Danish–Swedish Railway Cooperation

Feature Railway Reform and International Exchange

Søren Lynge Jacobsen

Cooperation with Foreign a Danish–Swedish government joint- • Purpose-built design (ample baggage Railways venture company whose purpose is to space, etc.) build and operate the road and rail • Trained staff (multilingual) Danish State Railways (DSB) has a number transport systems from coast-to-coast • Good service regularity (little effect of cooperative relationships with other across Øresund (JRTR 11, pp. 43–45). The from other service delays) railways in Europe and elsewhere. One construction work is being carried out by • Greater timetable flexibility (ability to of the longest-running is the Friendship national companies—A/S Øresund on the wait for delayed flights) Agreement with JR Hokkaido described Danish side, and Swedab AB on the • Value-added fare structure by Mr Takashi Nagano on pp. 34–37 of Swedish side. this issue of JRTR. Due to differences in the work and Conversely, the integrated model offers: This article brings readers up to date on opening dates, the Danish construction • Fewer passenger changes (because the recent complete opening of the between Copenhagen Central and airport trains part of entire train Øresund Fixed Link between Denmark Copenhagen Kastrup Airport (phase 1) was network) and Sweden and the latest developments opened on 28 September 1998, while the • Easy through ticketing in the cooperative relationship between Øresund Fixed Link itself across Øresund • Potential non-airport customer base DSB and Swedish State Railways (SJ). (phase 2) is scheduled to open on 2 July • Greater efficiency through good 2000. utilization of personnel and DSB Services between equipment Background Copenhagen Central and • Easy integration with through traffic Kastrup Airport from Sweden when Øresund Fixed The 1991 agreement between the Danish Link opens and Swedish governments about the Before the start of railway services from • Larger customer base from city stations Øresund Fixed Link across Øresund said, Copenhagen Central to Copenhagen such as Nørreport and Østerport ‘The link will connect the two countries, Kastrup Airport, DSB went through long thereby producing the conditions for and difficult discussions about what form In the end, DSB chose the integrated strengthened and enlarged cultural and of services should be used. The choice model offering the following advantages economic collaboration, as well as was between a pure shuttle service or to airport passengers: development of shared labour and integration into the train network with the • High frequency (four trains each hour housing markets in the Øresund region, airport as just one of many stations. + nine daily InterCityLyn services. with benefit to both countries’. The decision was difficult because both InterCityLyn is a special rail service The bridge and tunnel construction work have advantages and disadvantages. For that links most Danish provinces is being managed by Øresundskonsortiet, example, shuttle trains offer: during the day, Monday–Friday, with

COPENHAGEN

CENTRAL STATION Øresund

Drogden SALTHOLM Tårnby Kastrup The Flinte Channel

Copenhagen Airport MALMÖ CENTRAL STATION Dragør

Lernacken Lockarp Bunkeflo

The Øresund Fixed Link between Denmark and Sweden (Øresundskonsortiet) High Bridge Section of Øresund Fixed Link (Øresundskonsortiet)

38 Japan Railway & Transport Review 24 • July 2000 Copyright © 2000 EJRCF. All rights reserved. only a few stops in the provinces region only need to buy one ticket to get although the front looks like the Danish before it goes non-stop to Copenhagen from a Swedish city to a Danish city. IC3. They are fabricated of stainless steel Central.) However, this is not as easy to achieve as and have a dual-current system that • Short travel time (12 minutes) from it sounds. Denmark and Sweden are two switches automatically between the Copenhagen city centre to Kastrup independent countries and although they Danish and Swedish power systems, as Airport have been good neighbours for several well as dual-standard radio and safety • Very low fare (DKr16.50 = US$2.14) hundred years, they have chosen different systems. from Copenhagen Central to Kastrup solutions to different problems, not least The 27 new Øresund trainsets are being Airport) in the railway field. In particular, DSB put into service in stages due to several and SJ use different power supplies and factors, mostly because all 27 sets cannot A passenger survey 1 year later showed different signalling systems. The fare be delivered before the 1 July opening of that DSB carries no less than 80,000 systems are also quite different. the Fixed Link. Hopefully, 10 of the 27 passengers each week on the Copenhagen On 15 September 1999, DSB and SJ sets will be ready for service by that date, Central to airport section. The detailed agreed that local train services after 1 July with the remainder being delivered by data shows: 2000 across the Øresund between Malmö mid-2001. Therefore, a Starting Timetable • There is an almost even passenger and Copenhagen will run every 20 will be expanded gradually as more trains distribution between airplane minutes in both directions. are delivered and put into service on passengers and commuters. sections of the Øresund region from 17 • Most airplane passengers are June 2001 (Fig. 2). international travellers. Rolling Stock Just as DSB and SJ will operate common • The remaining passengers are rolling stock, the train crews will also be primarily airport workers. In 1996, ADtranz Sweden was invited to both Danish and Swedish. Eleven X2000 • Nearly 30% of all passengers would tender for delivery of 27 new EMU trainsets will be rebuilt by SJ according to have chosen transport by own car or trainsets each with 237 seats for the Danish safety standards (ATC and train taxi if the train had not been an Øresund Fixed Link region—DSB will radio) and power systems for service on alternative. For passengers taking the purchase 17 and SJ will purchase 10. the Danish section. SJ expects two train to/from their flight, 46% would They have a Danish–Swedish design trainsets to be ready in August 2000 for have chosen transport by car, and 49% by bus if the train had not been an alternative. • 92% of passengers are satisfied or very satisfied with the train connection.

Clearly the connection to Copenhagen Kastrup Airport has been a success for DSB and a great benefit for customers.

Future Traffic across Øresund

After the 1991 agreement between the Danish and Swedish governments, DSB and SJ started close collaboration about joint introduction of regional traffic in the Øresund region via the Øresund Fixed Link, as well as plans to purchase the same rolling stock for the traffic. Their goal is to create an integrated traffic and ticketing system so that customers in the Øresund Artist’s impression of new Øresund EMU trainset (ADtranz Sweden)

three daily departures between Stockholm and Copenhagen Central and vice versa, Figure 1 DSB–SJ Network across Øresund and with delivery of the remaining nine sets to be completed by March 2001. Gothenburg Stockholm Ängelholm Moreover, DSB Freight has ordered 13

new powerful freight locomotives to haul Gilleleje Hombæk Karlskrona

ivleeeHundestad Tisvildeleje Ästor KlippaHässleholm Vinslöv Perstor freight wagons in Denmark, Sweden, and Kristlanstad Elsignor Bjuv Germany. These engines will be delivered Snekkersten Helsingborg Helsinge this year. Espergærde Ramlösa Humlebæk Hillerød Nivå Kokkedal Rungsted Kyst 2000 and 2001 Traffic Plans Vedbæk Landskrona DENMARK Nærum Höör Farum Skodsborg

Frederikssund Lyngby Klampenborg Eslöv The Starting Timetable for services Buddinge Kävlinge Hellerup between Copenhagen and Malmö will be Bellerup Østerport Herlev Nørrebro SWEDEN a transitional timetable until all the Nørreport trainsets have been delivered when the Høje Vanløse Valby Copenhagen Central Lund Roskilde Taastrup Glostrup Øresund Timetable will come into effect. Hundlge Ørestad The Swedish side of this plan is also a fully Tårnby Malmö Central integrated timetable, but it contains no

changes on the Danish side. Copenhagen Svedala Kastrup Airport Simrishamn Køge The traffic system for the Starting Skuru Ystad Tommelilla Timetable as of 2 July 2000 (Figure 2) Næstved Fakse Ladeplads/Rødvig consists of: Bornholm (DSB) • Elsignor–Copenhagen Kastrup Airport, every 20 minutes (primarily IR4—an

Figure 2 Evolution of Train Services across Øresund

2 July 2000 (Starting Timetable) 10 January 2001 17 June 2001 (Completion of Øresund Timetable)

Hornbæk To Ängelholm, Gothenburg To Stockholm Hornbæk To Ängelholm, Gothenburg To Stockholm Hornbæk To Ängelholm, Gothenburg To Stockholm oKitasa/alkoaTo Tommelilla/Simrishamn To Kristlanstad/Karlskrona To Tommelilla/Simrishamn To Kristlanstad/Karlskrona To Tommelilla/Simrishamn To Kristlanstad/Karlskrona Hässleholm Hässleholm Hässleholm Elsignor Helsingborg Elsignor Helsingborg Elsignor Helsingborg

Landskrona Landskrona Landskrona Höör Höör Höör Lyngby Lyngby Lyngby

Buddinge Buddinge Buddinge Hellerup Eslöv Hellerup Eslöv Hellerup Eslöv Østerport Østerport

Vanløse Copenhagen Vanløse Copenhagen Vanløse Copenhagen Glostrup Central Glostrup Central Glostrup Central Lund Lund Lund Copenhagen Copenhagen Copenhagen Kastrup Airport Kastrup Airport Kastrup Airport

Malmö Central Malmö Central Malmö Central

Øresundtrains Øresundtrains Øresundtrains X2000 X2000 X2000 Kustpilen Ystad Kustpilen Ystad Kustpilen Ystad IC-Bornholm IC-Bornholm IC-Bornholm Other trains Bornholm Other trains Bornholm Other trains Bornholm (DSB)

40 Japan Railway & Transport Review 24 • July 2000 Copyright © 2000 EJRCF. All rights reserved. 80-m Danish EMU for regional and The following long-distance services and the railway, or vice versa is immaterial. It InterCity services) high-speed trains are also included: is also evident that the limit for choosing • Roskilde–Copenhagen Kastrup • Copenhagen Central– Ystad, Arlanda or Kastrup will move further north Airport, every hour (primarily IR4) ‘ICBornholm’, 3–6 daily departures into Sweden. •Østerport–Malmö Central, every 20 (primarily IC3 and possibly ØR) After a running-in period, DSB and SJ minutes (ØR—an 80-m Danish/ • Copenhagen Central–Stockholm, expect about 3 million regional Swedish EMU for regional Øresund ‘Snabbtåg’, 8 daily departures (X2000) passengers to use the Øresund connection traffic) • Copenhagen Central–Gothenburg, in 2001. By 2005, this figure will probably • Copenhagen Central–Karlskrona, ‘Snabbtåg’, 6 daily departures (X2000) increase to 4.8 million passengers. ‘Kustpilen’ (Swedish type DMU of • Copenhagen Katsrup Airport–Fyn/ Danish IC3), 6 daily departures Jylland, ‘Lyntog’, 9 daily departures as InterCityLyn (IC3) Danish–Swedish Fare Systems The following long-distance services and high-speed EMUs are also included: Unlike the Starting Timetable, the The Øresund Fixed Link will create a • Copenhagen Central–Ystad, 3–6 daily Øresund Timetable contains extension of regional network stretching from Elsignor departures (primarily IC3—a 65-m Øresund trains every 20 minutes to via Copenhagen/Kastrup to Malmö/Lund Danish DMU for InterCity services) Elsignor, and every hour from Malmö to and further to Helsingborg, Hässleholm • Copenhagen Central–Stockholm, Helsingborg, as well as an extension from and Kristianstad. A bus–train fare system ‘Snabbtåg’, at least 3 daily departures Malmö to Kristianstad. similar to the one in Denmark will be (X2000—a 165-m Swedish high- established from 2 July 2000 with the speed tilting EMU for long-distance Demography and result that travellers will be able to buy a services) Customer Base ticket from anywhere in the Copenhagen • Copenhagen Kastrup Airport–Fyn/ Metropolitan Area to somewhere in Jylland, ‘Lyntog’, 9 daily departures as The population density of Denmark and Skåne. The one-way fare from central InterCityLyn (IC3) southern Sweden makes it possible for Copenhagen or Amager to Malmö will be DSB and SJ to offer customers a good DKr60 and DKr120 for a return ticket valid Between 07:16 and 17:56, the Øresund product with a high frequency, short travel for 24 hours. The fare will be the same, traffic system will operate between times and simple ticketing system. As a whether one takes the S-train or bus part Copenhagen Central and Malmö. In the result, there is potential for a greatly of the way. The journey time by local train evening, night and weekends, the system increased flow of travellers both internally via the Øresund bridge and tunnel will will continue to and from the Nørreport in the Øresund region as well as on take 35 minutes between Copenhagen and Østerport city stations. somewhat longer sections, with southern Central and Malmö Central. Skåne as the most important market. I The Øresund Timetable consists of : Copenhagen Kastrup Airport is situated • Elsignor–Malmö, every 20 minutes relatively centrally in the region, meaning (ØR) with extension to Kritianstad, that the railway and airport will both every other hour (ØR) and with benefit greatly in a well-functioning extension to Helsingborg, every hour interplay in the form of more passengers. (ØR) Whether the airport attracts passengers to • Roskilde–Copenhagen Kastrup Airport, every hour (primarily IR4) • Copenhagen Central–Karlskrona, Søren Lynge Jacobsen ‘Kustpilen’, 6 daily departures (Y2k— Swedish type DMU of Danish IC3 Mr Jacobsen is Project Manager for DSB on the Øresund Project. He joined DSB in 1980 after studying Transport Planning at the Royal Academy of Architecture in Copenhagen. He obtained a used to connect non-electrified line degree from The Copenhagen School of Commerce in public planning, economy, and management from Karlskrona–Kristianstad, and all in 1984. way to Malmö and Copenhagen Central for InterRegional Service)