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Masterarbeit zur Erlangung des Grades eines Master of Science (Ma. Sc.) im Studiengang Urban Agglomerations Thema Urban Metabolism in Frankfurt - An utopian sketch of ecologically and socially fair modern cityscapes. Urban Metabolism research can be used as a source of knowledge, that can help to develop meta-sectoral urban fabric which enables planners, decision makers and inhabitants to co-create socially and ecologically fair future urban scenarios. Vorgelegt von: Paola Wechs *************** 2016 !1 Abstract Due to a series of societal developments in the near past triggered by industrialisation, capitalism and modernist consumer behaviour, human beings alienated themselves more and more from nature. It can be observed, as a result, that the critical analysis with e.g. the origins of consumer goods and conscious resource use in society is decreasing. Specially in urban societies it seems like everything dwellers need magically appears, without acknowledging, which resources are put into, are transformed by and put out of the city and how these processes occur. The examination of practical examples of the city Frankfurt was carried out by selecting them according to the different material flows derived from urban metabolism studies. By conducting qualitative data in form of interviews and existing data sets from different institutions and departments, studies and reports. Because of its complexity, two more components were selected. The administration and the information and data flow. Shifting the focus on the fabric that fills the spaces between and above the supply hubs of high density and dynamic material movements in the city. That fabric connects the data about material flows. How they are generated, transformed and distributed and how these processes could be improved. The meta-sectoral urban fabric which could enable planners, decision makers and inhabitants to co-create socially and ecologically fair urban future scenarios. !2 Acknowledgement First I would like to thank my supervisors, Ulla Schuch and Susana for the great support during my thesis. I would also like to thank Michael Peterek and all the people I met during the Urban Agglomerations study course, I learned a lot. The support and invaluable suggestions, opinions and objections from Pavel, Oscar, Stephanie, Elin, Veronica, Anna and Yegor from Urban Studies at Malmö Högskola and Ebba and Guy. Many thanks also to my fellow students from UA. My parents and families (German and Spanish) and my closest friends who never refused to listen to me, discuss with me and never stopped to inspire me. !3 !4 Table of Contents Abstract 2 Acknowledgement 3 Chapter 1 Introduction 8 How to achieve Socially and Ecologically Fair Urban Scenarios? 8 1. Problem Statement 8 1.2 Methodology 9 1.3 Research Design 10 1.4 Limitation, Assumptions 11 1.5 Questionnaire 12 Chapter 2 Literature Review 12 From which scientific fields emerged Urban Metabolism? 12 2.1 Industrial Ecology 13 2.1.1 History 13 2.1.2 Definitions 14 2.1.3 Trajectories of Industrial Ecology 14 2.2 Industrial Metabolism 15 2.3 Sustainable Development and Sustainability 16 2.3.1 Terminology and Definitions 17 2.3.2 Origins of the „Leitbild” of Sustainable Development 18 2.3.3 The Brundtland Commission 18 2.3.4 Sustainability Indicators and Sustainability Diagnosis 19 2.3.6 Sustainable Development and Urban Metabolism 20 2.3.7 Criticisms of the Terms 20 2.3.8 „Socially and Ecologically Fair “ 21 2.4 Urban Ecology 23 2.5 Urban Metabolism 24 2.5.1 Definitions 25 2.5.2 General Concept 25 2.5.3 The two main Tendencies 26 2.5.4 UM as Theoretical Framework 27 2.6 Best Practise Examples 29 2.7 Trans sectoral Planning 30 2.8 Methods and Tools 30 2.8.1 Material Flow Analysis 31 2.8.2 Ecological Footprint 31 2.8.3 DPSIR 33 2.8.4 The BRIDGE Methodology 34 2.8.5 System Theory 35 2.8.6 Classification Tree Analysis 36 2.9 Oswald Netzstadt 36 2.10 The Cradle to Cradle Paradigm 37 2.11 Manuel Castells “The flow of Information” 39 !5 Chapter 3 Case Study Frankfurt am Main 41 What is the Status Quo when it comes to the urban metabolic structure of Frankfurt? 41 3.1 Historical overview 43 3.2 Administrative Departments Frankfurt 45 3.3 Structural Features of the city 46 3.4 Energy 47 3.4.1 General Description of the Practice Example 47 3.4.2 Structural features 48 3.4.3 Existing Project Data 49 3.4.4 Contextualisation of the Practice Example 50 3.4.5 Evaluation of the Practice Example 51 3.5 Water 55 3.5.1 General Description of the Practice Example 55 3.5.2 Structural features 56 3.5.3 Existing Data 57 3.5.4 Contextualisation of the Practice Example 60 3.5.5 Evaluation of the Practical Example 61 3.6 Construction Material 64 3.6.1 General Description of the Practice Example 64 3.6.2 Structural features 65 3.6.3 Existing Data 66 3.6.4 Contextualisation of the Practical Example 66 3.6.5 Evaluation of the Practical Example 67 3.7 Food 71 3.7.1 General Description of the Practice Example 71 3.7.2 Structural features 71 3.7.3 Existing Data 71 3.7.4 Contextualisation of the Practice Example 73 3.7.5 Evaluation of the Practical Example 73 3.8 Waste 77 3.8.1 General Description of the Practice Example 77 3.8.2 Structural features 77 3.8.3 Existing Data 78 3.8.4 Contextualisation of the Practical Example 79 3.8.5 Evaluation of the Practice Example (with regards to the other material flows and other case studies 79 3.9 Information 82 3.9.1 General Description of the Practice Example 83 3.8.2 Structural features 84 3.8.3 Existing Data 84 Chapter 4 Discussion and Results 85 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 Discussion 87 4.2.1 ENERGY – Riedberg 87 4.2.2 WATER – Riedberg 89 4.2.3 CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL – Osthafen 90 !6 4.2.4 FOOD – Oberrad 92 4.2.5 WASTE – Osthafen 94 4.2.3 INFORMATION – Practical Example Osthafen 96 4.3 Results 97 4.4 Limitations 98 Chapter 5 Possible Solutions 99 5.1 ENERGY 100 5.2 WATER 100 5.3 CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL 101 5.4 FOOD 102 5.5 WASTE 102 5.6 INFORMATION 103 5.7 ADMINISTRATION 104 Chapter 6 Conclusions 104 6.1 Summary of Findings 104 6.2 Recommendations for Future Research 106 Table of Figures 107 Bibliography 110 Appendix 114 Interview Transcriptions 114 Ingrid Wentzell Umweltamt 114 !7 Chapter 1 Introduction How to achieve Socially and Ecologically Fair Urban Scenarios? 1. Problem Statement The negative impacts of the industrialization can be felt today more than ever. Never before the price of our wealth in modern western societies due to resource exploitation and suffering of developing countries was as present as it is today. The parallel development of industrialization and urbanization form our cities which are inhabited by over the half of the world´s population as often stated before. That is among other factors one reason why this work is focusing on Urban Metabolism, the meta-sectoral urban fabric that could be derived from that research field and enable planners to co- create possible socially and ecologically fair strategies for the future of cities. On the 8.08.2016, also known as Earth-Overshoot Day, I was compiling the results of the practice examples. Earth-Overshoot Day is the day of the year when we use more ecological resources and services than nature can regenerate through overfishing, overharvesting forests and emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere than forests can sequester.1 It was very fitting, because I was currently examining a similar problem but in an urban context. To understand the complexity of modern day challenges for cities, one has to reach back in history, where the origins of some problems are located. For that purpose, it is useful to start from a rather different perspective, that illustrates the historical narrative. The epoch of enlightment with its famous philosopher Rene Decartes, was a time of fundamental changes. Decartes formed the bases of modern epistemology and formulated the separation of body (res extensa) and mind (res cogitans). That differentiation shaped the modern society until today. It also made developments like the industrialization possible. The separation of body and mind also resulted in the alienation of humans, as enlightened and reasonable beings and nature. One of the conclusions to be drawn from this is that this disentanglement of humans from their original habitat led to the above mentioned problems, especially in areas of high intensity and density like cities. The separation between nature and mankind started in the era of enlightment, where the Cartesian dualism led to a new self-understanding. Mankind was no longer part of the chaotic, wild uncivilized nature, people started to lose connection to nature and began to 1 http://www.overshootday.org/ !8 rule over nature. From this time on natural resources and landscapes were exploited and because of the industrial revolution, which instantly followed, population growth and the demand for resources increased exponentially. As a consequence, fundamental imbalances emerged. Humans reign over nature and are entitled to unrestricted exploitation of natural resources. The process of urbanization is still going on today and leaves traces of massive disruptions in our ecosystems. The development of strategies to address the increasing problems of resource consumption in connection with the societal dimension is inevitable. Urban Metabolism used as tool for examination of the different material flows in the city of Frankfurt can help to make this visible, by correlating different urban layers.

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