Grammar Booklet

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Grammar Booklet General Grammar Booklet for European Language Learners Do you know a noun from a pronoun? What sort of thing is a direct object? Ever heard about agreements? What is grammar, anyway? Humanities Programme Imperial College Cases In languages like German, Russian or modern Greek, nouns and accompanying words (adjectives and determiners) change their form (especially their endings) according to their grammatical function. They show different forms (called cases) according to whether they are functioning as subject (nominative case), direct object (accusative case), indirect object (dative case) or possessor (genitive case). Languages with cases are called inflected languages. This feature, that existed in many old languages such as Latin, has been lost in English and most Western European languages and therefore the study of inflected languages seem a daunting task for most students. However, some cases still exist in English pronouns and structures used to show possession. Perhaps you have already noticed that the pronoun who changes to whom and whose according to its function in the sentence. To facilitate the understanding of cases to students of Central and Eastern European languages, the exercise below has been included in this workshop. Try to fill in the gaps with the pronouns who, whom, whose and explain their functions in each sentence. 1. ……………….. ordered the pizza? 2. To ……………. it may concern. 3. I asked the neighbours …………… letters were these. 4. …………. do I have to ask the keys for? Bibliography This booklet is based on the following bibliography: Aust D Italian Grammar Handbook Berlitz 1994 Gee R and Watson C English Grammar Usborne 1983 Chambers English Grammar Lodnon 1998 Goscini and Uderzo: copies of Asterix in different languages 1966 Mc Cormick, CA Basic Italian Grammar Nelson 1988 Pollock J, Waller E English Grammar and Teaching Strategies 1999 Shiach, D Basic Grammar John Murray 1995 Swann, M Practical English Usage Oxford 1996 M Swann and B Smith Learning English CUP 2001 Thomson, R Grammar is great! Thomson, R Go further with grammar Lonson 2002 Williams E Good grammar Chambers 1995.
Recommended publications
  • Grammar Education, It Was Connected with Writing and Covered a Broad Spectrum Including the A: Qawàaid Al-Lu©A
    HIMA 13,4_340_f19_392-399 11/8/05 2:17 PM Page 393 Grammar education, it was connected with writing and covered a broad spectrum including the A: qawàaid al-lu©a. – G: Grammatik. – appreciation of literature. The grammateîs of F: grammaire. – R: grammatiks. – the New Testament were the ‘scribes’ (Mat 2, S: gramática. – C: yufa 4). In the Middle Ages, it became syno- Before the ‘linguistic turn’ that marked nymous with knowledge or study of Latin, many fields of study in the twentieth century, and often learning in general, especially the Gramsci understood that grammar as the type of knowledge of the learned classes. underlying structure that makes languages With the rise of the nation-state and the possible is an important political issue, vernacular languages, ‘grammar’ lost its both as a regulative social institution and a particular connection to Latin and became key element in philosophical questions of associated with ‘modern’ languages. thought and knowledge. Indeed, Gramsci One of the basic distinctions in grammar dedicated his last prison notebook (Q 29) to is between descriptive grammar and nor- grammar. There his discussion of the politics mative (or proscriptive) grammar. What is of grammar can also be seen as a grammar of known as the Port-Royal Grammar (published politics, as a metaphorical examination of in Paris in 1660) is an important historical the dynamics of hegemony. foundation of normative grammar. It used Of the many meanings and dimensions the idea of a ‘universal grammar’ shared by of ‘grammar’, the most important for all languages to further its aim of teaching Marxists is whether it is seen as the structure people not necessarily how language is used, or set of rules defining a language that is but how it should be used.
    [Show full text]
  • |FREE| English Grammar for Students of Italian: the Study Guide For
    ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR STUDENTS OF ITALIAN: THE STUDY GUIDE FOR THOSE LEARNING ITALIAN EBOOK Author: Sergio Adorni, Karen Primorac Number of Pages: 199 pages Published Date: 01 Apr 1996 Publisher: Olivia & Hill Press, U.S. Publication Country: Ann Arbor, United States Language: English, Italian ISBN: 9780934034203 Download Link: CLICK HERE English Grammar For Students Of Italian: The Study Guide For Those Learning Italian Online Read Simply click the button below! The app is sports themed, so perfect for anyone who loves to get active! Start with Level 1. Every day, each of us spends a huge amount of time commuting from home to work on public transport. You might also like TR rated it really liked it Nov 19, Refresh and try again. Best Websites to Learn Italian. Covering expressions, grammar, and culture through personal travel stories, with detailed examples of a new language in context. English grammar for students of German : the study guide for those learning German Author Zorach, Cecile Published To ask other readers questions about English Grammar for Students of Italianplease sign up. Christopher Hurtado marked it as to-read Mar 15, This book makes it easier by illustrating how these same terms and concepts relate to English English Grammar for Students of Italian: The Study Guide for Those Learning Italian that students can instantly recognise the similarities and differences between Italian and English grammar. About Sergio Adorni. Reviews English Grammar For Students Of Italian: The Study Guide For Those Learning Italian Monolingual books are best e. But note that the book does not try to lay out every detail of every grammatical rule in Italian; it provides just enough context to help you see ho This book provided a useful comparison between the basic grammar concepts of English and Italian.
    [Show full text]
  • The Grammar of Fear: Morphosyntactic Metaphor
    THE GRAMMAR OF FEAR: MORPHOSYNTACTIC METAPHOR IN FEAR CONSTRUCTIONS by HOLLY A. LAKEY A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of Linguistics and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2016 DISSERTATION APPROVAL PAGE Student: Holly A. Lakey Title: The Grammar of Fear: Morphosyntactic Metaphor in Fear Constructions This dissertation has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in the Department of Linguistics by: Dr. Cynthia Vakareliyska Chairperson Dr. Scott DeLancey Core Member Dr. Eric Pederson Core Member Dr. Zhuo Jing-Schmidt Institutional Representative and Dr. Scott L. Pratt Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded March 2016. ii © 2016 Holly A. Lakey iii DISSERTATION ABSTRACT Holly A. Lakey Doctor of Philosophy Department of Linguistics March 2016 Title: The Grammar of Fear: Morphosyntactic Metaphor in Fear Constructions This analysis explores the reflection of semantic features of emotion verbs that are metaphorized on the morphosyntactic level in constructions that express these emotions. This dissertation shows how the avoidance or distancing response to fear is mirrored in the morphosyntax of fear constructions (FCs) in certain Indo-European languages through the use of non-canonical grammatical markers. This analysis looks at both simple FCs consisting of a single clause and complex FCs, which feature a subordinate clause that acts as a complement to the fear verb in the main clause. In simple FCs in some highly-inflected Indo-European languages, the complement of the fear verb (which represents the fear source) is case-marked not accusative but genitive (Baltic and Slavic languages, Sanskrit, Anglo-Saxon) or ablative (Armenian, Sanskrit, Old Persian).
    [Show full text]
  • Particle Verbs in Italian
    Particle Verbs in Italian Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades des Doktors der Philosophie an der Universit¨at Konstanz Fachbereich Sprachwissenschaft vorgelegt von Quaglia, Stefano Tag der m ¨undlichen Pr ¨ufung: 23 Juni 2015 Referent: Professor Christoph Schwarze Referentin: Professorin Miriam Butt Referent: Professor Nigel Vincent Konstanzer Online-Publikations-System (KOPS) URL: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-0-376213 3 Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Dissertation befasst sich mit italienischen Partikelverben (PV), d.h. Kon- struktionen die aus einem Verb und einer (meist r¨aumlicher) Partikel, wie andare fuori ‘hinaus-gehen’ oder buttare via ‘weg-schmeißen’. Solche komplexe Ausdr¨ucke sind in manchen Hinsichten interessant, erstmal sprachvergleichend, denn sie instantiieren eine morpho-syntaktische Struktur, die in germanischen Sprachen (wie Deutsch, Englisch, Schwedisch und Holl¨andisch) pervasiv ist, aber in den romanischen Sprachen nicht der- maßen ausgebaut ist. Da germanische Partikelverben Eingenschaften aufweisen, die zum Teil f¨ur die Morphologie, zum teil f¨ur die Syntax typisch sind, ist ihr Status in formalen Grammatiktheorien bestritten: werden PV im Lexikon oder in der Syntax gebaut? Dieselbe Frage stellt sich nat¨urlich auch in Bezug auf die italienischen Partikelverben, und anhand der Ergebnisse meiner Forschung komme ich zum Schluss, dass sie syntaktisch, und nicht morphologisch, zusammengestellt werden. Die Forschungsfragen aber die in Bezug auf das grammatische Verhalten italienischer Partikelverben von besonderem Interesse sind, betreffen auch Probleme der italienischen Syntax. In meiner Arbeit habe ich folgende Forschungsfragen betrachtet: (i) Kategorie und Klassifikation Italienischer Partikeln, (ii) deren Interaktion mit Verben auf argument- struktureller Ebene, (iii) strukturelle Koh¨asion zwischen Verb und Partikel und deren Repr¨asentation.
    [Show full text]
  • Grammar of the Italian Language
    GR AMMAR OF TH E I TALIAN LANGUAGE. JO E P H R AMP I N I S , Fellow of th e Education al I n stitute of Sc otlan d ; Teac h er of th e I talian Lan ua e an d Literature in th e Naval an d ili tar Academ the g g M y y, Edin ur P iloso ical In stitution th e c ottis I n stit ution for b gh h ph , S h oun Ladie s th e Edin ur In sti tution for Lan ua es &c . Y g , b gh g g , EDINBURGH OLIVER A D B Y T EED DALE RT N O D , W COU . LOND ON : I P I N AR H ALL AND 00 . S M K , M S , P ri ce T o illin n e w Sh gs an d Six pe c . A KEY TO MR RAMPINI ’ S ITALIAN GRAMMAR 2 I S PU LI SH PRI C s . B ED, E P RINTE D B Y OLIV E R AND B OY D E D INB U R H . , G TO HER GRACE CHARLOTTE ANN, t nt u t u b t t Burb t as of yurrlt n b a m t s t o, &c . &c . MAY IT PLEA E OUR GRA E S Y C , HAVING already experien ced so m uch kindn ess an d c on sideration w hilst engaged in the In struction of Junior Mem b ers of the n ob le Fam ily of Buccleuch in the Italian Lan ua e I have to offer addition al ac n o led m ent s for g g , k w g ’ your Grace s kin dn ess in perm ittin g m e t o sen d forth t o the w orld un der the distin uis ed atrona e of our n am e , g h p g y , a Gram m ar of m y n ative tongue written in the En glish Lan guage .
    [Show full text]
  • Hindi Grammar
    HINDI GRAMMAR. ELEMENTS OP HINDI AND BRAJ BHAKHA GRAMMAR. BY THE LATE JAMES R. BALLANTYNE, LL.D. SECOND EDITION. LONDON: TRUBNER AND CO., 60, PATERNOSTER ROW. 1868. [alt. bights reserved.] HERTFORD: STEPHEN AUSTIN, PRINTER. INTRODUCTION. In representing the oriental sounds in English letters, the system of Sir William Jones has been employed, slightly modified. The vowels must, then, be pronounced as follows: viz., a as in arise; a as in far ; i as in wit; i as in 'police ; u as in bush ; u as in rule; e as in they ; ai as in the Italian mai; o as in so ; au as in the Italian paura. The con¬ sonants must receive their usual English sounds, except that, as regards th and ph, the compounds must be sounded as in the words “poMook” and “haphazard,” not as in “Mis” or “Min” and “philo¬ logy” This impression differs from the first by numerous alterations and additions; but they are such as, it is believed, the Author would have approved. HINDI AND BRAJ BHAKHA GRAMMAR. PART FIRST. CHAPTER I. OF THE ALPHABET. 1. The Ndgari alphabet, in which the Hindi language is generally written, consists of forty-nine letters. It is read, like English, from left to right, and is as follows:—• Vowels. a, ^ d, X. i, t ^ «, gj «, ^ ri, rt), ft), $)) 41 au9 with • n9 l h (not initial)* Consonants. Gutturals ha, Vhha, Uga, q gha, (Vita). Palatals ^ cha, V chha, nja, ifjha. (’Two). Linguals Z (a. 7 (ha, ^ da, * dha. TJJ na. Dentals If ta, If tha, Tg da, V dha, if na.
    [Show full text]
  • ONLINE APPENDIX: Not for Print Publication
    ONLINE APPENDIX: not for print publication A Additional Tables and Figures Figure A1: Permutation Tests Panel A: Female Labor Force Participation Panel B: Gender Difference in Labor Force Participation A1 Table A1: Cross-Country Regressions of LFP Ratio Dependent variable: LFPratio Specification: OLS OLS OLS (1) (2) (3) Proportion speaking gender language -0.16 -0.25 -0.18 (0.03) (0.04) (0.04) [p < 0:001] [p < 0:001] [p < 0:001] Continent Fixed Effects No Yes Yes Country-Level Geography Controls No No Yes Observations 178 178 178 R2 0.13 0.37 0.44 Robust standard errors are clustered by the most widely spoken language in all specifications; they are reported in parentheses. P-values are reported in square brackets. LFPratio is the ratio of the percentage of women in the labor force, mea- sured in 2011, to the percentage of men in the labor force. Geography controls are the percentage of land area in the tropics or subtropics, average yearly precipitation, average temperature, an indicator for being landlocked, and the Alesina et al. (2013) measure of suitability for the plough. A2 Table A2: Cross-Country Regressions of LFP | Including \Bad" Controls Dependent variable: LFPf LFPf - LFPm Specification: OLS OLS (1) (2) Proportion speaking gender language -6.66 -10.42 (2.80) (2.84) [p < 0:001] [p < 0:001] Continent Fixed Effects Yes Yes Country-Level Geography Controls Yes Yes Observations 176 176 R2 0.57 0.68 Robust standard errors are clustered by the most widely spoken language in all specifications; they are reported in parentheses.
    [Show full text]
  • Grammar and Its Terminology
    111.-GRAMMAR AND ITS TERMINOLOGY. By LEONARDC. WIIARTON,N.A. [Read at the Meeting ofthe Philological Society on Friday, 6th November, 1925.1 THEREis no escape from the necessity of trying to clear our minds of the confusions that have clung to this subject by essaying a new way of approach, and this is the only justification of the paper now submitted to the Society. All my attempts to follow the lead of the English Association’s pamphlet which occasioned the discussion out of which the rash promise to write a paper arose failed ; this was because the order and the treatment were quite illogical and intractable. We must learn from that experienced labourer at Delphi, who told the head of the American School excavations that you must always go & mktxo, get to the bedrock. Well then, what is grammar, our subject matter ? For if we are to deliver judgment on the teaching of grammar, me must know not only what is grammar, but also what grammar is, and the last is the more important for us to examine. ’ The writer or an article sent in recently by a Press cutting agency said of a language under discussion that it was “ full of grammar ”. Another said the same of a certain book, while an Indian pundit quoted the ascription of the title of founder of grammar to the God Indra. Now this sort of thing-and, with it, nine-tenths of our discussions on the grammar question-arises from confusion, and some of the worst specimens can be found in the English Association’s pamphlet.
    [Show full text]
  • Italian Grammar for Primary
    MFLE Italian Reference Grammar Introduction ‘Grammar is the way that words make sense. It is a code or set of rules accepted by any community who share a language.’ (Language into Languages Teaching, SEED, University of Glasgow, 2001) What follows is an attempt to set out the rules of grammar for the structures which are recommended in the accompanying outline of work for the teaching of Italian for P6 and P7. It is not intended for use by pupils, unless perhaps as a spell-check for the months of the year, for example. Why use this resource? It is appreciated that a number of teachers who have completed their MLPS training may feel a little insecure in their knowledge of basic Italian grammar. This is understandable, and this booklet attempts to be a resource to help. It is by definition very restricted, but closely tied to the requirements of teachers offering Italian in the primary school. The fact that it has been produced does not mean that primary school teachers will now be expected to teach grammar formally as it is laid out in this booklet. There is no expectation that pupils should work through this grammar booklet. It is a reference resource for teachers, to try to make them more comfortable with the rules behind the communicative language which they are offering in class. It is felt that a degree of security about the rules of grammar will make teachers more comfortable in their use of Italian. How should I use this resource? As will be seen in the course notes, we do not shy away from explaining simple rules of grammar to the pupils.
    [Show full text]
  • A Reference Grammar of Modern Italian Second Edition This Page Intentionally Left Blank a Reference Grammar of Modern Italian Second Edition
    A Reference Grammar of Modern Italian Second Edition This page intentionally left blank A Reference Grammar of Modern Italian Second Edition Martin Maiden Professor of the Romance Languages, University of Oxford, UK Cecilia Robustelli Professor of Italian Linguistics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy First published 2000 by Hodder Education Second edition published 2007 by Hodder Education Published 2013 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY, 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2007 Martin Maiden and Cecilia Robustelli All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. The advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, but neither the authors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 13: 978-0-340-91339-0 (pbk) Typeset in 10 on 12 Palatino by Phoenix Photosetting, Chatham, Kent Contents Abbreviations and symbols xxiii Glossary of key terms xxv 1 Introduction 1 2 Spelling and pronunciation 4 2.1 The relationship between letters and sounds 4 2.2 The letters c, (q), g, h, i, u 4 2.3 The letters e and o 7 2.4 The letters s and z 9 2.5 Spelling and pronunciation of ‘double’ consonants 10 2.6 Lengthening of consonants at the beginning of words: rafforzamento (fono)sintattico 10 2.7 The type Isvizzera for Svizzera 13 2.8 Optional removal of final unstressed vowels: aver fatto vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Brazilian Portuguese Grammar: a Practical Guide
    Modern BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE Grammar Modern Brazilian Portuguese Grammar: A Practical Guide is an innovative reference guide to Brazilian Portuguese, combining traditional and function-based grammar in a single volume. The Grammar is divided into two parts. Part A covers traditional grammatical categories such as agreement, nouns, verbs and adjectives. Part B is carefully organized around language functions covering all major communication situations such as: • Establishing identity • Making contact • Expressing likes, dislikes and preferences. With a strong emphasis on contemporary usage, all grammar points and functions are richly illustrated with examples. Main features of the Grammar include: • Clear, jargon-free explanations • Emphasis on the language as it is spoken and written today • Extensive cross-referencing between the different sections. A combination of reference grammar and practical usage manual, Modern Brazilian Portuguese Grammar is the ideal source for learners of Brazilian Portuguese at all levels, from beginner to advanced. John Whitlam is a freelance writer, university lecturer and lexicographer based in Rio de Janeiro. He has authored a number of language teaching books and project-coordinated and co-authored three of the best-selling bilingual dictionaries of Portuguese and English. Routledge Modern Grammars Series concept and development – Sarah Butler Other books in the series: Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar Workbook Modern German Grammar, Second Edition Modern German Grammar Workbook,
    [Show full text]
  • Language Use and Gender in the Italian Parliament
    LANGUAGE USE AND GENDER IN THE ITALIAN PARLIAMENT Federica Formato BA Foreign Languages and Literatures (University of Naples, ‘L’Orientale’) MA Language, Society and Communication (University of Bologna) This thesis is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Linguistics and English Language Lancaster University MAY 2014 I, Federica Formato, declare that this thesis is my own work, and has not been submitted in substantially the same form for the award of a higher degree elsewhere. ABSTRACT This thesis deals with gender construction in the Italian parliament. The increase of female politicians in the public sphere in Italy and throughout the world justifies the investigation of their language use, in relation to that of their male counterparts. In this project, I analyse the use of three linguistic phenomena: 1. forms of address; 2. Noi forms; and 3. Violence metaphors. The common aim of the investigations into these three linguistic phenomena is to examine the construction of gender at its intersection with political roles in 13 parliamentary debates on the topic of violence against women occurred in the Camera dei Deputati (Lower Chamber) during Parliament XVI, which ran from 2008-2011. The findings concerning the use of institutionalised forms of address reveal that both gender groups still tend to mostly use masculine unmarked terms when addressing female politicians (in singular and plural forms). More positively but still not wide-spread, the analysis shows that (semi-) marked forms are slowly appearing, e.g. Signora Ministro, where only the (marital) status form is replaced with the feminine form.
    [Show full text]