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Delpaese E Le Forze Armate
L’ITALIA 1945-1955 LA RICOSTRUZIONE DEL PAESE STATO MAGGIORE DELLA DIFESA UFFICIO STORICO E LE Commissione E LE FORZE ARMATE Italiana Storia Militare MINISTERO DELLA DIFESA CONGRESSOCONGRESSO DIDI STUDISTUDI STORICISTORICI INTERNAZIONALIINTERNAZIONALI CISM - Sapienza Università di Roma ROMA, 20-21 NOVEMBRE 2012 Centro Alti Studi per la Difesa (CASD) Palazzo Salviati ATTI DEL CONGRESSO PROPRIETÀ LETTERARIA tutti i diritti riservati: Vietata anche la riproduzione parziale senza autorizzazione © 2014 • Ministero della Difesa Ufficio Storico dello SMD Salita S. Nicola da Tolentino, 1/B - Roma [email protected] A cura di: Dott. Piero Crociani Dott.ssa Ada Fichera Dott. Paolo Formiconi Hanno contribuito alla realizzazione del Congresso di studi storici internazionali CISM Ten. Col. Cosimo SCHINAIA Capo Sezione Documentazione Storica e Coordinamento dell’Ufficio Storico dello SMD Ten. Col. Fabrizio RIZZI Capo Sezione Archivio Storico dell’Ufficio Storico dello SMD CF. Fabio SERRA Addetto alla Sezione Documentazione Storica e Coordinamento dell’Ufficio Storico dello SMD 1° Mar. Giuseppe TRINCHESE Capo Segreteria dell’Ufficio Storico dello SMD Mar. Ca. Francesco D’AURIA Addetto alla Sezione Archivio Storico dell’Ufficio Storico dello SMD Mar. Ca. Giovanni BOMBA Addetto alla Sezione Documentazione Storica e Coordinamento dell’Ufficio Storico dello SMD ISBN: 978-88-98185-09-2 3 Presentazione Col. Matteo PAESANO1 Italia 1945-1955 la ricostruzione del Paese el 1945 il Paese è un cumulo di macerie con una bassissima produzione industriale -
In the United States District Court for the Dist~Ct of Columbia
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DIST~CT OF COLUMBIA BOUDELLAAL HAJJ, et al. Petitioners, Civil Action No. 04-CV-1166(RJL) GEORGEW. BUSH, Presidentof the UnitedStates, et al., Respondents. DECLARATIONOF JAMES R, CRISF1ELD JR. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1746, I, CommanderJames R. Crisfield Jr., Judge Advocate General’s Corps, United States Navy, hereby state that to the best of myknowledge, information and belief, the followingis tree, accurate and correct: 1. I am the Legal Advisor to the CombatantStatus ReviewTribunals. In that capacity I amthe principal legal advisor to the Director, CombatantStatus ReviewTribunals, and provide advice to Tribunals on legal, evidentiary, procedural, and other matters. I also reviewthe record of proceedingsin each Tribunal for legal sufficiency in accordancewith standards prescribed in the CombatantStatus ReviewTribunal establishment order and implementingdirective. 2. I hereby certify that the documentsattached hereto constitute a tree and accurate copy of the portions of the record of proceedings before the CombatantStatus ReviewTribunal related to petitioner BoudellaAI Hajj that are suitable for public release. Theportions of the record that are classified or consideredtaw enforcementsensitive are not attached hereto. I have redacted information that wouldpersonally identify other detainees and the family membersof detainees, as well as certain U.S. Governmentpersonnel in order to protect the personal security of those 5069 individuals. I have also redacted internee serial numbersbecause certain -
L'italia Altrove
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Università di Palermo UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIPARTIMENTO DI CULTURE E SOCIETÀ Dottorato di Ricerca Internazionale in STUDI CULTURALI EUROPEI – XXIX CICLO (Settore Scientifico Disciplinare M-GGR/01) L’ITALIA ALTROVE Una lettura postcoloniale delle riviste geografiche italiane (1882-1942) TUTOR Prof.ssa Giulia de Spuches TESI DI CO-TUTOR Francesca Genduso Prof. Matteo Meschiari COORDINATORE DEL DOTTORATO Chiar.mo Prof. Michele Cometa A.A 2016/2017 Indice Introduzione ..........................................................................................................................3 Capitolo 1 Il postcoloniale come pratica e condizione contemporanea ..............................13 1.1 Ambiguità e punti di forza di un pensiero frammentario ..........................................13 1.2 Poter ridire di nuovo “Io”: il pensiero sulla decolonizzazione ..................................23 1.3 Il “post” come metafora: la critica postcoloniale ......................................................42 1.4 Temporalità dislocate ................................................................................................61 Capitolo 2 Il qui e l’altrove: il caso italiano ........................................................................75 2.1 L’Italia e il colonialismo: tra un passato rimosso e una prospettiva in divenire .......75 2.2 L’impresa coloniale: la costruzione del sé attraverso la -
UCLA Ufahamu: a Journal of African Studies
UCLA Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies Title The Emergence and Role of Political Parties in the Inter-River Region of Somalia from 1947-1960 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7h11k656 Journal Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies, 17(2) ISSN 0041-5715 Author Mukhtar, Mohammed Haji Publication Date 1989 DOI 10.5070/F7172016882 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California The Emergence and Role of Political Parties in the Inter River Region of Somalia From 1947 to 1960 (Independence) by Mohamed H. Mukhw Somalia has enjoyed a unique role in the history of African nationalism. As the only country in Africa whose population is vinually homogeneous, most speak a common language, all are Muslims and claim to be relaled to a common (or several common) distant ancestors. One might therefore expect thai its independence movement would have been more unified than those ofother African territories where tribal and regional differences came to be reflected in political party groupings after World War Il. Also Somalia was the only country to be partitioned seveml times: once at the end of the 19th century during the scramble for Africa and again in the 1940's following the break-up of the lIalian East African Empire. This would seem to have been another factor that unified Somalis in a sense ofcommon nationalism. However, the drive for Somali independence gave rise to not just one but several political parties. Were these panies based on regional or "tribal" differences of a particular Somali son? Did they have differtnt views ofSomali nationalism and self-government? These questions are difficuh to answer, not only because source materials are limited but also because one Somali party, the Somali Youth League (SYL), came to dominate the political scene in the 1950's and was the majority party at the time of Somali independence in 1960. -
Trusteeship Council
I' .. , - U NI T E D_ N AT I 0 N S ' ' Distr. TRUSTEESHIP GENJ:!:RAL T/PET.ll/615 COUNCIL 10 Novemberl955 ENGLISH ORIGINAL: ENGLISH/ I'£ALIAN PETITION FROM 1fASSOCIAZIONE EX-MIL:TARI COMBATENTI DELLA SOMALIAn - CONCERNING SOMALILAND UNDER ITALIAN ADMINISTRATION (Circulated in accordance •Ti th rule 85 and supplementary rules F and L of the rules of procedure for the Trus~eeship Council) ' .. Note by the Secretariat,: This com:nun:Lcation was transmitted to the Secri=tllry- General by the United Nations Advisory Council for the Trust Territory of Somaliland under Italian Administration Nogadiscio, 7 Otto:bre 1955 , To: the President of the United Nation Advaisary Conciel - Nogadiscio _ - Vle undersigned Central Commettee of Ex Illilitry men' have forHarded the present petition to your honourable president of _the United Nation Advaisary. _ Conciel to inform you the following lines underconsideration. He have founded an a.ssociation called ASSOCIAZIONE EX HILITARY COlJIBATENTI DELLA SOlJTALIA herelvith atta~hed the STATUS of our associationed. After we have established this association the Italian Administration have used very rough policy against us, and _trying to presuade the idea of I our members, again the Administration Authority have send people to create ! , trouble in our association we have forwarded application to the Police I Station, accusing the block~ who came in our association for causing trouble and missunderstra?ding the Police did not interfered, we know the main point of the local authority, the only think which the high members of the Italian T/PET.ll/61.5 English Page 2 Administration is to close the association. -
Clanship, Conflict and Refugees: an Introduction to Somalis in the Horn of Africa
CLANSHIP, CONFLICT AND REFUGEES: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOMALIS IN THE HORN OF AFRICA Guido Ambroso TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I: THE CLAN SYSTEM p. 2 The People, Language and Religion p. 2 The Economic and Socials Systems p. 3 The Dir p. 5 The Darod p. 8 The Hawiye p. 10 Non-Pastoral Clans p. 11 PART II: A HISTORICAL SUMMARY FROM COLONIALISM TO DISINTEGRATION p. 14 The Colonial Scramble for the Horn of Africa and the Darwish Reaction (1880-1935) p. 14 The Boundaries Question p. 16 From the Italian East Africa Empire to Independence (1936-60) p. 18 Democracy and Dictatorship (1960-77) p. 20 The Ogaden War and the Decline of Siyad Barre’s Regime (1977-87) p. 22 Civil War and the Disintegration of Somalia (1988-91) p. 24 From Hope to Despair (1992-99) p. 27 Conflict and Progress in Somaliland (1991-99) p. 31 Eastern Ethiopia from Menelik’s Conquest to Ethnic Federalism (1887-1995) p. 35 The Impact of the Arta Conference and of September the 11th p. 37 PART III: REFUGEES AND RETURNEES IN EASTERN ETHIOPIA AND SOMALILAND p. 42 Refugee Influxes and Camps p. 41 Patterns of Repatriation (1991-99) p. 46 Patterns of Reintegration in the Waqoyi Galbeed and Awdal Regions of Somaliland p. 52 Bibliography p. 62 ANNEXES: CLAN GENEALOGICAL CHARTS Samaal (General/Overview) A. 1 Dir A. 2 Issa A. 2.1 Gadabursi A. 2.2 Isaq A. 2.3 Habar Awal / Isaq A.2.3.1 Garhajis / Isaq A. 2.3.2 Darod (General/ Simplified) A. 3 Ogaden and Marrahan Darod A. -
(I) the SOCIAL STRUCTUBE of Soumn SOMALI TRIB by Virginia I?
(i) THE SOCIAL STRUCTUBE OF SOumN SOMALI TRIB by Virginia I?lling A thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of London. October 197]. (ii) SDMMARY The subject is the social structure of a southern Somali community of about six thousand people, the Geledi, in the pre-colonial period; and. the manner in which it has reacted to colonial and other modern influences. Part A deals with the pre-colonial situation. Section 1 deals with the historical background up to the nineteenth century, first giving the general geographic and ethnographic setting, to show what elements went to the making of this community, and then giving the Geledj's own account of their history and movement up to that time. Section 2 deals with the structure of the society during the nineteenth century. Successive chapters deal with the basic units and categories into which this community divided both itself and the others with which it was in contact; with their material culture; with economic life; with slavery, which is shown to have been at the foundation of the social order; with the political and legal structure; and with the conduct of war. The chapter on the examines the politico-religious office of the Sheikh or Sultan as the focal point of the community, and how under successive occupants of this position, the Geledi became the dominant power in this part of Somalia. Part B deals with colonial and post-colonial influences. After an outline of the history of Somalia since 1889, with special reference to Geledi, the changes in society brought about by those events are (iii) described. -
Valutazione Tattica Della Battaglia
La campagna d’Africa: Libia L’Italia in guerra Breve riassunto Alla fine degli anni Trenta le forze armate italiane erano in gravi condizioni: le armi erano scarse e di vecchio tipo, l’Aeronautica usava apparecchi antiquati, la Marina era indifendibile e mancante di portaerei. Per giustificare questa ultima mancanza Mussolini aveva affermato che la stessa Italia era da considerarsi una gigantesca portaerei. Il paese, durante le sfilate, poteva mostrare al mondo solo i famosi fantomatici «otto milioni di baionette». Le guerre di Etiopia e di Spagna avevano dimostrato i limiti dell’Italia, ma nessuna riforma sostanziale era stata apportata per modernizzare la struttura militare. La campagna d’Albania, risultata vittoriosa, aveva elevato notevolmente il morale, ma non coglieva l’autentica situazione militare. In realtà ben pochi sapevano che si era rivelata una tragedia. Lo sbarco si era svolto in una confusione indescrivibile, tra urla e sconquassi, con gente finita in mare con il rischio di annegare, navi impossibilitate ad attraccare perché non era stata calcolata la profondità dei fondali. Per questo i soldati furono trasportati a terra solo grazie a barconi richiesti ai pescatori locali. Scriveva Filippo Anfuso, allora braccio destro del ministro degli Affari Esteri Galeazzo Ciano: «Se gli albanesi avessero avuto anche solo una brigata di pompieri bene armati, avrebbero potuto ributtarci nell’Adriatico». Le tradizioni belliche non erano delle migliori, ma si inneggiavano a eroi anche i comandanti con più sconfitte a carico. I generali italiani erano quasi tutti da pensione (tra i più giovani c’era Ugo Cavallero con sessanta anni), derelitti della Prima guerra mondiale, per la maggiorwww.qattara.it parte fino ad allora nell’anonimato; occorreranno le prime sconfitte per renderli «noti» alle cronache dei giornali. -
TERRORISM THREAT in the COUNTRY A) Security Survey
TERRORISM THREAT IN THE COUNTRY a) Security Survey In 2011, the threat of terrorism in the country rose up drastically largely from the threat we recorded and the attacks we began experiencing. Consequently, the service initiated a security survey on key installations and shopping malls. The objective was to assess their vulnerability to terrorist attacks and make recommendations on areas to improve on. The survey was conducted and the report submitted to the Police, Ministry of Interior and Ministry of Tourism. Relevant institutions and malls were also handed over the report. Subsequent security surveys have continued to be conducted. As with regard to the Westgate Mall which was also surveyed, the following observations and recommendations were made as per the attached matrix. Situation Report for 21.09.12 - Serial No.184/2012 Two suspected Al Shabaab terrorists of Somali origin entered South Sudan through Djibouti, Eritrea and Sudan and are suspected to be currently in Uganda waiting to cross into Kenya through either Busia or Malaba border points. They are being assisted by Teskalem Teklemaryan, an Eritrean Engineer with residences in Uganda and South Sudan. The duo have purchased 1 GPMG; 4 hand grenades; 1 bullet belt; 5 AK 47 Assault Rifles; unknown number of bullet proof jackets from Joseph Lomoro, an SPLA Officer, and some maps of Nairobi city, indicating that their destination is Nairobi. Maalim Khalid, aka Maalim Kenya, a Kenyan explosives and martial arts expert, has been identified as the architect of current terrorist attacks in the country. He is associated with attacks at Machakos Country Bus, Assanands House in Nairobi and Bellavista Club in Mombasa. -
Testimonianza Eugenio Mazzucchetti
Eugenio Mazzucchetti DANANE Diario somalo 31 Ottobre 1935 – 23 Giugno 1941 Trascrizione del manoscritto originale a cura di Guido Votano Aprile 2002 - Prima stesura - Diritti riservati - 39 - Altrimenti se fosse stato un misero mortale lo avrebbero senz'altro fatto imbarcare per il ritorno quando è giunto qui. *5 Agosto Mogadiscio La mia destinazione a Danane pare assicurata. Bisesti ha formalmente promesso a Berturatti il comando dell'istituendo distretto-deposito o il comando del Dep. Territoriale avendo il T.Col. Locanti, promosso colonnello, lasciato il posto. Così anche il pericolo Berturatti è scomparso! *8 Agosto Mogadiscio Pare sempre più certa la destinazione per me a Danane. Uno di questi giorni andrò sul posto a vedere il campo per averne un'idea. Ne sono molto contento, ma quanti patemi d'animo, quante brutte ore si passano qui! A casa non ne hanno un'idea e me ne guardo bene dal scriverne. *15 Agosto Mogadiscio Sono stato a Danane col Ten. dei CC.RR. Acampora che ha comandato il campo per oltre sei mesi e Scianò. Ci siamo giunti in due ore con un'Ardita del Comando. La strada passa per l'8 Km, l'Autocentro militare e prosegue lungo la costa sino a Gesira dove sono già stato una volta con l'Ing. Manfredi, poi s'interna allontanandosi dalla costa qualche po'. Si attraversano varie praterie fra la boscaglia sulla duna e la spiaggia divise o meglio separate dalla boscaglia da dune sabbiose. In certi punti si attraversano paesaggi addirittura danteschi. Dopo circa un'ora e tre quarti si giunge a Danane che si presenta bene vista dalla duna. -
L'apporto Degli Ascari Eritrei Nella Guerra Italo – Turca
ALBERTO CAMINITI L’APPORTO DEGLI ASCARI ERITREI NELLA GUERRA ITALO – TURCA ( 1911-1912 ) STORIA POSTALE E FILATELIA TEMATICA PREMESSA. Quando lo Stato Maggiore di Roma s’avvide che le truppe inviate in Tripolitania ed in Cirenaica non erano sufficienti per espandere la conquista dalle coste verso l’interno, fu ordinato l’invio di ingenti rinforzi dalla madrepatria in Libia. Poi qualche mente più sveglia, a Roma, suggerì di far confluire nel Nordafrica alcuni battaglioni di ascari eritrei, in quanto già addestrati ad operazioni di guerriglia, agili nei movimenti sul campo e pratici di scontri in zone desertiche. Il 1912 vide quindi l’intervento di alcuni nostri Battaglioni eritrei. Si provvide : Alla costituzione di quattro nuovi battaglioni eritrei, numerati dal V all’ VIII ( per tradizione si usavano i numeri romani ). Essi alternandosi, giunsero e combatterono in Libia già a partire dal febbraio 1912. venne immediatamente inviato a Tripoli un primo battaglione ( magg. Ernesto De Marchi ) composto da 4 compagnie, ognuna prelevata da ciascuno dei quattro battaglioni preesistenti. Fu denominato V Battaglione Ascari. Non si poteva completamente indebolire la guarnigione della primigenia colonia africana, su cui gravava – dopo Adua – la costante minaccia d’invasione abissina, mentre i nuovi coscritti si stavano addestrando. Inoltre, a parte lo Squadrone di cavalleria Savari, di cui appresso faremo cenno, vennero arruolati ( Ordinanza del 27.2.1912 ) indigeni libici appartenenti ad alcune tribù locali non dimostratesi finora a noi ostili, con cui si formarono tre bande di irregolari arabi per complessivi 600 armati, che presero il nome dalle rispettive etnie d’origine ( del Garian, del Sahel, e di Tarhuna ). -
SITUATION in ETHIOPIA 6 T K I a L N ° : C.340.M .171.I935 Vi I
LEAGUE OF NATIONS DISPUTE BETWEEN ETHIOPIA AND ITALY REQUEST BY THE ETHIOPIAN GOVERNMENT Memorandum by the Italian Government on the SITUATION IN ETHIOPIA 6 t k i a l N ° : C.340.M .171.I935 Vi i Geneva, September n th , 1935. LEAGUE OF NATIONS DISPUTE BETWEEN ETHIOPIA AND ITALY REQUEST BY THE ETHIOPIAN GOVERNMENT Memorandum by the Italian Government on the SITUATION IN ETHIOPIA I. REPORT Series of League of Nations Publications VII. POLITICAL 1935. VII.11. ____ CONTENTS. Part I. — ITALY AND ETHIOPIA. [jjïroddctory N o t e .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... j — Violations o f I t a l o -E t h i o p i a n T r e a t i e s b y E t h i o p i a ................................................................................................................ A. Treaties regarding the Eritrean Frontier....................................................................................... (a) Violations of the Convention of May 15th, 1902—Ambush laid for a group of Italian subjects; (b) Violation of Convention of July 10th, 1900, regarding the eastern boundary between Eritrea and Tigre— Ethiopian obstruction to the work of the Mixed Commission—Wrongful Ethiopian occupation of Italian territory— Attack by Ethiopian raiders on the Mabra plain and outrages by them on women and children; (c) Violation of Article 2 of the Convention of May 16th, 1908, regarding the frontiers in the Danakil; (d) Violation of Article 5 of the same Convention, which prohibits crossings of the frontier and raids. B. Treaties regarding the Somali Frontier ............................................................................................................................. Violation of the Convention of May 16th, 1908—Impossibility of proceeding to delimitation through the fault of the Ethiopian Government—Military occupation of the Italian locality of Scillave by the Ethiopians.