Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:48 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:48 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd All rights reserved rights All Linder Marc by 2001 © Copyright Notes and 2001Introduction, Klitgaard Translation, Inga and 1937 Klitgaard Mogens © Copyright mand imand en sporvogn Translated from the first edition of Mogens Klitgaard, Klitgaard, Mogens of edition first the from Translated permission of his daughter Line Schmidt-Madsen. Line daughter his of permission Cover Drawing: “Sporvognskondukt Drawing: Cover and with an Introduction and Notes by Marc Linder Linder Marc by Notes and Introduction an with and in appeared first Printed in the United States of America of States United the in Printed Suggested Library of Congress Cataloging Cataloging Congress of Library Suggested ltar,Mgn, 1906-1945 Mogens, Klitgaard, iiie yGoofllc l l f o o byG Digitized There’s a man sitting on a trolley/by Mogens Klitgaard. Translated Translated Klitgaard. Mogens a trolley/by on sitting man a There’s lx 2 . a;2 cm. 21 map; p.; 228 xlix, PT8175.K55 D4713 2001 D4713 PT8175.K55 references bibliographical Includes Library of Congress Control Number 2001132480 Number Control Congress of Library 0-9673899-7-6 ISBN Kulturkampen (oehgn olBanr 1937). Branner, Povl (Copenhagen: o 2(3): 15 (June 1936), is used with the the with used is 1936), 15 (June 2(3): 0 ren,” by Arne Ungermann, which which Ungermann, Arne by ren,” UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY Original from Original Deren sidder

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:49 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd Sitting on a Trolley a on Sitting clothing, knitwear, and fashion stores in Copenhagen (including Fre- (including Copenhagen in stores fashion and knitwear, clothing, deriksberg and Gentofte) with a total staff of 10,708 and sales of 227.6 of sales and 10,708 of astaff totalwith andGentofte) deriksberg oehv, rdrkbr gGetfeKmue 1936-1937 Kommune Gjentofte og Frederiksberg Kontor, Kobenhavn, statistiske Kobenhavns crowns. million omnmns To hl o oe h egbrshue. (Ex. 20:17). .. house neighbor’s thy covet shaltnot “Thou Commandments: t7 Cpnae: inoLn, 1937). Luno, Bianco (Copenhagen: 77 at the city and its three gates named for these three geographic directions geographic three these for named its andthreegates city the ( cobblestone-paved there,butfromthe going it,frombridges the have would misconception suburbs are often called called suburbsareoften rural former These lakes. three of north andwest lying Copenhagen of wsen nrhr, n esen. oes eeh “etrrs Be- “Vesterbros Lebech, Mogens eastern). and northern, (western, neighborhood. eds.; Copenhagen: Hassing, 1950). Vesterbro is an arch-working-class anis Vesterbro 1950). Hassing, Copenhagen: eds.; bro in byggelse,” amples, see Edvard Heiberg, Heiberg, Edvard see amples, eey n i hf h ertnmn a ul ocoet h front the to close so built was reartenement the ) shaft air an merely building that little air or light remained. For photographs of typical ex­ typical of For photographs thatlittleair remained.building light or hs ytm fuhgei wrigcas ertnmns ul around built reartenements working-class unhygienic of system adopted builders this Speculative 1979). forlag, Akademisk (Copenhagen: Folk ever smaller courtyards without direct access to the street in the second the in street the to directaccess courtyards smaller without ever bejdernes boligforhold i Kobenhavn omkring 1880 omkring Kobenhavn i boligforhold bejdernes were living in rear and side buildings as early as 1855) and the city ex­ city the and 1855) as early as in rearbuildings andside living were panded to Vesterbro, Norrebro, and Osterbro beyond the old ramparts. old the beyond Osterbro andNorrebro, Vesterbro, pandedto population Copenhagen’s of percent 22 which of result a as earlier, rear hadinner(where proliferated the tenements city of narrowconfines half of the nineteenth century as Copenhagen’s population outgrew the outgrew population Copenhagen’s ascentury nineteenth the of half 1935); Ole Buhl, “Saadan bor de kobenhavnske Arbejdere,” Arbejdere,” kobenhavnske de bor “Saadan Buhl, Ole 1935); iiie yGoogle l g o o G by Digitized , at 225-302 at 227 (Svend Aakjaer, Mogens Lebech, and Otto Norn Otto and Aakjaer,Lebech, (Svend Mogens at227 at,225-302 The bolded numbers at the left refer to the pages of of referpages leftnumbers atthe to the bolded The 2 1 2 2 1 , July 27, 1945, at 3:1-4; Rich. Willerslev, Willerslev, Rich. 3:1-4; at 1945, 27, July , neighbor’s Vesterbro Nabo slum smallish dry-goods store dry-goods smallish Kobenhavn: For og nu, og For Kobenhavn: is the secular word for “neighbor.” for word secular the is : In a Copenhagen : InCopenhagen a :andNorrebro,OsterbroVesterbro, are neighborhoods : The Danish word ( word Danish : The on which the italicized text appears. text italicized the which on brolagte) broerne main access roads leading from there to there from leading roads access main ve, straks veer, 2 Notes , this name deriving not, as a common a as not, deriving name this , 175 baggard( : In 1935, there were 2,485 dry-goods, 2,485 were there 1935, In: vol. V: vol. ncestens UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY 2 (oehgn Monde, (Copenhagen: 22 seboNrer Vester­ Norrebro Osterbro a rear courtyard or sometimes rearora courtyard i nalfom fro l a in rig O ) is that used in the Ten the in used that is ) Statistisk Aarbogfor Statistisk aa beev: Ar- vi: boede Sadan t2,2, 3, 134 132, 25, at23, , There ' s a Man a s Land og Land , tab. 94 tab.,

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:49 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd these outer areas, where building had, since 1810, in the wake o f the f o wake the in 1810, in since had, tenements f o building where construction areas, to outer way these the opened Copenhagen toward h sitn h s-alddmrain ie n aur 6 15, in 1852, 6, January on line demarcation so-called the f o shifting The we te aprs n h nwysitd eacto ln; ne the once line; demarcation newly-shifted the and ramparts the tween only then and zone free-fire a create order in to military the of approval Kbnan pidle Uvkigo akt” in Vaekst,” og Udvikling Oprindelse, “Kobenhavns esto. n 87 osrcin eae emsil i te ra be­ area the in permissible became com­ construction without 1867 In buildings the raze pensation. could military the that condition on Bes diln o ves, in vaekst,” og Bredsdorff, Peter udvikling 1919); “Byens Gyldendal, Copenhagen: ed.; Bruun (Daniel military had finally conceded that the ramparts themselves had lost their lost had rampartsthatthe themselves conceded finally had military nls bmadet oehgn be pritd ny ih the with only permitted been Copenhagen, f o bombardment English eed fnt Sosomn Havnen Slotsholmen, Afsnit, ledende Haandbog Historisk-topografisk-statistisk Folk: sfles te bgn o e eoe i 17. ild Christensen, Villads 1872. in removed be to began they usefulness, Sed aje, oes eeh ad to on d. Copenhagen: eds.; Norn Otto and Lebech, Mogens Aakjaer, (Svend nu 1949); in ogfor Hassing, Nu benhavn: voldkvartererne,” forstaedertil Copenhagen: gamle de “Fra eds.; Lebech, Norn Mogens Otto and Lebech, Mogens ae: kdms fra, 97; iud esn n Cas Smidt, Claus and Jensen Sigurd 1977); forlag, Frits Akademisk Erik Jens hagen: 1952); Brandforsikring, almindelige Den penhagen: in “Vesterbro,” Norregaard, Georg 1948); Hassing, businesses located in the rear courtyards became increasingly common increasingly became rear the courtyards in located businesses Norrebro. Kobenhavns statistiske Kontor, Kontor, statistiske Kobenhavns Norrebro. historie sprcenges Rammerne Hansen, Langberg, such housing. Hansen, Hansen, housing. such apartments in front houses. The highest proportion o f rear-building f o proportion highest The houses. front in apartments 75; Vagn Dybdahl, Dybdahl, Vagn 75; prmns a fud n hitasan te ne ct, n inner and city, inner the Christianshavn, in found was apartments ulig acutd o 1,5 aatet cmae t 130,172 to compared apartments 16,556 for accounted buildings n ne orbo B 18 n-orho h iyspplto lvd in lived population city’s the of one-fourth 1880 By inner Norrebro. in oiie, 95. nteodraeso oehgn n 95 sc rear such 1935, in Copenhagen of areas older Inthe 1965). Politiken, 1830-1900 1982). In the 1870s and 1880s, four- and five-story rear tenements with rear tenements five-story and four- 1880s, and 1870s Inthe 1982). , vol. V: vol. , vl 1 (on asrp n Hl oh d. Copenhagen: eds.; Koch Hal and Danstrup (John 12 vol. , oehvsfrtdbbges i 1850'erne i forstadsbebyggelse Kobenhavns dnfrvlee Kbnan dynn 1852-1952 udbygning Kobenhavns voldene: Uden for (v Cdrre Bc ta. d. Cpnae: Gyldendal, Copenhagen: eds.; al. et Bech Cedergreen (Sv. seboNrer Vesterbro Norrebro Osterbro o. IV: vol. , e y Kasr 1870-1913 Klasser: nye De 09, 5-6 in 150-56, 90-91, oehvsfrtdbbges 1850’erne i forstadsbebyggelse Kobenhavns hitasan Voldkvartererne Christianshavn Notes 176 oehv: u or fo g o Nu Kobenhavn: 15 a 5-8 Sed Aakjaer, (Svend 51-58 at 41-58 t2524a 1-7 Harald 216-17; at at,205-224 oehvs historie Kobenhavns Statistisk Aarbogfor Koben- Aarbogfor Statistisk UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY a 3, in 36, at , :711 t 113-18 at 2:77-121 Original from Original Kobenhavn: For og For Kobenhavn: Danmark Land og Land Danmark 47 (Copen­ 74-75 vl I: vol. , Danmarks 183-200 vl 4: vol. , (Co­ Ind- Ko­ at

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:49 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd Aftenavis . . . havn Norrebro og Vesterbro gennemskaeres af Lagkagehuse?” Lagkagehuse?” af gennemskaeres Vesterbro og Norrebro “airing and clearance” “slum for need f the o discussion fueled question out o f slums” in Copenhagen on the grounds that “the lack of light and light of lack “the that grounds the on Copenhagen in slums” f o out iyaatet”i ertnmnspooe tgain nbrh. “Skal births. in stagnation promoted rearintenements apartments” airy ifrn. h Dns imgat ao Ri, h hd experienced had who Riis, Jacob immigrant Danish The different. the out look to were one If reartenement. the became building existing to mid the in “Built analogs: architectural had City York New 2:1at -2. ee bidn” http://www.dragonfighters.eom/anatomy.html# building” newer as the and value yards front gained these on yards built front were the buildings grew, Newer City sites. building York New f o population oehgn lm, rt i 19 ta 1000 epe ie i New in lived people 100,000 that 1890 in wrote slums, Copenhagen the f o back the see would she or he tenement, rear a f o window front Zr rtk e Hglce Rctpioohe Enetn, i Karl in Einleitung,” Rechtsphilosophie: Hegelschen der Kritik “Zur these ignored Rothery, totally Agnes and see novel slums, Klitgaard’s as year same the appeared Although the phrase phrase the Although Jacob “slaughter-houses.” tenements rear called tenement- a appeared, book commission his after Soon house [1890]). 1971 Dover, York: obe enn of tln” os ak o at 2:5 “n I was I “And that 25:25: hast thou Matt. there lo, to earth: the in back talent thy hid and goes went and “talent” afraid, f o meaning double Riis, Jacob reartenements. York’s the As setting. suburban a in yard front spacious a had It land. sundhedsfarlige?” som Lejligheder ehgn Gledl 19 [1937]). 1995 Gyldendal, penhagen: 1937). Viking, York: ae 80s ertnmnswr rgnlytefrtbidn na o f o lot a on building first the originally were reartenements 1800’s, late Riis, Riis, xrsinofra msr n h rts gis h iey Religion misery. the against protest the and misery real f o expression Marx [and] Friedrich Engels, Engels, Friedrich [and] Marx is thine ” See also also See ” thine is Dietz, 1964 [1844]): “Religious misery is at one and the same time the time same the and one at is misery “Religious [1844]): 1964 Dietz, is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart o f a heartless world, as world, heartless a f o heart the creature, oppressed the of sigh the is it is the spirit o f spiritless conditions. It is the opium o f the people.” the f o opium the is It conditions. spiritless f o spirit the is it 1969 [1902]). For an American account of housing in Copenhagen that Copenhagen in housing of account American Foran [1902]). 1969 rv rv Digitized by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY by Digitized 2 2 2 The Battle with the Slum the with Battle The -t P n n n l i ? Original from Original ? i l n n n P , Feb. 15, 1936, at 2:1-2; “Vil Kommune kassere 5000 aeldre 5000 kassere Kommune “Vil 2:1-2; at 1936, 15, Feb. , 1936-1937 Isn Religion is the opium o f people f the o opium the is Religion 7 it written that you have to make the most o f your talents f o your most the make to have you that written it Ordbog over det danske Sprog danske det over Ordbog , tab. 66 at 56. By the mid-1930s, the population the mid-1930s, the By 56. at 66 tab. , (forvalte sit pund) sit (forvalte Denmark: Kingdom o f f Reason o Kingdom Denmark: 1 (otli, .. Ptesn Smith, Patterson N.J.: (Montclair, 116 Werke Notes 177 Berlingske Aftenavis, Berlingske How the Other Half Lives Half Other the How :7-1 t 7 (eln [GDR]: (Berlin 378 at 1:378-91 has a long literary history, the history, literary long a has Acrig o al Marx, Karl to According : 713 5h d; Co­ ed.; (5th 17:113 e. 5 1936, 15, Feb. 193-96 (New 193-96 Berlingske 4 (New 41

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Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:49 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd oeet ht rgntd n ehds-elyns i te United the in Methodism-Wesleyanism in originated that movement ht h cuc dd o cm t Dnak ni 16, s wr only aware Melton, is Gordon J. 1960, group. until earlier f the o Denmark existence to the of rumor through came not did church the that are There mergers. f o result a as formed was Nazarene the f Pentecostal o the when Church 1907-1908 in form organizational a fixed assumed only very few Nazarenes in Denmark today; their minister, who states who minister, their today; Denmark in Nazarenes few very only tts n h lt nntet cnuy Pies . rse one the founded Bresee F. Phineas century. nineteenth late the in States 2001 Religions f American o Encyclopedia First Church o f the Nazarene in Los Angeles in 1895 and the movement the and 1895 in Angeles Los in Nazarene f the Firsto Church (including Frederiksberg and Gentoffce) in tax year 1936-37, o f 367 per­ 367 f o Copenhagen In 1936-37, Gentoffce)year and tax in Frederiksberg Danes. (including wealthiest the among represented portionately the depression o f the 1930s, when one young man who is considering is who man young one when 1930s, the f o depression the 208 at 168-69. Klitgaard himself included an actual newspaper article newspaper actual an included himself Klitgaard 168-69. at 208 exceeded was crowns) (18,658 merchants in­ annual wholesale average 4,165 the f The o merchants, come pensioners. wholesale except were group 75 other any more, than or more crowns reporting millions persons one f 282 o of assets occupation; other any than wholesale more were 117 merchants, more, or crowns 100,000 f o incomes reporting sons (22,812 crowns). crowns). (22,812 contemporaneous novel about the unemployed in Copenhagen during Copenhagen in unemployed the about novel contemporaneous gory. Mogens Klitgaard, Mogens cate­ other any thangory. more merchants, wholesale were asset-millionaires attorneys 703 and crowns) (31,349 presidents company 1,833 thatof by were especially associated with large, expensive, and ostentatious villas ostentatious and expensive, large, with associated especially were well-known a in example, For [1925]). 1994 exaggerated an Gyldendal makes penhagen: who one f wealth. o his f o show meaning pejorative word subsidiary The a (1942)]. [1975 n.d. CaritAndersen, penhagen]: from 1942 in a later novel stating that in tax-year 1941-42, 93 o f 528 f o 93 1941-42, tax-year in that stating novel later a in 1942 from eak httig antb obdwt hsfml i yu a play can “you latter if the family man, his with Grosserer bad young so be cannot unemployed things another that to remarks coat his offers suicide hagen: Nyt Nordisk Forlag Arnold Busck, 1934 [1933]). [1933]). 1934 Busck, Arnold Forlag Nordisk Nyt hagen: n n aon Cpnae. e, .. Oe ul “e kne Bolig- kendes “Her Buhl, Ole e.g., See, Copenhagen. around and in 96;ht:/w.aaeed;eal rm a v olrp(uy 18, (July Bollerup Ove Kaj from email http://www.nazarene.dk; 1996); 2 2 2 2 ).. D igitized igitized D rv - ■ Original from Original ■ - rv the Nazarenes the .” Leek Fischer, Fischer, Leek .” wholesale merchant’s license merchant’s wholesale by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY by Statistisk Aarbog for Kobenhavn...1936-1937 for Aarbog Statistisk Ordbog over det danske Sprog danske det over Ordbog Ti hrhwspr h vneia holiness evangelical the f o part was church : This Den guddommelige hverdag guddommelige Den Det maa gerne blive Mandag blive gerne maa Det Notes 178 4-5 5h d; eri: Gale, Detroit: ed.; (5th 344-45 : Wholesale merchants were dispro­ were merchants : Wholesale 7:119 (5th ed.; Co­ ed.; (5th 7:119 9-3 Np [Co­ (N.p. 92-93 grosserer 7 (Copen­ 72 Grosserere tab. , has

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:49 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd cle ansvar fcelles the mid-nineteenth century. Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., Chandler, D. Alfred century. mid-nineteenth the vertically integrated mass producers. Prominent wholesale merchants wholesale Prominent producers. mass integrated vertically merchant for term Danish the in (kobmand) lacking overtones ideological conveys ikke,” noden uha lxne . twr a cuuae xrodnr elh in wealth extraordinary accumulated had Stewart T. Alexander as such the by peaked had which system, distribution f the o domination salers’ Statistisk Aarbogfor Kobenhavn Aarbogfor Statistisk od o hn wr al t ahee adoe rft b riig the raising by profits handsome achieve a to able been were not hand on surely had goods Lundegaard Although I. War World during success nomic prices o f much sought-after pre-war goods. Sigurd Jensen, Jensen, Sigurd goods. pre-war sought-after much f o prices war-profiteer nouveau-riche hi w tae no, hra i te rvne te wr organized were they provinces the in whereas union, trade own their that o f bill collectors in the trade sector (excluding, for example, banks) example, for (excluding, sector trade the in collectors bill f o that Kontor, statistiske Kobenhavns 1935. inNovember Vesterbro in 72) p. was 40 crowns, the 480-crown annual rent was almost identical to the to identical almost was rent annual 480-crown the crowns, 40 was tenement rear the 1981). Gyldendal, Copenhagen: eds.; al. et Bech Cedergreen as: avr nvriyPes 17 [1977]). 1978 Press, University Harvard Mass.: okr, e blw oet p 7. il olcos n oehgn had Copenhagen in collectors Bill 79. p. to note manual below see unskilled f o workers, wages to relationship their and wages white-collar years 10 average on were collectors bill Since crowns. 2,652 only was average annual rent o f 484 crowns for a two-room apartment (see below (see apartment a two-room for crowns 484 f rento annual average oed Hnes o Knomdjepre Lnigr Kobenhavn i Lonninger Kontormedhjaelpernes og Handels- rorende age- their old), years 30 versus (40 workers store and office than older con­ survey wage annual special average the A that revealed 1936 for occupations. Copenhagen in ducted white-collar low-paid relatively specific wage was even lower. Henning Friis, “En Undersogelse ved- Undersogelse “En Friis, Henning lower. even was wage specific while crowns, 2,962 and 3,402 was employees store and office male for The Managerial Revolution in American Business in American Revolution TheManagerial lectors ( lectors 1880s, was undermined by direct dealings between mass retailers and retailers mass between dealings direct by undermined was 1880s, 1936,” 1936,” rv rv Dig ilized by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY by Dig ilized 3 3 2 2 4 4 Anna’s salary exactly covered the rent for the little apartment in apartment little the rent for the covered exactly salary Anna’s It may well have been the war that was the setting for their eco­ their for setting the was that war the been have well may It Lundegaard set offfor his wearisome collection work collection wearisome his offfor set Lundegaard oil Tidsskrift Socialt inkassatorer - or in the English “wholesaler.” In the United States, whole­ States, United Inthe “wholesaler.” English the in or j ■ _ P n n n l p Original from Original p l n n n P ■_ Land og Folk og Land 7-5 in 173-75, : Many businesspeople made great amounts o f money f o amounts great made businesspeople Many : : If, as appears below (see p. 6), Anna’s monthly wage monthly Anna’s 6), p. (see below appears :as If, ) were a relatively low-paid group even within the within even group low-paid relatively a were ) 45:149 a 159 (a 13) On 1938). (May 195-96 at 194-97 14(5): oehvs historie Kobenhavns uy3, 95 t335 Te aih word Danish The 3:3-5. at 1945, 31, July , (Gullaschbaron\ Notes . . . . 179 1936-1937 merchants with stocks of stocks with merchants vl 5: vol. , , tab. 80 at 65. at 80 tab. , 215-39 (Cambridge, 215-39 The Visible Hand: Visible The 1900-45 Bl col­ Bill : Under (Sv.

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:49 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd together with insurance agents. Henning Grelle, Grelle, Henning agents. insurance with together uligt h akcutadweetera uligi lctd For located. is building rear the where courtyard back the to building arbejdsanstalt Willerslev, see photographs, arbejderbevcegelsen om Enhistorie 46 t4,8(eaaeypgntd Dne ru d; Copenhagen: ed.; Bruun (Daniel paginated) in (separately at45,48 Administration,” 44-69 Kommunes “Kobenhavns al., et Andreasen N. the 1920s, Inearly the alcohol. and vagabondage to a workhouse tendency a and sentences; penal corrections (Arbejdsanstalt) served f o groups similar house and a pimps, Afdeling); Stiftelses (Tvangsarbejdsanstalt) Johannes (St. hospital anstalt assistance public Fre- municipality’s inthe part of was Ladegaard, Sundholm institution, deriksberg), similar a (replacing 1908 in established [1943]). in life 2000 Gyldendal, social hagen: people’s young of site important an were passageways o eev pbi assac truh lcmn i a in placement through anstalt. assistance public receive to anstalt ( system Ditlevsen, Tove See Vesterbro. tor, tor, Gyldendalske Boghandel, 1922). On March 31, 1936, the the 1936, 31, March On 1922). Boghandel, Gyldendalske Haandbog Historisk-topograifsk-statistisk Folk: og Land Danmark eg Bbges, in Bebyggelse,” bergs mne b te oil eortc oenet n 93 hre the charged 1933 in government Democratic Social the by amended Heiberg, cides. ethue ny4 mnad9wmn Kbnan ttsik Kon- statistiske Kobenhavns women. 9 and men 41 only housed ment sons who, pursuant to the statute, were sentenced to to sentenced were statute, the to pursuant who, sons sui­ f o number a to led Sundholm at enforced discipline” “slave The minister of social affairs with insuring that there be the requisite num­ requisite the berof be there that insuring with affairs social of minister eeh ad to on d. Cpnae: asn, 90; Mogens in 1950); Hassing, Bebyggelse,” “Yderkvarterernes Copenhagen: Lebech, eds.; Norn Otto and Lebech, Yderkvarterer, Fors Fors tee Yderkvarterer, der Statistisk Aarbog for Kebenhavn . Kebenhavn for Aarbog Statistisk 4 4 6 6 passageway v rgnl from Original p l n n n P rv D igitize d d igitize D Tvangsarbejdsanstalter held 288 men and 24 women, while the public assistance depart­ assistance public the while women, 24 and men 288 held hl 60 e ad 2 wmn Mgn Lbc, “Frederiks- Lebech, Mogens women. 120 and men 600 held o r 11 f2 a. 93 m feti Frog et 0 in 40, sect. Forsorg, offentlig om 1933 maj. 20 af 181 Nr. Lov Forsorgelsesvcesen Sundholm could hold 244 men and 96 women, while the the while women, 96 and men 244 hold could for Copenhagen for younger able-bodied persons with persons able-bodied younger for Copenhagen for by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY by Veer, straks 2 : A Lctd n h Snb scin fCpnae and Copenhagen of section Sundby the in Located : port for Copenhagen and the islands where beggars, where islands the and Copenhagen for Kobenhavn: Nu ogfor Nu Kobenhavn: 43-130 at 106-107 (Svend Aakjaer, Mogens (Svend 106-107 at 43-130 is the tunnel-like archway through the front the through archway tunnel-like the is . t a dvdd notre ntttos a institutions: three into divided was It ). Sadan boede vi boede Sadan with sufficient room to receive the per­ the receive to room sufficient with a 52. h pbi assac lw as law assistance public The 25-26. at Notes Barndommens gade Barndommens 180 2 (oehgn Fea, 1984). Fremad, (Copenhagen: 121 . . 1936-1937 id. a 16 18 10 Such 130. 128, 126, at vl VI: vol. , at 163-226 at 220-21; at 163-226 at Under de rede faner: rede de Under Tvangsarbejde (6th ed.; Copen­ ed.; (6th tb 11 t 132. at 171 tab. , Tvangsarbejds­ Frederiksberg, Arbejds­ Arbejds­ Tvangs­ or 4:

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:49 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd osudn fuldmcegtig forsvundene abgo oehv. . 1936-1937 . . Kobenhavn. Aarbogfor 1933 Aaret for Lovtidende et o a to sent where the customs service building was located. was building service customs the where ruffians the subsistence, Copen­ f without o “those stratum by lowest occupied the was society [1941]), hagen 1996 Gyldendal, (Copenhagen: was 2.5 degrees centigrade. Kobenhavns statistiske Kontor, Kontor, statistiske Kobenhavns centigrade. degrees 2.5 was Scherfig, Hans see rocks, breaking f o work communal perform someone f o example well-known a For literature. Danish pression-era stable share prices share stable n dukrs wo le i Feld n Snemre utl they’re until Sundholm.” to Sondermarken sent and and Faelled nabbed in sleep who drunkards, and ar,“sebo itre” in Historie,” “Osterbros gaard, expensive—after all, the health insurance fund would pay some o f f it'.o some pay would fund insurance health the all, expensive—after pris,” pris,” , 96 t 13:3-4. at 1936, 3, lo nldd yia wrigcas ra, n oeal architecturally overall and areas, it working-class there; typical moved servants included civil also and higher military somewhat abecause part f ino and was and quality 1880s the until earnest in begin not did arnet Teaeaetmeaue nCpnae i aur 1936 January in Copenhagen in temperature average The Fahrenheit. Ditlevsen, Tove to According [1938]). r Nrer Vesterbro Norrebro Norre- bro Georg Norrebro. and Vesterbro like desert” “stone a became there construction because part in Norrebro and Vesterbro than hagen than 49 million crowns in contributions, while national and local gov- local and national while contributions, in crowns million than49 modest membership fee equal to about two or three days’ wages o f an f o wages days’ three or two about to equal fee membership modest nkle lbrr(n 96temr hn2 ilo mmespi less paid members million 2 than more the 1936 (in laborer (or, unskilled health -subsidized and state-recognized 1,600 the f o Members in Bebyggelse,” literally, sickness) insurance funds (, funds insurance sickness) literally, 94. udomwsacmo rp i oehgncnee, De- Copenhagen-centered, in trope common a was Sundholm 1934). rv v Original from Original v rv Digitized by IJNIVER5ITYGF MICHIGAN IJNIVER5ITYGF by Digitized 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 Politiken kilogram per ere 4 rose pork between 3 and 4 degrees centigrade'. degrees 4 and 3 between Osterbro but she could get herself glasses. It probably wouldn It probably glasses. herself get could she but The stock exchange reported a brisk atmosphere for bonds and bonds for atmosphere brisk a reported exchange Thestock utm House Custom Tvangsarbejdsanstalt , Jan. 4, 1936, at 13:2. An An 13:2. at 1936, 4, Jan. , : It became a somewhat more affluent section of Copen­ of section affluent more somewhat a : Itbecame id. at 27-98 at 30. at 27-98 at : See “Det nye Aar begyndte godt,” godt,” begyndte Aar nye “Det See : : Toldbod a 52 a 2 (ut) Lbc, “Osterbros Lebech, (quote); 24 at 5-24 at , 2-6 Cpnae: ydna, 1996 Gyldendal, (Copenhagen: 125-26 a 9-4 a 92 Cpnae: Schultz, (Copenhagen: 902 at 890-942 at , for requesting welfare but refusing to refusing but welfare requesting for Kobenhavn: For og nu og For Kobenhavn: Notes s h waf n oehgn harbor Copenhagen in wharf the is 181 Se“ae tre e o Flaeske- hoj starter med “Aaret : See sygekasser , tab. 3 at 3. at 3 tab. , Man gjorde et barn barn et fortrced gjorde Man Between 37 and 39 degrees 39 and 37 Between ore is 1/100 o f a crown. a f o 1/100 is ), by virtue o f paying a paying f o virtue by ), o. V: vol. , Politiken 7 Statistisk be that be Oster­ , Jan. , Den 116

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:49 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd rmn sbiis oald 9 ilo con) wr ette t free to entitled were crowns), million 19 totalled subsidies ernment crowns for each beneficiary member o f the fund— defined as “persons as defined to 2 fund— not the f o contributed pay) state member The to beneficiary each for chose crowns wages. daily member the member’s a f o premium four-fifths a exceed high how on a 40 and pending between hospital, a ranging in benefit treatment free sickness doctor, a from treatment medical Copenhagen (approximately the annual wage o f a skilled worker em­ worker skilled a f o wage annual the “without (approximately whereby Copenhagen like,” the and servants, civil tradespeople, other similarly women and men andthose class f working the o means without and assets bplow 9,500 crowns for single persons and 14,500 crowns 14,500 and persons single for crowns 9,500 bplow assets areas, nonurban in and crowns in 2,800 crowns below to down and round) year 4,200 ployed below income annual an be to defined was means” and craftsmen, farmers, smaller as such economically them to situated rd Lvr 12a2. a 13 m okfrirn,scs , 2 13, 12, 6, sects. Folkeforsikring, om 1933 Maj af20. 182 LovNr. ered. benefits. bene­ on sickness and treatment hospital and doctor for expenditures members funds’ ficiary the f o one-fourth and heads— family for afnsi: r crbg Dnak statistik Danmarks i Icerebog Er samfundsliv: a in membership on pensions disability and old-age f o than statutorily required. statutorily than receipt the conditioning by obligatory facto de made was Membership tiken 1891-1941 Lovgivning: sociale marks employed office worker who isn who worker office employed 32. 25, health Danish the f o description contemporaneous a For 1930). Gad, in Staten, fra Tilskude assistance toward the purchase o f glasses, which was voluntary rather voluntary was which glasses, f o purchase the toward assistance Sygekasserne,” i nu er Befolkningen af Procent “90 [1941]); n.d. 1938 bog cut, 94; eedgrle i Vjenn o d Idags og Indtaegts- de om Vejledning til Bekendtgorelse 1934); Schultz, omeohl, e sm ee btne e Pros paes eller Optagelse Persons en betinger Regel som der Formueforhold, Forbliven i en anerkendt Sygekasse med Ret til gennem denne at nyde at denne gennem til Ret med Sygekasse anerkendt ien Forbliven Rothery, Rothery, nuac sse a pr ofte vrl sca scrt sse, see system, security social overall the f o part as system insurance 1936 about 90 percent of the population above the age o f 14 were cov­ were 14 f o age the above population the of percent 90 about 1936 05 t 9 (ut) 99 10, 0310, 03 (Copenhagen: 1013 1003-1004, 1000, 999, (quote), 995 at 1035 8 6 in 36, 18, 8 8 , Feb. 6, 1936, at 10:5-6; Jens Warming, Warming, Jens 10:5-6; at 1936, 6, Feb. , rv v P n n n l p Original from Original p l n n n P v rv Digitized D y V i U U g L L UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY L L g U U i V y D Digitized Denmark otdnefrKne gtDnakfrArt 1933 Aaret for Danmark iget Konger for Lovtidende , tab. 146 at 134 (Copenhagen: Bianco Luno, 1938); 1938); Luno, Bianco (Copenhagen: 134 at 146 tab. , it was totally senseless for a girl like her to be engaged to an un­ an to engaged be to her like girl a for senseless totally was it at 18-28. Not all health insurance funds provided funds insurance health all Not 18-28. at id ., at 1389; Danmarks Statistik, Statistik, Danmarks 1389; at ., amrsscaeLvinn: 1891-1941 Lovgivning: sociale Danmarks 7 Notes 182 even in a labor union labor a in even ore a 2, 7 Cpnae: Gad, (Copenhagen: 27 23, at , n 6 rws e dy (de­ day per crowns 6 and Danmarks erhvervs- og erhvervs- Danmarks 3-9 (Copenhagen: 537-39 : Labor unions Labor : Statistisk Aar- Statistisk sygekasse\ , at 992­ at , Dan­ Poli- by at ,

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:49 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd rbee i amr 13-98 Btekig fie af Social- f a afgivet Betcenkning 1930-1938: Danmark i problemet thorizing subsidies to these systems, the unemployment insurance funds insurance unemployment the systems, these to subsidies thorizing ee eurd o e eaae fo te nos atog ec union each although unions, the from separated be to required were evl sbiie te ud ihjrsito oe te cuain or occupation the over jurisdiction with fund the subsidized heavily au­ 1907 in statute a enacted parliament the When members. their for gjorde et barn barn et fortrced gjorde unemployed. become to unionists than were who workers insured, were workers) craft and industrial all almost ployment insurance fund, but some funds required them to pay higher pay to them required funds some but unem­ fund, insurance occupational their in ployment membership to entitled were unionists not bers to join the appropriate fund and virtually all union workers (and workers union all virtually and fund appropriate the join to bers “had an obsession with insurance— she had life, fire, theft, and accident and theft, fire, life, had she insurance— with obsession an “had hn h aeae o al cuain: n 95 69 ecn ad 16.2 and percent 6.9 1935, in occupations: all for average the than systems insurance unemployment established century nineteenth the in o olcie agiig gemn wt hr mlyr bcue she because employer, her with agreement bargaining collective no likely more were they that showed thatexperience grounds the on fees okr i Dnakad2. pretfral nue okr i Den­ in workers insured all for percent 22.1 and Denmark in workers unemploy­ f o rate the Copenhagen In uninsured. the include not did mem­ their required unions Although union. that by organized industry ae (n rws: ae fie mlye—342 ml so em­ shop male 3,402; annual average employees— office following male the crowns): revealed (in 1936 in wages Copenhagen in ers Kontoret,” paa og Butiken i “Lonnen Politiken places. work many at prevailed ministeriets statsvidenskabelige Konsulent statsvidenskabelige ministeriets Kontor, havn statistiske Kobenhavns office and mark). store insured all for percent 7.3 (and respectively percent, lower considerably was workers store and office insured among ment lye—292 umrid eaeofc mlye—233 married 2,333; employees— office female unmarried 2,962; ployees— work­ store and office private-sector year-round full-time 28,000 about workers Kontormedhjaelperforbund, unionized among than og hours con­ longer much and Handels- unionized; wages the starvation not to were according workers store retail sequently, and office f o majority cut, 1939). Schultz, insurance, so why not unemployment insurance.” Ditlevsen, Ditlevsen, insurance.” unemployment not why so insurance, 1891-1941 1930s describes an office worker who joined a union, although it had it although union, a joined who worker office an describes 1930s Digitized by by Digitized j ■ ■ rv 8 . . .. you know what a man working in an office earns office in an working man a what know you 1936-1937 Nv 1, 96 a 1:. seil uvy h wgs of wages the f o survey special A 10:2. at 1936, 10, Nov. , a 7-0 A elkon oe st n oehgn n the in Copenhagen in set novel well-known A 76-80. at , l Original from Original , tab. 185 at 140-41; Jorgen Dich, Dich, Jorgen 140-41; at 185 tab. , at 21. Official Danish unemployment statistics unemployment Danish Official 21. at Notes 183 Danmarks sociale Lovgivning: sociale Danmarks Statistisk Aarbog for Koben- for Aarbog Statistisk UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY app. 3 at 377 (Copenhagen: 377 at 3 app. Arbejdslesheds- : At this time the time this : At Man

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:49 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd e—205 umrid eae hp mlye—182 “vm er “Hvem 1,822. employees— shop female unmarried 2,025; ees— ehgn n Feeiseg i 13 te oa mmesi of the f o membership total the Co­ 1936 in in recorded were Frederiksberg; and employees shop and penhagen office subordinate 24,776 2,538. Kobenhavns statistiske Kontor, Kontor, statistiske Kobenhavns 2,538. eae fie mlye—220 mrid eae hp employ­ shop female married 2,280; employees— office female tensen with music by Hermann D. Koppel and Bernhard Christensen, Bernhard and Koppel D. Hermann by music with tensen Larsen?” egws ,2. o fiewresaoete iue ee946 and 9,406 were . havn figures the alone workers office For 9,021. was berg son, bom in 1811, this title; there are many famous paintings o f him. f o paintings famous many are there title; this 1811, in bom son, was performed in Kjeld Abell’s play play Abell’s Kjeld in performed was Handels- og Kontormedhjaelper Forbund in Copenhagen and Frederiks­ and Copenhagen in Forbund Kontormedhjaelper og Handels- southwest o f Copenhagen. f o southwest that “Larsen is all o f us, all who are walking on a treadmill, created by created treadmill, a on walking are who all us, f o all is “Larsen that you him Larsen,/it’s named man song, a the about with song a opens “Here’s play begins: The which 1930s the 1935. during 6, worker September on premiere its hadwhite-collar little the f o play alienation controversial and the popular about enormously This 1935). Monde, hagen: their pupils should be forbidden to see the play, Abell himself stated himself Abell play, the see to forbidden be should it’s pupils their fact in and he good, so which be life, Itshould with luck of. no much had he expected had day,/and otherwise every street the on meet so rotten.” rotten.” so hth’ otn novdi en nlvdbcueh’ en brought been he’d because enslaved being in involved gotten he’d that cold-hearted”: and cal, blev der Melodien, om Strid skarp i vaek,” “Paedagogeme dissatisfaction.” above “Introduction” at pp. 25, 27. 25, pp. at “Introduction” above rne Snli ad oad dm a frt rdcd n odn in London in produced first was Adam Ronald and Sinclair Frances up to submit to compulsion. Mogens Klitgaard, Klitgaard, Mogens compulsion. to example, submit to up for utterances— similar makes novel semiautobiographical That Got Lost Got That 1936, which opened with “Song of Johnson.” Kjeld Abell, Abell, Kjeld Johnson.” of “Song with opened which 1936, “ htswa’ etoigoreitne W aet ertls, cyni­ ruthless, be to Wehave existence. our destroying what’s That’s 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ‘W e ’re brought up to be considerate and modest, and considerate be to up ’re e ‘W brought 9 _, . P n n n l i > Original Original MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY > i l n n n P by Digitized . _, . . Solred beach: Solred Hjorring Politiken f Rome o king the of pictures different Three Kulturkampen 1936-1937 the song about Larsen about song the Id. at 9. At a meeting o f teachers, some o f whom felt that felt whom f o some teachers, f o meeting a At 9. at 5 Lno: le & ni, 99. n h pa, see play, the On 1939). Unwin, & Allen (London: 15 , Feb. 12, 1936, at 6:3-6. An adaptation o f the play by play the f o adaptation An 6:3-6. at 1936, 12, Feb. , : A town in the far north o f Jutland. f o north far the in town : A Solrod strand is located on Zealand about 20 miles 20 about Zealand on located is strand Solrod tb 1 t2,tb 18a 144. at 188 tab. 23, at 18 tab. , 8(4):2 (September 1938). At the 1930 census, 1930 the At 1938). (September 8(4):2 The cynical narrator-vagabond o f Klitgaard’s f o narrator-vagabond cynical The Notes : This song, written by Sven Moller Kris- Moller Sven by written song, : This 184 Melodien der blev vcek blev der Melodien Statistisk Aarbogfor Koben­ Aarbogfor Statistisk Gud mildner luften luften for mildner Gud : Napoleon gave his gave : Napoleon from TheMelody " (Copen­ Nielsen said. Nielsen

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:49 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd de klippede far klippede de ments od,epcal as vcu cenr, untr, ok, n radios, and books, furniture, cleaners, vacuum cars, especially goods, ee sbet nes cnrvry n emr. e, .. “Den e.g., See, Denmark. in controversy intense f o subject a were wih et no feto Otbr , 99 pritn brin for abortions permitting 1939) 1, October on effect into went (which sunde og den usunde Afbetaling,” Afbetaling,” usunde den og sunde perform or undergo an abortion. However, juries regularly acquitted to regularly Denmark juries in However, illegal abortion. was an by it undergo or caused reasons, perform hereditary (pregnancies and ethical acts), health), or criminal life mother’s (the medical the sacrifice o f the lesser good (the child’s life) for the greater good (the good greater the for life) child’s (the good lesser f the o sacrifice the ohr ad ae a icesnl pritd hscas o perform to physicians permitted increasingly law case and mothers abortions based on the principle o f f o principle the on based abortions ohrs ie, huh eiigta rtro cue mc confusion. much caused criterion that defining though life), mother’s o N. 6 a 1. a 13 o Frntlnne i nenn af Anledning i Foranstaltninger om 1937 Maj 18. Svangerskab; af 163 Nr. Lov the Law the lyrud a add t h ed h nntet cnuy Sonder- century. nineteenth the f o end the at added first was the Gardens; Palace playground Frederiksberg f o south is and Zoo the adjoins an ogad Aoto Lgsain nDnak” in Denmark,” in Legislation “Abortion Norgaard, Magna where Klitgaard reported that as boys “we tobogganed there in the love­ the in there tobogganed “we boys as that reported Klitgaard where Bladet neat the than wilder is and park a than forest a like more is marken ak r atoftegonssronigFeeisegCsl. Else­ Castle. Frederiksberg surrounding grounds the f o part are parks 1967). University, gaard’s plan is to pledge his daughter’s future salary payments as secu­ as payments salary future daughter’s his pledge to is plan gaard’s Both Roskildevej. by separated is it which from Gardens, Frederiksberg s bv. t per ht aih a de nt euae ae assign- wage regulate not does law Danish that appears It above. as 1989). Fremad, hagen: rity for the loan from Salomonsen, Lunde­ that Salomonsen, from clear loan the for rity make To obligation. an assumes party a which by y il. Mgn Kigad “& kvu i oehv, in Kobenhavn,” i “P& skovtur Klitgaard, Mogens hills.” ly Udvalgte noveller ogskitser noveller Udvalgte 12:42-48 rv -*■ P n n n l p Original from Original p l n n n P -*■ rv Digitized Digitized 10 10 10 10 11 11 12 12 : At this time the abuses associated with the purchase of consumer of purchase the with associated abuses the time :this At , July 3, 1937, reprinted in Mogens Klitgaard, Klitgaard, Mogens inreprinted 1937, 3, ,July abortionists'. 4-8(ai mt d;Ceead PesofWsen Reserve Western f o Press Cleveland: ed.; Smith (David 144-78 the Sendermark the Pledging her salary as security. as salary her Pledging h prbe h ufihu servant unfaithful the f o parable the he’ hnhv obyatedeswn ahn o install­ on machine sewing treadle a buy to have then ey’d th Danmarks sociale lovgivning sociale Danmarks by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY by 4 Cpnae: ai nesn .. [1938]). n.d. Andersen, Carit (Copenhagen: 42 eoeteeatetofa brin a i 1937 in law abortion an f o enactment the Before Li ot n h egtet cnuy ti park this century, eighteenth the in out Laid : 91-96 (Sven Moller Kristensen ed.; Copen­ ed.; Kristensen Moller (Sven 91-96 Notes 185 gageforskrivning Politiken jus necessitatis jus A A at 143-46; Vera Skalts and Skalts Vera 143-46; at forskrivning , Nov. 17, 1936, at 4:3-6. at 1936, 17, Nov. , Mt. 44-1 Luke 24:45-51; Matt. : has been translated been has wih authorized which , Hverdagens musik: Hverdagens is a document a is Abortion and Abortion Ekstra

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:49 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd igt Bbitk cud id o nomto o te ujc, u ex­ but subject, the on information no find could Bibliotek) tingets e’ sgaue ad seily aoosn ol epc ht Anna’s that expect could Salomonsen especially and signature) ter’s rse h pno ht thdntbe euae tpiae lcsof o places private at regulated been not had it that (Folke- opinion Library the Parliamentary pressed Danish The 1993)). J0F, penhagen: mlyr a ag dprmn soe wud o ln ih h scheme the with along go would store, department large a employer, og Arkiv ( July 5, 2001). Even if it had been regulated in some manner some in regulated been ithad if Even 2001). 5, July Bibliotek ( Arbejderbevaegelsens Arkiv og EvaNancke, from Email employment. et i te rvt etr Eal rm hms evg atre in attorney Lemvig, Thomas from Email sector. private the in ments degree of legal protection of workers’ wages against their own creditors own their against wages workers’ of protection legal of degree himself Salomonsen Later Salomonsen. to salary Anna’s out pay and enh n bgnig h teteh etr dcae nl ad void and null declared century twentieth the f o beginning and teenth uses the term “assignment” ( “assignment” term the uses h stain odnr” aoes n wg-aes rnes them “renders wage-eamers and laborers “ordinary” f o situation the nine­ the f o end the at States United the in laws labor-protective state Blanco, onzalez G Jos£ internationally. greatly varied o niiae hi pyet ad o arfc te fr n inadequate an for them sacrifice to and payment, their anticipate to ervto o iet fcnrc,asaelw(89 n. csc. cxxiv, ch. Acts Ind. (1899 law state a contract, of liberty of deprivation the example, For loans. secure to wages future pledge to contracts any be would it otherwise prohibited— not itwas presumably 1930s, inthe Fredericia (quoting Bernhard Gomard, BernhardGomard, (quoting Fredericia eamers from oppression, extortion, or fraud on the part o f others, and others, f o part the on fraud or extortion, oppression, from eamers fetwud e lk ijrost te aoe n hs mlyr I is It employer. his and laborer the to injurious alike be would effect to Payment of Wages of Payment to many in means future or would, present without assignments laborerorwage-eamer Such the leave cases, great. very often is consideration, temptation the assigned, be may futurewages Where condition. their of employers, f o hands the at injustice and imposition to liable peculiarly sect. 4, at 193, 194) prohibiting such assignments on the grounds that grounds the on assignments such prohibiting 194) 193, at 4, sect. unconstitutional f o claim a against as upheld, Indiana f o Court Supreme daugh­ his f o forgery his apartfrom (even Lundegaard that implausible from the consequences of their own weakness, folly, or improvidence.” or folly, weakness, own their of consequences the from wage- f o protection the was . . . 1899 f o act the f o object that the clear spot B rmvn te togs icnie o atfl ser­ faithful to their incentive future,— near the in strongest reward pecuniary the f o removing expectation the By vice,— support. f o unscrupulous tradesmen, and others who are willing to take advantage take to willing are who others and tradesmen, unscrupulous nentoa Tx-ok o v Wisne, 5 .. 2,2 (Ind. 521,523 N.E. 65 Weissinger, v. Co. Text-Book International Wages 1902). See generally, Lindley Clark and Stanley Tracy, Tracy, Stanley andClark Lindley generally, See 1902). 195-210 (Geneva: La Tribune de Gen&ve, 1959). A number of number A 1959). Gen&ve, de Tribune La (Geneva: 195-210 d b e l g o o ed by G 31-33 (U.S. Bureau, o f Labor Statistics, Bull. No. Bull. Statistics, Labor f o Bureau, (U.S. 31-33 O anvisning Notes 186 . e eo oet .4. The 49. p. to note below See ). Obligationsret UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY Original from Original , pt. 3, at 104 (Co­ 104 at 3, ,pt. Laws Relating Laws rtcin of Protection

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:49 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd 0, 96. otsae i te ntd tts tl rglt h assign­ the regulate still States United the in states Most 1926). 408, ers to process wage assignments that comply with the statute’s proce­ statute’s the with comply that assignments wage employ­ requires that process statute to detailed ers especially an For wages. of ment ue, e Ilni Wg Asgmn At 70 lios Compiled Illinois 740 Act, Assignment Wage Illinois see dures, fet cet uies rdcin wr o dehns earnings hands, idle work for production, business, create effect, oehgn rt ta a uc ltl wr ol hv a refreshing a have would war little quick a that wrote Copenhagen (2001). 170 Statutes dtr ol nt e dniid bt nte wl-nw lfit novel leftist well-known another but identified, be not could editor about office workers during the 1930s that appeared just a year before year a just appeared that 1930s the during workers office about ht hr ae tes h are ht ny nw a cn ae “hard- save can war new a only that agree who others are there that care o f everything and get business humming.” Harald Herdal, Herdal, Harald humming.” take business can . get . and . war everything f little o care quick “a that employee an to mentions employer oti Vejen9 i noet pressed business.” business.” pressed ltar’ bo cnand n lot dnia psae n hc an which in passage identical almost an contained book Klitgaard’s seily ord n 95 n 11, ee eiiey nw as known derisively were 1916, and 1915 laschbaroner. in incomes soared whose businessmen, especially nouveaux-riches comer-cutting f o group then living the British term “Tommy”). “Tommy”). term British the ae: ydna 1980). Gyldendal hagen: brydninger brydninger war. e hl lnent i og rm h prta“rkn rll” per­ Tralala” “Froken operetta the from song a is nat” lange hele den dividends. Axel Breidahl and Axel Kjerulf, Kjerulf, Axel and Breidahl Axel dividends. [1927]). 1994 Gyldendal, Copenhagen: ed.; formed at the revue theater Scala in Copenhagen in 1914; the melody the 1914; in Copenhagen in Scala theater revue the at formed otn wrie rih md “izig us ad ad u huge out paid and sums” “dizzying made freight wartime porting (see century nineteenth the of middle the since soldiers common a Danish for been has name name, first male common most the Jens, from rives sb enGletadtx yJhne a ad ol Sarauw. Poul and Dam Johannes by text and Gilbert Jean by is uig ol Wr , eta Dnaks tasi cmais trans­ companies steamship Denmark’s neutral I, War World During D igitize d d igitize D -*■ rv Denmark was not a belligerent during World War I. War World during belligerent a not was Denmark 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 It was during these days that a well-known editor o f a paper in f a paper o editor well-known a that days these during was It the soldier-boys the If we were just certain o f being kept out like during the world the during like out kept f being o certain just were we If Then w e ’ll go boozing the whole night through night whole the boozing ’llgo e w Then oyu eebr oehgn in Copenhagen remember you Do when the steamship company stocks rose, war would come would war rose, stocks company steamship the when Wie okr’ el ae dcie drn te a, the war, the during declined wages real workers’ While : 1914-39 (N.p.: Funkis, 1936). Later the first-person narrator says narrator first-person Later the 1936). Funkis, (N.p.: Svend Aage Hansen and Ingrid Henriksen, Henriksen, Ingrid and Hansen Aage Svend by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY by k Original from Original Id. t4-6 in at42-46, , at 82. at ’ families Ordbog over det danske Sprog danske det over Ordbog Notes : The Danish word word Danish : The Dansk social historie social Dansk 187 Kebenhavnerliv gennem et gennem Kebenhavnerliv 1915-16 jenser, lf ws worth was —life , vol. 6 (Copen­ 6 vol. , : “S& solder vi : “S&solder 9:789 (5th 9:789 which de­ which Sociale Der er Der : This Gul- :

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:49 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd idsgs klode sindssyges tmi: 1939-1965 Atomtid: evening” instead o f “A February evening.” Mogens Klitgaard, Klitgaard, Mogens evening.” February spring “A “A f o used instead version first the that evening” and city” “splendid with ending Aarhundrede halvt et team the f o member one least at days; six for continuously rode teams was not published until 1968. The only deviations are that the earlier the that are deviations only The 1968. science- until published manuscript not was the in verbatim appeared 2 chapter of graphs text or to anything else in the novel. the in else anything to or text the destruction by the Danish resistance on June 22, 1944, of a factory a of 1944, 22, June on resistance Danish the by destruction the article). own right since they have no connection to the preceding or succeeding or preceding the its to in connection no mystery ahave is they since right novel own earlier the in paragraphs these of appearance affiliation order in the English state budget state English inthe order affiliation av ahnrd: eto lm nAIo gScm 1912-1937 Skcemt Ain og Ivor glemt og Gemt Aarhundrede: halvt eso lce te or etne bgnig ih Is peh and speech” “Its with beginning sentences four the lacked version took Kjerulf, and Breidahl Copenhagen in race 1934. Februarysuch in first place The times. all at cycling be to had fiction novel that Klitgaard wrote in 1933 but never published and that and published never but 1933 in wrote Klitgaardthat novel fiction ewe h anrira tto n iy al qae I rpia for reprisal In Square. Hall City and station railroad main the between n ilgtmt” hl. codn t Po. la Besof, t was it Bredsdorff, Elias Prof. to According child. “illegitimate” an f o father the be to found man a by order,court a pursuant to payment, a counter­ out carrying Smidt, and Nazis Danish on and Schalburgkorps, fighters the resistance eight 25 executed June occupiers Nazi the to note 109— p. below see Riffelsyndicat, the on Germany— for arms producing with a view of the port. the of view a with 1966). Politken, hagen: known in the 1930s that when Danish women complained that British that complained women Danish when that 1930s the in known Jensen fire.and bombs with Tivoli of most destroyed reprisals, sabotage 113 (Copenhagen: Hassing, 1938) (reprinting newspaper articles from articles newspaper (reprinting 1938) Hassing, (Copenhagen: 113 1916). 83 i stae n ennsoftect’ l friiain n moat and fortifications old city’s the f o remnants on situated is 1843, 15-16 15-16 13 13 15 15 15 15 15 Langelinie pier. Langelinie h sxdy race six-day the Tivoli ts h ct ta apas ne te tm Pyet ne an under Payment item: the under appears that city the it’s Obliging foreigners . foreigners Obliging Rammerne sprcenges Rammerne Ti wrdfmu aueetpr, hc oee in opened which park, amusement world-famous This : 9-1 Cpnae: ai Adre, 98. The 1968). Andersen, Carit (Copenhagen: 190-91 t251, in at215-15, , . . . . vr pplrwtrie rmndn area promenading waterside popular very A A ido bcce ae n hc two-rider which in race bicycle indoor An : 1912-1937 . . at 33-35; Franz Wendt, Wendt, Franz 33-35; at Notes 188 Danmarks historie Danmarks old buildings old , at 472 (reprinting a newspaper a (reprinting 472 at , UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY : An : An Kobenhavnerliv gennem Kobenhavnerliv Original from Original alimentationsbidrag : These opening para­ opening : These , vol. 14 (Copen­ 14 vol. , Bescettelse og Bescettelse at , de is

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd ot amns Tlpoe neve (a 2, 01. n extensive An 2001). 28, (May interview Telephone payments. port and Papers, and and Estimates for Revenue Departments for the year ending ending the year for Departments Revenue Estimates for and Aarhundrede alr hd mrgae hm h Biih oenetpi hl sup­ child paid government British the them, impregnated had sailors budgets o f the Royal Navy or the Foreign Office. Office. Foreign the or Navy published Royal f the detailed o very budgets the in item such no up turned however, search, with articles charging that “Langelinie is literally being besieged by a by besieged being literally is “Langelinie that charging articles with fie 13) I 11, hn ay asis eunn Egih and English returning warships many when 1919, In 1937). Office, hmevs fa pr ofhg scey Kigad ss h English the uses Klitgaard society. high f o part as ff o themselves and that the “ill-mannered Copenhagen girls” would not let the foreign the let not would girls” evening,” the in Copenhagen “ill-mannered especially the that and women, young city’s f the o category certain Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1937); 1937); Office, Stationery Majesty’s mtu etuiss n sr, u mrl pol tyn t pass to trying people merely but sort, any f o enthusiasts amateur f o sailors in peace. Breidahl and Kjerulf, Kjerulf, and Breidahl peace. in sailors okr’ odtos B 10 te oeet raie isl n the in itself organized movement the 1908 By improve to conditions. self-help f o workers’ policy party’s conservative f the parto as cities, town”). market (“small from derived 2001). 4, (July Jaurnow Leon from Email “society.” thousands o f f o thousands ment gardens that began to be set aside in the 1880s, especially around especially 1880s, the in aside set be to began that gardens ment is provincialism petty-bourgeois narrow-minded Kolonihaveforbundet for Danmark for Kolonihaveforbundet French prisoners o f war visited Copenhagen, newspapers were replete were newspapers Copenhagen, visited war f o prisoners French o f them rented from the government; the average size was 350 square 350 was size average the government; the from rented them f o years the colony gardeners had been almost exclusively industrial wage industrial exclusively almost been had gardeners colony the years organization an not was group the that suggests biographer Klitgaard’s meters and the annual rent 6 6 rent annual the and meters Dybdahl, Dybdahl, in Copenhagen, there were almost 16,000 gardens in 1936, two-thirds 1936, in gardens 16,000 almost were there Copenhagen, in 1938 3 Cpnae: oiie, 95; tp/wwklnhv. k Alone dk. http://www.kolonihave. 1965); Politiken, (Copenhagen: 13 Vej: pa Velfcerdsstaten giied by e l g o o G y b d itize ig D 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 in , cream-colored milanaise cream-colored the amateur society whose gala attire's covered in the press the in covered attire's gala whose society amateur the communal gardens communal Babbitville Accounts and Papers and Accounts De nye klasser: klasser: nye De vol. 19, no. 58: 1936-37 (London: His Majesty’s Stationery Majesty’s His (London: 1936-37 58: no. 19, vol. kolonihaver pceredansk . . . . 1912-1937 Te orsodn fciiu Dns eioe f o epitome Danish fictitious corresponding The : 1913-1939 (“very Danish”) and the place-suffix place-suffix the and Danish”) (“very with tiny wooden houses used for recreation. for used houses wooden tiny with : 1870-1913 , at 225 (reprinting newspaper articles). newspaper (reprinting 225 at , ore Kolonihaver o. 9 n. 8 13-7(odn His (London: 1936-37 58: no. 19, vol. , Notes per square meter. Whereas in earlier in Whereas meter. square per : A type o f artificial silk. artificial f o type : A 189 adb h 13steewr esof o tens were there 1930s the by and t34 in 384, at , Navy Estimates Estimates Navy Kebenhavnerliv gennem et halvt et gennem Kebenhavnerliv a 461; rk Rasmussen, Erik 416-19; at , r clne ofsal allot­ small f o colonies are UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY Danmarks historie Danmarks Original from Original 1937 Pcerekebing 1937 Civil Estimates Civil

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Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd okr, y h 13s fie okr ad ii srat hd lo be­ also had servants civil and workers office 1930s the by workers, oal usadr hcsya-on nte 90 eas hy lacked they because 1930s the in year-round shacks substandard totally Kobenhavn,” omkring Sommerhus-Kolonier af Kreds “Maegtig see area, available the Kontor, expand statistiske Kobenhavns active. come other housing. Heiberg, Heiberg, housing. other the world, http://www.jardins-familiaux.org/den/ den_l_e.htm. http://www.jardins-familiaux.org/den/ world, the 1936-1937 . . . Kobenhavn aiamr lomn n liuegreesta ayohrcuty in country other any than gardeners leisure and allotment more capita in living inthese illegally Copenhageners’ lived thousands many 40,000 f o summer, the in side houses tiny idyllic such this to addition In 3. iiain ae h rmat o Crsinhv, hr Lnear is Lundegaard where Christianshavn, on ramparts the are tifications early the in IV Christian King under built were that fortifications The wandering toward the end o f the novel. the f o end the toward wandering gamle de “Fra Lebech, Citadel. the to ring the Tivoli in from found be can extending con­ parks intraces f their o 1872 expansion; after city’s the demolished partwith large nection in were century seventeenth h ae e adfute lvn i h Ryl rhng i Copen­ in Orphanage Royal the in living fourteen and ten f o ages the osadr i vlkatrre” h ms poiet eann for­ remaining prominent most The voldkvartererne.” til forstaeder gennem et halvt Aarhundrede halvt et gennem Stcerekassen viii. p. at “Introduction” above See hagen. who, during a Folketing debate on March 7, 1928, called the proposed the called 1928, 7, March on debate Folketing a during who, original the lines, horizontal r-eoisie,twrIienwsaeofte oa har, nw as known Theatre, Royal the f o stage I tower new inspired, ike art-deco mussen, between experience unpleasant own his to referring be may Klitgaard lsr atr w yas bt t a roee soty fe te n of o end the after shortly reopened was it but years, two after closure people demonstrated against it. Breidahl and Kjerulf, Kjerulf, and 20,000 Breidahl 1928, 1, it. April against On demonstrated people box.” nesting f o starlings’ “gigantic a member addition Radical a Munch, Elna by coined was expression The esae atce) Ciiim is xeir n itro ld o its to led interior and exterior its f o Criticism articles). newspaper alaet ad h frt oa ee o ie sec t ta body), that to speech a give to ever woman first the (and parliament 91 nCrsinhv n eaeoeofCpnae’ ihs Ras­ sights. Copenhagen’s f o one became and Christianshavn in 1931 iiie yGoogle l g o o G by Digitized 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 fortifications that’ve been demolished and some that haven that some and demolished been that’ve fortifications the city that’s notorious for its treatment o f orphaned children f orphaned o treatment its for notorious that’s city the the city that builds layer-cake houses layer-cake builds that city the efedsae a e: 1913-1939 Vej: pa Velfcerdsstaten i oehgn hc a ul ewe 12 n 1931. and 1928 between built was which Copenhagen, in starlings ' nesting boxes nesting Berlingske Aftenavis, Berlingske Veer, straks 2 tb 21 t 8. n ln a h tm to time the at plans On 185. at 231 tab. , Lagkagehus . . . . Notes 190 1912-1937 : Architect Holger Jacobsen designed an designed Jacobsen Holger : Architect t 53. emr hs per has Denmark 35-39. at was built between 1928 and 1928 between built was UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY Feb. 1, 1936, at 1:1-2, 2:2­ 1:1-2, at 1936, 1, Feb. , at 414. at , : In the cubist style with style cubist the In: a 14 45 (reprinting 405 194, at , Original from Original Statistisk Aarbog for Aarbog Statistisk Kebenhavnerliv 7: :

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd Sed aje, oes eeh ad to on d. Copenhagen: eds.; Norn Otto and Lebech, Mogens Aakjaer, (Svend World War II.War World in Hvdtdn jbnan g rdrkbr” (r e. Copen­ ed.; (3rd Frederiksberg”) og Kjobenhavn “Hovedstaden tion hospital tuberculosis asn, 1949). Hassing, a pig slaughterhouse) and had long housed some o f its beds in so-called in beds its f o some housed long to had and next also slaughterhouse) pig a originally Gasvaerk (and 0stre to next located was hospital, Itouto”a . xiii. p. at “Introduction” Smidt, and Jensen 1906); Gad, hagen: Trap, P. J. felt. efter kon og alder den den alder og kon efter with covered skeletons wooden were which barracks, or Docker-tents entire Danish population. Danmarks Statistik, Statistik, Danmarks population. Danish entire above See 1933. in there patient tuberculosis a was self him Klitgaard Frederiksberg and Gentofte, in 1936 was 846,900 or 23 percent o f the f o percent 23 or 846,900 was 1936 in Gentofte, and Frederiksberg onr, e C C Casn “oehv o Feeiseg” inHaandbog other Frederiksberg,” any og or Historisk-topografisk-statistisk Paris Folk: “Kobenhavn og inLand mark Clausen, that C. artistic C. and surpassed see country, educational, Copenhagen in scientific, military, concentration commercial, monetary, at 1-14 (separately paginated). (separately 1-14 at tracks, there were 34 racing days at Charlottenlund and 36 at Amager. at 36 and Charlottenlund at days racing 34 were there tracks, billard.html. etroftetbe Te on i o i h rd al gis h white the against ball red the hit to is point The table. the f o center “sister” indeed as busybody— self-righteous a for epithet derogatory administrative, the that argument extended an For 1937). Luno, Bianco lyn a ln s e ep kokn oe iso itn oh white both http://www.ddbu.dk/BTC/Keglebillard/Kegle hitting or pins ball. over red the knocking with keeps balls he as long as playing (keglebillard), ball knocks over a pin, the player gets minus points. A player keeps player A points. minus red gets the If player the pin, a over middle. the in knocks pins the ball over knock must turn in which ball, ac 2 ad atd no eebr A te w Cpnae race Copenhagen two the At December. into lasted and 29 March pin-billiards called ago, century a about developed specialty, Danish itself may be. may itself rv -*■ Original from Original -*■ rv Digitized by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY by Digitized 15-16 15-16 16 16 18 18 19 19 19 Nielsen picked up pins picked Nielsen trotters h pso’ wife pastor’s the but uses a collection o f barracks next to a gas plant as a as plant gas a to next f barracks o collection a uses but 800,000. which involves 5 pins placed in a diamond shape at the at shape diamond a in placed pins 5 involves which Kobenhavn: Nu ogfor, Nu Kobenhavn: Kongeriget Danmark Kongeriget Te rtig esn n emr i 13 bgn on began 1936 in Denmark in season trotting The : : Oresundshospitalet, Copenhagen’s tuberculosis Copenhagen’s : Oresundshospitalet, . . 5. people November November : Pastorinden : The game being played here is a unique a is here played being game :The Tepplto oehgn including Copenhagen, f o population : The Notes 191 1: 266 (separately paginated sec­ paginated (separately 1: 266 1935 vl II: vol. amre sprcenges Rammerne a mrl b a ironic- an be merely may , tab. 1 at 6-7 (Copenhagen: 6-7 at 1 tab. , Gammel-Kobenhavn Befolknings fordeling Befolknings t 204. at 4:1-29 Dan 172 -

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Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd fleet: usin a h el rwe Ewr VI. h il dia is admiral f o title The VIII. Edward crowned newly the was question (Copenhagen: Lademann 1972). According to the Lord Chamberlain Lord the to According 1972). Lademann (Copenhagen: emr, dadVI wsmd n ooayamrl nte Royal the in admiral honorary an made was VIII Edward Denmark, f o used as an honorary title for royal persons. persons. royal for title honorary an as used o era amrlsuiom n utbeocsos Eal rm Ole from Email occasions. suitable on uniform admiral’s an wear to the f o director the to According 2001). 14, (June Palace Hofmarskallen, Amalienborg Haslund-Christensen, S. from Letter admiral. honorary as h Cmec Bn’ ana report annual Bank’s Commerce the says to was purpose main The . . . admirals. honorary monarchs friendly make a friendly gesture to a maritime foreign monarch” entitling him entitling monarch” foreign maritime a to gesture friendly a make 7, 2001). 7, make to procedure normal “a was it Museum, Naval Danish Royal an been also had V George King 1936; 29, January on Navy Danish Oprustningen skabte er Fremgangens Aar,” Aar,” Fremgangens er skabte Oprustningen ibr esn Jn ,20)(ut) mi rmAdr le (June Olsen Anders from email (quote); 2001) 8, (June Jensen Lisberg third most populous street in Copenhagen; Klitgaard lived in a garreton a in lived Klitgaard Copenhagen; in street populous most third sees no connection between these events and his predecessor’s work­ predecessor’s his and events Chamberlain Lord these current between The connection no household. sees monarch’s the f o charge . . . . ley. deriksberggade, Nygade, Vimmelskaftet, Amagertorv, and Ostergade) and Amagertorv, Vimmelskaftet, Nygade, deriksberggade, unn bten iy al qae n Knes yov n central in Nytorv Kongens and Square Hall City between running writing while 1936 in Vesterbrogade ‘Galocher’, Aktionaereme faa nu 15 pCt. i Udbytte,” Udbytte,” i pCt. 15 nu faa Aktionaereme ‘Galocher’, Fald— siger Mogens Klitgaard,” Klitgaard,” Mogens siger Fald— rdrkbr adn it h cne oehgn erCt Hall. City near Copenhagen f o center the into Gardens Frederiksberg 2001). 24, (July Haslund-Christensen S. from Letter load. n 95 ad rm h bgnig h wnit cnuy i ws the was it century) twentieth the f o beginning the from (and 1935 In 13:5-6. Handelsbanken was Denmark’s second largest bank. largest second Denmark’s was Handelsbanken 13:5-6. 94 ntenolsi tl. http://www.kbhpol.dk/PG.htm. style. neoclassic the in 1924 Gummifabrik. & Galoche- Dansk was company The 13:2-4. at 1936, Kobenhavns statistiske Kontor, Kontor, statistiske Kobenhavns rv rv D igitize d d igitize D 1936-1937 24 “24 24 24 24 25 25 24 24 25 25 ig ere hvn de o Jnay 0 13, h kn in king the 1936, 20, January on died having V George King oiehaqatr’ Politigarden headquarters’. police -t Vesterbro Street Vesterbro ee ubrs ilig 15%: yielding Rubber’s Kege od hmeli’ Department Chamberlain’s Lord War in Africa and rearmament have created a year of of growth, a year created have rearmament and Warin Africa P n n n l i ? Original from Original ? i l n n n P Streget: by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY by , tab. 11 at 11; Mow., “Min Bog var for mig Knald eller Knald mig for var Bog “Min Mow., 11; 11 at tab., cniuu srth ie hpig tet (Fre- streets shopping five f o stretch continuous A : Vesterbrogade is a main artery running from running artery main a is : Vesterbrogade Notes Berlingske Aftenavis Berlingske 193 Statistisk Aarbogfor Kobenhavn Aarbogfor Statistisk hr’ a itn na Trol­ a on Sitting Man a There’s e “a sud hv kobt have skulde “Man See was built between 1918 and 1918 between built was : The The : Politiken Se Kie i fia og Afrika i “Krigen See : Lademanns leksikon Lademanns Hofmarskallat Politiken , Feb. 13, 1936, at 1936, 13, Feb. , ue9 1937. 9, June , Fb 13, Feb. , s in is 1:40 ”

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd there was also motorized traffic. traffic. motorized also was there enhcnuy oebr Plc n i lctd ltl ote etof o west the to little a located is and Palace Rosenborg teenth-century 1936 in street, pedestrian a exclusively is it today though Copenhagen; t5 Segnrly oesLbc,“toe, in “Stroget,” nu Lebech, Mogens generally, See 5. at early 1920s, Copenhagen was the world’s leading bicycle-riding city, bicycle-riding leading world’s the was Copenhagen 1920s, early Aarbogfor Kobenhavn... Kobenhavn... Aarbogfor Jensen, volume. passenger trolleys’ f o owners the that reasons the f o one 1910, by Even 44-69. at Administra­ tion” white- and Kommunes blue- “Kobenhavns al., et among Andreasen transportation workers. collar daily f o means a as especially than 20,000 automobiles. Kobenhavns statistiske Kontor, Kontor, statistiske Kobenhavns automobiles. 20,000 than into inroads significant make soon would bicycles their that was expectation municipalization their oppose not did systems trolley private f o statue its for noted and Copenhagen in oldest the is Nytorv, Kongens n of 96 tee ee 0,0 bcce i Cpnae ad fewer and Copenhagen in bicycles 400,000 were there 1936, f o end Andersen. Christian Hans rnpr o h ra mse” n emr. asKye asn and Larsen Kryger Hans Denmark. in masses” broad the transport for world (Holland at 43/100 being second). Knud Gulstad, “Cyklistemes Gulstad, Knud the in second). ratio being such highest at43/100 the (Holland Denmark, world in persons 100 Rothery, every for see cycles time, that at Copenhagen in Denmark bicycles f o ubiquity the f o alAe Nlsn “osmto ad rdcin Bcce in Bicycles f o Production and “Consumption Nilsson, Carl-Axel bank w fo eta Cpnae. etr Pio a ul n 85 and 1895 in built was Prison Western Copenhagen. central from two osdrby xadd n 98 i i cntutd n h panopticon the on 0017.htm constructed is it http://www.kriminalforsorgen.dk/uk_web/uk_info/prisons/krim 1918; model, in expanded considerably 8a 13 (1984). 143 at 58 Denmark 1890-1980,” 1890-1980,” Denmark Danmark,” iKaar located adjacent to Vestre Cemetery (see below p. 34), about a mile or mile a about 34), p. below (see Cemetery Vestre to adjacent located 90, h bcce a bcm “ fly nertd etr of daily f o feature integrated fully “a become had bicycle the 1930s, vl II: vol. , 26 26 27 27 32 32 29 29 29 29 Tefr wsuigacut eevbea oltrl o loan. a for collateral as receivable accounts using was firm : The Lundegaard rode his bicycle from address to address to address from bicycle his rode Lundegaard igs Gardens King’s municipal court municipal otat ta hv t b ie a scrt o la a the at loan a for security as given be to have that contracts a -. n 96 twsas siae htteewr 4 bi­ 44 were there that estimated also was it 1936 In 6-8. at Gammel-Kobenhavn < j b y G o o g le ete prison Vestre Berlingske Aftenavis, Berlingske Scandinavian Economic History Review History Economic Scandinavian : Copenhagen’s inferior or lower court. lower or inferior : Copenhagen’s Knes ae wih urud te seven­ the surrounds which Have, Kongens : 1936-1937 O : Vestre fcengsel, Vestre at 73-134. at Notes 194 Berlingske Aftenavis Berlingske Underfcelles ansvar Underfcelles , tab. 127 at 97. For a description a For 97. at 127 tab. , Jan. 18, 1936, at 9:2-4. By the By 9:2-4. at 1936, 18, Jan. NVRIYO MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY h Cpnae ct ji, is jail, city Copenhagen the rgnl from Original Kobenhavn: For og For Kobenhavn: Fb2, 1936, 29, Feb , at 123. By the By 123. at : By the By : Statistisk 32:143­

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd fe bom wie nw s tl o te rud eati hiemalis, eranthis ground, the on still is snow while blooms often belonging to the genus Eranthis o f the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, family buttercup f the o Eranthis genus the to belonging Aftenavis compulsory arbitration. “Klokken “Klokken arbitration. compulsory February from lasted It workers. low-paid for raises for were: already who 140,000 the to inaddition work, is one o f the earliest flowering bulbs in Europe and Asia. and Europe in bulbs flowering earliest the f o one is 30, Relations: A Study in Industrial Peace in Industrial Study A Relations: ags tielcotoftedcd a rmtdb nos demand unions’ by prompted was decade the f o strike/lockout largest Politiken Aftenavis Kobenhavn— effcer seks uger Tavshed,” effcerTavshed,” uger seks Kobenhavn— University Press, Press, University the city limits. Many famous Danes are buried there including novelist including there buried are Danes famous Many limits. city the In times. many right or the left, right to the bed where Lundegaard's lying, asks for his asks for lying, Lundegaard's where bed the to right left, the or right outside Copenhagen f Valby in o located was it municipality the cemetery, time new the the for At land the bought space. was f o cemetery out main city’s running the as served long had that cemetery the and Copenhagen, central f o southwest anskaffe sig en Gasmaske, naar Krigen staar for Doren,” Doren,” for at staar sent “For Krigen naar Gasmaske, en effectively. it sig neutralize to anskaffe able were masks although gas lowest, modern was dose deadliest the which for gas the itwas because end o f Mariager Fjord. Mariager f o end health insurance fund card. . . and is out the door again like lightning: like again door the out is and . . card. insurance fund health ol a yGray in Germany I by War World Herman Bang. Jensen and Smidt, Smidt, and Jensen Bang. Herman at cemetery largest in a huge hurry, darts right through the doors without looking to the to looking without doors the through right darts hurry, huge a in 1913-1939 1936, when when 33 33 rv -!■ P n n n l p Original from Original p l n n n P -!■ rv 33 33 Digitized by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY by Digitized 34 34 34 34 34 34 35 35 at yellow winter aconite winter yellow phosgene: Hobro: h elhisrnefn otrcmsltri h a. e’s H day. the in later comes doctor fund insurance Thehealth h lcots lo rie. ts hon 2,0 mn u of out men 125,000 thrown It's arrived. also lockout's The Vestre Cemetery: Vestre , Sept. Sept. , Jan. , , Feb. Feb. , 100,000 1:1; at , eimszdtw i nrhr uln tte inland the at Jutland northern in town medium-sized A “Stor-Lockouten kostede Arbejderne Arbejderne kostede “Stor-Lockouten , 1936,8, 481; 12, 1936, 2 1936,22, 1851 abnl hoiewsfrtue sapio gs in gas poison a as used first was chloride Carbonyl 1952). workers were locked out. The dispute was settled by settled was dispute The out. locked were workers 54 Walter Galenson, Galenson, Walter burials within the city ramparts were prohibited were ramparts city the within burials at etrs ws pnd in opened was hectares, iutd ot ofFeeisegGre and Garden Frederiksberg f o south Situated at at 10:2-6. 3:2-3; 1915. 1:1; As aldNwYa’ itbcue it because Gift Year’s New called : Also Notes Fbi-ljen ld Mre over Morges i lod “Fabrik-Flojterne 195 Rasmussen, Rasmussen, Rammerne sprcenges Rammerne twscniee seily lethal especially considered Itwas 17

ete Kirkegaard, Vestre 132 standser Arbejdet,” Arbejdet,” standser Berlingske Aftenavis Berlingske The Danish System o f Labor f o System Danish The Cmrde as: Harvard Mass.: (Cambridge, efedsae a Vej: pa Velfcerdsstaten 1870 In 1936 25 at n expanded and Denmark’s 23 il Kr.,” Mill. 145. Berlingske Berlingske Mar. , the single the o March to 29,

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Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd era. center o f modem Copenhagen. modem f o center Lane the and system trolley the f o point nodal the was it station, railway havn: For og nu og For havn: rear buildings, see Mogens Lebech, “Norrebros Bebyggelse,” in Bebyggelse,” “Norrebros and Lebech, intermediate Mogens and see rearcourtyards rear buildings, multiple with Norrebro in ment intermediate buildings the rear tenements'. rear the buildings intermediate hi tx ae a gvre b te a rt i ter uiiaiy f o municipality their in rate tax the by governed was rate tax their twentieth century to incorporate Frederiksberg— prompted in part by part in prompted Frederiksberg— incorporate to century twentieth diitaiey eaae uiiaiy wih atrCpnae had Copenhagen an after is which, Frederiksberg municipality, land. separate royal administratively previously the cultivate to and right in the settle Amager f o island nearby the from origin Dutch f o peasants Copenhagen paid a lower tax rate than Copenhagen residents because residents Copenhagen than rate tax lower a paid Copenhagen Greater Copenhagen. Efforts by Copenhagen in the first decades o f the f o decades first inthe Copenhagen by Efforts GreaterCopenhagen. h icm oehgnr, u 73 ecn hs i Frederiks­ in those f o percent 27.3 but Copenhageners, f o income the Jensen, 276; municipality, well-to-do relatively a as Conversely, act. to parliament in worked who residents Frederiksberg that fact the over annoyance f o part and Copenhagen by surrounded completely enclave an became residence and Frederiksberg had lower tax rates— failed to persuade the persuade to failed rates— tax lower had Frederiksberg and residence hi aeae noe a 3 pret n ter vrg ast 154 assets average their and percent 34 was income average their problems and higher taxes. Jensen and Smidt, Smidt, and Jensen taxes. higher and problems century, twentieth the f o turn the at areas other several incorporated tisk Aarbog for Kobenhavn... 1936-1937, Kobenhavn... for Aarbog tisk Copenhagen. in counterparts their f o those than higher percent eg a eotd y hs erig 500 rwso oe i 1935, in more; or crowns 15,000 earning those by reported was berg rdrkbr’ eaieafune i a er 963, 22pretof o percent 12.2 1936-37, year intax affluence: relative Frederiksberg’s social Copenhagen’s to subject becoming to opposed was Frederiksberg 155. 171. 49 49 51 51 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 : Bagerstraede (Baker Lane). (Baker Bagerstraede : behind the front buildings the intermediate buildings, behind the behind buildings, intermediate the buildings the behind front Square Hall City Nice and Menton and Nice Frederiksberg: Lords of creation. Who ve subdued the earth the subdued ve Who creation. of Lords Gammel Kong Road: Kong Gammel Kongens Enghave Kongens ne cle ansvar fcelles Under vl V: vol. , It dates back to 1651 when Frederik III gave 20 III gave Frederik when 1651 to back It dates : Located adjacent to Tivoli and near the main the near and Tivoli to adjacent : Located Mno i h iynx oNc nte Rivi­ the on Nice to next city the is : Menton seboNrer Vesterbro Norrebro Osterbro : Located in the southwestern corner o f Co- f o corner southwestern the in Located : Gl. Kongevej (Old King’s Road); Road); King’s (Old Kongevej Gl. Notes 198 t 9-3 A a idctr f o indicator an As 290-93. at a. 0 a 10 tb 22 at 212 tab. 170, at 209 tab. For a photograph o f tene­ a f o photograph a For UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY Rammerne sprcenges Rammerne Original from Original Gn 1:28. : Gen. t 2-0 at 125-202 at , Keben- Statis­ Bager at

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd penhagen, King’s Meadow was mainly built during the interwar period interwar the during built mainly was Meadow King’s penhagen, as a kind o f “ideal community” for the working-class population. working-class the for community” “ideal f o kind a as op 138. p. to iig lns o eerh euain ad eea ifrain pur­ information general and education, research, for plants living f o gardens. in bowers poses to contribute to increasing knowledge about plants and promote and plants about knowledge increasing to contribute to poses sprcenges August 23, 1913, 1913, 23, August neeti nature. in interest Andersen, is one o f Denmark’s leading tourist attractions. tourist leading Denmark’s f o one is Andersen, litigate before the intermediate appeals court, on which see below note below see which on court, appeals intermediate the before litigate interested; men even have a special designation for that kind of eyes: of kind that for designation special a have even men interested; bebyggelse i 1850’erne i bebyggelse nu og For Presumably the reference is to “bedroom eyes” eyes” “bedroom to is reference the Presumably and rural names “road” ( “road” ruralnames and hagen’s biggest and one o f its most popular squares. popular most its f o one and biggest hagen’s the by used was that “be”) f o infinitive German the f o participle past name “street” name is named for Frederik Christoffer Bulow (1811-90), a major land specu­ land major a (1811-90), Bulow Christoffer Frederik for named is aih lyrgt jl Ael n ohr i te 90. Telephone 2001. 1930s. 9, Apr. the in Bredsdorff, others Elias and with interview Abell Kjeld playwright Danish t getr flec, ht lot oe t sres er te prosaic the bears streets its f o none almost that affluence, greater its itre” in Historie,” the in Frederiksberg in villas f o construction the inaugurated latorwho Hope” ( Hope” 1600, is a Copenhagen University institute that maintains a collection a maintains that institute University Copenhagen a is 1600, in Frederiksberg bore such names. Erling Stensg&rd, “Frederiksbergs Stensg&rd, Erling names. such bore Frederiksberg in 80. oesLbc,“rdrkbrs eygle” in Bebyggelse,” “Frederiksbergs Lebech, Mogens 1850s. rv -i- P n n n l ^ Original from Original ^ l n n n P -i- rv Digitized Digitized 53 53 53 53 53 53 54-55 54-55 56 56 56 56 59 59 58 58 58 58 they ve begun to paint garden houses garden to paint begun ve they a tipple: Gewesen tipple: a the Little Mermaid: Little the Bulow Road: Bulow Godthaab Road: Godthaab oai Garden Botanic Godthaab) ogn Nytorv: Kongens at 92-93. at , vol. VI: 43-130 at 46; Hansen, Hansen, 46; at 43-130 VI: vol. , her eyes blue, gray, a bit protruding, have what make men make what have protruding, bit a gray, blue, eyes her the appeals court attorney. court appeals the Kobenhavn: For og nu: og For Kobenhavn: by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY by (gade)\ den lille Havfrue lille den also hearken back to the time when country houses country when time the to back hearken also ilwvj elkon tet n Frederiksberg, in street well-known a Biilowsvej, instead, they largely bear the more old-fashioned more the bear largely they instead, at 23-24, 88-92; Jensen and Smidt, Smidt, and Jensen 88-92; 23-24, at t sapclaiyofFeeiseg reflecting Frederiksberg, f o peculiarity a is It Te oai Gre, rgnly one in founded originally Garden, Botanic The : is a nonsense word adopted from German (the German from adopted word nonsense a is vej h Kn’ Nw akt qae s Copen­ is Square Market New King’s The Sculpted by Edvard Eriksen and erected on erected and Eriksen Edvard by Sculpted ) or “avenue” “avenue” or ) Notes 199 , based on a tale by Hans Christian Hans by tale a on based , vol. VI: 5-40 at 25. at 5-40 VI: vol. A A (alle). landsretssagforer : Little summer houses or houses summer Little : Such names as “Good as names Such Kobenhavns forstads­ Kobenhavns (sovekammerojne). Kobenhavn: Rammerne s nild to entitled is

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd r waos icuig osn a) gis a epe ihu them, without people a against gas) poison (including weapons ern occupied and annexed it in May 1936. See, e.g., “Mussolini: Krigen er Krigen italiensk!,” er “Mussolini: e.g., Abessinien See, endt: 1936. May init annexed and occupied Absalon, and daily flower market. flower daily and Absalon, Streget. up making streets in October 1935 and, after a ruthlessly destructive campaign using mod­ using campaign destructive aftera ruthlessly and, 1935 inOctober a etbihd n 68 s piae oe-edn bsns, u in but business, money-lending private a as 1688 in established was toe, swl nw o t ttt oehgnsfudr Bishop founder, Copenhagen’s f o statute its for known well is Stroget, leitn pvry o, n h wrs is eiofca hsoy “a history, semi-official its f o words the in or, poverty, alleviating to section 15 o f Law No. 272 of May 6, 1921 on on 1921 6, May of 272 No. Law f o 15 section to sound safety valve in the social machinery.” E. Snorrason, “Forord,” Snorrason, E. machinery.” social the in valve safety sound 9 t 2 Cpnae: cut, 92, anrkr’ afl interest lawful pawnbrokers’ 1922), Schultz, (Copenhagen: 828 at 29 og anden Pantelanervirksomhed \ Pantelanervirksomhed anden og h preto ta te poie otes o soe gos A the As goods. stolen for outlets provided they that perception the disap­ almost business the this and level low peared this at 1921); in percent 5 monthly percent (from 1.5 to reduced was 1936, 1,January on ratebeginning Genstande brugte med Handel og business of the of business business. Kobenhavns statistiske Kontor, statistiske Kobenhavns business. in H. Thueslev, Thueslev, H.in havn f o volume greater a doing still were pawnbrokers private the 1935, as pnd n 88 i a h is ulcatmsu i Denmark. in artmuseum public first the itwas (1770-1844); 1848, in Thorvaldsen Bertel opened of sculptor Danish the f o collections osrcin fteodcuc,wihhdbre on n 1795. in down burned had which church, old the of construction 316. Although the trend was clearly in favor o f f the o favor in clearly trendwas the Although 316. f o function apart in was business f o out pawnbrokers private Driving it was terminated in 1974. Thueslev, Thueslev, 1974. in terminated itwas 73 tbcii asae nttto oiial cnevd s mas f o means a as conceived originally institution state a becaijie it 1753 59 59 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 v rgnl from Original p l n A k f P v rv D igitize d d igitize D . . . . Hejbro Square Hejbro Nybro Street: Nybro The war in Abyssinia in war The the canal the 0ster Street 0ster the state-owned pawnbrokerage: Det kongelige Assistenshus kongelige Det pawnbrokerage: state-owned the 1936-1937 ioa Church: Nikolaj hrade’ Museum: Thorvaldsen’s Assistenshus Det kongelige assistenshus: Kebenhavns Assistenshus Kebenhavns assistenshus: kongelige Det Assistenshus : Frederiksholms Canal. : Frederiksholms a. 3 a 113. at 133 tab. , Otrae Es Sre) s n ofte shopping the f o one is Street) (East Ostergade : New Bridge Street (Nybrogade). Street Bridge New Hjrpas(ihBig qae, oae off o located Square), Bridge (High : Hojbroplads declined in the post-World War II period, War post-World the in declined ioa Kre a bit n 951 a a re­ a as 1915-17 in built was Kirke Nikolaj eand t d fco oooy status. monopoly facto de its regained IayudrMsoii nae Ethiopia invaded Mussolini under Italy : Politiken Notes , in, 200 (oehgn a, 96. Pursuant 1976). Gad, (Copenhagen: Lovtidende for Aaret 1921 Aaret Lovtidende for Det kongelige assistenshus kongelige Det h msu hue te ok and works the houses museum The a , 96 1:2-6. 1936, 6, May , Statist Statist is Keben- k Aar bog for UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY Pantelanervirksomhed Assistenshus , at 825­ ,at at256­ , as late as ,

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd two earlier palaces burned down. burned palaces earlier two and the supreme court; it was rebuilt in the early twentieth century after century twentieth early the in rebuilt itwas court; supreme the and assistenshus pawned at the the at pawned 1659. in city the f o part this on attack located. is Christiansborg to the city’s poor residents which had been established in 1917 to regu­ to 1917 in established been had which residents poor city’s the to ile. o hr’ enaohrside Adi novd millions involved it And swindle. another been there’s Now Nielsen. 1870, in founded Bradstreet— & Dun f o equivalent Danish the bureau— Stormgade connecting to Slotsholmen (Castle Islet), the island on which on island the Islet), (Castle Slotsholmen to connecting Stormgade “Torvedirektor Henning Koch suspenderes i Dag!” Dag!” i avis suspenderes Koch Henning “Torvedirektor Tilstaaelse,” sin gentager og Hospitalet paa hentes “Ottosen ol ck, ieod ad erlu fr 2,6 con. h fraud The crowns. 821,867 for petroleum and firewood, 1920s. coke, the coal, since down winding been had municipality the which but necessities selling organization municipal the involving uncovered was amounted to less than a million crowns. “Kobenhavns Kommune be- Kr.,” Kommune Million halv “Kobenhavns en over for draget crowns. million a than less to sold amounted 1934-35 in which Copenhagen, in places sales eleven were There (or (or agency. credit largest and oldest Denmark’s is ar’ ae acid rm on pnigtesme ih relatives with summer the spending town a from child a case, gaard’s p. , 96 a 134 22 “atsik Rgsae i Raadhus- i Regnskaber “Fantastiske 2:2; 1:3-4, at 1936, 3, Apr. Apr. 4, 1936, at 1:1, 2:2; Jensen, Jensen, 2:2; 1:1, at 1936, 4, Apr. aiy(tisepne ntecuty u ol loma,a n Lunde­ in as mean, also could but country, unrelated the in an with itsexpense) (at weeks family six to up for holiday summer spending hagen, Svindelen,” Svindelen,” In April 1936 a corruption scandal that had been going on for 10 years 10 for on going been had that scandal corruption a 1936 InApril late the prices o f fuel, herring, and other items during the world war, world the during items other and herring, fuel, f o prices the late Lappen, der afslorede Svindelen paa Raadhuset,” Raadhuset,” paa Svindelen afslorede der Lappen, Bedrageri?” n h onr. 2-000 eehvebm a adt 25-30.000 Landet, paa Kebenhavnerbom “25-30.000 country. the in giied by e l g o o G y b d itize ig D feriebarn) , Apr. 3, 1936, at 1:5-6; “Kan ingen i Verden hindre et Komplots et hindre Verden i ingen “Kan 1:5-6; at 1936, 3, Apr. , 60 60 65 65 61 61 61 60 60 65 65 Christiansborg A piece o f f o fabric piece A tr Bridge Storm h oehgnct oenetogtt ewee u, says out, weeded be to ought government city Copenhagen the the credit rating agency rating credit the at 321. at a boy spending summer vacation in the country the in vacation summer spending boy a Berlingske Aftenavis, Berlingske Berlingske Aftenavis Berlingske wstpclyapo colhl,epcal rm Copen­ from especially schoolchild, poor a typically was Assistenshus Somre coss rdrkhlsaa at Frederiksholmskanal crosses Stormbroen : Crsinbr Plc hue te parliament the houses Palace Christiansborg : I 13, oe hn afofal h items the all f o half than more 1936, In : were clothing. Thueslev, Thueslev, clothing. were Storm Notes Ar 3 13,a 113 :-; “Papir- 2:1-2; 1:1-3, at 1936, 3, Apr. 201 Under fcelles ansvar Under fcelles Arl 6 13, t :-. e also See 1:1-6. at 1936, 16, April , ees o n nucsfl Swedish unsuccessful an to refers : The Kobmandsstandens Oplysnings- Kobmandsstandens : The Politiken UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY Original from Original Ar 3 13,a 1:2-6; at 1936, 3, Apr. , Berlingske Aftenavis Berlingske Berlingske Aften­ Berlingske at 158, 296-97. 158, at Det kongelige Det Politiken : A : A feriedreng , : ,

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd Danmarks sociale Lovgivning: Lovgivning: sociale Danmarks out workers in Copenhagen. Preben Sorensen, Sorensen, i Preben stor-lockouten under arbejdervilkar om Danmarks-mosaik Copenhagen. in locked- of workers children 10,000 out in took ruralpeople when 1899 to back goes played in Denmark especially in Jutland; its rules are pieced together pieced are rules its Jutland; in especially Denmark in played ydna, 94 [1931]). 1994 Gyldendal, Spain. seventeenth-century to back dating game card pean Kobenhavn,” i Landborn 0(.. AF 1989). AOF, (N.p.: 70 slag) i slag) from derived is name The [1932]). 1995 Gyldendal, Copenhagen: ed.; 3 players. players. 3 from those of other games. games. other of those from an anti-semitic German slur, slur, German anti-semitic an a popular game in Denmark especially among children, matchsticks are matchsticks children, among especially Denmark in game popular a with no matchstick, loses. The expression expression The a take loses. to tries matchstick, order no same with the f o cards four with f player o number A the than less one players. totalling table the f o middle the in placed h u ee e hr a: Bcue tsgo ob ee” . Vogel- T. here.” be to good it’s “Because was: there set never sun the is game The [1941]). 1995 Gyldendal, Copenhagen: ed.; (5th 20:281 “house.” http://www.pagat.com/ schafk/sjavs.html. http://www.pagat.com/ “house.” matchstick without the other players’ noticing; the player who winds up winds who player the noticing; players’ other the without matchstick Jorgensen, Jorgensen, why to as question the to reply the which naese,”in rode “Kammeratens Britain. in “pig” and States United the in “spoons” called ggaedg, omnprs,wspplrzdb xl Breidahl’s Axel by popularized was phrase, common a dage,” glade og kopf formed in a white silk dress. silk white a in formed use o f it as the refrain in a song in a 1928 theater piece, piece, theater 1928 a in song a in refrain the as it f o use rial a tkn t rm ogsn i sriee’ associations, servicemen’s in sung song a from it taken had Breidahl hand. open an with matchsticks ing 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 68 68 66 66 67 67 group which is popular in the Faeroe Islands, Islands, Faeroe the in popular is which group means that the other players smack the table around the remain­ the around table the smack players other that the means mousel: Mausel mousel: sjavs Here's life and happy days, here the sun never sets never sun the here days, happy and life Here's There they play straight-out There they play a serpentine dance'. serpentine a L ’Hombre's becoming fashionable again becoming L fashionable ’Hombre's Ordbog over det danske Sprog danske det over Ordbog Bevingede ord262 Bevingede spoons: : A four-player two-team game using 32 cards of the of cards 32 using game two-team four-player : A In Bedstemor med slav i slav med Bedstemor is a German game o f chance, which was widely was which chance, f o game aGerman is Berlingske Aftenavis, Berlingske Ordbog over det danske Sprog danske det over Ordbog eie i 19 b Li Fle n per­ and Fuller Loie by 1891 in Devised Mauscheln (de. oehgn a, 95 [1940]). 1945 Gad, Copenhagen: ed.; (2d 1891-194J Notes 202 : Ligeud Ordbog over det danske Sprog danske det over Ordbog 12:858 (5th ed; Copenhagen: ed; (5th 12:858 t356. h institution The 365-66. at , is played with 36 cards and cards 36 with played is (rnm ihasak n it), in smack a with (Grandma UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY med slav med May 6, 1936, at 7:1-3; at 1936, 6, May : L’Hombre is a Euro­ a is : L’Hombre Original from Original e dlkee En udelukkede: De sjavs Jtads for (Jutlandish rhymes with rhymes 13:1115 (5th 13:1115 Stamherren. : “Her er liv er : “Her 1899

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Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd codn t a oe aot h Cpnae su poeait n the in proletariat slum Copenhagen the about novel a to According voices . . . Harald Herdal, Herdal, Harald drunken and drawling in . sung . . hymn taverns’ voices the among point high its people, at is vivre de drunken f joie o kind a when slowly and fully the music being thirsty being music the ol beer. a musicians the stand to patrons [1934]). 1982 Vendelkaer, h ebrhpwr nmlyd n emr. nentoa Labour International Denmark. in unemployed were membership the h sre n hn u bnes cos traig “ilrcn ae the take can “Hitler reading: it across banners up hung barricaded and residents street when the 1944, f o summer f the o strike” “people’s the on then until fought ever battle bloodiest the f o 1850 in site the was 400 to equals refers text speech, in Danish The used be to kilogram. continued a but half 1907 in weight f o measure little song song little whole world, but Istedgade will never surrender.” Wendt, Wendt, surrender.” never will Istedgade but world, whole historie Danmarks bro to the main railway station. Isted Heath (now located in Germany) in located (now Heath Isted station. railway main the to bro Office, f o Office, percent 25.9 representing funds unemployment union labor f o bers kobenhavnske Arbejdere,” Arbejdere,” kobenhavnske in streets populated heavily most the f o One 1964). Politiken, hagen: ary 1933. Niels Finn Christiansen at al., al., at Christiansen Finn historie {Danmarks Niels 1933. ary 1939-1965 Atomtid: og during occupation Nazi the to resistance f o center a was it Vesterbro, Skovmand, Roar stein. ae (nldn rdrkbr)tenme nmlyd n March in unemployed f o number the Frederiksberg) (including hagen Schleswig-Hol­ over wars the f o course the in occurring soil, Danish 1930s, it was “the ordinary and usual song that was always sung mourn­ sung always was that song usual and ordinary “the it was 1930s, 96. hsrt nmlyethdpae t4. preti Janu­ in percent 43.5 at peaked had unemployment f rateo This 1936). 96ws3,1 o 08pretoftemmesofuin unemploy- union f o members the f o percent 20.8 or 32,911 was 1936 is a well-known drinking song. drinking well-known a is 68 68 68 68 68 68 69 69 69 71 the American band would’ve long ago struck up the one about one the up struck ago long would’ve band American the or the one about we want beer, we wanna have beer. Vi skal ha ’ Vi ha skal beer. have wanna we beer, want we about one the or 440 pounds'. 440 Valencia erBo ofLbu ttsis 1935-36 Statistics Labour f o Year-Book (“Musikken er torstig er (“Musikken IstedStreet: There are 100,000 unemployed: 100,000 are There by by G Applrdnersarn n Copenhagen. in restaurant dance popular : A o. 1 Jh Dntu n a Kc es; Copen­ eds.; Koch Hal and Danstrup (John 11 vol. , vl 7 Cpnae: ydna, 98. n Copen­ In 1988). Gyldendal, Copenhagen: 7; vol. A Danish Danish A o G : It was and is common for musicians to sing a sing to musicians for common is and Itwas : oksyesfde: 1830-1870 fedsel: Folkestyrets segd i an tetrnigtruh Vester­ through running street main a is Istedgade q a 252; l Bh, Saa br de bor “Saadan Buhl, Ole 215-23; at , I Landog Folk Landog c pund ”) about how thirsty they were to cause to were they thirsty how about ”) Notes a sa o leve jo skal Man 203 , which was abolished as an official an as abolished was which , UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY , July 27, 1945, at 3:1-4. at 1945, 27, July , In March 1936, 104,644 mem­ 104,644 1936, March In ie 1914-1945 Tiden Original from Original pund. tb I t (Geneva 5 at I tab. , :3 (Copenhagen: 1:53 a 9-0, in 298-301, at , Bescettelse a 252 at ,

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd Aarbog for Kebenhavn for Aarbog a ue t bid optl ad te ulig, h oehgn city Copenhagen the buildings, other and hospitals build to used was [sic],” Abejdstid forkortet end Arbejde mere “Hellere crushing the against out spoke Stauning Minister Prime leader, whose the to refer to intend to appears text the since a“chauffeur”; and driver, the open area was reduced and its use expanded as a training and parade and a training as expanded itsuse and reduced areawas open the con­ a as tone, Communists’ the festivities, separate held parties other. two the on democrats social the f and Fcelleden o half Copenhagen. central f o west the to just located lakes three oni, rmtd y h cutys is Sca Dmcai mayor, too was it Democratic before park a into Social space first remaining the transform country’s to decided the by prompted council, communists. and reactionaries f o combination a by parties brother f o been ever had it than “gentler” was unity, f o slogan their f o sequence truck and taxi a specifically and including “driver,” automobile any oeta 6pretoftevtsi h alaetr lcin—their elections— parliamentary inthe votes f the o percent 46 than more Kontor, statistiske Kebenhavns 1932. December in recorded became Norrebro and a part o f Osterbro. As this section was built up, built was section this As Osterbro. f o parta later and Norrebro what f o became most over extending pasture large a f part o originally was Democrats, Social the by echoed not however, was, tone that before; it time, atthe chauffeurs private few were there and occupation man’s ays is udo etn. n 95 a mr ad oe h land the f o more and more as 1905, In Democ­ meeting. outdoor Social first Danish racy’s prevent to sought police and military the when had concerts, and meetings, sports, for park people’s first Co­ penhagen’s Faelledparken(Commons), percent. 2 than less was share munists’ Liberals Social the with govern­ ment coalition a in partner senior the were ever— proportion highest eto n okr eeuigNreale o inc n ae. On working-class a games. and picnics for became Norrefaelled using Norrebro were 1870 workers and section By military. the for grounds 35.5 percent and the greatest number o f unemployed was 48,624, both was 48,624, Copenhagen was in unemployed f o unemployment number f greatest o the and ratepercent 35.5 highest The funds. ment May 5, 1872, the historically important “Battle at Faelleden” took place, Faelleden”took at important“Battle historically the 1872, 5, May driver. truck or taxi a is he that likely is ogbe soitdwt h okn ls n a a. Faelleden Day. May and class working the with associated been long late. The new People’s and Sports Park, as Faelleden was called, was called, was Faelleden as Park, Sports and People’s new The late. 1936, at 6:2-5. In October 1935 the Social Democrats, having received having Democrats, Social the 1935 InOctober at6:2-5. 1936, 76 76 77 77 76 there are the May Day demonstrations, the communists on one on communists the demonstrations, Day May the are there otdm Lake Sortedam a man who drove for a living. a for drove who man a Sreasen Bak od ae i oe f o one is Lake) Pond (Black Sortedamsseen : . . . . 1936-1937, Dtrdkl Venstre radikale {Det Notes 204 tb 16a 142. at 186 tab. In Danish Danish In UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY Original from Original ), while the Com­ the while ), Politiken chauffer Although the Although Statistisk , May 2, May , means both means

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd grade: Arbejdernes 1. maj: Arbejderbevcegelsens Internationale demonstra- Internationale Arbejderbevcegelsens maj: 1. Arbejdernes to lay it out as a park. a as out it lay to os aprgs srwere, alfoe, pnc, etc. They're lettuce. spinach, cauliflower, strawberries, asparagus, toes, bites: mosquito park. world’s the is amusement oldest Copenhagen, f o north miles few a Klampenborg in cated 1890-1990 billeder og tekst i tionsdag crats’ May Day meetings. The Danish Communist Party did not begin not did Party Demo­ Communist Danish Social The the f o site meetings. Day traditional the May crats’ became and 1913 by reality a Afrika,” Afrika,” aay sad ad Africa: and Islands Canary “Gas- see security, f o sense false a create to efforts such f o example tendency: upward an by acterized livelier. 1990). Arkiv, og Bibliotek Arbejderbevaegelsens penhagen: which quotes the interior minister to the effect that it was necessary to necessary was it that effect the to minister interior the quotes which al., et Federspiel Soren 1932. until there meetings Day May its holding 23, 1936, at 1:1, 2:1-2. 1:1, at 1936, 23, ehgn opeofmls rmtecne h iy i el known well is city, the f o center the from miles f o couple a penhagen krigens Virkninger kan begraenses staerkt,” begraenses kan Virkninger krigens for its rich variety o f bird life. In 1931 the municipal council decided council municipal the 1931 In life. bird f o variety rich its for an For security. f o gas sense with false a create population only would civilian they the because masks furnishing f o thought the discourage Handelen,” i bringes Gasmaske’ Varemarkedeme,” alle snart o cn e a ie a ms o 1-5 crowns: 12-15 for mask gas nice a get can You 1936. “Tivoli Aabningsfest i Dag,” Dag,” i Aabningsfest “Tivoli 1936. 16:3. giied by e l g o o G y b d itize ig D 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 ewe 5 n 5 dges Fahrenheit. degrees 55 and 45 Between See “Mere Liv paa Fragtmarkedet,” Fragtmarkedet,” paa Liv “Mere See And now you can buy gas masks. They're not expensive at all. at expensive not They're masks. gas buy can now you And And the travel agencies are advertising a Pentecost tour to the to tour Pentecost a advertising are agencies travel the And And in the newspaper you can read that the freight market is market the freight that read can you newspaper the in And the crisis is about to ease, the commodities markets are char­ are markets commodities the ease, to about is crisis the Politiken all of the spring's glorious vegetables have arrived: new pota­ new arrived: have vegetables glorious spring's the of all in Utters lev Marsh you can get yourself your the season's first season's the your yourself get can you Marsh Utters inlev rain: pouring in opening Tivoli's Bakken's also opening: also Bakken's The thermometer's fluctuating between 7 and 13 degrees centi­ degrees 13 7and between fluctuating Thethermometer's Utterslev Mose, located in the northwestern part o f Co­ f o part northwestern the in located Mose, Utterslev , May 13, 1936, at 13:2 (advertisement). 13:2 at 1936, 13, May , Kobenhavn: For og nu, og For Kobenhavn: e “istr i d knrse e og 0er kanariske de til “Pinsetur See Politiken Notes 205 See “Opadgaaende Tendens praeger Tendens “Opadgaaende See Politiken yeasakn De ak il, lo­ Hill), Park (Deer Dyrehavsbakken Politiken My3 13,a 15:5-6. at 1936, 3, May , , at 34, 58-59, 89, 97-120 (Co­ 97-120 89, 58-59, 34, at , UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY Berlingske Aftenavis Berlingske My 5 13, t 3:1-2, at 1936, 15, May , Politiken Original from Original ioi pnd n a 7 in 7 May on opened Tivoli , May 7, 1936, at 3:1-3. at 1936, 7, May , o. I 196-97. VI, vol. e “n ‘Folks- “En See , May 2, 1936, at 1936, 2, May , Mar. ,

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd just so expensive that they can they that expensive so just Statistisk Aarbog for Kobenhavn for Aarbog Statistisk oCpnae’ ri n eeal akt, eln o naeaeof o average an for selling markets, vegetable fruitand Copenhagen’s to ot .5 rws n uewe h upyduld Te470k. f o kg. 4,780 The doubled. supply the when June in crowns 1.75 cost rpe o36 rws I ueadJl,4021 n 0,7 k. f o kg. 702,675 and 480,261 July, Inand June crowns. 3.60 to dropped ot .0 rws n oebr. oehvs ttsik Kontor, statistiske Kobenhavns kg. November). in 33,115 (and June in crowns crowns 2.00 3.80 kg. cost cost 54,820 the cauliflower while May, infield-grown f o crowns 13.50 cost cauliflower hot-house and 1.50 for selling markets, to brought were strawberries field-grown a a ul ak n hn loe n h fot http://www.lib.Virginia. front, the in loose lc5 edu/~j f/Assign9a.htm. hung and back full a had price the and kg. 29,805 to rose supply the June in kg.; per crowns 7.00 Circus Building ( Building Circus vegetables. f o list the in strawberries included inadvertently Klitgaard h ws nmd o a ulig ht a oc ue b te fortress’s the by used once was that building a for named west the eul i 11 atr fr; oae na Tvl, t a oiial de­ http://www.cirkusbygningen.dk/Historie.html originally well. as was it Tivoli, near located fire; a after 1915 in rebuilt supplied were strawberries hot-house f o kg. 8,071 only 1936, May In n ofKigads aoie oeit (e aoe Itouto” t p. at “Introduction” above (see was novelists Traven favorite cart-drivers. Klitgaard’s f Mexican o f o one life the on [1931]), 1993 ogenes, gan in 1908, is located near the citadel. the near located is 1908, in gan at 68-69. at uid y ai emn we i ivdd oehgn al o the on early Copenhagen invaded oc­ it object first when the Germany was and Nazi barracks a by was it cupied Nevertheless, century. signed for the circus, but later came to be used for other cultural events cultural other for used be to latercame but circus, the for signed ii, n Kigad s rsmby eern t ti nvl wih had which novel, this to referring presumably is Klitgaard and xiii), smith. It was a footpath between the ditches. the between footpath a Itwas smith. morning of April 9, 1940. Wendt, Wendt, 1940. 9, April of morning ak o h 16s bt t a n lne a otes n h twentieth the in fortress a longer no was it but 1660s, the to back entasae it Dns i 1934. in Danish into translated been .5con,rsetvl. saau,wihcs .0con i May, in crowns 3.00 cost which Asparagus, respectively. crowns, 1.95 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 79 79 79 79 h wds hrh Gustafskyrken Church: Swedish the tla a-aoe okhn: Havnesjover dock-hand: day-laborer Italian an Indian carretero: Indian an Citadel: Circus: the swagger coat: swagger the Smedelinie: the Cirkusbygningen Kastellet or citadellet Frederikshavn at Langelinie dates Langelinie at Frederikshavn orcitadellet Kastellet The word is capitalized here because it refers to the to refers it because here capitalized is word The wmnsjce, ahoal i te 90, it 1930s, the in fashionable jacket, women’s A The counterscarp on the citadel’s works toward works citadel’s the on counterscarp The See B. Traven, Traven, B. See 7 be bought be Notes . . . . 206 ), which was first built in 1886 and 1886 in built first was which ), Bescettelse og Atomtid: Atomtid: og Bescettelse 1936-1937 . By ordinary people, that is: that people, ordinary By osrcinofwih be­ which f o construction , UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY Die Carreta Die , tab. 101 at 80-81. at 101 tab. , Original from Original drvs rm the from derives (uih Di­ (Zurich: 1939-1965 ,

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd jects. job in 1936, earned 30 crowns per week (see above “Introduction” at p. at “Introduction” above (see week per crowns 30 earned 1936, in job workers, was a detachable celluloid collar, which could be cleaned with cleaned be could which collar, celluloid detachable a was workers, glasses on a table with flowers and saying voila, his own slave existence slave own his voila, saying and with flowers table a on glasses soap and a nail brush. Jensen, Jensen, brush. nail a and soap Dutch word word Dutch and music, whose work consists only in putting a bottle o f wine and two and f wine o bottle a in putting only consists work whose music, and appears to him like a hell without equal without hell a like him to appears women beautiful are there where salons appointed inhandsomely vant, in “Teddy-Smugleren,” Klitgaard, Mogens smuggling Norway. from 1920s the in cigarettes time spent Klitgaard where Sweden, northern tains a syntactical inconsistency (anacoluthon), which has been elimi­ been has which (anacoluthon), inconsistency syntactical a tains work,” presumably because he sensed that “whose” sounded as if it if as sounded “whose” that sensed he because “whose presumably before used work,” Klitgaard which “and,” word the deleting by nated Klitgaard, ogrtewrighusapoeainhs tels eers Nielsen’s earns. he less the has, a proletarian hours working the longer music.” and “women to back referred Kobenhavn okek n alwn fr w wes aain wih i not did (which vacation f o weeks two for allowing and Kontor, workweek statistiske Kobenhavns and trade in laborers hour. male per unskilled all for wage average the xiii); rvddta lcl oenet hudntpyrcpet n amount an recipients pay not should governments local that provided l ofte vrg ana wiecla wgs etoe erir see earlier; mentioned wages 8. p. to white-collar note annual above average male the f unskilled o an all 1938), until Denmark in right statutory a become union­ a than less earns he And week. a hours 70 total hours working ized worker who works 48 hours a week a hours 48 works who worker ized laborer’s average annual wage at 3,480 crowns would have exceeded have would crowns 3,480 at wage annual average laborer’s oae,adJtad h Dns mainland. Danish the Jutland, and located, crowns 1.45 was 1936 f o quarter third the in Copenhagen in industry in excess o f the amount that they presumably would have obtained un- obtained have would presumably they that amount f the o excess in 35 con e week per crowns 13.50 79 79 79 79 79 79 79-80 79-80 80 80 80 80 when the Egyptian fellah hears about the life o f a Parisian ser­ Parisian f a o life the about hears fellah Egyptian the when Funen Hverdagens musik Hverdagens It seems to be a fixed rule across the whole globe that the that globe whole the across rule a fixed be to seems It . . . . collar. sjouw by by h mnr n Kiruna in miner the Then o f course you ve got the Welfare Office to fall back on. back to fall Office Welfare the got ve you f course o Then A iln bten eln, n hc Cpnae is Copenhagen which on Zealand, between island An : G , meaning a tough job, especially lugging heavy ob­ heavy lugging especially job, tough a meaning , 1936-1937 The fashion at the time, at least for low-paid white-collar low-paid for least at time, at the fashion The o G q Te ulc sitne a eatd n 1933 in enacted law assistance public The : I c tb 19 t 4. ae o a 48-hour a on Based 145. at 189 tab. , 27-34 (1938). 27-34 JJnderansvar fcelles Notes 207 Krn i a io oe iig on in town mining ore iron an is Kiruna : UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY : Klitgaard, who had this very this had who Klitgaard, : : In Danish this sentence con­ sentence this Danish In: Original from Original ttsik abg for Aarbog Statistisk at 253. at

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret Aaret for Danmark Kongeriget for h sm tm, h ana dsblt o l-g pnin urned a guaranteed pension old-age or disability annual the time, same the r 12 f2. a 13 o Fleoskig sc. 9 sbet 1 in 1, subsect. 39, sect. Folkeforsikring, om 1933 Maj 20. af 182 Nr. der the national insurance law if they had fulfilled the conditions for the for conditions the fulfilled had they if law insurance national der the rws hc qae con e a r 4con e ek Lov week. per crowns 14 or day per crowns 2 equaled which crowns, otdnefr ogrgt amr o ae 1933 Aaret for Danmark Kongeriget for Lovtidende Forsorg, in 1, offentlig om subsect. 1933 Maj297, sect. 20 af 181Nr. Lov aid. such of receipt f2 Mj 93 m feti Frog sc. 0, usc. , in 1, subsect. 306, sect. Forsorg, offentlig om 181Nr. 1933 Lov Maj 20 workhouse. af a in work compulsory and system poor-relief 732 to amounted 66 f o age the below Copenhagen in male single sistance who refused to take on suitable work could be relegated to the to relegated be could work suitable on take to refused who sistance oes a Lv r 25 f 0 Mj 93 m redavsig og Arbejdsanvisning om in 10, 1933 para. 1, Maj subsect. 17, 20. sect. af 205 Arbejdsloshedsforsikring, Nr. Lov af Aaret for gorelse Danmark Kongeriget for tidende rmd g te Fea . Fremad atter og Fremad Statistik, Danmarks office. Copenhagen the by them Land,” til By fra tvinges ikke skal “Arbejderne workers. 25.000 had Regeringen who “Maa stavnsbaandet?” members genindfore newly workers. for f o search their unemployed in f o names employment— the those obtained and report to members required unemployed were funds unemployment service employment public the use g redlsesoskig sc. , usc. , in 1, subsect. 4, sect. Arbejdsloshedsforsikring, Arbejdsanvisning og om 1933 Maj 20. af 205 Nr. Lov af Bekendtgorelse 6; HnigTono e. oehgn Fea, 1998). Fremad, Copenhagen: ed.; Tjornhoj (Henning labor. adult of lack no was thatthere admitted farmers 1936 20-year-olds, later into 14- and with basis revolving-door a on operated employers f o 572 only but service, employment the by assigned were cultural jobs Aftenavis lingske Aaret Danmark for Kongeriget 1933 1015-16. 1938 1936 the minister o f social affairs called on agricultural employers to employers agricultural on called affairs social f o minister the 1936 10.000 unemployed farmworkers, agricultural employers were seeking were employers agricultural farmworkers, unemployed 10.000 80 80 81 , at 890-989 at 975. Under the national insurance law enacted at enacted law insurance national the Under 975. at 890-989 at , , tab. 150 at 136. The labor movement charged that in reality farm reality inthat charged movement labor The 136. at 150 ,tab. o ikbigsn od am labor. do farm to sent being risk you go to the main train station movie theater and see the newsreel the see and theater movie station train main the to go Jn 2, 96 a 423 I 13-6 2,5 agri­ 20,652 1935-36, In 4:2-3. at 1936, 22, Jan. , Lovtidende for Konger iget Danmark for Aaret for Danmark iget Konger for Lovtidende Berlingske Aftenavis Berlingske . . 1933 Notes LOs historie historie LOs 208 {Arbejdsanvisning) 1933 t 21 Dsieteeitneof o existence the Despite 1281. at, t 2910 a 18-0 In 1289-90. at 1279-1301 at , UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY eiins ulc as­ public f o Recipients 1933 1871-1960 , Apr. 16, 1936, at 5:5­ at 1936, 16, Apr. , Original from Original a 97 Bekendt- 977; at , Statistisk Aarbog Statistisk union which to — a 9213 at 992-1035 at , Lovtidende for Lovtidende a 380-81 at , Lovtidende Lov­ Ber­

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Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd The D.S.B. (Danske Statsbaner) Kino, modeled on a similar operation similar a on modeled Kino, Statsbaner) (Danske D.S.B. The Although originally designed as a kind o f entertainment waiting room waiting entertainment f o kind a as designed originally Although show “real movies” and the newsreel was its main attraction. It was It attraction. main its was newsreel the and not It did movies” “real show Copenhageners. among popular became italso travellers, for lsd n 91 Crtn idmn, DBKn p Hovedbane- p& “DSB-Kino Wiedemann, http://dr.dk/pl/danmarkkort/arkivl999. Carsten 1999). 1, July (Friday g^rden” 1971. in closed htm railways. state the for propaganda as 1935 in opened was Paris, in a a oie om drs i wih h wr fr M. i placed is “Mr.” for word the which in address f o form polite a has eoe h adeses cuainl il. ee nrsn addresses Andresen Here title. occupational addressee’s the before charged with executing distraints against people who fail to pay their pay to fail who people against debts. distraints executing with charged way system is not far from the Botanic Garden. Botanic the from far not is system way eeh NrersBbges”a 198. at Bebyggelse” “Norrebros Lebech, the German, where “S” stands for for stands “S” where German, word the The trainspotting/nostalgi/stog.htm. as Lundegaard Stampen, again to the south along the paths and across the open plain: open the across and the paths along south the to again Stampen, goddess at the Botanic Garden. Botanic the at goddess Athena: Pallas at looking Jensen, Frederiksberg-Klampenborg. Jensen, route the on 1934, 3, April on operations edition ( edition &r,” http://mattsson.dk/dyrehaven.html. on udgad s akn i De Pr. emtg csl ws ul in built was castle Hermitage Park. Deer in walking is Lundegaard igte ihan “yeae—atytre lgpasgne 332 gennem legeplads “Dyrehaven—jagtrytternes Riihmann, Birgitte 76 ne Kn hita V n a ue i cneto wt hunts. with connection in used was and V Christian King under 1736 giied by e l g o o G y b d itize ig D 82 82 81 82 82 82 82 83 83 83 83 83 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 the matter would go to the bailiff: Kongens foged Kongens bailiff: the to go would matter the r Lnear, sir: Lundegaard, Mr. Norreport: cretonne: Klampenborg: Thor Street: Fortune: S-train: e a tnigteejs isd teetac t te Garden the to entrance the inside just there standing was he byerne and Raadvad through Marsh, Stag past Plain, Hermitage Under fcelles ansvar fcelles Under intown: [tecte”) h rnlto eeare ihte 1997 the with agrees here translation the cities”]); [“the oehgns lcrfe mtooia riwy began railway metropolitan electrified Copenhagen’s r inkassator. hr. The 1937 edition has a typo ( typo a has edition 1937 The Elevated area near the southwest corner o f Deer Park. Deer f o corner southwest the near area Elevated togugae otn cloth. cotton unglazed Strong The biggest station o f Copenhagen’s electrified rail­ electrified Copenhagen’s f o station biggest The Thorsgade is one o f the oldest streets in Norrebro. in streets oldest the f o one is Thorsgade A coastal town a few miles north o f f Copenhagen. o north miles few a town coastal A There is a well-known statute o f the Greek the f o statute well-known a is There aih lk emn btulk English, unlike but German, like Danish, a 9-6 http://www.dsb.dk/universer/ 295-96; at Notes 209 Stadt (city). UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY S-toget Original from Original byene wsbroe from borrowed was sde h 1970 the does as ) i n official an is

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd ships at Wimbledon to play with bare legs'. bare with to play Wimbledon at ships con­ a f o settlement the and to­ century industrialization nineteenth the f increasing o f o end wake the the In ward Amager. f o island the edition ( edition English queen has permitted the participants at the world champion­ world the at participants the permitted has queen English prob­ health-related and economic 1902 independent anby but 1895, became in Sundby municipality population, working-class siderable can tennis player Helen] Jacobs became the first woman ever to wear to ever woman first the became Jacobs Helen] player tennis can http://www.sulfo.subnet.dk/om_sundby.htm hagen. player might have caused. Even the Prince o f Wales expressed approv­ expressed Wales f o Prince the Even caused. have might player other any than controversy less sparked action her Wimbledon, at shorts otm frte ae ad dnttikte err ls ayhn in anything lose wearers the think don’t I and game; the for costume for shorts wear not should woman any earthwhy on reason 41 al:no see Jacobs stated in her autobiography that the issue o f shorts for women for shorts f o issue the that autobiography her in stated Jacobs Gallantry on the Court,” Court,” the on Gallantry was decided at Wimbledon in 1934 after she had worn them at the U.S. the at them worn had she after 1934 in Wimbledon at decided was the eve o f her defense o f her title in the U.S. national women’s cham­ women’s national U.S. the in title her f o defense her f o eve the Jacobs, Hull Helen year. previous the championships women’s national the previous year when Bunny Austin wore shorts in the men’s national men’s inthe shorts wore Austin Bunny when year previous the Tennis f o Psychology “The Jacobs, Hull Helen also See 1936). cott, lems in the fast growing population led to its incorporation into Copen­ into incorporation its to led population growing fast the in lems an ens Te ae ey ofral ad ut h ms practical most the quite and comfortable very are They tennis. lawn Beyond the Game: An Autobiography An Game: the Beyond championship. “Miss Jacobs Plans Debut in Shorts Today; First Net First Today; Attire,” Shorts in Adopt to Debut Ever Plans Champion Jacobs “Miss championship. Clothes,” looks.” Adrianne Blue, “Obituary: Helen Jacobs: A Woman’s Guide to Guide Woman’s A Jacobs: Helen “Obituary: Blue, Adrianne looks.” wore by tradition, became the first man to wear shorts at Wimbledon. at shorts Austin,” wear to “Bunny man first the became tradition, by wore Austin, Bunny player British the 1934 in account, another to According excitement” “mild only been had there and wear,” may they what stars debut planned “her announced Jacobs 1933, in Hills Forest at pionship my skirt.” There was “apparently . . . no move to dictate to the women the to dictate to move no . . . “apparently in was There catching skirt.”racquet my my through points many lost “I’ve stated: she nis,” fatigued by the “sweat-soaked” heavy white flannel trousers that men that trousers flannel white heavy “sweat-soaked” the by fatigued in shorts . . . the scantiest attire ever worn by a queen o f American ten­ American f o queen a by worn attireever scantiest the . . . shorts in 86 86 87 87 Sundby Revolutions are also occurring in the tennis world. Since the Since world. tennis the in occurring also are Revolutions byen Ladies Home Journal Home Ladies ). A eto i te otesen atofCpnae on Copenhagen f o part southeastern the in section : A The Times The Guardian (London), Aug. 28, 2000 (Lexis). He had He (Lexis). 2000 28, Aug. (London), , June 1934, at 31, 118, 120. When, on When, 120. 118, 31, at 1934, June, Notes 210 N. Times Y. Jn 1, 97 a 2 (Lexis). 22 at 1997, 13, June , 7-5 Piaepi: Lippin- (Philadelphia: 173-75 “When, in 1933, [the Ameri­ [the 1933, in “When, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY , Aug. 15, 1933, at 21:6. at 1933, 15, Aug. , Original from Original

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd “‘expected a fuss there, but there was none. Slowly, others followed. others Slowly, none. was there but there, fuss a “‘expected preferably not open the windows. The garbage cans put out a stupefy­ a out put cans Thegarbage windows. the open not preferably ihu cmet ad on te mn ad hn oe, e b the by led women, then and men, other soon and comment, without start saying Citizen and Comrade to one another. one to Comrade and Citizen saying start autobiography, Austin’s to Frank According (Lexis). B6:1 too.” at 2000, shorts, 28, Aug. wearing started Jacobs, Hull Helen American he was the first to wear shorts at Forest Hills in 1932 and at Wimbledon at and 1932 in Hills Forest at shorts wear to first the was he 69 Lno: htoad ids 1969). Windus, and Chatto (London: 96-97 change the accepted Mary Queen and V George King Wimbledon, [A]t dnt nw h w pt p ih og lne tosr fr o long.’ so for trousers flannel long with up put we why know don’t I avis Shorts,” Tennis in Pioneer a 94, Austin, “Bunny Litsky, cated in Vesterbro. in cated Morges,” i sporvogn kobenhavnske de paa stemning in 1933. H. W. “Bunny” Austin and Phyllis Konstam, Konstam, Phyllis and Austin “Bunny” W. H. 1933. in them, “it is never more than a slit a foot or so wide, and gets to be the be to gets and wide, so or foot a slit a than more never is “it them, lund to about just were people that scenes such created and down upside York City, Jacob Riis observed that if there was an open space between space open an was there if that observed Riis Jacob City, York tiansborg. Riis, ” none were there if than danger made opening any that so kind; every f o filth and garbage f o receptacle ing stench: ing mgro teSudbten emr n Sweden. and Denmark between Sound the on Amager built in 1741, crosses Frederiksholms Canal atN y Vestergade to Chris- to Vestergade y atN Canal Frederiksholms crosses 1741, in built 18-95, emr’ otpoietsxa rfre; ews ul- was he reformer; sexual prominent Leunbach most H. Jonathan Denmark’s Dr. f o 1935 until (1884-1955), delayed and 1932 in ginning smoothly: the had gone cases not few exceedingly in operation Only case: abortion criminal big the in these walls for purposes o f ventilation becomes a source o f greater f o source a becomes ventilation f o purposes for walls these in giied by e l g o o G y b d itize ig D , May 1, 1936, at 7:1-2. at 1936, 1, May , 87 87 87 87 88 88 88 88 92 92 92 is a “grove.” a is 95 95 96 96 Now they ’djust gotten night buses, which turned Copenhagen turned which buses, night gotten ’djust they Now Ermelunden Gammeltorv: Enghave Road fire station: Enghavevejens brandstation Enghavevejens station: fire Road Enghave Marmor Bridge: Marmor What was it that they'd written in the interrogation report from report interrogation inthe written they'd that it was What udy Beach: Sundby rtn aottr-ftecnuy ertnmns n New in tenements rear turn-of-the-century about Writing In the rear-tenement apartments the heat means that you should that you means heat the apartments rear-tenement Inthe A oeta h otws oe erPr. A Park. Deer f o comer southwest the at forest : A Old Square. Old udy tad s oae of h iln of o island the off located is Strand Sundby The Marble Bridge (Marmorbro), which was which (Marmorbro), Bridge Marble The ltar i rfrig o h til be­ trial the to referring is Klitgaard Notes 211 The Battle with the Slum the with Battle The UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY Original from Original e “Fodselsdags- See Berlingske Aften- Berlingske A Mixed Double Mixed A .. Times N.Y. t 115. at s lo­ is ,

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd ee o ebr ud adteeoehd ocrs Ti regime This cards. no had therefore and funds f o members not were from email 13; p. typescript files, private Leunbach’s in included tale,” hm akt h ud Tesse,hwvr poe ob iso in fiasco a be to proved however, system, The fund. the to back them iaey cute b ajr. D te agr rknt Dme hilst Dommen frikendt: Laeger tre “De a jury. by acquitted timately the court between May 7-9, 1935, referred to as “Leunbachs forsvars- “Leunbachs as to referred 1935, 7-9, May between court the were permitted to pay could not exceed two-thirds o f the average earn- average the f o two-thirds exceed not could pay to permitted were Faengselsstraf,” alle fik Laeger fire “De tiken 1935); (June (l):28-30 three 1937. was 11, to abortions April on undergoing sentenced women f sentence rate was o his mortality trial,the first the he At and completing 1936, abortion in an prison f in o months result a as died patient a f who referralao involving case inanother 1936 December in again Bifald,” og Raab med was abolished in 1927. Hansen and Henriksen, Henriksen, and Hansen 1927. in abolished was employees many since altogether cards the for ask to forgot employers in Leunbach by held speech, Unpublished smoothly.” completely on tually he doesn he tually H. J. 1percent. about f o rates revealed studies some discussed; much periodic checks by showing their their showing by to checks submitting on periodic conditioned was benefits to entitlement unemployeds’ roulette?” f2. a 13 o Abjsninn o Arbejdsloshedsforsikring, og Arbejdsanvisning om 1933 Maj 20. af he procedure the evaluated Leunbach 1935, May in trial at speech requiring employers to stamp the cards of newly hired workers and send and workers hired newly of cards the stamp to by employers requiring abuse prevent to effort anin funds unemployment regulating statute Leunbach, “Retsapparatet i Reaktions Tjeneste,” Tjeneste,” Reaktions i “Retsapparatet Leunbach, et 2 sbet 5 in 5, subsect. 2, sect. gone cases f o majority vast the “in having as clinic own his in followed y a h aeaediy eei htuepomn isrne funds insurance unemployment that benefit daily average the law By Denmark,” in sesn “e leae bre—e kmeet lentv le russisk eller alternativ kompetent et aborter— illegale “De Esbensen, fund office during each benefit period. Bekendtgerelse af Lov Nr. 205 Nr. Lov af Bekendtgerelse period. benefit each during office fund nutis ihjb ofotn ayn tnr ad lo eas many because also and tenure varying often f o jobs with industries Lau Sander Esbensen (May 3, 2001). 3, (May Esbensen Sander Lau 1914-39, 1933 98 98 97 97 , Dec. 8, 1936, at 1:4-6; Max Hodann, “A Prosecution for Abortion for Prosecution “A Hodann, Max 1:4-6; at 1936, 8, ,Dec. , at 1293. In 1921 the right-wing government had amended the amended had government right-wing the 1921 In 1293. at , Nielsen says that the difference really isn really difference the that says Nielsen they have an unemployment card in their pocket their in card unemployment an have they

at 240-41. at Bibfiotek for Lceger Bibfiotek for Marriage Hygiene Marriage 7 earn much more than the other guy gets in benefits in gets guy other the than more much earn Politiken Lovtidende for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret for Danmark Kongeriget for Lovtidende 192 (l):5-24 (Mar. 2000). In his defense Inhis 2000). (Mar. (l):5-24 192 , May 10, 1935, at 1:2-6. He was tried was He 1:2-6. at 1935, 10, May , 3 (3):202-203 (Feb. 1937); Lau Sander Lau 1937); (Feb. (3):202-203 3 Notes 212 Kontrolkort UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY t h unemployment the at V Original from Original that big because ac­ because big that oil brydninger Sociale Kulturkampen Te insured : The Poli­ 1 :

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd rvdr ie,fml ed)ad3con o o-rvdr. Bekendt- non-providers. for crowns 3 and heads) family (i.e., providers ie amr o ae 1933, Aaret for Danmark riget oes a Lv r 25 f 0 Mj 93 m redavsig og Arbejdsanvisning om 1933 Maj 20. af 205 Nr. Lov af for crowns gorelse 4 at benefit maximum daily the setting provision another redlsesoskig et 1,sbet 3 in 3, subsect. 15, sect. Arbejdsloshedsforsikring, taken on many other activities such as ambulance and security services. security and ambulance as such activities other many on taken and Axel Kjerulf, Kjerulf, Axel and with gas masks was not uncommon at the time. See e.g., “Gasmasker e.g., See time. the at uncommon not was masks gas with ogglemt in Alvor ogSk&mt 1883-1912 ogSk&mt in Alvor ogglemt paa Nyborg Strand,” Strand,” Nyborg paa a oehgnsfnis n etkon hotel. best-known and fanciest Copenhagen’s was an f o name the is which Herlov, spelled is it edition, 1970 and edition with built be to 1935 about began Norrebro in complexes apartment fti ucinls tl ee ol amn ad nd asn Jen­ Hansen. Knud and Baumann Povl were style functionalist this of ings o f the occupation in question; the actual payment was lowered by lowered was payment actual the question; in occupation f the o ings n 96a rvt o-rftfr-ihigcroain Ae Breidahl Axel corporation. fire-fighting for-profit private a as 1906 in oua Dns dsetmd ih ecrato aper uc, sago juice, raspberry or redcurrant with made dessert Danish popular sen, sen, oo sibidn ad niern; eoe t eae umitr & Burmeister became it before engineering; and shipbuilding motor Fure. Lake f o south flour, and sugar. and flour, architects leading The south. facing balconies shielded free-hanging, inn there. inn Wain in 1865, it had existed under other names since 1843. Already by Already 1843. since names other under existed ithad 1865, in Wain working-class air, fresh and light to access greater create to effort Inan Union: 1938) (reprinting a newspaper article from 1906). Over the years it has it years the Over 1906). from article newspaper a (reprinting 1938) 1877 it had become Denmark’s largest enterprise with 1,100 employ- 1,100 with enterprise largest Denmark’s become had it 1877 rv P n n n l p Original from Original p l n n n P rv Digitized by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY by Digitized 99 99 99 99 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 105 105 105 105 105 Under fcelles ansvar Under fcelles umitr& an a a ag Dns ad ol poer in pioneer world and Danish large a was Wain & Burmeister the rescue squad. rescue the Herlev: Holte: out in the new housing blocks with the funny little balconies: little the funny with blocks housing new the in out Fcelledpark: Thed'Angleterre: h woe onr’ etn e ri udn: Rodgrod pudding: fruit red eating country’s whole the umitr n Wi’ gte bg resfo te Soviet the from orders big gotten Wain’s and Burmeister Lake Bagsvcerd: Lake training to run with gas masks on: masks gas with run to training ti lctdnrhetofCpnae na Lk Fure. Lake near Copenhagen f o northwest located Itis A town a few miles west o f Copenhagen. In the first Inthe Copenhagen. f o west miles few a town A oehvelvgne thltArudee Gemt Aarhundrede: halvt et gennem Kobenhavnerliv Politiken e bv oet . 77. p. to note above See ohsFlkfudd acs Redningskorps Falcks founded Falck Sophus at 259-60. at It is situated northwest o f Copenhagen, just Copenhagen, f o northwest situated is It The Hotel d’Angleterre at Kongens Nytorv Kongens at d’Angleterre Hotel The uy3, 96 a 10:4. at 1936, 30, July , t 1287. at Notes 213 t47(oehgn Hassing, (Copenhagen: 457 at , Such on-the-beach training on-the-beach Such Lovtidende for Konge- for Lovtidende s a is

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd e; n 90 t od f is niern dvso ad h remaining the Soviet and the for ships division eight Itbuilt engineering 1996. its in off collapsed firm sold shipbuilding it 1980 in ees; de 1000 skibe: Burmeister & Wain Skibsvcerft 1843-1993 WainEriksen, Skibsvcerft Erik & Burmeister 1943); skibe: 1000 de Skibsbyggeri, og Maskin- Wain’s & Aar Lehmann, hundrede Johannes gennem Wain & meister steamships. building stopped had company Arkiv (June 20, 2001) (based on information from the B&W Museum). og B&W the from information Bibliotek on (based 2001) Arbejderbevaegelsens 20, (June Arkiv archivist, Hansen, Eklund Anette in three and 1933, in three 1932, in two including 1930s, inthe Union one i 10 t hl rscaie rsnr. t lo uevsd pa­ supervised also It prisoners. resocialize help to 1902 in founded 54 (unpaginated) (Copenhagen: Burmeister & Wain, 1993); email from email 1993); Wain, & Burmeister (Copenhagen: (unpaginated) 54 rolees. Together with all other similar organizations, it was absorbed was it organizations, similar other all with Together rolees. Samariterne Forbund. Samariterne were Friars Gray The Monastery. Graabrodre old the f o remains the edition). f o 1997 favor in the in ignored corrected been has editions) Gyldendal 1985 and that injured many workers. In 1922 it became a suborganization o f the f o suborganization a itbecame 1922 In workers. many injuredthat qaecnan svrl ossfo teegtet cnuy including century eighteenth the from houses several contains square in 1951 by the Danish Welfare Society Society Welfare Danish the by 1951 in ntr eaeasaeett i 1973. in entity state a became turnin was founded on July 31, 1907, in connection with a workplace disaster workplace a with connection in 1907, 31, July on founded was Square. Graabrodre o f Copenhagen, which used it for civilian affairs. Located on the island the on Located affairs. civilian itfor used which Copenhagen, f municipality o the by over taken area was the 1925 inbut defense, coastal ing typo— ing mgr a e mls otes ofcnrl oehgn i ofr a offers it Copenhagen, central f o southeast miles few a Amager, f o to name its changed 1933 in and Cross Red Danish html. view all the way to Sweden. to way the all view Franciscans. 96 te hnteoe ul o h oitUin nteeyas the years, these in Union Soviet the for built ones the than other 1936; 105 105 107 107 107 107 107 109 109 108 108 108 108 which streets h e’s been walking along: walking e’sbeen h streets which Fort Kastrup: Fort Worker Good Samaritans: Arbejdernes Samariterne Forening Samariterne Arbejdernes Samaritans: Good Worker kne Street: Skinder ih Atmtc il Syndicate: Rifle Automatic Light rarde Square: Graabrodre gaaet af— gaaet y Gooslc l s o o dby G rsnr’Ad Fcengelseshjcelp Aid: Prisoners’ i h is dto wihwsrtie i h 1970 inthe retained was (which edition first inthe It was built in 1886-87 as part o f Copenhagen’s f o part as 1886-87 in built Itwas http://www.asf-dansk-folkehjaelp.dk/Historie. knegd (anr tet rn rgt by right runs Street) (Tanner Skindergade o oae i cnrl oehgn this Copenhagen, central in Located Notes

214 (Dansk Forsorgsselskab (Dansk (oehgn AS Burmeister A/S (Copenhagen: In 1936 the the 1936 In NVRIYO MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY a a rvt organization private a was The nonsense-produc­ The Original from Original t 0, 153­ 106, at , as Rekyl Dansk Arbejdernes Vcerftetbag gaet ad gaet ), which ), Bur- (as

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straw Nyboder’s dirty yellow, mildewed old houses old mildewed yellow, dirty Nyboder’s Hosterkob: Zealand blue sound'.blue 9-3 Prs PessUiestie e rne 1962). France, de Universitaires Presses (Paris: 396-432 Air Defense Association Defense Air changed its name to to name its changed hyogtt ojs htwsbigdn nFac, which France, in done being was what do just to ought they Teseso eelpat uha ha,ot,ad rye and oats, wheat, as such plants cereal of stems : The V_ Salad s h iln o wih oehgn s lo­ is Copenhagen which on island the is Sjaelland: t Avlaehl a ewe oehgn n Elsi­ and Copenhagen between way half village A K ^ U U ora fiil Dbt almnars Cham- parlementaires: Debats Officiel: Journal The The Oresund Notes 215 Dansk Industri Syndikat A/S. Syndikat Industri Dansk Under the Popular Front govern­ Front Popular the Under is the strait between Zealand and Zealand straitbetween the is Histoire du socialisme en France en socialisme du Histoire : The Dansk Luftvcernsforening Dansk The UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY : Originally built : Originally Politiken Orig­ ,

was

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd n toNr es;Cpnae: asn, 1947). Hassing, Copenhagen: eds.; Norn Otto and 60,000 Kr. i Overskud,” iOverskud,” Kr. 60,000 Zealand about 60 miles from Copenhagen. from miles 60 about Zealand og nu, og nicipalities made civil service attractive by providing housing to some to housing servants. providing civil by attractive service civil made nicipalities Nyboder. to Nytorv Kongens from runs Street) Raekkehuse,” IV.s “Christian Lund,Harald ocrantmso h er http://www.linander.dk/stig/saltho_e.htm. year, the of times certain to formal pronoun pronoun formal rsn qaemlso u lt,mrhs n pngasad. The grasslands. open and marshes, flats, mud of miles square 6 prising “Rundskue-Galop,” “Rundskue-Galop,” books the buildings; the enter to required were institutions. coupons books; various coupon visit on could September) public (in the year a day which one the as inCopenhagen 1910 in duced ydna, 95 13]. h cuo bos rvdd diso at admission provided books coupon The [1937]). 1995 various to Gyldendal, people entitled which f o prizes. solving the puzzles, included also were elected indirectly through an electoral college. It had long been long Ithad college. electoral an through indirectly elected were one-fourth of whom were elected by the retiring Landsting; the others the Landsting; retiring the members, by 72 Ithad elected were 35. whom to of 1953), one-fourth in abolished Danish was the f o (which house upper parliament the Landsting, the for age voting the raised crowns. an thousand a into win to converted be possible could was which it horse, where track open-house horse-racing the at price half limited is parts to access and protected are surroundings its and island com­ Sweden and Denmark between Oresund the in Amager of island a bastion of the right-wing parties, which as a result were able to thwart to able were result a as which parties, right-wing the of bastion a 1 13, t 056 Mgn Lbc, Nbdr” in “Nyboder,” Lebech, Mogens 10:5-6; at 1936, 11, lake areas in the northwest in the suburb o f Lyngby. f o suburb the in northwest the in areas lake 117 117 121 117 123 123 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 vl Ill: vol. Ordbog over det danske Sprog danske det over Ordbog Salt Salt holm: civil-servant's home civil-servant's Nybro Road Nybro Hjortekcer. drop the the formalities drop Landsting election Landsting open-house coupon-book puzzles coupon-book open-house tr Knes Street Kongens Store Rorvig Ny-Kobenhavn De A bird refuge, Saltholm is an island to the east of the of east the to island an is Saltholm birdrefuge, A of address in favor o f the familiar familiar the f o favor in address of Stag (or Hart) Marsh. Hart) (or Stag Politiken : Nybrovej is a long street that runs out to the ruralthe to out thatrunsstreet long a is :Nybrovej A osa tw i a aain ra n northwestern in area vacation a in town coastal A : Berlingske Aftenavis Berlingske : Amendments to the Constitution o f 1915 f o Constitution the to : Amendments : Together with employment security, mu­ security, employment with : Together : The phrase phrase : The 183-98 (Svend Aakjaer, Mogens Lebech, Aakjaer, Mogens (Svend 183-98 Sp. 4 13,a 11:4-5. at 1936, 14, Sept. , Notes Soe ogngd (ra King’s (Great Kongensgade Store : 216 17:136-37 (5th ed.; Copenhagen: ed.; (5th 17:136-37 vceredus Berlingske Aftenavis, Berlingske : UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY , Mar. 13, 1936, at 5:4-5; at 1936, 13, Mar. , Rundskuedag Original from Original Rundskuehcefter means to drop the drop to means oehv: For Kobenhavn: du. a intro­ was Mar. are

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd the will o f the more democratically elected elected democratically more f the o will the ie ek ae ydaigtenm oil eortfo a from Democrat Social a f o name the drawing by later week a cided a one-vote majority when a tie vote on the island o f Bornholm was de­ was Bornholm f o island the on vote a tie gained Radicals when and majority Democrats one-vote a Social the 1936, 15, September on held et dividends cent ments o f courses opening in September, see see September, in opening courses f o ments foroges,” Reserveme 12 atterpCt., faa Aktionaereme Svovlsyre-Resultat: “Fint see phosphatfabrik, ved Lodtraekning,” ved Mandater,” tre om Kamp tiken Valg: spaendende “Det urn. bronze-age den store Lod,” Lod,” store den coming season’s big craze: big season’s coming travelling salesmen in Copenhagen (including Frederiksberg and Gen- and Frederiksberg (including Copenhagen in salesmen travelling rejsendeforbund 19. at ot) 9 pret hm ee e; h ml lbr oc totalled force labor male the men; were whom f o percent 96 tofte), re­ that law a enacted parliament 1917 In employees. other f o those moden,” “Nordens Handelsrejsende onsker nye Arbejdsforhold,” Arbejdsforhold,” nye onsker Handelsrejsende “Nordens 23-27. customers’ f o risk conditions the and took firm terms the or the salesman the position; whether regulating difficult more much sales­ a in travelling were bankrupt, men went employer the if example, for common; the but notice, months’ three them give to employers quired hog feed: item. lam£ silver pink a such 254,986. 254,986. in191 86, Aaret sect. tidendefor Handelsrejsende, og Handelsagentur Kommission, om opyetwr lodsdatgos LvN. 4 a . a 1917 Maj 8. af 243 Nr. Lov disadvantageous. also were nonpayment efedsaep Vj 1913-1939 Vej: Velfcerdsstatenpa 11, 1936, at 15:5-6. At the time o f the 1930 census, there were 4,948 were there census, 1930 the f o time the At 15:5-6. at 1936, 11, rv -*■ Original from Original -*■ rv Digitized by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY by Digitized 125 125 125 125 125 125 130 130 129 , Sept. 9, 1936, at 5:2-6, 6:1-3; “Landstings-Flertallet skal afgores skal “Landstings-Flertallet 6:1-3; 5:2-6, at 1936, 9, Sept. , oeaetligaotslui cdsaanyedn 12-per­ yielding again acid’s sulfuric about talking are Some Ordrup Scrub: Ordrup there are so many travelling salesmen you could use them as them use could you salesmen travelling many so are there Politiken Working conditions for travelling salesmen were inferior to inferior were salesmen travelling for conditions Working t a li on ogao htpn ivrlm wl e the be will lame silver pink that ago long down laid was it The big language courses are opening now opening are courses language big The Statistisk Aarbog for Kobenhavn... 1936-1937, Kobenhavn... for Aarbog Statistisk Fr dsuso ofte as Solye & Super- & Svovlsyre- Dansk the f o discussion a For : complained in 1936 that arbitrary treatment was still was treatment arbitrary that 1936 in complained et 7 13,a 1:-,wihicue itr f o picture a includes which 14:1-4, at 1936, 7, Sept. , Politiken Politiken ,a 2-9a 3 Cpnae: cut, 1918); Schultz, (Copenhagen: at638 at623-39 7, Ordrup Krat is located in the southernmost sec- southernmost the in located is Krat Ordrup See Elinor Kielgast, “Opvisning af Vinter- af “Opvisning Kielgast, Elinor See Sp. 3 13, t :-; Rasmussen, 1:2-6; at 1936, 23, Sept. , Politiken , Sept. 16, 1936, at 1:2-6; “Regeringen trak “Regeringen 1:2-6; at 1936, 16, Sept. , Notes 217 , at 483-85. at , Sp. , 96 t 15:2-3. at 1936, 3, Sept. , Folketing Politiken , but in the election inthe but , Sp. 6 1936, 16, Sept. , Fr advertise­ For : Politiken tab. 18-19 at 18-19 tab. Handels- , Nov. , Poli­ Lov-

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd paddle around on large woodland lakes in canoes, which are padded are which canoes, in lakes woodland large on around paddle tion o f Deer Park. Deer f o tion n hris notntl otofi sgn o. Ealfo Didier from Email now.” gone is it f o most pears Unfortunately cherries. andapples, fruits, f o lot a produce to “used also there, pastor parisha Gautier (June 26, 2001). 26, (June Gautier abbey. penhagen. dagens musik dagens nected to the Helligaandskirke, is the west wing o f a fifteenth-century a f o wing west the is Helligaandskirke, the to nected oped this image into a short story. Mogens Klitgaard, “Cosy Comer,” “Cosy Klitgaard, Mogens story. short a into image this oped inthe American films see as you tic taking it. Conversely, life has many times given me an opportunity to f o opportunity an me capable given wasn’t times many 1 just has life chance— a me Conversely, it. offered taking surely has life times island o f Funen, which is known for its apples. Taasinge, according to according Taasinge, apples. its for known is which Funen, f o island bu h fc ht ts o h hne curne htdtrie our determine that occurrences chance the not it’s that fact the about ae a i yoe. e bv oet . 117. p. to note above See Nyboder. in was gade, phonograph a with portable and pillows with flowery do something wrong, and I’ve never neglected to avail m yself o f it.” f o yself m avail to neglected never I’ve and wrong, something do think I “Sometimes observation: this with opens novel biographical onycut nteesenpr emr. ti lctd n Bredgade in located is It Denmark. f parto eastern inthe courts county the from appeals over with jurisdiction court appeals intermediate the of Fare,” i Kutter flere Dige, spraenger havet occurrences chance the to react you way in Klitgaard, Klitgaard, not far from Amalienborg Palace. Amalienborg from far not many sure, be To occurrences. chance the to react we way butthe life, 10:5-6. oiie: Magasinet Politiken: 131 130 131 131 131 132 132 138 138 133 138 138 138 138 Helligaandshus the king's city king's the the Eastern High Court High Eastern the Taasinge They made on the whole a day o f it that was about as roman­ as about was f that it o day a whole the on Theymade it’s not the chance occurrences that decide your fate, but the but fate, your decide that occurrences chance the not it’s on the West Coast foreign ships are stranded are ships foreign Coast West the on 12 Kamel Street Kamel 12 In Brens hoj there's a man who killed his five-year-old son his five-year-old killed who man a there's Brens hoj In Lake Gurre Lake Gud mildner luften for de klippede far klippede de luften for mildner Gud at 41at -47. : A small island directly off the southeast coast o f the f o coast southeast the off directly island small : A : Gurre So is located 40 kilometers north o f Co­ f o north kilometers 40 located is So : Gurre : Copenhagen. (Aug. 25, 1940), reprinted in Klitgaard, Klitgaard, in reprinted 1940), 25, (Aug. : The House o f the Holy Ghost, which is con­ is which Ghost, Holy the f o House : The : Kamelgade, which is today called Gemers- called today is which Kamelgade, : Notes : 0stre Landsret 0stre 218 , where youth has nothing to do but do to nothing has youth where UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY Politiken Kigads semi-auto­ Klitgaard’s : Original from Original is the eastern division eastern the is at 7. at Ot 1, 96 at 1936, 19, Oct. , : Klitgaard devel­ : Klitgaard Se “Vester- See : Hver-

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd pretty good pretty Oct. 30, 1936, at 1:2-4. Bronshoj is a district in the northwestern part northwestern the in district a is Bronshoj 1:2-4. at 1936, 30, Oct. bailiff. the by evicted be to going were and starving were they because character’s a worker who incessantly claims that, after all, we have it have we all, after that, claims incessantly who worker a character’s 1901. until city the into incorporated not was which Copenhagen f o Nevertheless, by this time, according to a newspaper article published article newspaper a to according time, this by Nevertheless, See “Fortvivlet Far kvasler Son Kongens Fod finder Liget,” Liget,” finder Fod Kongens Son Farkvasler “Fortvivlet See Aftenavis the construction or renovation o f many dwellings was not completed on completed not was dwellings f many o renovation inor and construction the season, a but 20. day, single October a longer was no was October day in moving day, that Tuesday third the 1936, and April in In Tuesday third the was it October. time out or this at into moved dwellings; rented people f and o expired leases which on day the was day play. a such identify could in 1930s) the in living adults were worse'. Copenhagen who much those it (including have consulted they historians cultural where f places o lots time, many renters who had to leave their previous dwelling could not could dwelling previous their leave to had who renters many time, was called a “Moving Day Offer.” Offer.” Day “Moving a called was in 1937, 23, was which disruption, great in resulting one, new their into move yet og Butikslejere,” Butikslejere,” og ae:Gledl 19) Lvo Lj,sc. ,sbet 1 o 5, Mar. 54, 1,No. subsect. 8, sect. Leje, om Lov 1997); Gyldendal, hagen: “Indenrigs- deadlines. two those meet to overtime work to workers ihprimnaydsuso a hta 97md h is f o first the made 1937 f o as that law a f o discussion parliamentary with affect­ March and February in lockout big the by year that exacerbated Because Saturday. previous the been had day moving biggest the fact ministeren foreslaar treaarige Leje-Perioder for Lejligheder,” Lejligheder,” for Leje-Perioder treaarige foreslaar ministeren of only two moving days raised building costs by forcing construction forcing by costs building raised days moving two existence the thatonly out of pointed itwas day, moving general a month every moden!” moden!” over det danske Sprog danske det over ag nwppravrieetfrcres pern n oebr 1 November on appearing carpets for advertisement newspaper large Kom- til Plads uden men “Flyttedag— industry. building the ing [1922]); [1922]); 5 Maj?” 15. rv -*■ Original from Original -*■ rv D igitize d d igitize D 138 138 a 138 138 138 Moving day, as usual, is turning the city upside down upside city the turning is usual, as day, Moving the king’s been to the movies to see Panserbasse see to movies the to been king’s the , Jan. 8, 1936, at 6:1-4; “Nu kommer Beskyttelsen for Bolig- for Beskyttelsen kommer “Nu 6:1-4; at 1936, 8, Jan., Politiken rbg vrdtdnk po: Supplement Sprog: danske det over Ordbog Berlingske Aftenavis, Berlingske suburban theater’s having a success with a play whose main whose a play with success a having theater’s suburban — it’s only the idiots who ’re complaining—there are really are ’recomplaining—there who idiots the only it’s otdnefrArt 1937 Aaret for Lovtidende by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY by Politiken , Oct. 20, 1936, at 9:2-6; “Flyttes Flyttedag i Aar til Aar i Flyttedag “Flyttes 9:2-6; at 1936, 20, Oct. , 417 (t d;Cpnae: ydna, 1994 Gyldendal, Copenhagen: ed.; (5th 4:1273 , Nov. 12, 1936, at 5:2-6. See also also See 5:2-6. at 1936, 12, Nov. , Mar. 20, 1936, at 1:5-6. In connection In 1:5-6. at 1936, 20, Mar. Notes 219 Politiken a 193 a 10 Ody a Oddly, 120. at 119-35 at , , Nov. 1, 1936, at 5:1-3. at 1936, 1, Nov. , oe h Danish the f o None :7 (Copen­ 3:977 : The film was film : The Berlingske Politiken : Moving Ordbog ,

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd company and a new company designed to liquidate the assets and liabil­ and assets the liquidate to designed company aand new company hri pns epessd ntesrgl o uoen culture.” European for struggle inthe . . . side people’s Spanish “heroic Livet,” mode at til egnet “Daarligt rbes aig aih xotoine frs n vroig trade overcoming in firms export-oriented Danish facing problems perate straits that it prevailed upon the Danish government to enact a enact to government Danish the upon prevailed it that straits perate drawn 're they daggers that at the dividend, with dissatisfied are holders Harbor. South on Copenhagen f parto southern the Copenhagen. in World-Cinema gangsters, the tiken the at 1936 played 1, foreigners October opened English-speaking which The in 1964]). comedy, [ca. n.d. Selskab, danske Det Copenhagen: Gress; public Elsa (tr. thirteen-year-old entire the lovely, It was . . .. p co kind fat, “the by directed gangster-romanticism American cum farce Danish 1936 a “For regeringen,” regeringen,” “For the with sided actively struggle this f o importance the understood who Houmark, Christian fronts.” Spanish the on months very inthese cided 1947. to of Denmark’s most famous actors, in one o f his first star roles, playing roles, star first his f o one in actors, famous most Denmark’s of gaard added that Spain would become fascism’s Waterloo if everyone if Waterloo fascism’s become would Spain that added gaard about asked red When and units room. troop own inhis hanging fascist the government’s for for the ones pins black with Spain in front war statute (in February 1933) splitting the company into a new operating new a into company the splitting 1933) February (in statute des­ such faced Wain & Burmeister 1932 of of end the imports by for materials, pay raw to order in exchange foreign acquiring barriersand profits the over cie cobr. h igwsCrsinX h ege rm 1912 from reigned who X, Christian was king The Schonberg. scribed Neergaard, Ebbe delight.” with swooned and named himself minister o f war. Klitgaard had such a map o f the f o map a such had Klitgaard war. f o minister himself named and 1936 September in government Republican front popular the of premier slang for a police officer (“cop”); (“cop”); officer police a for slang Politiken Lau Lauritsen and Alice O’Fredericks and featuring lb Schonberg, one Schonberg, lb featuring and O’Fredericks Alice and Lauritsen Lau te nt rnfre t te e oeaig opn. lhuh the Although company. operating new the to transferred not ities it by an interviewer, he replied: “I believe Europe’s future is being de­ being is future Europe’s believe “I replied: he interviewer, anit by ao uin fiil ad himn h Scait at, a named was party, Socialist the f o chairman and official, union labor n P n n n l p Original from Original p l n n n P n Digitized b y v . , u u ^ L L UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY L L ^ u u , . v y b Digitized 142 142 143 143 143 143 Ot 1 13, t 93 avrieet; Dnk Gangsterfilm,” “Dansk (advertisement); 19:3 at 1936, 1, Oct. , , Oct. 2, 1936, at 3:2-6, at 4:1-2. 4:1-2. at at3:2-6, 1936, 2, Oct. , Teglholmen Caballero To be sure, they read in the newspapers that B. and W. ’s B. and that stock­ newspapers in the read they To sure,be A a eut h wrdie ersin n special and depression worldwide the f o result a As : Kulturkampen Facso ag Cbleo a omr plasterer, former a Caballero, Largo Francisco : Brese Wi’ rnfudywslctd in located was foundry iron Wain’s & : Burmeister Notes 4()41 a Mr 1938). (Mar. 9 at (2):4-13 4 220 basse B. T., also means “fatty,” which de­ which “fatty,” means also ue 0 13. n 98 Klit­ 1938 In 1937. 10, June The Story of Danish Film Danish of TheStory Panserbasse is Copenhagen is Poli­ 70

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd gennem hundrede Aar hundrede gennem the disposition o f the profits resulting from the unexpectedly vast ex­ vast unexpectedly the from resulting profits the f o disposition and the company operating new inthe shares f preferred o owners paid be to idn-p opn ws emntd n 97 fe al rdtr had creditors all after 1937 in terminated was company winding-up when the government enacted a new statute (which had to be and was and be to had (which statute new a enacted government the when for use to wished management which sales, company’s the f o pansion accepted by a majority o f shareholders). Lehmann, Lehmann, shareholders). f o 1942, majority a by February accepted until resolved not was dispute The shares. preferred dividends the over disputes spawned restructuring the full, in paid been the foxes. In 1936 the event took place on November 1 and the winner the 1 and November on place took event the 1936 In foxes. the (“large”). Square. Hojbro near is intersection this monger”); cutters down into the deep: the into down cutters a cmay rsdn V Kigad “etie ke Dyrehaven,” i Skue “Festlige Klitgaard. Politiken V. president company was red wear riders 1900; since November in Sunday first the on chase the was originally the annual foxhunting (on the English model) in the park inthe model) English the (on foxhunting annual the originally was papers were filled with ads for trips to Norway. to trips for ads with filled were papers haven. the ratherredeeming than fund reserve and capital firm’s the increasing coats and foxtails are worn on the shoulders o f two persons acting as acting persons two f o shoulders the on worn are foxtails and coats day (whose Hubertus St. Copenhagen. f o north Castle Hermitage f the o mirror”). (“hand translation English its in misleading be i, oe a ue a hm haig ul oe n uoe hn n the in than Europe in more fuel heating home as used was coke air, otsn sfud n ue 15:11-32. Luke in found is son lost later editions to to latereditions ntd States. United ical term is “speculum”; the word used by Klitgaard Klitgaard by used word the “speculum”; is term ical is November 3) is the patron saint o f hunters. Riding clubs have held have clubs Riding hunters. f o saint patron the is 3) November is giied by e l g o o G y b d itize ig D 144 144 147 147 150 150 148 151 151 151 a 151 151 Hubertusjagt in Deer Park in red coats'. red in Park Deer in Hubertusjagt lustrous blue spot on its neck neck feathers'. its on spot blue lustrous coke: Lake Fuglesang: Lake The storm’s speeding across the country, sucking five Esbjerg five sucking country, the across speeding The storm’s , Nov. 2, 1936, at 13:3-4; http://hubertusjagt.dk. 13:3-4; at 1936, 2, Nov. , emgr Street'. Kebmager black quick little trip to Norway’s sun and cold: and sun Norway’s to trip little quick h rdglbt t esr, eund son returned, sure, be to but, the prodigal The residue o f coal remaining after distillation without distillation after remaining coal f o residue The sorte : The typo in the first edition edition first the in typo The : (“black”) rather than to the equally possible possible equally the ratherto than (“black”) at 189-96, 199, 213-25. 199, 189-96, at ulsnse (ae idog i i Dyre­ in is Birdsong) (Lake Fuglesangsoen This storm caused one o f the biggest fishing biggest f the o one caused storm This The old name was was name old The Notes 221 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY (storte) Original from Original The technical zoolog­ technical The hstaiinl hunt traditional This Kedmanger Copenhagen news­ Copenhagen umitr& Wain & Burmeister (nakkespejl) a cagd in changed was : The parable o f the f o parable : The “ sh­ h is (“f would store

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd fcelles ansvar fcelles tant West Coast port. “Esbjerg savner 36 Fiskere,” Fiskere,” 36 savner “Esbjerg port. Coast West tant iy o okfr work for look to city aatohsi Ws os itr. sjr s emr’ ot impor­ most Denmark’s is Esbjerg history. Coast West in catastrophes dagens musik dagens o­ N in Copenhagen to came who worker farm a about story Christmas the population’s use o f cooking gas. Although at first they served only served they first at Although gas. cooking f o use population’s the otepo. epeskthn eefrtetbihd nCpnae in Copenhagen in established first were kitchens People’s poor. the to vember and wound up begging. Mogens Klitgaard, “En julefortaelling,” Klitgaard, Mogens begging. up wound and vember al., “Kobenhavns Kommunes Administration” at 50; Jensen, Jensen, 50; at et Administration” Andreasen Kommunes service. “Kobenhavns meal al., comprehensive offered they later dinner, on restrictions severe impose to authorities municipal the caused which sindssyges klode sindssyges oehgn n oe n rdrkbr, hc sre svrl million several served which Frederiksberg, in one and Copenhagen meals cheap provides it governments, local by subsidized or run free; was founded by King Frederik III in the third quarter of seventeenth the quarterthirdIII inof the Frederik King by founded was well-known a became he before kitchens people’s Copenhagen’s h lbay n te ainl rhvs wih n un s once to connected is turn in which Archives, National the and library the Kontor, statistiske factories Kobenhavns fruit juice and bakery. and sausage own their by supplied were and meals shortages, fuel and inflation wartime f o impact the under 1917 March in century and became the largest library in Scandinavia. A new building new A Scandinavia. libraryin largest the became and century Klitgaard, in Klitgaard,” “Mogens Andersen, Carit Poul author. e.g., e.g., 1949). Hassing, Copenhagen: supreme the and parliament the houses court. which Slot, Christiansborg between situated is intimate,” “most Copenhagen’s as known garden, benhavn.. Christmas and New Year’s trips to Norway). to trips Year’s New and Christmas o h aihntoa lbaywsbitbten 88ad 96 The 1906. and 1898 between built was library national Danish the for Havnen 96 t 1:2-6. at 1936, Solhverv: Socialistisk Julehcefte Socialistisk Solhverv: n P r t n n l p Original from Original p l n n t r P n Digitized by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY by Digitized 151 151 151 151 151 Politiken Kobenhavn: Nu ogfor Nu Kobenhavn: 1 (vn Akar Mgn Lbc, n Ot Nr eds.; Norn Otto and Lebech, Mogens Aakjaer, (Svend 210 people's kitchens'. people's Now the farm hands are coming from the countryside to the to countryside the from coming are hands the farm Now . 1936-1937, a 166. n 96teewr iepol’ ices in kitchens people’s five were there 1936 In 166-67. at at 35-40. at , Nov. 1, at 3:13 (Bennett Rejsebureau advertisements for advertisements Rejsebureau (Bennett 1,3:13 at Nov. , The Royal Library garden’s so quiet so garden’s Library TheRoyal ent' detsn hita n e Ya’ trips Year’s New and Christmas advertising Bennett's 52 t 11. at 5-28 I 13 Kigad eeoe ti see no a into scene this developed Klitgaard 1938 In : tab. 178 at 135. Klitgaard himself frequented himself Klitgaard 135. at 178 tab. A folkekokken vl I: vol. , Notes (1938), reprinted in Klitgaard, Klitgaard, inreprinted (1938), 222 nldneAsi, Slotsholmen, Afsnit, lndledende , unlike a soup kitchen, is not is kitchen, soup a unlike , Statistisk Aarbogfor Ko- Aarbogfor Statistisk Dtkneie Bibliotek kongelige Det : Politiken o. 1, Nov. , Under Hver- de See, :

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd for, racing season ended on Sunday, Nov. 15, 1936. “Farvel til Galopen,” til “Farvel 1936. 15, Politiken, Nov. Sunday, on ended season racing textile.dk/forside.htm. by rose A/S Politiken opttr n 95 i i tdy hieTtn /. http://www.tkan- A/S. Thrige-Titan today is it 1965, in competitor peak its At 1897. in founded was machinery, electrical and mechanical month has already been marked for felling for marked been already has month valgt,” valgt,” von Basedow, Graves’ disease, or Basedow’s disease, as it is called in called is it as disease, Basedow’s or disease, Graves’ Basedow, von ei big htws n prto fo 13 utl nw rde was bridge new a until 1933 from operation in was that bridge terim biggest its with merger a after workers; 3,000 than more employed it dageslobet i Kobenhavn,” Kobenhavn,” i dageslobet marks historie marks rdebit n 9610 wshplsl iaeut ote increased the to inadequate hopelessly was 1906-1908 in built bridge Store Den built first by Itwas f o Copenhagen island Bridge). mainland (Log the Knippelsbro f to o laterrenamed part Amagerbro, connected northern was (the it Christianshavn Amager); f o island the on Seks- Qerde det for Skudet lyder Aften “I See 27. November began opened on Dec. 17, 1937, was almost life-threatening for bicycle riders. bicycle for life-threatening almost was 1937, 17, Dec. on opened in­ the crossing 1930s; the f o traffic bicycle and automobile f o volume Europe, is an autoimmune disorder resulting in hyperthyroidism; bulg­ hyperthyroidism; in resulting disorder autoimmune an is Europe, square on Christianshavn. Lebech, “Torvegade og Torvet.” og “Torvegade Lebech, Christianshavn. on square Irish physician, Robert James Graves, in 1835, and later (1840) by Karl by later(1840) and 1835, in Graves, James Robert Irishphysician, ing eyes are a very common symptom. common very a are eyes ing Svend Ellehej, Ellehej, Svend in 1618-1620 and rebuilt several times over the centuries. The third The centuries. the over times several rebuilt and 1618-1620 in Politken, 1964); Mogens Lebech, “Knippelsbro,” in “Knippelsbro,” Lebech, Mogens 1964); Politken, ing new fortress towns, in 1618 King Christian IV caused work to begin to work caused IV Christian King 1618 in towns, fortress new ing Under fcelles ansvar Under fcelles o. IV: vol. n- ■ ■ . . Original from Original . . ■n- ■ Digitized Digitized 151 151 151 152 152 152 152 154 154 159 159 159 159 Politiken Titan jumps 4‘A Titan percent jumps the six-day race: six-day the Knippels Bridge: Knippels , Nov. 1, 1936, at 15:4. The share price o f the stock o f Titan f o stock the f o price share The 15:4. at 1936, 1, Nov. , the racing season closes in pouring rain inpouring closes season racing the Nv 1, 96 t 12:1. at 1936, 16, Nov. h Crsms re htl dcrt Ct Hl Sur next Square Hall City decorate that’ll tree Christmas the hitasan Square: Christianshavns hitasan Voldkvartererne Christianshavn 4'A by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY by Basedow's disease or some such thing such some or disease Basedow's , vol. 7 (John Danstrup and Hal Koch eds.; Copenhagen: eds.; Koch Hal and Danstrup (John 7 vol. , hita . isle: 1596-1660 Tidsalder: 4.s Christian ecn h peiu dy Ttn /, rdcr of producer a A/S, Titan day. previous the percent , Nov. 11, 1936, at 5:1. at 1936, 11, Nov. , at 313. at The fourth six-day race held in Copenhagen in held race six-day fourth The As part o f a military defense policy o f build­ f o policy defense military a f parto As Politiken : See “Titan sprang iGaar sprang “Titan :See Notes 223 hitasan Tr i a central a is Torv Christianshavns , Nov. 27, 1936, at 10:1-6; Jensen, 10:1-6; at 1936, 27, Nov. , Se Bes uere ud- Juletrae “Byens See : at 41-48. at a 2-1 in 220-21, at , : The thoroughbred The : Kobenhavn: Nu og Nu Kobenhavn: : First described by an by described First : lA4 i Vejret,” i Dan­

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd the island o f Amager. f o island the putin enh etr, t a rbit eea tms n in and times several rebuilt was it century, teenth Lner, in “Langebro,” rde a bit ht to it te ota yas Mgn Lebech, Mogens /cvartererne years. postwar the into stood that built was bridge blocks from Iceland’s Wharf to Amager Commons. Large apartment Large Commons. Amager to Wharf Iceland’s from blocks land of Copenhagen to the island of Amager. Dating back to the seven­ the to back Dating Amager. of island the to Copenhagen of land blocks occupied this entire stretch. For a photograph from from photograph a For stretch. entire this occupied blocks a iesyei h eu od bod Wieh a iiig Lon­ visiting was he While abroad. monde beau the in style life gay a United the and France, England, in lived Revolution Bolshevik afterthe Lebech, “Yderkvarterernes Bebyggelse” at Bebyggelse” “Yderkvarterernes Lebech, sian Revolution and Influenced the World o f f Fashion o World the Influenced and Revolution sian o in don pnaprueso ne h aeofa ale uiesofhs Irfe his, f o business earlier an f o name the under shop perfume a open States. From a family o f vast wealth in Russia, he sought to maintain to sought he Russia, in wealth vast f o family a From States. te is to etr ofhs n hs f’ nms. e eind dif­ designed He Dobson, Christopher names). ife’s w his and his f o letters two first (the spelling) French the used (Klitgaard Yusupov Felix Prince the book also includes photos of the perfumes from from perfumes the of photos includes also book the for selling perfumes, ferent led the group of conspirators who killed Rasputin on Dec. Dec. on Rasputin killed who conspirators of group the led Beauty in Exile: The Artists, Models, and Nobility Who Fled the Rus­ the Fled Who Nobility and Models, TheArtists, Exile: in Beauty nina Bouis and Anya Kucharev tr.; New York: Abrams, Abrams, York: tr.;New Kucharev Anya and Bouis nina elastic bands; they were a typical Danish Christmas gift. Christmas Danish typical a were they bands; elastic Flojlskasak,” “Stribet in reference the found gaard uuo n i ie rn a rdcdsc efms in perfumes such produced had Irene wife his and Yusupov boulevards for the birds, who aren who birds, the for boulevards Klit­ Presumably it. followed editions later and (Landkowska) name created has Landowska Dec. Dec. 159 159 159 159 159 161 161 162 162 161

, 1936,6, 172 1935, the new new the perfume sad Wharf. Islands sock-suspenders: Lange Bridge Lange Nials Street Nials Christmas sheaths of grain have been hung on the trees on the on trees the on hung been have of grain sheaths Christmas h rvsig evt ra o des ih ipr Madame zipper with dress a of dream velvet ravishing the Lno: Harrap, (London: at < j b y G o o g le at h Rsinbr Ms Ltgw mt sgetd they suggested Smith Lythgaw Mrs. Russian-born the 159-64. Kobenhavn: Nu ogfor Nu Kobenhavn: 24:3-4, : Njalsgade, as it is now written, runs for several for runs written, now is it as : Njalsgade, Prince Felix Yusupov: The Man Who Killed Ras­ WhoKilled TheMan Yusupov: Felix Prince Lne r Ln Big)cnet h main­ the connects Bridge) (Long Bro Lange : sad Byg (cln’ Waf rn along runs Wharf) (Iceland’s Brygge Islands which spelled the name correctly. name the spelled which Te is eiin iseld h designer’s the misspelled edition first The : . . .. e sdte a iewe scs lacked socks when time a at them used Men O 1989). designed by Prince Yousoupojf inYousoupojf London Prince by designed £6 Notes 224 to to 7 According to Alexandre Vassiliev, Alexandre to According permitted to starve in December. in starve to permitted £16, vl IV: vol. , NVRIYO MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY o bods n brunettes. and blondes for 165. Original from Original hitasan Void- Christianshavn Politiken Magasinet, Politiken 1936.

1930 279,275 2000 [1998]),2000 0 1916,30, (1887-1967) n interim an 1938, 1926, (Anto­ and see but :

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd esl ae 1936 Aaret i fersel Juleneg an bt o of ltig Dnak motd n Czechoslovakia and imported Denmark clothing; f o not but yarn, nuieSaitqed l eulqe Tchecoslovaque Republique la de Statistique Annuaire Problems Social textile industries was built into the structure o f world trade in textiles. in trade world f o structure the into built was industries textile wool and goods, cotton-piece yarn, cotton f o exporter world leading a xotd 5t 0tmsmr i a n arc hn n ready-to-wear in than fabrics and inyam more times 20 to 15 exported supposed to be treated well. treated be to supposed ltig Eprig rm onre (ie zcolvka wt old with cotton- Czechoslovakia) newer with (like Denmark) (like countries countries to industries from cotton-textile Exporting clothing. ttsikAro 1938 Aarbog Statistisk the home market. Vagn Dybdahl et al., al., et Dybdahl Vagn market. home the edigro rspltki 1930'erne i krisepolitik og cendringer of Danish protection the this of production; beneficiaries chief f the domestic o one with was industry competing clothing those f o goods, consumer especially finished f o import the limited strictly 1930s the during International Labour Office, Office, Labour International Czechoslovakia. Danmarks Statistik, Statistik, Danmarks Czechoslovakia. the Danish government established a de facto foreign currency monop­ currency foreign facto de a established government Danish the he ad as vle a 1 mlin rws fiily motd by imported officially crowns million 18 at excluding but valued knitwear hats) and (including garments f the shoes O 1975). forlag, ske Tchecoslovaque, Republique la de Statistique de L’Office 1937); ILO, gemns novn Dns xot r lea rnatos involving transactions illegal or exports Danish involving exchange from resulted agreements have may clothing Czech mass-produced cheap central office, which in issuing certificates had to take into account the account into take to had certificates issuing in which office, the central from certificate a have to required were who importers— to currency ( office central a oly: of Department Hyldtoft, Ole Prof. and 2001) 9, and 2 (July Thing eoa aesietfigtecutyo rgn Ealfo Morten from Email origin. of country the identifying labels f o and permitted removal were imports which from countries to goods of re-exports ed o ipre rw aeil fr aih xotn frs n raw and firms exporting Danish for materials raw imported for need Denmark in 1936, only 94,000 crowns’ worth o f underwear came from came underwear f o worth crowns’ 94,000 only 1936, in Denmark History, University o f Copenhagen (July 2, 2001). 2, (July Copenhagen f o University History, Raekke, Litra D, Nr. 57 (Copenhagen: Bianco Luno, 1937). Imports of Imports 1937). Luno, Bianco (Copenhagen: 57 Nr. D, LitraRaekke, 2, a. I 8 t 3 (rge Obs 13) Dnak Statistik, Danmarks 1936); Orbis, (Prague: 131 at 8 VII tab. 126, D igitize d by by d igitize D ■n- ■ 163 163 165 165 s taiin t hita, hn nml ad uas are humans and animals when Christmas, at tradition a is j j l cheap ready-made Czechoslovak goods Czechoslovak ready-made cheap Could he maybe get him foreign currency?\ him foreign get maybe he Could

1: 73, tab. 2 at 73, tab. 4 at 75, tab. 12 at 97 (Geneva: 97 at 12 tab. 75, at 4 tab. 73, at 2 tab. 1: 73, P n n n l p Original from Original p l n n n P tb 2 t 0-7 in 109-17, at 2 tab. , Valutacentralen tb 9 a 8-4 Frin xhne controls exchange Foreign 83-84. at 93 tab. , The World Textile Industry: Economic and Economic Industry: Textile World The Notes 225 5, 6 Cpnae: Berling- (Copenhagen: 164 159, Danmarks Vareindforsel og -ud- og Vareindforsel Danmarks rtoe ad loae foreign allocated and rationed ) UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY ttsik Tabelvcerk Statistisk rs i amr: Struktur- Danmark: i Krise : Czechoslovakia was : Czechoslovakia tb VI at 4 VII tab. , n aur 1932 January In Femte ,

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd in hs n fet euaig mot. o e ue epcal after especially sure, be To imports. regulating effect in thus tion— mk o ra”staint i w lf hl rtn h oe, see novel, the writing while life own his to situation break” or “make for guidelines the prepare helped which council, currency foreign a aeil ad en of rdcin o anan oetc produc­ domestic maintain to production f o means and materials and Henriksen, Henriksen, and :6 5he. oehgn Gledl 19 [1922]). 1994 Gyldendal, Copenhagen: ed.; (5th 4:768 pass to able break'. be to out turned Rasmussen, allocations. currency foreign the intersection o f Farimagsgade and Frederiksborggade. Frederiksborggade. and Farimagsgade f o intersection the bv Itouto”a . xix. p. at “Introduction” above the current down Frederiksborg Street. There he comes to a halt at halt a to comes he There Street. Frederiksborg down current the misspelling typo, a title o f a slow-waltz composed by Sven Gyldmark; the text is by Axel by is text the Gyldmark; Sven by composed slow-waltz a f o title means “slowpoke”; before 1880, the street was called called was street the 1880, before “slowpoke”; means Nytorv Kongens it. corrected edition 1970 the here; on ced(a 0 01. e bv oet . 66. p. to note above See 2001). 20, (May McLeod John paety rgntd n 4 gr Hmei. Eal rm Svend from Email Himmerig.” i Uger “4 in originated apparently waltz the f o made were recordings Danish different Two Andreassen. on. slowly drove people roada meant hitasan a ul i 11-0 i olce h uyo domes- on duty the collected it 1718-20; in built was Christianshavn, physicist Danish the for named is Bridge, Lange from kilometers 2 plant, built between 1916 and 1920 and located in South Harbor, about Harbor, South in located and 1920 and 1916 between built plant, mentioned Ravnkilde, Danish Music Information Centre (May 29, 2001). 29, (May Centre Information Music Danish Ravnkilde, ministration” at 56. at ministration” Hans Christian Orsted. Andreasen et al., “Kobenhavns Kommunes Ad­ Kommunes “Kobenhavns al., et Andreasen Orsted. Christian Hans 1939 n 94 ad n 96 t a pbihd s he msc Te song The music. sheet as published was it 1936 in and 1934, in 1935, all the important national business associations were coopted into coopted were associations business national important the all 1935, 165 165 166 166 166 166 171 166 166 169 169 170 170 , at 410-28; Dybdahl et al., al., et Dybdahl 410-28; at , club-sjavs: That damn pressure that’s settled over him has surely got to be to got surely has him over settled that’s That damn pressure There he turns the corner at Farimags Street and swims with swims and Street Farimags at corner the turns he There the octroi house: octroi the t a mk o bek ti bsns hr, n biul it obviously and here, business this break, or make was It rtd Works: 0rsted yG00^[C [ ^ 0 0 bydG sjavs Tefrteiin floe b h 19 eiin contains edition, 1997 the by followed edition, first : The Smile your way through life through way your Smile Sociale brydninger brydninger Sociale : Kongens Nytorv is about three-quarters o f a mile from mile f a o three-quarters about is Nytorv : Kongens wih a mrl b sotnd om Eal from Email form. shortened be merely may which , This game is apparently the same as the previously the as same the apparently is game This fortage On Klitgaard’s view o f the applicability o f this f o applicability the f o view Klitgaard’s On hs ag mncpl lcrct generating electricity municipal large This o The The as as foretage Notes accisebod 226 Krise i Danmark i Krise 1914-39 Ordbog over det Danske Sprog Danske det over Ordbog “o) wih s nonsensical is which (“do”), NVRIYO MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY efedsaep Vej: Velfcerdsstatenpa , located on the ramparts of ramparts the on located , : “Sm/7 t298, 302-304. 279-80, at , Original from Original dig gennem Livet gennem dig a 163; Hansen 136-38; at Farimagsvej Farimag 1913­ , and , i the is ”

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd tically produced goods brought into Copenhagen. This small yellow small This Copenhagen. into brought goods produced tically h ata oto hue bit n h 12s hvn be tr dw in down torn been having 1820s, the in built house, octroi actual the ieig mgrrgd. http://www.ravelinen.dk/his-3uk.htm; Amagerbrogade. f o widening lodge, porter’s a originally was house, octroi the called is which house, octroi house was moved back a few meters on rails to accommodate the accommodate to rails on meters few a back moved was house octroi rp,seMgn eeh Treaeo ovt” in Torvet,” og “Torvegade Lebech, Mogens see graph, . . gashes in his wrist inhis gashes hr, u ae rsre o Crsinhv ad pplr lc for place popular a and Christianshavn on preserved are but where, l dfne ofte iy oehgn hc wr rmvd else­ removed were The which walks. Copenhagen f o city the f o defenses old Kjerulf, and Breidahl ogfor, stopped milling in 1890; its arms were removed in 1897. It is owned is It 1897. in removed were arms its 1890; in milling stopped gaard’s own life. One cold and windy evening in the fall of 1923, when 1923, of fall inthe evening windy and cold One life. own gaard’s hunger drove him to visit his brother Svend, who was ten years older years ten was who Svend, brother his visit to him drove hunger yteNtoa uem Mgn eeh CrsinhvsVi, in Void,” ogfor “Christianshavns Nu Lebech, Kobenhavn: Mogens Museum. National the by a eirbn lr, er n nan eebac ooe n Klit- in one to resemblance uncanny an bears clerk, bank senior a was e a lvn i Cpnae uepoe ad n ulc assistance, public on and unemployed Copenhagen in living was he night he went to his room and slit his wrist. Leon Jaurnow, Jaurnow, Leon ogforfatterskab liv Klitgaards wrist. Mogens his slit vagabond: and room his to that went street; he the from night shadows sister-in-law’s and brother’s his see could De­ banks. biggest Denmark’s of one at career a in quickly rising and 8 http://www.ravelinen.dk/his-5.htm. 58; bro adjacent to to adjacent bro Klitgaard leaving, On door. the answered one no knocks, repeated spite hitasan ov Oee i 11, twste rme optl in hospital hundrede premier the was it 1910, in Opened Torv. Christianshavn a photograph o f the entrance, see see entrance, the f o photograph a forthcoming). Reitzel, etgetrta o udyHsia,wih fe t hruh renova- thorough its after which Hospital, Sundby to than greater cent Denmark. Breidahl and Kjerulf, Kjerulf, and Breidahl Denmark. 1913. In July 1936, just a few months before this scene takes place, the place, takes scene this before months few a just 1936, InJuly 1913. 1912-1937 n . . P n n n l p Original from Original p l n n n P . . n Digitized by O U U g 1 C UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY C 1 g U U O by Digitized 171 171-72 171-72 172 172 172 172 o. IV: vol. By the mill he goes up onto the ramparts'.the onto up goes he mill the By National Hospital National . . . . il molle lille He takes out his knife . knife his out takes He Sundby Hospital Sundby a 46 rpitn a esae atce. o a photo­ a For article). newspaper a (reprinting 496 at , 1883-1912 hitasan Voldkvartererne Christianshavn Fcelledparken : This episode, involving rejection by a brother who brother a by rejection involving episode, :This o. IV: vol. , Kobenhavnerliv gennem et halvt Aarhundrede halvt et gennem Kobenhavnerliv n hitasan a bit rud 80 and 1800 around built was Christianshavn on a 0 rpitn esae ril) For article). newspaper a (reprinting 500 at , : The Rigshospital, which is located in 0ster- in located is which Rigshospital, : The : The distance to Rigshospital is about 30 per­ 30 about is Rigshospital to distance : The i aottre r or ioees from kilometers four or three about is , hitasan Voldkvartererne Christianshavn Notes Kobenhavnerliv gennem et halvt Aar­ halvt et gennem Kobenhavnerliv 227 Kobenhavn: For og og For Kobenhavn: . . and desperately slices two deep two slices desperately and at 69-82 at 80. at 69-82 at The ramparts are the areramparts The 26-27 (Copenhagen: 26-27 oehv: Nu Kobenhavn: nu,V: 184. Den lyse Den a 149­ at .

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd tion and expansion in 1933, became one o f Denmark’s most modern most Denmark’s f o one became 1933, in expansion and tion stettelse Agricultural Statistics Statistics Agricultural Aaret hospitals. Jensen, Jensen, hospitals. oenetwud o emthmt ar Wli Wril Simpson, Warfield Wallis marry to him permit not would government word in the the in word Aarbog Aarbog a twice-divorced Catholic. twice-divorced a and special crisis-assistance ran out. The only reference to a use o f the f o use a to reference only The ranout. compensation crisis-assistance special and unemployment their after people to available assistance hc,ee fe h oil eortcgvrmn eie h lw in law the revised government ( Democratic Social after the assistance even which, public to relegated thus was was shop florist the with gardener the Since [1941]). 1995 Gyldendal, ere. danske sprog danske ( ones” “Sweet 1939). Office, Printing ernment Pales­ and Italy from imports war civil the during but 1934, to in 309, and 307 sects. 3, sect. and compensation unemployment for eligible not was he self-employed, Rigshospital, is one end o f Blegdamsvej, on to which the hospital faces. hospital the which to on Blegdamsvej, f o end one is Rigshospital, expression for oranges in the 1930s, but is not today. today. not is but 1930s, inthe oranges for expression Sprog Danske det over Ordbog ie af rne eevr oua n emr bfr Wrd War World before Denmark in popular very were oranges Jaffa tine— biggest 1930 from world’s the exports was world f o Spain two-thirds almost for accounting December. exporter, in cheapest were oranges Statistik, Danmarks vote. to right the lost relief municipal sub­ 1, sect. Forsorg, offentlig om 1933 maj. 20 af 181 Nr. Lov help. udforsel i Aaret i Aaret udforsel 8,975,600 kg. (65 percent o f them from Spain) for 3,444,000 crowns; 3,444,000 for Spain) from them f o percent (65 kg. 8,975,600 II— rose strongly. Danmarks Statistik, Statistik, Danmarks strongly. rose II— 1936, King Edward VIII announced that he would abdicate because the because abdicate would he that announced VIII Edward King 1936, 1933, could trigger curtailment o f civil rights as did receipt of poor-law of receipt did as rights civil f o curtailment trigger could 1933, h wrds 5h ags ipre i 13, emr imported Denmark 1936, in importer largest 15th world’s The 173 173 173 173 173 173 173 173 1933 instead o f the more common common more the f o instead 1938 igEwr n r. Simpson Mrs. and Edward King t Hn Square Hans St. Ordbog over det danske Sprog danske det over Ordbog a 80 987. n 963, ,1 pros receiving persons 8,716 1936-37, In 978-79. 890, at , 2:5 (t d;Cpnae: ydna, 96 [1946]). 1996 Gyldendal, Copenhagen: ed.; (5th 23:255 a. 6 t 143. at 160 tab. , ten sweet ones for fifty. It’s probably oranges It’s probably ones fifty. for sweet ten welfare: 1936 Goode Under ansvar Under foelles UNIVE , tab. 2 at 90-91; U.S. Department o f Agriculture, f o Department U.S. 90-91; at 2 tab., Klitgaard uses the less common word word common less the uses Klitgaard 05205 0 5 6 4 5 0 2 5 0 5 1 0 9 3 1939 St Hntr, sot itne rm the from distance short a Hanstorv, Set. : O RSITY OF RSITY a.23 t 9 Wsigo, .. Gov­ D.C.: (Washington, 194 at 263 tab. , otdnefr ogrgt Danmark Kongeriget for Lovtidende 018-0 5h d; Copenhagen: ed.; (5th 20:1288-90 228 IO M Socialhjcelp at 224-25. at Danmarks Vareindforsel og - og Vareindforsel Danmarks nTusa, eebr 10, December Thursday, :On is Klitgaard’s use o f it here. it f o use Klitgaard’s is IGAN Kommunehjcelp NVRIYO MICHIGAN OF UNIVERSITY Original from Original sode wih a public was which , ) was a common a was ) Ordbog over det over Ordbog , eep of o receipt ), : The price is 50 is price : The Statistisk Socialunder-

Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd Digitized by Digitized Google NVRIYOF ICHIGAN M F O UNIVERSITY Original from Original i Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd Generated for guest (University of Iowa) on 2012-04-18 19:50 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052054650 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#cc-by-nc-nd 9-OKo noooareihscm |n r =|in infofotorairielights.com or 295-BOOK ordered from Iowa Book & Supply at (319) 337-4188 or or 337-4188 (319) at Supply & Book Iowa from ordered the author in the context of Copenhagen during the the during Copenhagen of context the in author the [email protected] or Prairie Lights Books at (800) ( (800) at Books Lights Prairie or [email protected] Centre in Denmark, has also translated four of four of translated also has inDenmark, Centre sic novels: novels: sic There's a Man Sitting on a Trolley a on Sitting aMan There's University Roskilde at years three for taught who Iowa of sity Translator a—What Now?,Man— ten compared to Hans Fallada’s worldwide best-seller. best-seller. worldwide Fallada’s Hans to compared ten The New Times The New story. love maudlin a of distraction the without evto n he eih i h ol* Nl nwre) Of­ lngwersen). world*'(Nils inthe delight sheer and servation bined a minimalist style with “evocative passages of...lyrical ob­ of...lyrical passages “evocative with style minimalist a bined Klitgaard 1930s. lifeinthe slum working-class bleak city’s that has been praised for the “playful intensity" with which he com­ he which with intensity" “playful the for praised been has of depiction contemporaneous poignant most the perhaps senting pre­ Copenhagen, of with metropolis pulsating for the fascination his repugnance and conveys deftly Klitgaard characters, the of political and economic events into the action and consciousness consciousness and action the into events economic and weave to political techniques montage Passos’s Dos John Adapting sion. by Depres­ aspirations Great the during billcollector middle-class a door-to-door as his working maintain to storekeeper goods con o h pteial asr efrs fa akut dry-* bankrupt a of efforts absurd pathetically the of account evaluate his life and decided to write a novel. The result was was result The novel. a write to decided and life his evaluate billiard parlor, he used the occasion of his 30th birthday to re­ to birthday 30th his of occasion the Copenhagen a used at he parlor, scorekeeper a billiard as pittance a for week a hours tuberculosis until decade a for Europe in vagabond a was and ae ht a flf ipsil. n 96 wie okn 80 working while 1936, In impossible. life of way that made ol wr. aig rw u i a opaae fe bt his both after orphanage an in up grown Having wars. world rm i noutr prniehpa aktgree t 15 at gardener market a as apprenticeship involuntary his from 10, away ran he was he time bythe died had parents middle-class mark's leading critical-realist and historical novelist between the between novelist historical and critical-realist leading mark's hr' a itn na Trolley, a on Sitting Man a There's Mogens Klitgaard, Klitgaard, Mogens Marc Linder, Linder, Marc The Fishermen The

His Introduction and Notes place the book and book the place Notes and Introduction His Klitgaard’s book offers deeper social insight insight social deeper offers book Klitgaard’s who died in 1945 at the age of 39, was Den­ was 39, of age 1945the at in died who a professor of labor law at the Univer­ the at law labor of professor a , The Slave The lk iksnvl,cn be can novels, Kirk’s like ,

a satirical yet sympathetic sympathetic yet satirical a , The Day Laborers Day The Hans Kirk's Kirk's Hans 1930s. io.no Little , and and , clas­