A Theoretical and Practical Italian Grammar : with Numerous Exercises

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Ori^ina^ 6 Second Series 6 [Continued at end of Book. ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 7 A THEORETICAL AND TRACTICAL ITALIAN GRAMMAR WITU NUMEROUS EXERCISES AND EXAMPLES, ILLUSTRATIVE OF EVERY RULE, AND A SELECTION OF PHRASES AND DIALOGUES. #0r ibc cist of Stljools anb pribufc Stubnits. BY E. LEMMI, LL.D, OF THE UNITEBSITT OF PISA ; ADVOCATE OF FLORENCE ; ITALIAN TUTOR TO H.B.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES, ETC. Fourteenth Edition. EDINBURGH: OLIVER AND BOYD, TWEEDDALE COURT. LONDON: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO.; P. ROLANDI, Bernebs Street. 'HlNTliD BY OLIVER AND BOYD, EDINBUUGH Hi y PREFACE. The principal motive which has induced us to prepare this Grammar, was the desire of placing in the hands of our Pupils a guide to the Italian language, in accordance with our own method of teachiag. We are far from imagining that we have succeeded in compiling an lUilian Grammar superior to the vast number of similar works that have already been published ; yet we trust that, owing to the simple and practical method we have adopted, this wUl prove of greater utility to the student than a more finished and complicated work. To circumscribe any language within the limits of precepts is a work of much difficulty, but especially so in the case of the ItaUan language, which never scruples " to snatch a gi-ace beyond the reach of art," by violating even those rules that grammarians attempt most emphatically to enforce. We have therefore been sparing of precept ; and, mindful that, we were writing for English, and not for Italian students, we have introduced only those theoretical remarks wliich long experience in teaching has shown us to be most useful for a practical and rapid acquirement of the Italian language. Each rule is clearly illustrated by examples and exercises ; and as we consider the best method of learning a foreign language to be that foUowod in the acquirement of one's own, in the beginning we have made use of short and simple phrases, which gradually become more difficult as the work proceeds ; and towards the end, when the student is supposed to be well grounded in the elementary part of the language, the exercises are stUl more difficult, and the examples are nearly all chosen. from the works of classical authors. In the fii'st lessons we have introduced the two auxiliaries, to have and to be, accompanied by some general rules for the use of verbs, in order that the pupil may have some notion of how they should be employed, even before he ima reached the Chapter which treats of them. The method we have adopted of numbering every word that refers to any preceding rule, cannot fail to be most useful in impressing on the mind of learners the subject of each lesson, as it obUges them con- y\ PREFACE. stantly to refer to and to reconsider all the rules they have already studied throughout the Gramumr. As our design in preparing this book was to offer to the^ English student a clear and practical method of acquiring the Italian language, and not a treatise on the elements and principles of Grammar as a study, we have omitted those grammatical definitions and explanations which every educated English person must already know ; as it is to be supposed that, before attempting to acquire a foreign language, one must have studied one's own. We ofifer our work to our Pupils ; and should we have succeeded in rendering the study of the most classical and beautiful of languages pleasing to them, because clear and simple, we shall esteem ourselves rewarded for the labour we have bestowed on our Italian Grammar. CONTENTS. Ceaptee On the Pkoncxciation, I. On the Prepositions called Segnacasi, II. On the Definite Article, On the Indefinite Article, . On the Partitive Article, . III. FoEUATioN of the Plural of Nouns, IV. Gen-dee, .... V. On the Adjectite, . Cardinal Numbers, . Ordinal Numbers, . VI. On AuGMENTATivES and DmrauTiTES, VII. On C0MPAP.ATIVE3 and Superlatives, YJH. On Personal Pronouns, On Possessive Pronouns, On Demonstative Pronouns, On Relative Pronouns, On Indefinite Adectives and Pronouns On the Particle Si, . IX. On Verbs, .... Table of Eegdlar Verbs, . Irregular Verbs, Transith-e and Intransitive Verbs, Reflected and Reciprocal Verbs, Impersonal Verbs, . Observations on Essere and Avere, On Moods and Tenses, On Will, Shall, Can, May, Idioms and Rejlaeks on Verbs, vili CONTENTS. — ITALIAN ORAMMAR. ON THE PRONUNCIATION. The Italian Alphabet consists of twenty-two letters, pro- nounced as follows : A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, L, M, fl/e, lee^ tehee, dee, eh, effay, djee, acca, e, ee, elle, emme, N, 0, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, Z. eii7ie, 0, pea, con, erre, esse, tea, oo, voo, dzeta. The letter h is used in Italian before some persons of the present of the indicative of the verb to have, in which ease it is mute, and employed only to distinguish those persons of the verb from other words of a different signification ; Io ho, I have; tu hai, thou hast; egli ha, he has; eglino hanno, they have.

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