Analytical Engine NEWSLETTER of the COMPUTER HISTORY ASSOCIATION of CALIFORNIA It's Been Almost More Than We Can Keep up Editorial: CAMPAIGN 1994 With
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KAYPRO II THEORY of OPERATION by Dana Cotant Micro Cornucopia P.O
KAYPRO 4 & KAYPRO II THEORY OF OPERATION By Dana Cotant Micro Cornucopia P.O. Box 223 — Bend, OR 97709 CPU VIDEO VIDEO RAM ADDRESS DISPLAY CHARACTER DRIVER MULTIPLEXING BLANKING FLOPPY GENERATION DISK C 0 CLOCKS N VIDEO T ADDRESSING R MAIN VIDEO 0 OP L MEMORY RAM PARALLEL PORTS VIDEO CLOCKS DATA SYSTEM SERIAL CONTROL PARALLEL PORTS PORT DATA ADDRESS PORT SE LECTION CONTROL KAYPRO II BLOCK DIAGRAM cessing unit), video, and 1/0 (input/output). Each section begins with its own block diagram. INTRODUCTION The block diagrams show major subdivisions in the section as separate blocks. The perimeter of each block surrounds the approx- imate area that the circuit occupies on the schematic. The blocks are arranged so their grid coordinates correspond to the coordinates of the related circuitry. The text that follows the block diagram describes the parts and signals responsible for the each circuit's function. This theory of operation is designed to help you use Micro Cor- Where the circuits have been modified since the KayPro was in- nucopia's KayPro schematic and to help you better understand the troduced, both circuit forms are described. system. We assume you have a basic understanding of digital circuits, Following the section description is a list of all integrated circuits but we also do our best to define all of the abbreviated symbols used in that section. (alphabet soup) for those of you whose command of computerese is a A star following a signal label indicates that the signal is active low. bit weak. For example, MREQ* is active low, hut DRQ is active high. -
Analytical Engine, 1838 ALLAN G
Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine, 1838 ALLAN G. BROMLEY Charles Babbage commenced work on the design of the Analytical Engine in 1834 following the collapse of the project to build the Difference Engine. His ideas evolved rapidly, and by 1838 most of the important concepts used in his later designs were established. This paper introduces the design of the Analytical Engine as it stood in early 1838, concentrating on the overall functional organization of the mill (or central processing portion) and the methods generally used for the basic arithmetic operations of multiplication, division, and signed addition. The paper describes the working of the mechanisms that Babbage devised for storing, transferring, and adding numbers and how they were organized together by the “microprogrammed” control system; the paper also introduces the facilities provided for user- level programming. The intention of the paper is to show that an automatic computing machine could be built using mechanical devices, and that Babbage’s designs provide both an effective set of basic mechanisms and a workable organization of a complete machine. Categories and Subject Descriptors: K.2 [History of Computing]- C. Babbage, hardware, software General Terms: Design Additional Key Words and Phrases: Analytical Engine 1. Introduction 1838. During this period Babbage appears to have made no attempt to construct the Analytical Engine, Charles Babbage commenced work on the design of but preferred the unfettered intellectual exploration of the Analytical Engine shortly after the collapse in 1833 the concepts he was evolving. of the lo-year project to build the Difference Engine. After 1849 Babbage ceased designing calculating He was at the time 42 years o1d.l devices. -
Ada Lovelace the first Computer Programmer 1815 - 1852
Ada Lovelace The first computer programmer 1815 - 1852 Biography Ada Lovelace Day I Born on December 10th, 1815 in London as Augusta Ada Byron Each second Tuesday in October is Ada Lovelace Day. A day to raise the I Parents separated when she was a baby profile of women in science, technology, engineering, and maths to create new role models for girls and women in these fields. During this day the I Father Lord Byron was a poet and died when she was 8 years old accomplishments of those women are celebrated. I Mother Lady Wentworth was a social reformer I Descended from a wealthy family I Early interest in mathematics and science, encouraged by her mother Portrait I Obtained private classes and got in touch with intellectuals, e.g. Mary Sommerville who tutored her and later introduced Lovelace to Charles Babbage at the age of 17 I Married in 1835 William King at the age of 19, shortly after becoming the Countess of Lovelace I By 1839, she had given birth to 3 children I Continued studying maths, supported among others by Augustus De Morgan, a math professor in London who taught her via correspondence I In 1843, she published a translation of an Italian academic paper about Babbage's Analytical Engine and added her famous note section (see Contributions) I Died on November 27th, 1852 at the age of 36 Contributions I First computer programmer, roughly a century before the electronic computer I A two decade lasting correspondence with Babbage about his idea of an Analytical Engine I Developed an algorithm that would enable the Analytical Engine to calculate a sequence of Bernoulli numbers, unfortunately, the machine was never built I First person to realize the power of computer programs: Not only used for calculations with numbers I Combined arts and logic, calling it poetical science Figure 3:Ada Lovelace I First reflections about artificial intelligence, but she rejected the idea Bernoulli Numbers Quotes I Play an important role in several domains of mathematics, e.g. -
CP/M-80 Kaypro
$3.00 June-July 1985 . No. 24 TABLE OF CONTENTS C'ing Into Turbo Pascal ....................................... 4 Soldering: The First Steps. .. 36 Eight Inch Drives On The Kaypro .............................. 38 Kaypro BIOS Patch. .. 40 Alternative Power Supply For The Kaypro . .. 42 48 Lines On A BBI ........ .. 44 Adding An 8" SSSD Drive To A Morrow MD-2 ................... 50 Review: The Ztime-I .......................................... 55 BDOS Vectors (Mucking Around Inside CP1M) ................. 62 The Pascal Runoff 77 Regular Features The S-100 Bus 9 Technical Tips ........... 70 In The Public Domain... .. 13 Culture Corner. .. 76 C'ing Clearly ............ 16 The Xerox 820 Column ... 19 The Slicer Column ........ 24 Future Tense The KayproColumn ..... 33 Tidbits. .. .. 79 Pascal Procedures ........ 57 68000 Vrs. 80X86 .. ... 83 FORTH words 61 MSX In The USA . .. 84 On Your Own ........... 68 The Last Page ............ 88 NEW LOWER PRICES! NOW IN "UNKIT"* FORM TOO! "BIG BOARD II" 4 MHz Z80·A SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER WITH "SASI" HARD·DISK INTERFACE $795 ASSEMBLED & TESTED $545 "UNKIT"* $245 PC BOARD WITH 16 PARTS Jim Ferguson, the designer of the "Big Board" distributed by Digital SIZE: 8.75" X 15.5" Research Computers, has produced a stunning new computer that POWER: +5V @ 3A, +-12V @ 0.1A Cal-Tex Computers has been shipping for a year. Called "Big Board II", it has the following features: • "SASI" Interface for Winchester Disks Our "Big Board II" implements the Host portion of the "Shugart Associates Systems • 4 MHz Z80-A CPU and Peripheral Chips Interface." Adding a Winchester disk drive is no harder than attaching a floppy-disk The new Ferguson computer runs at 4 MHz. -
Wireless-World-1984
a` Semiconductor buyer's guide ABC micro Mimicontroller XY plotter update Mobile radio Digital feedback , Australia AS 3.00 Norway Nkr 29.20 -Denmark DKr 34.50 Singapore MS .5.50 LSermany Dm 7.00 Spain Pts 340.00 Greece Dra 220.00 Switzerland SFr 7.00 Holland DFL 8.50 U.S.A. 5 3.75 Italy L 3800, www.americanradiohistory.com bench power supplies THE D RANGE ... Four models: Digital meters D30-2 0-30 volts at 2 amps single 1 mA resolution of current D30 -2T 0-30 volts at 2 amps twin 10 turn voltage control Measure external voltages D30-4 0-30 volts at 4 amps single Output on/off switch CV or Cl operation D100-1 0-100 volts at 1 amp single Send for new colour leaflet now to: FARNELL INSTRUMENTS LIMITED SANDBECK WAY WETHERBY WEST YORKSHIRE LS22 4DH TEL. (0937) 61961 TELEX 557294 OR HARPENDEN TEL. (05827) 66123 CIRCLE 1 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION www.americanradiohistory.com ThcAchcr-ing1e BComputcr The SDS ARCHER - The Z80 based single board computer chosen by professionals and OEM users. FEATURES * High quality double sided plated through PCB * 4 Bytewide memory sockets - upto 64k * Power -fail and watchdog timer circuits * 4 Parallel ports with handshaking * Bus expansion connector * CMOS battery back-up * Counter -timer chip * 2 serial ports * 4 MHz. Z80A Telephone or write for full technical description and price information. OPTIONS * SDS BASIC with autostart and "user program in ROM" facility * SDS DEBUG MONITOR: a powerful 8k byte development aid * On board 120/240 volt mains power supply * Attractive two tone instrument case Morwood Da yt1 Ltd Sherwood House, The Avenue, Farnham Common, Slough SL2 3JX. -
Analytical Engine: the Orig- Inal Computer
Chapter 2 Analytical Engine: The Orig- inal Computer As we learned in the fourth grade science course, back in 1801, a French man, Joseph Marie Jacquard, invented a power loom that could weave textiles, which had been done for a long time by hand. More interestingly, this machine can weave tex- tiles with patterns such as brocade, damask, and matelasse by controlling the operation with punched wooden cards, held together in a long row by rope. 1 How do these cards work? Each wooden card comes with punched holes, each row of which corresponds to one row of the design. In each position, if the needle needs to go through, there is a hole; other- wise, there is no hole. Multiple rows of holes are punched on each card and all the cards that compose the design of the textile are hooked together in order. 2 What do we get? With the control of such cards, needs go back and forth, moving from left to the right, row by row, and come up with something like the following: Although the punched card concept was based on some even earlier invention by Basile Bou- chon around 1725, “the Jacquard loom was the first machine to use punch cards to con- trol a sequence of operations”. Let’s check out a little demo as how Jacquard’s machine worked. 3 Why do we talk about a loom? With Jacquard loom, if you want to switch to a different pattern, you simply change the punched cards. By the same token, with a modern computer, if you want it to run a different application, you simply load it with a different program, which used to keep on a deck of paper based punched cards. -
KAYPRO 10 User's Guide, Copying Fi Les from One User Area to Another, for the Prodedure
I - ~------- - - - • - --- - -- --~ - - - - ~ -- - - - --- ---_---.. ---------- --- ---------- o o o ,.' . ''', ',. THE ---- -- -- -------- - -- -- ---- - ------- . ----- ------ -- - =-- -- ------ ---_... -------- - - ~ USER'S GUDE ., . © January 1984 Part Number 1409 E.O.81-176-18-F COPYRIGHT AND TRADEMARK © 1983 Kaypro Corporation. KAYPRO 10 is a registered trademark of Kaypro Corporation. DISCLAIMER Kaypro Corporation hereby disclaims any and all liability resulting from the failure of other manufacturers' software to be operative within and upon the KAYPRO 10 computer, due to Kaypro's inability to have tested each entry of software. LIMITED WARRANTY Kaypro Corporation warrants each new instrument or computer against defects in material or workmanship for a period of ninety days from date of delivery to the original customer. Fuses are excluded from this warranty. This warranty is specifically limited to the replacement or repair of any such defects, without charge, when the complete instrument is returned to one of our authorized dealers or Kaypro Corporation, 533 Stevens Avenue, Solana Beach, California 92075, transportation charges prepaid. This express warranty excludes all other warranties, express or implied, in cluding, but not limited to, implied warranties of merchantability, and fitness for purpose, and KAYPRO CORPORATION IS NOT LIABLE FOR A BREACH OF WARRANTY IN AN AMOUNT EXCEEDING THE PURCHASE PRICE OF THE GOODS. KAYPRO CORPORATION SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES. No liability is assumed for -
Ada and the First Computer
Ada and the First Computer The collaboration between Ada, countess of Lovelace, and computer pioneer Charles Babbage resulted in a landmark publication that described how to program the world’s first computer by Eugene Eric Kim and Betty Alexandra Toole eople called Augusta Ada King’s father “mad and bad” for his wild ways, but he was better known as Lord Byron, the poet. Ada inherited her famous father’s P way with words and his zest for life. She was a beautiful, flirtatious woman who hobnobbed with England’s elite and who died at the youthful age of 36, the same age at which her father died. And like Byron, Ada is best known for something she wrote. In 1843 she published an influential set of notes that described Charles Babbage’s An- alytical Engine, the first automatic, general-purpose computing machine ever designed. Although the Analytical Engine was never built—largely because Babbage could not raise the funds for its construction—Ada’s notes included a program for using it to com- pute a series of figures called Bernoulli numbers [see box on page 78]. Ada’s notes established her importance in computer science, but her fascinating life and lineage—and her role as a female pioneer in a field in which women have always been notoriously underrepresented—have lately turned her into an icon. In addition to numerous biographies, she has inspired plays and novels written by the likes of such lu- minaries as Tom Stoppard and Arthur C. Clarke. Conceiving Ada, a movie loosely based on her life, was released by Fox Lorber in February. -
Museum Monthly Reports
.J LI j' .. ... ' .J t / . oJ , EXHIBITS AND AR~HJVES D::::PhRTIV1Et\'Y' -- OCTOBER '83 REPORT STAFFING: "'1eredith Stelling, Cooro i na tor Gregory Welch, Operations Manager/Research Bill Wisheart , Registr~r/Photo and Video Archives Beth Par kh urst, Re search RECENT ARTIFACT AC0UISITIONS (since October 1, 1983): X239. 83 Monr oe High Speed Adding Calculator, gift of Lee Swanson. X240.83 Vari-typer, gift of Lee Swanson. X241.83 HP-65 Programmable Calculator, gift of Stephen and Barbara Gross. X241.83 BIAX memory cores, gift of G.B. Westrom. X243.83 - X259.83 The University of Illinios Department of Computer Science Collection of Drawing Instruments, Slide Rules, Calculators and Circuit Boards. X243.83 Smith's Im proved Protactor. 7 X246.83 ILLIAC III Ci rcuit Boards. /o X2~7. 83 ILLIAC II Ci r cuit Board. /0 X250.e3 Keuffel & Esser Cylind rical Slide Rule. ? X260.83 - X274.83 The SAGE AN/SFQ-7 computer. Gi ft of The National 1'1useum of Science and Technology, Ontario. X2r,r . 83 1/2 naste r console ~ C5l5U X2f,} . [;3 "· ,o.onet j c Dr U':l Uni t. 5. (f(5D ~ I X2',2 . P3 IRM 7J8 printer. /C1t7 X2 G ~ . 83.1':>, - E 5 RAda r Operato r's Consoles. ~~ 107.J7.J X7r.t. £'3.Z>. - E 5 Auxiliary Consoles. -------6?:!O/02J7..) X2C,S . 83?l, - E 5 Operator's Chairs. 50 I X7 :- F. f' 3 I RIv! 2 G Car d Pu n c h . / CJ7) X767 . S3 IB"'1 723 Ca rd Recorne r. -
The Genesis of the Mainframe Bob O. Evans
The Genesis of the Mainframe Bob O. Evans 1 Introduction by Wilhelm G. Spruth In 1927 the German author Stefan Zweig published a short book labeled “Sternstunden der Menschheit” (world hours of mankind). In it he descripes 14 historical events that changed history forever. I have always believed the appearance of System /360 in 1964 has been such an event, changing the direction of the computer industry in more ways than anything else in the last 50 years. The design of the S/360 architecture is rightfully credited to Gene Amdahl, Gerry Blaauw and Fred Brooks. Bob O. Evans has been the IBM executive who made it happen. It is impossible to have met Bob O. Evans and not been impressed. He was forceful, decisive, intelligent, an excellent engineer with a broad vision, an uncanny capability to understand the most complex issues, and an outstanding leader for the people working for him. He also had an overpowering personality. I will be forever grateful for his guidance. In 2002 I learned Bob O. Evans had written his memoirs, had considered to publish them as a book, and had been adviced by his friends not to do so, because the text contained too much sensitive material. I contacted Evans and asked him if I could read the manuscript. He gracefully consented and e-mailed me a copy. Bob O. Evans died in 2004. I believe Bob O. Evans personal account of such a monumental event as the S/360 announcement should be made available. Thus in 2007 I asked his son Douglas B. -
A History of the Personal Computer Index/11
A History of the Personal Computer 6100 CPU. See Intersil Index 6501 and 6502 microprocessor. See MOS Legend: Chap.#/Page# of Chap. 6502 BASIC. See Microsoft/Prog. Languages -- Numerals -- 7000 copier. See Xerox/Misc. 3 E-Z Pieces software, 13/20 8000 microprocessors. See 3-Plus-1 software. See Intel/Microprocessors Commodore 8010 “Star” Information 3Com Corporation, 12/15, System. See Xerox/Comp. 12/27, 16/17, 17/18, 17/20 8080 and 8086 BASIC. See 3M company, 17/5, 17/22 Microsoft/Prog. Languages 3P+S board. See Processor 8514/A standard, 20/6 Technology 9700 laser printing system. 4K BASIC. See Microsoft/Prog. See Xerox/Misc. Languages 16032 and 32032 micro/p. See 4th Dimension. See ACI National Semiconductor 8/16 magazine, 18/5 65802 and 65816 micro/p. See 8/16-Central, 18/5 Western Design Center 8K BASIC. See Microsoft/Prog. 68000 series of micro/p. See Languages Motorola 20SC hard drive. See Apple 80000 series of micro/p. See Computer/Accessories Intel/Microprocessors 64 computer. See Commodore 88000 micro/p. See Motorola 80 Microcomputing magazine, 18/4 --A-- 80-103A modem. See Hayes A Programming lang. See APL 86-DOS. See Seattle Computer A+ magazine, 18/5 128EX/2 computer. See Video A.P.P.L.E. (Apple Pugetsound Technology Program Library Exchange) 386i personal computer. See user group, 18/4, 19/17 Sun Microsystems Call-A.P.P.L.E. magazine, 432 microprocessor. See 18/4 Intel/Microprocessors A2-Central newsletter, 18/5 603/4 Electronic Multiplier. Abacus magazine, 18/8 See IBM/Computer (mainframe) ABC (Atanasoff-Berry 660 computer. -
901546C Basic Refere
XJDl5 SIGMA 5/7 BASIC Xerox Oata Systems Reference Manual - ~ , ~ ~~§~~ ~~§~~ ~~§~~ ~~§~~ ~~§~~ ~~§~~ ~~§~~ ~~§~~ ~~§~~ .• ~~§~~ ~~§~~ ~~§~~ ~~§~~ ~~§~~ ~~§~~ . ~~§~~ ~~§~~ ~~§~~ .' ~~§~~ ~~§~~ ~~§~~ ~ -~ - ~~§~~ ~~§~~ ~~§~~ .• ~~§~~ ~~§~~ ~~§~~ ~~§~~ ~~§~~ ~~§~~ - - -----. '- .. -- - -----..._- - -- -' ~- --- - . -- --.--- __ .--i.....",. ~_ -~._._ _ _____.. _____ _ __ __. __ . ________._ -'-_ ......A- _______ . __ Price: $2.00 BASIC REFERENCE MANUAL for XDS SIGMA 5/7 COMPUTERS 90 15 46C July 1970 Xerox Data Systemsj701 South Aviation Boulevard/EI Segundo, California 90245 @1969. 1970. Xerox Data Systems. Inc. Printed in U.S.A. REVISION This publication is a minor revision to the BASIC Reference Manual for XDS Sigma 5/7 Computers, and incorporates new material for the Universal Time-Sharing Monitor version of BASIC. A change in text from that of the previous manual is indicated by a vertical bar in the margin of the page. RELATED PUBLICATIONS o Title Publication No. XDS Sigma 5 Computer Reference Manual 900959 XDS Sigma 7 Computer Reference Manual 900950 XDS Sigma 5/7 Batch Processing Monitor (BPM) Reference Manual 900954 XDS Sigma 5/7 Batch Processing Monitor (BPM) Operations Manual 90 11 98 XDS Sigma 5/7 Batch Time-Sharing Monitor (BTM) Reference Manual 90 1577 XDSSigma Multipurpose Keyboard/Display Reference Manual 900982 XDS Sigma 5/7 Mathematical Routines Technical Manual 900906 XDS Sigma Message-Oriented Communications Equipment Reference Manual 90 1568 XDS Sigma Character-Oriented Communications Equipment Reference Manual 900981 XDS Sigma 7 Universal Time-Sharing System (UTS) Reference Manual 900907 XDS Sigma 7 Universal Time-Sharing System (UTS) Operations Manual 90 1675 NOTICE The specifications of the software system described in this publicotion ore subject to change without notice. The availability or performance of some features may depend on a specific configuration of equipment such as additional tape units or larger memory.