European Green Capital Award – Frankfurt Am Main's Application
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European Green Capital Award – Frankfurt am Main’s application Environmental indicator 06 Noise pollution Question 1 Present details of the original and/or most recent Action Plan, including any (max. 1,000 words) relevant disadvantages or constraints resulting from historical and/or geographical factors which may have influenced this indicator area negatively. Provide details of: 1. Share of population exposed to noise values of L (day) above 55 dB(A); 2. Share of population exposed to noise values of L (night) above 45 dB(A). Frankfurt, a key European financial and service centre, is located at the heart of the Frankfurt/Rhine-Main metropolitan region and is known for its excellent infrastructure. The city is Germany’s central traffic hub and the crossing point for motorways linking every part of the country. Around 331,000 motor vehicles pass through the Frankfurter Kreuz motorway junction every day. 70 km of motorway lie within the city area. Road traffic is generated not only by the 688,000 people living in the city but also by the 325,000 inward and 68,000 outward commuters. Together with large numbers of visitors (tourists, shoppers, visitors to cultural events and trade fairs), they make around 3.5 million journeys in the city area every day. Some 1,730 trains arrive at Frankfurt’s main railway station each day. On workdays, passengers number around 350,000. The city’s 7 underground lines, 8 tram lines and 57 bus routes, extending over nearly 700 km, are used by 191 million passengers a year. Around 660 million passengers use the Rhine-Main Traffic Association’s regional network every year. Frankfurt has two ports, which are of prime importance for local industry. Germany’s largest airport is located not far from the city centre, which can be reached by train in a matter of minutes. Some 1,300 aircraft take off from or land at Frankfurt Airport each day. Flight movements are set to increase by more than 50% from the present 464,000 to 700,000 by 2020. The airport is currently being expanded to cope with this huge increase. A new runway will open in October 2011, giving the airport four runways in all. This dense transport system is one of the reasons for Frankfurt’s economic prosperity. The downside is the noise produced by motor vehicles, aircraft, trains and boats. Noise is not merely disruptive; it also has a recognised negative impact on human health. Motor vehicle traffic is the main source of noise in the city. The following data on noise pollution in Frankfurt are taken from Hesse’s 2007 noise maps Link and from the Noise Action Plan, road traffic sub-plan 2010. Link 1. There are no data on the proportion of the population subjected to noise levels above 55 dB(A) during the day. Separate sets of data can merely be provided on the pollution caused by road, rail and air traffic noise. These figures should not be added together to avoid multiple counting. The Lden indicated applies to periods of 24 hours. There are no data for daytime hours only. Lden >55 dB(A) • 203,100 people affected by road traffic noise (30% of the population) • 30,400 people affected by rail traffic noise (4% of the population) • 13,500 people affected by air traffic noise (2% of the population) • 3,300 people affected by industrial noise (0.5% of the population) 2. There are no figures on the share of the population exposed to noise levels of Lnight >45 dB(A). Data can only be provided on pollution levels above 50 dB(A) caused by road, rail and air traffic noise. These figures should not be added together to avoid multiple counting. Lnight >50 dB(A) • 136,000 people affected by road traffic noise (20% of the population) • 22,700 people affected by rail traffic noise (3% of the population) • 400 people affected by air traffic noise (<0.1% of the population) • 1,600 people affected by commercial noise (0.2% of the population) Municipal noise abatement plans Noise protection is one of the key environmental topics in the conurbation. To reduce noise pollution for people in Frankfurt, in 2001 the city followed up preparatory work carried out in the 1990s with a municipal noise abatement plan which deals with city districts individually. The general public was involved from the outset and the plan was specifically geared to noise problems encountered by the resident population. The federal state’s noise abatement plans Against the background of the EU Environmental Noise Directive, experience gained through the municipal noise abatement plans was fed into the Hessian Noise Action Plan for Frankfurt and the Rhine-Main Region. The particular noise situation throughout southern Hesse was analysed in accordance with objective criteria. Concepts to combat traffic noise were subsequently elaborated. As part of the federal state’s noise abatement plan, in 2007 the Hesse State Department for Environment and Geology (HLUG) published noise maps for road traffic, urban rail traffic (trams and underground trains), industrial sites and aircraft. Link Noise reduction plans – Noise Action Plan, sub-plan road traffic, Darmstadt administrative region (including Frankfurt and Wiesbaden conurbations) from 2010 The current Noise Action Plan from 2010 contains various measures to reduce road traffic-induced noise pollution: • City-wide noise reduction measures which set out to avoid traffic or to divert vehicle traffic to other forms of transport • Residential and mixed development areas • Encouraging the independence of children in traffic (avoiding being taken to school in their parents’ cars) • Pooling lorry traffic (home deliveries) • Encouraging cycling (construction of B+R facilities, bicycle hire service, allowing cyclists to ride both ways along one-way streets, improvement of the hubs, direct routing, finalising the route system) • Mobility counselling (at schools, businesses) • Encouraging walking (direct above-ground pedestrian routes, pedestrian friendly traffic light sequences, promotion of child-friendly mobility structures) • Encouraging the use of local transport (expansion, higher speeds, simplification of the tariff system, mobile phone ticket) • Reducing individual motorised transport • The Noise Action Plan proposes clearly stipulated measures for specific areas, including the project to reduce the speed limit to 30 km/h on main traffic routes at night. • In many city districts, a better surface between tramlines is needed. Paving stones were previously used, generating a high level of noise. Replacing them by asphalt has led to a substantial reduction in noise in two areas. There are plans for to extend this throughout the city. Many of these measures are also included in the clean air and general traffic plans. For further details, see “Local transport” and “Quality of local ambient air”. Question 2 Details of targets achieved or not to date (within the last 5-10 years). Provide a (max. 800 words) review of how both situations occurred and lessons learned. One of Frankfurt’s objectives is to reduce noise pollution so as to maintain and improve the city’s residential quality. A number of measures have therefore already been completed, while others are being implemented at present. The main emphasis is on reducing night-time noise. Road traffic noise A particular focus of noise-reduction measures has been the use of low-noise road surfaces in the city. A newly developed road surface – LOA-5-D – is currently being used in three areas. The noise reduction impact is expected to be above 5 dB(A). An accompanying study is linked to these projects, its aim being to clarify whether the noise reduction impact can be sustained. If positive conclusions are reached, LOA-5-D will be the standard road surface laid. In the bicycle strategy concluded in 2003, the share of bicycle traffic was to be increased to 15% by 2012. This target has already been achieved. Every journey made by bicycle rather than by car results in less noise in the city. Rail noise The municipal noise abatement plan successfully had 18.2 km of rail routes in the city area included in the German Government’s Rail Noise Abatement Programme. Rail routes in the Sachsenhausen district were upgraded. Work is currently under way to reduce noise on a railway bridge. To date 8.6 km of rail routes have been upgraded, involving passive noise protection measures (soundproof windows) and active noise protection measures (noise reduction walls and speed restrictions). Aircraft noise In view of the airport expansion and the concomitant increase in air traffic, advantage must be taken of every opportunity to reduce aircraft noise around Frankfurt Airport. This is the mandate of the “Airport and Region” forum established by the Hessian State Government in 2008. Experts from politics, administration and the aviation industry develop specific ways of reducing aircraft noise pollution in the region. The city of Frankfurt is very active in the forum. The forum’s objective is to implement a package of active noise abatement measures. The first results were presented in 2010. Seven measures in the pilot stage set out to provide relief for as many people as possible and to keep the additional pollution caused by the airport extension to a minimum. Measures to reduce aircraft noise pollution: 1. Vertical optimisation of take-off procedures: Noise is reduced by increasing the distance to the noise source. If a speed limit of 400 km/h is imposed over the first 11 km from the take-off point, the aircraft gains altitude faster. 2. Modification of Lufthansa’s Boeing 737 fleet: By the end of 2011 Lufthansa will have modified its 26 B737s based in Frankfurt so that they produce less noise on take-off and landing. 3. Increasing the tailwind component: Planes arrive and depart in two directions, taking off and landing against the wind.