 Cybernauts, 415 Dick, Philip K, 99 CYM, 329 Difference Engine, 135 Differential analyzer, 140 Digigraphics, 316 D Digital Display Working Group, 360 2½-D, 374 Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), 88, 3D, 374 150, 164, 198, 230, 273, 299, 304 Dabney, Ted, 92 Digital light processing (DLP), 227 DAC-1, 47 Digital Media Professionals (DMP), 409 DAC chip, 253 Digital Research, Inc (DRI), 179 DAC project, 313 Digital to analog, 357 da Cruz, Frank, 176 Digital-to-analog converters (DACs), 215, 253, DACs. See Digital-to-analog converters 328 (DACs) Digital Visual Interface, 360 Index 437

Digitizers, 197 E Dimension Technologies, 388 Early computers, 145 Dimond, Tom, 196 Eckert, J. Presper, 145, 296 Direct3D 5.0, 281 Edens, Glenn, 197 Direct3D (D3D), 245, 248 EDID, 360, 362 DirectDraw, 235, 245 EDM. See Electronic Drafting Machine (EDM) Direct Graphics Interface Standard (DGIS), EDSAC. See Electronic Delay Storage 241, 243 Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) Direct-memory access (DMA), 279, 317 EDVAC, 296 Direct-view bi-stable storage tube (DVBST), Edwards, Dan, 89 321 EGA. See Enhanced Graphics Adaptor (EGA) Direct View Storage Tube, 321 Egyptian symbols for fractions, 425 DirectX, 235 EISA. See Extended (or Enhanced) Industry DirectX 10, 231 Standard Architecture (EISA) Disbelief, suspension of, 430 Eisenlohr, Jay, 275 Discrete, 235 Electrohome, 420 Disney, 61 Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator Display (decode), 375 (EDSAC), 84 Display data channel, 360 Electronic Drafting Machine (EDM), 102, DisplayLink, 365 317 Display list, 239, 278 Electronics systems laboratory (ESL), 103 DisplayPort, 362 Electronic Visualization Laboratory, 419 Dithering, 63 Electrostatics, 136 Division Group PLC, 274 The Elements, 19 , 230, 261, 277, 281 Elisseeff, Andre, 110 DLP. See Digital light processing (DLP) Ellenby, John, 197 DLP projectors, 391 Ellis, Tom, 197 DMA. See Direct-memory access (DMA) Elsa, 407 Dolby, 385 Embedded graphics, 278 DOS, 245 Empire, 94 Douglas, A.S., 85 Engelbart, Douglas, 101, 156 3DR. See 3DRender (3DR) England, Nick, 167, 318 DreamCast, 268 Enhanced Graphics Adaptor (EGA), 279, 3D reconstruction, 389 357 3DRender (3DR), 244 ENIAC, 146, 214 Dreyfus, Hubert, 83 Environmental mapping, 61 Driver, software, 233 Environment-mapped object, 62 DS handheld game machine, 408 E&S. See Evans & Sutherland (E&S) 3DS handheld game machine, 408 Escalante, 274 Duboscq, Louis Jules, 378 The escarpment mechanism, 130 Du Mont, Allen B, 294 ESL. See Electronics systems laboratory (ESL) Dunn, Bob, 73 Euclid, 17, 19, 387 Dunn, Jeffrey W., 273 Eurographics, 74 DuPont Laboratories, 81 Evans, Dave, 58 DuPont Systems, 260 Evans & Sutherland (E&S), 152, 166, 230, Durer, Albrecht, 381 273, 276, 281, 315, 325, 384 Dust abacus, Babylonia, 140 Everett, Robert, 150 DVBST. See Direct-view bi-stable storage tube EVGA, 358 (DVBST) Ewald, Bo, 170 DVI, 360 Extended Display Identification Data channel, Dynabook, 158, 197, 199 360 Dynamic Digital Depth, 410 Extended (or Enhanced) Industry Standard Dynamic Pictures, 273, 281 Architecture (EISA), 217 Dynamic range, 354 Eyefinity, 346, 364 438 Index

F First interactive computer graphics game, 148 Fab less semiconductor companies, 253 First LCD handheld game console, 184 Fahrenheit, 246 First multiplayer 3D FPS game, 94 Fahrenheit project, 170 First multi-player game, 94 Fahrenheit , 247 First non-mainframe computer, 154 Fake-D, 374 First PC-based 3D FPS game, 97 Famicom 3D System, , 405 First PC CAD board, 228 Faraday’s experiments, 137 First PC graphics boar, 222 Farnsworth, Philo T., 138 First photogrammetric devices and methods, Father of the term Pixel, 291 381 FEA. See Finite Element Analysis (FEA) First public game, 86 FEM. See Finite Element Modeling (FEM) First real-time computer, 148 Fergasen, Jim, 384 First S3D shutter glasses, 383 Ferguson, James, 44 First stereo movie, 379 Ferranti, 82 First stereoplotter, 382 Ferranti Argus computer, 106 First stereo viewer, 377 Ferranti Mark, 83 First tennis game, 86 Fessenden, Reginald, 139 First tic-tac-toe game, 86 Fetter introduced the term computer graphics, First use of objects, 100 48 First video arcade game machine, 181 Fetter, William, 48 First video display terminals, 307 FGL. See Fire GL (FGL) First , 183 Finite element analysis (FEA), 53 First Virtual Reality, 413 Finite element modeling (FEM), 53 Fisher, Scott, 415 Fire GL (FGL), 255, 256 Flagellation, 31 First airplane lofted, 43 Flipper graphics chip, 257 First animated computer graphic, 148 Fluid dynamics, 69 First arcade game, 92 Flyback, 298 First bit-mapped PC graphics board, 224 Foley, James D, 332 First chess program, 83 Ford, 103 First commercial stereoscopes, 378 Forrester, Jay, 149 First computer game, 82 Forrester, Jay W, 304 First 3D console, 230 Foundation of triangles, 17 First DEC general-purpose computer, 299 Fractal geometry, 67 First dedicated game PC, 186 Frame, 325 First 3D game console, 183 Franklin, Benjamin, 136 First 3D gaming chip, 260 Frassanito, Jack, 178 First 3D graphics board for the PC, 228 Free-D, 275 First 3D graphics , 161 French Curve, 41 First 3D handheld game console, 184 Fu, Ping, 420 First digital computer, 144 Fuchs, Henry, 274 First 3D-polygonal game, 96 Fujitsu, 276 First 3D video arcade game, 181 Fusion, 278 First electronic game machine, 83 First, first-person, 3D maze game, 95 First, first-person shooter game, 150 G First functional program-controlled Turing- 3GA, 228 complete computer, 142 Galactic Patrol, 89 First game computer, 80 Game Boy, 184 First glove device for virtual world, 413 GamePad, 187 First GPU, 264 Gamma, 330 First , 99 Gamut, 328 First graphics terminal, 299 Gaseous and fluid phenomena, 67 First integrated graphics chip, 270 Gates and switches, 139 Index 439

Gates, Bill, 174, 193 GridPad, 197 Gaussian elimination, 24 GRiD Systems, 198 GDDM. See Graphical Data Display Manager Gruber, William B., 379 (GDDM) GSP. See Graphics system processor (GSP) GDI. See Graphics Device Interface (GDI) GSPC. See Graphics Standards Planning GE 635, 91 Committee (GSPC) GeForce, 230 GSS. See Graphics Software and Systems Geisberg, Sam, 156 (GSS) GE-645 mainframe, 159 GUI. See Graphical user interface (GUI) GEM project, 47 GUI acceleration, 254 General Electric, 276 Guild, John, 330 General motors, 103 Gurley, Ben, 299 General Motors Research Laboratories, 47 Geometry, 17 Geometry Engine, 155, 167, 228 H Geometry of triangles, 13 Hackworth, Michael, 253 Gernelle, Franc¸ois, 178 Haeff, Andrew V., 321 Gesture control, 408 HAL, 153 Ghosting, 387 Hanratty, Patrick, 47, 103 Gigi, 260 Hardware matrix, 316 Gijsbert Voet, 33 Hardware T&L, 281 Gilmore, John, 148 Hart, Donald, 103 Gilmore Jr., John T, 81 Hazeltine, 319 GINO-F, 237 HD63484, 226 GKS. See Graphical Kernel System (GKS) HDCP, 360 Glasses-free, 388 HD 3D Glasses Initiative, 391 Glide, 234, 244 HDR. See High-dynamic range (HDR) GLiNT, 260 HDTV projector, 227 Glint, 230 Head Dome Projector, 415 Goldberg, Adele, 199 Head-mounted display (HMDs), 414 Goldsmith, Jr., Thomas T., 81 Head-tracking system, 390 Gouraud, Henri, 58 Hecker, Chris, 244 Gouraud shading, 58 Heilig, Morton, 412 GPU. See Graphics Processor Unit (GPU) Heinlein, Robert A, 99 GPX, 228 Hennessy, John L, 156 Graetz, Martin, 89 Henricus Regius, 33 Grafacon, 197 Henri de Roy, 33 Graphical Data Display Manager (GDDM), Hercules Computer Technology, 224 240 Heron of Alexandria, 25 Graphical Kernel System (GKS), 238, 242 Hertzfeld, Andy, 193 Graphical user interface (GUI), 99, 194, 227, Hewlett–Packard, 158 280 Hierarchical Object-Oriented Programming Graphics controller/processor standards, 232 System (HOOPS), 243 Graphics Device Interface (GDI), 244 High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection, Graphics display controller (GDC), 225, 244 360 Graphics driver, 233 High Definition Multimedia, 361 Graphics Processor Unit (GPU), 119, 201, 230 High-dynamic range (HDR), 70, 354 Graphics Software and Systems (GSS), 240 Higinbotham, William A, 86 Graphics Standards Planning Committee Hillis, Danny, 164 (GSPC), 238 Hitachi, 222, 226 Graphics system processor (GSP), 226 Ho, K.Y., 254 Gray, Elisha, 195 Hollerith, Herman, 133 Greenblatt, Richard, 84 Holmes, Wendell, 378 Gregorian, 15 Holodeck, 419 440 Index

Holzman, Bob, 62 Imlac, 316 Honeywell, 156 Immediate mode, 241 Honnecourt, Villard de, 130, 131 Industry Standard Architecture (IAS), 216 Hook, Brian, 268 Infinite Z, 401 HOOPS. See Hierarchical Object-Oriented Infitec, 385 Programming System (HOOPS) Information Displays Inc. (IDI), 311, 315 Hot cathode, 297 Infrared, glasses, 391 HP, 164, 276 Intecolor 8001, 337 HP PA, 164, 173 Integrated circuits (ICs), 174, 215–216 HP 200 Series, 171 Integrated graphics processor (IGP), 232, 270 HP Z1, 352 Integrated Raster Imaging System Graphics Hrennikoff, Alexander, 53 Library (IRIS GL), 239, 242 HSB, 329 , 216, 232, 244, 254, 278 HSV, 329 Intel 4004, 325 Huang, Jen Hsun, 187, 262 Intel 8008, 177 Hughes, 317 Intel 8080, 179 Hunter, J.D., 101 Intel 82720, 269 Hursley lab, 240 Intel 80287FP processor, 195 120-Hz monitors, 390 Intelligent Systems Corporation, 337 Interactive computer graphics, 100 Intercontinental bomber, 300 I Intergalactic Digital Research, 179 i486, 280 Intergraph, 170, 281 i740, 269 Internet bubble, 231 i860, 229, 269 Interpolated normals, 59 IAS. See Industry Standard Architecture (IAS) Intracardiac surgery, 414 IBM, 158, 276, 279 IP, 275 IBM 610, 307 IRIS 1000, 335 IBM 704, 152 IRIS 1400, 161, 168 IBM 5080, 222, 336 IRIS 2000, 168 IBM 5153, 221 IRIS GL. See Integrated Raster Imaging IBM 7094, 91 System (IRIS GL) IBM 7904, 308 IRIS Graphics Library, 169 IBM 8514, 358 I, Robot, 96 IBM clone market, 252 Itanium processor, 170 IBM 2250 graphics display, 47 , 102 IBM 2250 graphics terminal, 311 Itek, 316 IBM 5085 model 2 graphics processor, 172 Ivan Sutherland, 44, 58 IBM PC, 278 Iwata, Satoru, 408 IBM PC/RT 6150, 227 IZD, 409 IBM Personal Computer, 194 IZD monitor, 409 IBM Power architecture, 173 IBM Power Visualization system, 229 IBM RS/6000, 172 J IBM RT, 6150, 172 Jacquard Loom, 132 IBM’s RISC RS6000, 164 Jaggies, 46 Iconoscope, 138 Jimenez, Jorge, 70 ICs. See Integrated circuits (ICs) Jiu Zhang Suan Shu, 24 IDI. See Information Displays Inc. (IDI) Jobs, Steve, 173, 193 IDIGS, 237 Johnson, Carroll K., 400 IDIIOM, 311 Johnson, John B, 297 IGP. See Integrated graphics processor (IGP) Joy, Bill, 160, 161 Ikonas, 167, 318 Jupiter 12, 335 Imagination Technologies (IMG), 244, 275 Jupiter Systems, 335 Index 441

K Liming, Roy, 43 4k, 343 , 90 Kasik, David, 107 Lipton, Lenny, 384 Kasparov, Gary, 84 Liquid crystal display (LCD), 299, 338 Kay, Alan, 157, 158, 197 Lissajous curve, 292 Kelly, John Larry, 153 Lockheed, 103, 230, 276 Kelsh Plotter, 382 Lockheed Martin, 269 Kent, Osmon, 260 Lofting, 42 Khayyam, Omar, 26 Loftsmen, 41 Khosla, Vinod, 161 Looker, 69 Khronos, 242, 248 Lo Shu square, 23 Kilburn, Tom, 296, 321 Low-cost graphic display for a computer Kilby, Jack, 174 time-sharing console, 312 Kildall, Gary, 179 LSI. See Large-scale integrated circuits (LSI) Kinect, 99 Lucas Film, 274 Kinescope, 294 Luckey, Palmer, 416 Kludge, 106, 308 Lundy, 156 Kosma, Vladimir Zworykin, 294 Lyon, Richard F, 290 Kotok, Alan, 89 Krull, Fred, 103 Kubota, 273 M Kubota Graphics, 164 Mach8, 254, 277 Kubota Ltd, 163 Mach, Ernst, 382 Kubota Pacific, 164 Machine intelligence, 83 Kutt, Mers, 178 Machover, Carl, 311, 320 Macintosh computer, 194 MAC project, 308 L MAGI, 48 Laboratory for Information and Decision Magnavox Odyssey, 183 Systems (LIDS), 308 Magnetic deflection, 298 La geom´ etrie,´ 33 Maher, Kathleen, 79 Langridge, Robert, 106 Malachowsky, Chris, 262 Lanier, Jaron, 413 Manchester Mark 1, 321 Laposky, Ben, 295 MANIAC II chess game, 83 Larabee, 270 Mann, Estle Ray, 81 Large-scale integrated circuits (LSI), 229 Mapping, 60 Laussedat, Aime, 381 Mark-8 microcomputer, 179 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 107, Martin, Jerry, 177 153 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), LCD displays, 338 148 LCD shutter glasses, 376 MasterImage, 388 LeBow, Bcnnet, 311 Mati., Branko, 222 Lectrice, 198 Matrix mathematics, 22 LED-backlit, 338 Matrix method, 24 Lee, Theodore M.P., 333 , 231, 232, 277 Lemon, Jason, 52 Matrox electronics, 222 Lem, Stanislaw, 196 Matsa, Sam, 72 Lenticular lens, 388 Mauchly, Dr. J.W., 145, 146 Lentz, John, 176 Max, Nelson, 107, 398 Levinthal, Cyrus, 106, 308, 396 Maxwell the theory of the electromagnetic Lexidata, 335 field, 137 Light-emitting diode, 338 MCA, 216 Light gun, 150 McAllister, Stephen, 383 Light pen, 100 McAuto, 152 442 Index

McDermott, Robert, 60 Monitor Control Command standard, 362 McDonnell-Douglas, 103 Monochrome display adapter (MDA), 223, McKenna, Dennis, 170 356 MCM-70 personal computer, 178 Moore, Gordon E., 325 McNealy, Scott, 161 Moore’s law, 325 McPheeters, Craig, 51 The more you can see the more you can do, MDA. See Monochrome display adapter 344 (MDA) Mori, Masahiro, 111 Meads, Jon, 73 MOS Technologies 6502, 181, 192 Meditations on First Philosophy, 33 Motorola, 216 MEDUSA CAD system, 156 , 155, 335 Memex, 101, 140, 199 Mouse, 157 Mercury delay line, 296 MPC. See Multimedia PC standard (MPC) , 250 MS-DOS, 278 Metabyte, 407 , 216, 223 Metrica, 25 Multimedia PC standard (MPC), 236 MHDs for VR, 414 Multiplayer on-line games (MOGs), 119 Michels, Allen, 162 Multiple displays, 344 Micral-N, 178 Murdock, Melvin J, 321 MicroCAD, 105 Mystique, 281 Microcomputer, 174, 178 Micro Computer Machines, 178 , 170, 246 N Microvision, 184 N64, 169, 230 Middle-ware, 235 Nanocrystals, 340 Miller, Joan, 325 National Airspace System (NAS), 303 16.7 Million colors, 328 National Computer Graphics Association Milton Bradley, 404 (NCGA), 74, 105 Mims III, Forrest M, 179 National Semiconductor, 229 Mindflux, 414 Naval Research Laboratories, 414 Minicomputer, 88, 154 NCGA. See National Computer Graphics Mini DisplayPort, 363 Association (NCGA) MIPS, 156, 163, 169 NEC, 222, 225 MIPS RISC, 173 NEC 7220, 280 MIPS technologies, 156 Negative numbers, 24 Missile Command, 96 Negroponte, Nicholas, 44 Missile simulation game, 81 Netrek, 94 MIT. See Massachusetts Institute of Neurok Optics, 409 Technology (MIT) Newell, Gabe, 416 MIT flight trainer, 304 Newnham Research, 365 MIT Lincoln labs, 98 NeXT, 173 MITRE, 150, 304 Nighantu etymology, 17 MITRE Corporation, 302 NIM, 80 MITS, 180 Nimatron, 80 MIT’s Electronic Systems Laboratory, 308 NIMROD, 82 Mittelman, Philip, 48 The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art, Miyamoto, Shigeru, 408 23 Modeling, 109, 110 Nintendo, 169, 230, 405, 408 Moggridge, Bill, 197 Nintendo DS, 184 MOGs. See Multiplayer on-line games Nintendo GameCube, 257 (MOGs) Nintendogs, 184 Molecular Biology labs, 106 Nipkow, Paul, 290 Molecular Graphics Society (MGS), 400 Non Uniform Rational Basis, 45 Molecular modeling, 106, 396 Normals, 57 Index 443

North American Aerospace Defense Command Patterson, David, 155 (NORAD), 305 Paulsen, Dave, 197 North, Anthony C. T., 106, 397 PC. See Personal Computer (PC) Noughts and Crosses, 85 PC/AT, 216 Nova minicomputer, 157 PCGA. See PC Gaming Alliance (PCGA) NS32032, 229 PC Gaming Alliance (PCGA), 281 NTSC, 220 PCI. See Peripheral Component Interconnect NTSC 1953, 338 (PCI) Number Nine, 228, 256, 280 PCIe. See PCI Express (PCIe) NURBS, 45 PCI Express (PCIe), 220 Nutting Associates, 92 PD7220, 225 NuVision, 405 PDGS. See Product Design Graphics System NV1, 262 (PDGS) NV10, GeForce 256, 264 PDP-1, 88, 150, 154, 299 , 170, 187, 225, 230, 236, 244, 277, 407 PDP-7, 91 Nvidia’s Dawn, 70, 267 PDP-8, 154 Nvidia’s GeForce GRID, 187 PE-8, 179 NVIS, 417 Peddie’s first law, 429 NV3 Riva 128, 264 Peddle, Chuck, 181, 192 PELs. See Picture elements (PELs) Pen-plotter, 101 O Pentz, Bill, 178 Oak Technologies, 253 Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), 219 Object oriented programming, 100 Permedia, 226, 261 Objects, 100 Personal Automatic Computer (PAC), 176 Oculus, 416 Personal Computer (PC), 181, 220 Office of Naval Research (ONR), 304 Perspective, 29 OLED, 339 PEs. See Processor elements (PEs) Olsen, Ken, 149, 154 PHIGS. See Programmer’s Hierarchical Olsen, Kenneth, 304 Interactive Graphics System (PHIGS) Onyx Reality Engine, 242 , 256, 276 Open GL, 169 Philips, David, 106 OpenGL, 236, 242, 248, 250, 281 Phong, Bui Tuong, 58, 59 OpenGL Architecture Review Board, 242 Phong reflection model, 61 Organic light-emitting diode, 339 Phong shading, 58, 59 Orr, Joel, 74, 105 Photogrammetry, 381 Ortony, Andrew, 398 Photo-realistic skin, 70 Oscilloscope, 214 PHY, 362 Ouya, 187 Pica processor, 409 Ouya game cube, 189 Picture elements (PELs), 224, 290 Oxford, 106 Piero della Francesca, 30 OXO, 86 Piner, Steve, 89 Piston, 189 P Pixar Studios, 61 PAC. See Personal Automatic Computer (PAC) Pixel, 221, 290 Panacea, 243 Pixel density, 343 PanelLink, 360 PixelFlow, 274 Panini, Maharishi, 17 Pixel Planes, 274 Parallax barrier, 388 Pixel , 231, 250, 281 Parametric Technology Corporation (PTC), Planar Systems, 403 156 displays, 310 PARC Online Office System (POLOS), 156 PLATO Computer System, 310 Particle effect, 67 PLATO system, 341 Particle fluids, 68 PlayStation Portable (PSP), 184 444 Index

Plot-10, 237 Quantum elements of the screen, 290 PLOT 10 graphics library, 323 Quesa, 247 Plug Compatible Manufacturers, 314 QuickDraw 3D (QD3D), 246 Pocket Cathedral, 419 Poduska, William, 164 Point-contact semiconductor, 138 R Point multi-viewing zones, 389 Rackable Systems, 171 Polarized glasses resembling, 393 RADAR, 294 POLOS. See PARC Online Office System , 230 (POLOS) Radio Shack TRS80, 278 Polsson, Ken, 167 Rage, 281 Pong, 92 RAM, 253 PostScript, 280 RAMDAC, 253 PowerSGL, 244 Ramtek GX-100, 332 PPI, 342 RAND tablet, 196 Pratt, Albert B., 412 Raster, 298 Presentation Manager, 240 Raster Graphics, 333 Preuss, Peter, 74 Rasterization, 67 Priem, Curtis, 262 RAVE, 246 , 154, 164, 336 Ray-casting, 49 Principles of Philosophy, 32 Ray, Phil, 177 Prinz, Dietrich, 83 , 49, 65 Procedural, 430 RCA, 298 88000 processor, 156 Real3D, 270 Processor elements (PEs), 201 , 243 Product Design Graphics System (PDGS), 103, Reddy, Raj, 161 156 Reeves, Bill, 67 Product styling, 109 Refresh rate, 353 Professional Graphics Adapter, 226 Register set, 224 Professional Graphics Controller, 226 Renaissance, 28, 30 ProGear, 200 Rendering Acceleration Virtual Engine, Programmable shaders, 267 246 Programmer’s Hierarchical Interactive RenderMorphics, 235, 243, 246 Graphics System (PHIGS), 239, 242 RenderWare, 243 Project Charles, 301 , 275, 281 Project Claude, 301 Rene´ Descartes, 32 Project MAC, 308 Retina display, 343 Project Shield, 187 Reyes rendering, 274 PRONTO, 47 RGB, 221, 326, 328, 329 PS2, 216 Richter, Jake, 243 PS/2, 253 Riddle, Mike, 105 PSP. See PlayStation Portable (PSP) RISC, 158 PTC. See Parametric Technology Corporation Ritchie, Dennis, 90, 160 (PTC) Riva TNT, 265 Pythagoras, 18 RMS Associates, 317 Pythagoras theorem, 18 Roberts, Ed, 179 Roberts, Lawrence, 44 Robot Draftsman, The, 99 Roche, Gus, 177 QD, 340 Rockwell Semiconductor, 253 QD3D. See QuickDraw 3D (QD3D) ROMP, 155 Quadrilateral, 262 Rom, Raphael, 60 Quantum 3D, 268 Rosing, Boris Lvovich, 138 Quantum dots, 340 Russell, Steve, 88 Index 445

S Situation Display, 303 S3, 225, 256 Skeptic approach, 33 Sagan, Carl, 61 Sketchpad, 99, 154, 308 SAGE. See Semi-Automatic Ground Slots, 216 Environment (SAGE) program Slottow, H. Gene, 310 Samson, Peter, 89 SM 640, 228 , 276 Small Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM), Sanders, 315 296, 321 Sanders Advanced Data Display System 900, Smith,E.E.“Doc,”89 314 Smith Engineering, 184 Sanders Associates, 182, 313 Smith, Ross, 268 Sanders, Royden, Jr., 313 Society for Information Displays (SID), 313 Sanskrit grammar, 17 Software driver, 232 Sato, Takayoshi, 12 Software Publishers Association, 236 Saunders, Robert A, 89 Solid modeling, 49 S-100 bus, 223 Somlo, P.I., 101 Schiffman, Bob, 73 SonicBlue, 200, 256, 278 Schoenberg, Isaac Jacob, 42–44 PSP, 184 Schreiber, William F, 290 The Soviet bomb, 305 SDRAM, 226 Soviet Union, 300 SDRC. See Structural Dynamics Research A Space Odyssey, 153 Corp (SDRC) Space Travel, 90 Sega, 263, 268, 274 SPARC, 156, 170, 173 Segal, Mark, 242 Spasim, 94 , 169 SPEA, 255 Seki Kowa, 24 Special Interest Group, 363 Sellers, Scott, 268 Special Interest Group on Graphics Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) (SIGGRAPH), 72, 238 program, 149, 302 Spectragraphics, 315 Seng, Ulrich, 255 Sperry, 163 Separable subsurface scattering (SSS), 70 sRGB, 328 Servomechanisms lab at MIT, 304 SSAA. See Super sampling anti-aliasing SGI. See , Incorporated (SGI) (SSAA) , 262, 278 SSS. See Separable subsurface scattering (SSS) Shadow mask, 326 Stardent, 164 SID. See Society for Information Displays Star Trek II: Wrath of Khan, 67 (SID) STB Systems, 268, 360 Siemens, 255 Steam Box, 189 SIG, 363 Stellar, 273 SIGGRAPH. See Special Interest Group on Stellar Computer, 164 Graphics (SIGGRAPH) Stibitz, George, 145 Silicon Graphics, 156, 161, 239 Stored-program computer, 141 Silicon Graphics Corporation, 335 Stored program computer using CRT, 296 Silicon Graphics, Incorporated (SGI), 155, Stotz, Robert H., 311 230, 239, 257, 276, 278, 335 Stroke displays, 292 Silicon Image, Inc, 360 Stroke writers, 292, 313 Silicon Integrated Systems (SiS), 270 Structural Dynamics Research Corp (SDRC), SIMD, 201 52, 152 Simon computer, 175 Stylator, 196 Simulation, 109 Subtractive color, 328 Simulation, mathematical, 109 , 158, 161, 230, 276 Simulation, physical, 109 Super sampling anti-aliasing (SSAA), 64 SiS. See Silicon Integrated Systems (SiS) Surface, Microsoft, 200 SiS5596, 270 Surfaces are shaded, 56 446 Index

Suspension of disbelief, 430 Tihanyi, Kalm´ an,´ 310 Sutherland, Ivan, 99, 154, 308 , 274 Suwannukul, Van, 224 Tiling, 276, 280 SVGA, 358 Time-shared computer system, 308 S3/Via, 232 TIs. See Texas Instruments (TIs) SynthaVision, 49 TI TMS 1000, 325 Synthesizer vocoder, 153 Titus, Jonathan, 179 A system of numbers, 16 T&L. See Transform and lighting (T&L) Systems & Computer Technology Corp, 319 TMDS “eye,” 360 TMS1000, 177 TMS34082, 226 T TMS43010, 226 TAAC graphics accelerator, 167 TN, 338 Tablet, 158 TopView, 240 Tablet PC, 199 amplifier, 140 Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Tramiel, Jack, 192 Company (TSMC), 264 Transcept Systems, 167 Talisman, 274, 280 Transform and lighting (T&L), 230, 249, 281 Talisman project, 274 Transformations, 22 Tarolli, Gary, 268 Transmeta, 200 Technical computer, 171 Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of Technical , 171 Algebra, 27 4, 187 Triads, 326 Tektronix, 237, 321 The triangle, 18 Tektronix 4014 Plot-10, 222 , 253 Tektronix T4002, 322 Trilinear filtering, 64 Telautograph, 196 TRON, 49 Telecommunications Research Establishment, Tron, 70 320 Trottier, Lorne, 222 Teleprinter, 154 TRS80 microcomputer, 193 Temple of Amen-Re at Karnak, 129 Truevision, 228 Tenczar, Paul, 93 Turing, Alan, 83, 140 Tennis for Two, 86 Turning machine, 141 Tera Computer, 170 Turning test, 431 Tesla, Nikola, 139 TUTOR, 93 Texas Instruments (TIs), 174, 222, 226, 230 Twisted nematic, 338 Texas Instruments Graphics Architecture TX-0, 89, 149 (TIGA), 226, 243 TX-2 computer, 307 Texel, 265 Textronix 4014, 323 , 60 U TFT LCD, 338 UDI, 363 Thacker, Chuck, 166 Uhrman, Julie, 189 Thales, 17 Uncanny Valley, 111, 430 Theurer, Dave, 96 Unified GPU, 231 Thin film transistor liquid crystal display, 338 Unified shaders, 250 Thinking machines, 164 UNISURF, 48 Thompson, Ken, 90, 160 Unisys, 163 Thomson, J.J., 292, 297 UNIVAC I, 296 Tic-tac-toe, 86 Universal Bus Standard connector, 364 TIGA. See Texas Instruments Graphics UNIX, 90, 158, 159, 168, 279 Architecture (TIGA) USB, 364 Index 447

USSR, 302 Voodoo, 244 Utah Teapot, 62 Voxel fluids, 68 UXGA, 358 VR. See Virtual reality (VR) VRAM. See Video RAM (VRAM) VT52, 333 V Valley, George, 305 van Dam, Andre, 72, 242 W Van Hook, Tim, 167, 169 Walker, John, 105 VDI. See Virtual device interface (VDI) Wang Laboratories, 154 Vector display, 299 Warner, Sials, 94 Vector General, 315 Warnock, John, 280 Vector graphics CRTs, 291 Water clocks, 129 , 201 Watson AI computer, 84 Vector refresh displays, 313 Wavefront Technologies, 169 Vector scope, 214 The wedge and the needle, 89 Verge escapement, 131 Weinhart, Weiner, 297 Verite, 281 Weisberg, David, 103–104 Verne L. Hudson, 101 Western Electric, 297 VERSAbus, 216 Westinghouse, 83, 276 Vertex shaders, 231, 250, 281 Whirlwind, 214 Very large scale integrated circuits (VLSI), 173 Whirlwind computer, 82, 148, 301 VESA. See Video Electronics Standards Whirlwind cost, 304 Association (VESA) Whitted, Turner, 65 VGA, 253, 268, 357 Whitton, Mary, 167 VIA Technologies, 256, 262, 278 Wilkes, Maurice, 84 Video 7, 255 Williams, F.C., 296, 320 Video displays, first use of, 148 Williams–Kilburn Tube, 321 Video Electronics Standards Association Willson, Robert, 310 (VESA), 217, 243, 358 , 280 Video game, 86 Windows NT, 247 Video game consoles, 80, 201 Winthorn, 240 Video Graphics Adaptor, 357 Wolfenstein 3D, 96 Video Logic, 244, 275 Wood, Lamont, 178 Video RAM (VRAM), 226, 227 WordStar, 278 ViRGE, 281 Workstations, 158, 216, 336 Virtual Book project, 198 World of Warcraft (WoW), 115 Virtual device interface (VDI), 240 Wright, W. David, 330 Virtualization, 109 Wyvill, Brian, 51 Virtual reality (VR), 78 Wyvill, Geoff, 51 VisiCalc, 278 Vista, 231, 250 Visualization, 107, 109 X Visualization and simulation (Viz-Sim), 114, Xerox, 156 152 Xerox Alto workstation, 159 VL bus, 217 Xerox Dandelion, 161 VLSI. See Very large scale integrated circuits Xerox Daybreak workstation, 161 (VLSI) Xerox mouse, 159 VME bus, 216 Xerox PARC, 280 Voge, Hermann, 290 Xerox PARC Alto, 161 Vollum, C. Howard, 321 XGA, 358 Voltaic pile, 137 X3H3, 239 448 Index

Xi3, 189 Z Xj1000, 281 Z-Buffer and rendering, 60 , 20 ZiiLabs, 261 Y Zuse, Konrad, 142 Yara, Ron, 262 Zworykin, Vladimir K., 138 Yaska, 17 Yen, Wei, 169, 170