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Arbeitsmarkteinstieg Und Räumliche Mobilität Von Hochschulabsolvent*Innen

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Arbeitsmarkteinstieg Und Räumliche Mobilität Von Hochschulabsolvent*Innen Arbeitsmarkteinstieg und räumliche Mobilität von Hochschulabsolvent*innen Von der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover zur Erlangung des Grades Doktor der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) genehmigte Dissertation von Christian Teichert, M.Sc. 2021 Referent: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Ingo Liefner Korreferent: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Stefan Hennemann Tag der Promotion: 22.02.2021 KURZFASSUNG In Wissensgesellschaften ist der Bedarf an Bildung und qualifiziertem Humankapital hoch, ihre ökonomische Relevanz für Wachstum und Entwicklung sowie die Bedeutung für das Individuum sind unbestritten. Aus dem Fachkräftemangel und der gleichzeitigen Zunahme der Anforderungen der beruflichen Tätigkeiten entsteht eine Bildungsexpansion, um die so entstandene Nachfrage zu bedienen; die Aktivierung der dadurch erhöhten Potenziale des qualifizierten Humankapitals ist dabei jedoch an die Umsetzung seiner spezialisierten Fähigkeiten und Wissen im Arbeitsmarkt gebunden. Dabei greifen die gesellschaftlichen und individuellen, monetären Bildungsrenditen erst bei erfolgreichem Arbeitsmarkteinstieg. Entsprechend ist es Aufgabe unter anderem der Hochschul- absolvent*innenforschung, die komplexen Bedingungen, denen die Eintrittsphase in das Arbeitsleben unterliegt, sowohl aus individueller, gesellschaftlicher als auch arbeitsmarktökonomischer Perspektive zu beleuchten. Diese Dissertation beschäftigt sich entsprechend mit zwei Forschungszielen: einerseits, die empirischen Herausforderungen bisheriger Studien mit einem neuartigen, unikalen Datensatz zu adressieren. Andererseits, drei im Zusammenwirken bis dato wenig beobachtete Faktoren des Arbeitsmarkteinstiegs (Arbeitserfahrung, Mobilitätsverhalten, Studienfach) in die Analysen sowie in theoretische Forschungsansätze zu integrieren. Hierdurch kann ein vertieftes Verständnis der Übergangsphase zwischen Hochschulabschluss und Arbeitsmarkteinstieg gewonnen werden, wie es bisher in diesem Kontext nicht vorliegt. Durch die Verknüpfung von administrativen Daten Studierender mehrerer deutscher Hochschulen mit Erwerbsbiographien der Sozialversicherungen auf Individualebene ist es gelungen, ein Hochschul- absolvent*innenpanel zu erstellen, mit dessen Hilfe die Erfolgsfaktoren des Arbeitsmarkteinstiegs und des frühen Karriereverlaufs detailliert und differenziert analysiert werden. Zentrale Ergebnisse zeigen, dass bereits vorhandene Erfahrungen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt und Mobilitätsverhalten bedeutsame Wirkung auf Parameter des Arbeitsmarkteinstieges – wie räumliche Verortung, Länge der Übergangsphase zwischen Hochschule und Arbeitsmarkt, Entgelt, Adäquanz der Beschäftigung etc. – haben. Die Stärke und die Effektrichtung hängen allerdings deutlich von der Art, Spezifität, Ort und Zeit der Arbeitserfahrungen ab. Die konzeptionelle Kategorisierung der Beziehungen von Studienfach und assoziiertem Arbeitsmarkt ermöglicht, die signifikanten Effekte, die das Studienfach auf die Arbeitsmarktperformance hat, zu erkennen. Im hier erstmals vorgenommenen systematischen Vergleich des Arbeitsmarkteinstiegs von Absolvent*innen der Geographie, Wirtschaftswissenschaften und Informatik gelingt es, die Unterschiede genau zu quantifizieren und Wirkungsfaktoren zu identifizieren. Hierbei wird deutlich, dass die Herausforderungen, denen Geograph*innen im Arbeitsmarkt gegenüberstehen, kein Alleinstellungsmerkmal des Faches sind, sondern struktureller Natur bei Fächern mit indirekten, multidimensionalen Verbindungen zu ihrem jeweiligen Arbeitsmarkt. Die durch diese Dissertation gewonnenen Erkenntnisse helfen, die Ausgestaltung und die Mechanismen hinter dem Arbeitsmarkteinstieg von Hochschulabsolvent*innen besser zu verstehen. Sie bietet damit Erkenntnisse für praktische Implikationen bei der Gestaltung von individuellen Bildungsinvestitionen, der Fachkräfterekrutierung und bei hochschulpolitischen Entscheidungen sowohl für (potenzielle) Studierende als auch Akteur*innen aus Hochschule, Wirtschaft und Regionalpolitik. Schlagworte: Arbeitsmarkteinstieg; Hochschulabsolvent*innen; Mobilität; Arbeitserfahrung; Verweildaueranalysen; Geographie I ABSTRACT There is a growing demand for (higher) education and qualified human capital in knowledge-based economies, with human capital being crucial for economic growth and regional development. The scarcity of skilled workers and the simultaneous increase in the requirements of jobs lead to educational expansion. However, the exploitation of human capital is tied to the application of its respective skills and knowledge in the labor market. The societal and individual financial returns to education also only take effect upon successful entry into the labor market. Accordingly, it is the task of research in higher education, among others, to illuminate the transition phase into the labor market from individual, societal and economical perspectives. Against this background, this dissertation has two research goals. Firstly, it aims to address the empirical challenges that previous studies face by developing a novel and unique dataset. Secondly, the dissertation aims to incorporate the hitherto neglected interplay of three factors of labor market entry (work experience, field of study and mobility) into both empirical models and theoretical frameworks. Matching administrative student data from several German universities with employment biographies from social security records at the individual level enabled the creation of a panel data set of graduates. Using this panel, the labor market entry as well as early career paths and their respective success factors are analyzed in depth. Key findings suggest that labor market experiences and mobility patterns have significant effects on labor market entry variables such as the geographical location, the duration of the transition from university to employment, wages and the adequacy of employment. However, strength and direction of these effects depend on the type, specificity, location and timing of work experiences. In this dissertation, a conceptual categorization of the relation between fields of study and their associated labor markets allows the identification of important effects of the field of study on labor market performances. In more detail, the labor market entry of graduates from different fields, i.e. geography, business, computer sciences, is systematically compared, and differences as well as their predictors are quantified. Results suggest that geographers perform worse than their business and computer science peers do. However, this is not a problem of geographers per se but rather due to the indirect and multidimensional links between some fields of study and their respective labor markets. The insights gained through this dissertation help to better understand the mechanisms underlying the labor market entry of graduates, leading to practical implications in several domains such as the planning of educational trajectories by individuals, the improvement of skilled labor recruitment strategies by firms, and the decision-making in regional policy. Keywords: labor market entry; graduates; mobility; work experience; duration analysis; geography II DANKSAGUNG „Das Gute des vernunftbegabten Lebewesens ist die Gemeinschaft“ MARC AUREL (121-180 n. Chr.); Selbstbetrachtungen, (5)16 Dieses Dissertationsprojekt hätte ohne tatkräftige Unterstützung in dieser Form so nicht umgesetzt werden können. Daher möchte ich zunächst meinem Doktorvater Ingo Liefner danken, der mich über all die Jahre des gemeinsamen Arbeitens stets unterstützt und mir den Rücken freigehalten hat. Auch Stefan Hennemann möchte ich danken, da er maßgeblich dazu beigetragen hat, dass mein Interesse an diesem Forschungsfeld bereits in den Anfängen meines Studiums geweckt wurde. Die fachliche und persönliche Unterstützung, die Anne Otto mir während des gesamten Entstehungsprozesses in Saarbrücken, Gießen und Hannover hat zu Teil werden lassen, ist bemerkenswert. Anne, hab Dank! Auch möchte ich meinen Mitautorinnen Annekatrin Niebuhr und Anja Rossen für die fruchtbare Zusammenarbeit und den intensiven, fachlichen Austausch danken – es war gleichermaßen hilf- und lehrreich. Die starke Unterstützung und das fachliche Interesse von Peter Winker ermöglichten den erfolgreichen Verlauf des Projektes. Ihm und meinen Kolleginnen und Kollegen des RFN im IAB, mit denen ich im fachlichen Austausch stehen konnte, sowie allen weiteren Wissenschaftler*innen, die an diesem Projekt beteiligt waren, möchte ich aufrichtig danken. Mein besonderer Dank richtet sich an Sebastian und Barbara für die fachliche und außerfachliche, vor allem aber substanzielle, Unterstützung bei dieser Arbeit und die gemeinsame Zeit innerhalb und primär außerhalb des universitären Alltags. Als Freunde wisst ihr, was mir das bedeutet! Auch Tatjana danke ich für die vielen Gespräche und die gute Zeit, nicht nur in Leipzig. Dank gebührt ferner Martin und Philipp, für die inhaltlichen Diskussionen und den Ideenaustausch, egal ob in Dresden, Gießen oder Utrecht. Meinen Kolleginnen und Kollegen an den Geographischen Instituten in Hannover und Gießen danke ich für die gute Zusammenarbeit in der Lehre und die kurzweiligen Gespräche in den Kaffeepausen. Kerstin möchte ich danken für ihre moralische Unterstützung und das Verständnis für den Raum, den dieses Projekt zuweilen auch mal einnehmen konnte. Meinen Eltern und beiden Schwestern möchte ich besonders für die Möglichkeit danken, alle notwendigen Freiräume genossen haben zu können. Euer unerschütterlicher Rückhalt ermöglichte es mir, mich
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