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Youkongpun 2017 01Thesis.Pdf (3.764Mb) The Role of Community-based Media in Strengthening, Preserving and Promoting Identity and Culture: A Case Study of Eastern Thailand Author Youkongpun, Pisapat Published 2017 Thesis Type Thesis (PhD Doctorate) School School of Humanities, Languages and Social Science DOI https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/2856 Copyright Statement The author owns the copyright in this thesis, unless stated otherwise. Downloaded from http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365572 Griffith Research Online https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au The Role of Community-based Media in Strengthening, Preserving and Promoting Identity and Culture: A Case Study of Eastern Thailand Pisapat Youkongpun M Arts (Hons) School of Humanities, Languages and Social Sciences Griffith University Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2016 ABSTRACT This thesis analyses the role of community-based media in the Riverside community, an old and scenic location in Chanthaburi, Eastern Thailand. After being razed by conflagration and flood, the community has been regenerated by promoting itself as a cultural tourism destination. This community has started to produce its own media, and to use a wide range of media to promote itself to the nation. This study aims to test the various nuances to Habermas’s (1989) concept of the single public sphere represented by the dominant mass media. While the mainstream media act decisively in dealing with issues relating to subordinated groups in every part of the world, community-based media are already deeply implicated in representing the multiple public spheres, which are more preferable in a community environment. Community media are community resources to disseminate highly local community matters and interests. One hundred face-to-face survey participants from a community of one hundred households provide a distinctive research result which thoroughly represents the Riverside community residents and their thoughts on community-based media in their community. By exploring the role of locally produced community media, this study explains the roles the media play in community identity reinforcement, identity promotion, and also community transformation in the Thai public sphere. STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY This work has not previously been submitted for a degree or diploma in any university. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the thesis itself. (Signed)_____________________________ Pisapat Youkongpun TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Introduction …………………………………………………………….......... 1 Significance of the study …………………..……………………………........ 2 Scope of the thesis ………………………………………………..................... 5 Previous research …………………………...…………………...................... 5 Central research question and purposes …………………………………… 7 Theoretical considerations: the notion of the public sphere and the media 7 The concept of the public sphere ……………………………………………… 8 The failure of mass media as the public sphere ……………………...……….. 10 Rethinking the public sphere ………………………………………………….. 12 The Thai public sphere ………………………………………………………... 16 Thesis structure ……………………………………………………………. 19 Summary ………………………………………...………………………….... 21 CHAPTER TWO: COMMUNITY AND IDENTITY Introduction …………………………………………………………….......... 23 Community ………………………………………………………………....... 24 Concepts of community ……………………………………………...…........... 24 Media and construction of communities ……………………………...………. 27 Communities and the media’s geographic territory …………………...……... 32 Thai community ……………………………………………….......................... 34 Community development and participation in Thailand ……...…..................... 37 The role of Thai community leaders ……………………………....................... 39 Identity …………………………….................................................................. 41 Community identity ……………………………................................................ 42 Summary ………………...………………………………………………….... 48 CHAPTER THREE: COMMUNITY-BASED MEDIA Introduction ………………………………………………………………...... 51 Community media definitions ………………...…………………………….. 52 Characteristics of community-based media ………………………………... 53 The role of community media ………………………………………...…….. 57 Community-based media role in promoting cultural tourism ………………… 60 Participation in community media in Thailand ………………………….... 64 Community-based media discourse: traditional and new ………...………. 70 Traditional media ……………………………………………………………... 71 New media ………...……………………………….………………………….. 75 Social media ……………………………………….…………………… 80 Citizen journalism ………………………………………………………. 83 Hyperlocal journalism …………………………………...……………... 88 Summary …………………………………………………………………....... 92 CHAPTER FOUR: SOUTHEAST ASIAN MEDIA OVERVIEW Introduction ……………………………………………...………………....... 95 ASEAN ……………………………………………………………….............. 95 Thailand in ASEAN …………………………………………………………. 97 Media and communication in ASEAN ……………………………………... 99 ASEAN media challenges ……………………………………………...……. 102 Press freedom, media monitoring and freedom of media expression in Southeast Asia ………………………………………………………………... 111 Community-based media in Thailand and other Southeast Asian countries ………………………………………………………………............ 116 Challenges of community-based media in Southeast Asian countries …… 124 The growth of new media in the ASEAN sense …………………...……….. 129 Summary ………………………………………………………………........... 133 CHAPTER FIVE: RESEARCH DESIGN Introduction ……………………………………...………………………....... 136 Combination of quantitative and qualitative research ……………...…...... 137 Case study ………………………………………………………………......... 139 Case study selection: the Riverside community and population …….......... 141 The Riverside community information…………………………...……………. 142 Reimagining the Riverside community for tourism …………………...………. 146 Methods of data collection ………………………………………................... 152 Short questionnaire-based surveys by door knocking method ……................... 152 In-depth interviews and key informants ……..................................................... 157 Published information and documentary material ……..................................... 160 Observation and field notes ……........................................................................ 161 Data treatment …….......................................................................................... 163 Delimitations and limitations …….................................................................. 163 Summary ……………………………………………………………..…….... 166 CHAPTER SIX: FINDINGS Introduction ………………………...……………………………………....... 168 Community identity ………………………………………...……………….. 170 The Riverside community’s sense of self ……………………………………… 170 The unique history and story ……………………………...……………. 172 Natural features ………………………………………………………… 174 Culture ……………………...…………………………………………... 175 Sources of community pride …………………………………………….. 177 Community-based media ……………………………………………………. 179 Community-based media activities among the Riverside community residents …………………………………………...………………………….. 179 Community produced media …………………………………………………... 180 Non-community produced media ………………………………...…………… 183 Community-based media with different aspects ………………………………. 186 Comparison of media uses ……………………………...…………………….. 188 Information provided by community-based media ……………………………. 189 New media communication in the Riverside community …………...…….. 190 Community suggestions and perceptions of the role of community-based media ……………………………………………………………………….. 199 Community-based media participation among the Riverside community residents ………………………………………………………………………. 202 Community-based media overviews …………………………………..…… 206 Media produced by community members ……………………………………... 206 Community-based new media ……………………………………..................... 214 Media supported by the government ………………………...…………........... 216 Commercial media ……………………………………..................................... 217 Summary …………………………………..……………………………….... 218 CHAPTER SEVEN: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION Introduction ………………………………………………………………...... 221 Analysis of community-based media in the Riverside community ……...... 222 Influential media in the community ……………………………………............ 224 Challenging the mainstream ……………………………………...................... 227 Analysis of new media activities …………………………………….............. 232 Hyperlocal in the Riverside community ………………………………...…….. 239 Analysis of community-based media participation ………………………... 240 Community-based media difficulties ……………………………………...... 248 The Riverside community public sphere …………………………………… 251 The role of community-based media in the Riverside community ……...... 254 The role of community-based media in strengthening and preserving community identity ………...………………………………………………….. 255 The role of community-based media in promoting community identity (tourism) ………………………………………………………………………. 258 Community-based media as community transformation: changing of community communication purpose …………………………………………... 260 Community-based media in the Riverside community and its limited role …… 262 Summary ……………………………………………..…………………….... 263 CHAPTER EIGHT: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Introduction ……………………………………………...…………………... 266 Theoretical implications …………………………………………..….……... 274 Recommendations ……………………………………………...…................. 276 Summary ………………………………………………………...………........ 279 REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………. 281 APPENDICES ………………………………………………...……………... 304 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page Figure 1: Administrative
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