International Technology Research Institute World Technology (WTEC) Division
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International Technology Research Institute World Technology (WTEC) Division WTEC Panel Report on ENVIRONMENTALLY BENIGN MANUFACTURING Timothy G. Gutowski (Panel Chair) Cynthia F. Murphy (Panel Co-chair) David T. Allen Diana J. Bauer Bert Bras Thomas S. Piwonka Paul S. Sheng John W. Sutherland Deborah L. Thurston Egon E. Wolff April 2001 International Technology Research Institute R.D. Shelton, Director Geoffrey M. Holdridge, WTEC Division Director and Series Editor 4501 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21210-2699 WTEC PANEL ON ENVIRONMENTALLY BENIGN MANUFACTURING (EBM) TECHNOLOGIES Sponsored by the National Science Foundation and the Department of Energy of the United States government. Timothy G. Gutowski (Panel Chair) Thomas S. Piwonka Professor of Mechanical Engineering Univ.Of Alabama/MCTC Massachusetts Institute of Technology 106 Bevill Bldg., 7th Ave. Room 35-234 PO Box 870201 Cambridge, MA 02139 Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0201 Cynthia F. Murphy (Panel Co-chair) Paul S. Sheng Center for Energy and Environmental Resources (R7100) Associate Principal University of Texas at Austin McKinsey and Co., Inc. 10100 Burnet Rd., Bldg 133 111 Congress Avenue, Suite 2100 Austin, Texas 78758 Austin, TX 78701 David T. Allen John W. Sutherland Dept. of Chemical Engineering Dept of Mechanical Engineerings University of Texas at Austin Michigan Technological University Austin, TX 78712-1062 1400 Townsend Drive Houghton, Michigan 49931 Diana J. Bauer AAAS Fellow at EPA Deborah L. Thurston National Center for Environmental Research (NCER) Univ. of Illinois—Urbana-Champaign 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W. 117 Transportation B, MC 238 8722R 104 S. Mathews Washington, DC 20460 Urbana, IL 61801 Bert Bras Egon E. Wolff Systems Realization Laboratory Caterpillar, Inc. The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Technical Center / K Engineering P.O. Box 1875 Georgia Institute of Technology Peoria, IL 61656-1875 Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0405 INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE World Technology (WTEC) Division WTEC at Loyola College (previously known as the Japanese Technology Evaluation Center, JTEC) provides assessments of foreign research and development in selected technologies under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation (NSF). Loyola’s International Technology Research Institute (ITRI), R.D. Shelton, Director, is the umbrella organization for WTEC. Elbert Marsh, Deputy Assistant Director for Engineering at NSF’s Engineering Directorate, is NSF Program Director for WTEC. Several other U.S. government agencies provide support for the program through NSF. WTEC’s mission is to inform U.S. scientists, engineers, and policymakers of global trends in science and technology in a manner that is timely, credible, relevant, efficient and useful. WTEC assessments cover basic research, advanced development, and applications. Panels of typically six technical experts conduct WTEC assessments. Panelists are leading authorities in their field, technically active, and knowledgeable about U.S. and foreign research programs. As part of the assessment process, panels visit and carry out extensive discussions with foreign scientists and engineers in their labs. The ITRI staff at Loyola College help select topics, recruit expert panelists, arrange study visits to foreign laboratories, organize workshop presentations, and finally, edit and disseminate the final reports. Dr. R.D. Shelton Mr. Geoff Holdridge Dr. George Gamota ITRI Director WTEC Division Director ITRI Associate Director Loyola College Loyola College 17 Solomon Pierce Road Baltimore, MD 21210 Baltimore, MD 21210 Lexington, MA 02173 WTEC Panel on ENVIRONMENTALLY BENIGN MANUFACTURING FINAL REPORT April 2001 Timothy G. Gutowski (Panel Chair) Cynthia F. Murphy (Panel Co-chair) David T. Allen Diana J. Bauer Bert Bras Thomas S. Piwonka Paul S. Sheng John W. Sutherland Deborah L. Thurston Egon E. Wolff ISBN 1-883712-61-0 This document was sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Department of Energy of the U.S. government under NSF Cooperative Agreement ENG-9707092, awarded to the International Technology Research Institute at Loyola College in Maryland. The government has certain rights to this material. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States government, the authors’ parent institutions, or Loyola College. ABSTRACT This report reviews the status of “environmentally benign manufacturing” (EBM) technologies, applications, and policies in Europe and Japan in comparison to those in the United States. Topics covered include metals and metal manufacturing, polymers, automotive applications, electronics, and energy-related issues. In addition to reviewing specific technologies and applications in the above areas, the report covers broader issues of government policies affecting environmental issues in manufacturing, corporate strategies and vision with respect to these issues, economic drivers influencing the development of EBM, and relevant research infrastructure. The panel’s findings include the following: Europe leads in most governmental activities, Japan in industrial activities, and the results for research and development are mixed. The United States leads in financial and legal liability concerns, water conservation, decreased industrial releases to air and water, and research in polymers and long term electronics, but follows in all other areas. In the area of university educational activities, and both industry and government sponsorship of these, it is clear that Europe leads, followed by the United States and then Japan. Overall, therefore, the United States ranks third behind Europe and Japan. Additional findings are outlined in the panel’s executive summary. International Technology Research Institute (ITRI) R. D. Shelton, Principal Investigator, ITRI Director World Technology (WTEC) Division (Staff working on this study) Geoffrey M. Holdridge, WTEC Division Director and Series Editor Bobby A. Williams, Financial Officer Roan E. Horning, Head of Information Technologies Aminah Grefer, Global Support Inc., Europe Advance Contractor Gerald Whitman, ENSTEC, Inc., Japan Advance Contractor Hiroshi Morishita, WTEC Japan Representative Copyright 2001 by Loyola College in Maryland except as elsewhere noted. This work relates to NSF Cooperative Agreement ENG-9707092. The U.S. government retains a nonexclusive and nontransferable license to exercise all exclusive rights provided by copyright. The ISBN number for this report is 1-883712-61-0. A list of available JTEC/WTEC reports and information on ordering them from NTIS is included on the inside back cover of this report. i TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ...............................................................................................................................................i List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................................iv List of Tables ...................................................................................................................................................vi Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................................vii 1. Introduction Timothy Gutowski Background.........................................................................................................................................1 Methodology.......................................................................................................................................2 Manufacturing and the Environment ..................................................................................................4 Systems View of Manufacturing.........................................................................................................6 References...........................................................................................................................................7 2. Geographic Trends Cynthia F. Murphy Summary.............................................................................................................................................9 Introduction.........................................................................................................................................9 Drivers and Motivation.....................................................................................................................10 Observations .....................................................................................................................................14 Summary Matrices............................................................................................................................19 Conclusions.......................................................................................................................................21 References.........................................................................................................................................22 3. Strategic Vision David T. Allen Introduction.......................................................................................................................................23 EBM Environmental Objectives .......................................................................................................23