DOCSLIB.ORG

Modern Italian Grammar: a Practical Guide/Anna Proudfoot and Francesco Cardo

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Modern Italian Grammar: a Practical Guide/Anna Proudfoot and Francesco Cardo 1 2 3 4 5111 6 7 8 9111 Modern 10 1 2 ITALIAN 3 Grammar 4111 5 6 7 Second Edition 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 50 1 2 3111 Routledge Modern Grammars Series concept and development – Sarah Butler Other books in series: Modern German Grammar, Second Edition Modern German Grammar Workbook, Second Edition Modern Spanish Grammar, Second Edition Modern Spanish Grammar Workbook, Second Edition Modern French Grammar, Second Edition Modern French Grammar Workbook, Second Edition 1 2 3 4 5111 6 7 8 9111 10 1 2 Modern 3 4111 5 6 7 TALIAN 8 I 9 20 1 Grammar 2 3 A practical guide 4 5 6 7 8 9 Second Edition 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 Anna Proudfoot 7 and Francesco Cardo 8 9 40 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 50 1 2 3111 First published 1997 by Routledge Second edition published 2005 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group © 1997, 2005 Anna Proudfoot and Francesco Cardo All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Proudfoot, Anna. Modern Italian grammar: a practical guide/Anna Proudfoot and Francesco Cardo. – 2nd ed. p. cm. – (Routledge modern grammars) Includes index. 1. Italian language – Textbooks for foreign speakers – English. 2. Italian language – Grammar. I. Cardo, Francesco, 1951– II. Title. III. Series. PC1129.E5P76 2005 458.2′421 – dc22 2004026099 ISBN 0–415–33483–7 (hbk) ISBN 0–415–33164–1 (pbk) 1 2 3 4 5111 6 7 8 9111 Contents 10 1 2 3 4111 Introduction xiii 5 How to use this book xv 6 Glossary xvii 7 8 9 20 Part A Structures 1 2 1 The noun group 3 3 1.1 What is a noun? 3 4 5 1.2 The noun 3 6 1.3 The article 10 7 1.4 The adjective 14 8 1.5 Agreement of noun, article and adjective 20 9 30111 2 Verbs 22 1 2.1 General features of verbs 22 2 2.2 Verb tables 31 3 2.3 Moods and tenses of verbs 39 4 5 3 Pronouns 65 6 3.1 What is a pronoun? 65 7 3.2 Personal pronouns 65 8 3.3 Stressed personal pronouns 65 9 3.4 Unstressed personal pronouns 67 40 3.5 Relative pronouns 72 1 3.6 Interrogative pronouns and adjectives 74 2 3.7 Possessive pronouns and adjectives 75 3 3.8 Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives 77 4 3.9 Indefinite pronouns and adjectives 80 5 6 7 4 Prepositions 84 8 4.1 What is a preposition? 84 50 4.2 Combined prepositions and articles 85 1 4.3 Use of prepositions with nouns 85 2 4.4 Use of prepositions with verbs 89 3111 4.5 Other prepositions 91 v CONTENTS 5 Conjunctions 93 5.1 What is a conjunction? 93 5.2 Coordinating conjunctions 93 5.3 Subordinating conjunctions 95 6 Adverbs 98 6.1 What is an adverb? 98 6.2 Types of adverbs 98 6.3 Comparative and superlative adverbs 101 7 Numbers 103 7.1 What is a number? 103 7.2 Cardinal numbers 103 7.3 Ordinal numbers 104 7.4 Calculations 106 7.5 Percentages 106 7.6 Collective and approximate numbers 106 7.7 Dates 107 7.8 Time 108 7.9 Weights and measures 108 7.10 Currency 109 7.11 Table of numbers 109 Part B Functions I Giving and seeking factual information 8 Identification: giving personal information 115 8.1 Introduction 115 8.2 Tu or Lei? 115 8.3 Giving different kinds of personal information 116 8.4 Emphasising the person referred to 120 8.5 Eliciting personal information 120 8.6 Dialoghi 121 9 Specifying people or objects 123 9.1 Introduction 123 9.2 Specifying a known or particular person or object 123 9.3 Specifying category or type 124 9.4 Specifying ownership 125 10 Describing people or things 127 10.1 Introduction 127 10.2 Physical characteristics 127 10.3 Non-physical attributes 130 10.4 Intensifying the meaning of the adjective 133 10.5 Diminishing the strength of the adjective 134 10.6 Describing a physical state using stare 135 10.7 Dialogo 136 vi Contents 1 11 Talking about existence, presence and availability 137 2 11.1 Introduction 137 3 11.2 Talking about existence and/or presence 138 4 11.3 Talking about occurrence 139 5111 11.4 Talking about presence, attendance and participation 6 at an event 141 7 11.5 Talking about availability 141 8 11.6 Expressing ‘some, any’ 142 9111 11.7 Specifying the quantity available 144 10 11.8 Expressing ‘something, anything’, ‘someone, anyone’ 145 1 11.9 Specifying location, time or frequency 145 2 11.10 Expressing non-existence or non-availability 146 3 4111 12 Talking about the present 149 5 12.1 Introduction 149 6 12.2 Describing present situations, actions and events 149 7 12.3 Expressing ongoing actions 151 8 12.4 Words and phrases indicating present time 151 9 12.5 Dialogo 152 20 1 13 Speaking/writing about the past 154 2 13.1 Introduction 154 3 13.2 The perfect aspect 155 4 5 13.3 Using the passato prossimo 156 6 13.4 Using the passato remoto 157 7 13.5 Expressing the imperfect aspect 158 8 13.6 Combinations of perfect and imperfect aspect 161 9 13.7 Present tense expressing past 165 30111 13.8 Indicators of time 165 1 14 Talking about the future 167 2 3 14.1 Introduction 167 4 14.2 Using the future tense 167 5 14.3 Using the present tense 167 6 14.4 Expressing the immediate or very near future 168 7 14.5 Expressing the English ‘going to’ 168 8 14.6 The ‘past in the future’ 169 9 14.7 The future seen from the past 169 40 14.8 Some expressions of time in the future 170 1 14.9 Expressing intention and future plans 172 2 15 Asking questions 173 3 4 15.1 Introduction 173 5 15.2 Asking a question using interrogative intonation 173 6 15.3 Asking a question using interrogative words 173 7 15.4 Dialogo 176 8 50 16 Negative sentences 178 1 16.1 Introduction 178 2 16.2 Reinforcing a negative statement 178 3111 16.3 Expressing negation and time non . più, non . mai 179 vii CONTENTS 16.4 Expressing negation using né . né 179 16.5 Expressing negation using niente, nulla 180 16.6 Expressing negation using the adjective nessun/o/a 180 16.7 Expressing negation using the pronoun nessuno/a 181 16.8 Reinforcing negation 181 17 Comparisons and degrees of intensity 183 17.1 Introduction 183 17.2 Using comparative adjectives and adverbs 183 17.3 Expressing ‘than’ 184 17.4 Expressing ‘which’ 186 17.5 Expressing different degrees of intensity 186 18 Referring to objects and people 188 18.1 Introduction 188 18.2 Using a pronoun to refer back 188 18.3 Using a pronoun: referring to the subject of an action 188 18.4 Using a pronoun: referring to someone other than the subject 188 18.5 Referring to someone or something using questo, quello 192 18.6 Using indefinites to refer to ‘someone/something’ 192 18.7 Referring to something or someone mentioned 193 18.8 Referring to what has been said or will be said 193 19 Focusing on the action 194 19.1 Introduction 194 19.2 Focusing on the action using the passive 194 19.3 Situations when the passive is not used 197 19.4 Focusing on the action using si passivante (passive form with si) 199 19.5 Si impersonale (impersonal si) 200 19.6 Focusing on the object of the action 200 II Actions affecting ourselves and others 20 Social interactions 203 20.1 Greeting, welcoming 203 20.2 Introducing oneself and others 204 20.3 Saying goodbye 205 20.4 Wishes 206 20.5 Expressing and receiving thanks, appreciation 206 20.6 Compliments 207 20.7 Making and accepting excuses, apologies 207 20.8 Expressing commiseration, sympathy 208 20.9 Using titles, salutations 208 21 Getting other people to do things 211 21.1 Introduction 211 21.2 Giving orders and commands 211 21.3 Making negative requests and commands 213 viii Contents 1 21.4 Written instructions and recipes 213 2 21.5 Asking someone to do something 216 3 21.6 Giving an order using ‘command’ verbs 217 4 21.7 Far fare, lasciar fare construction 217 5111 21.8 Using persuasion 218 6 21.9 Monologo 219 7 8 22 Permission and possibility 221 9111 22.1 Asking or granting permission 221 10 22.2 Denying permission 222 1 22.3 Speaking about the ability or opportunity to do something 222 2 22.4 Making a request 223 3 4111 23 Expressing need, obligation or desire 225 5 23.1 Need or want 225 6 23.2 Expressing wants 225 7 23.3 Expressing needs 227 8 9 24 Suggesting, proposing, advising and recommending 229 20 24.1 Giving advice 229 1 24.2 Making or receiving a suggestion 230 2 24.3 More expressions of advising or suggesting 232 3 24.4 Advising someone not to do something, giving a warning 233 4 24.5 Asking for advice 233 5 24.6 Other ways of making suggestions 234 6 7 8 III Expressing emotions, feelings, attitudes and opinions 9 30111 25 Expressing emotions: positive, negative, neutral 237 1 2 25.1 Introduction 237 3 25.2 Interjections (positive, negative, neutral) 237 4 25.3 Expressing positive emotions 238 5 25.4 Expressing negative emotions 241 6 25.5 Expressing neutral emotions 245 7 25.6 Expressing positive and/or negative emotions 247 8 26 Expressing emotions: hope, fear, doubt 248 9 40 26.1 Introduction 248 1 26.2 Expressing hope 248 2 26.3 Expressing fear, pessimism or regret 249 3 26.4 Expressing doubt 251 4 5 27 Expressing an opinion or belief,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Intermediate German: a Grammar and Workbook / by 2 Anna Miell & Heiner Schenke 3 P
    111 INTERMEDIATE GERMAN: 2 3 A GRAMMAR AND WORKBOOK 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 13 4111 5 Intermediate German is designed for learners who have achieved basic 6 proficiency and wish to progress to more complex language. Its 24 units 7 present a broad range of grammatical topics, illustrated by examples which 8 serve as models for varied exercises that follow. These exercises enable 9 the student to master the relevant grammar points. 2011 1 Features include: 2 3 • authentic German, from a range of media, used throughout the book to 4 reflect German culture, life and society 5 6 • illustrations of grammar points in English as well as German 7 • checklists at the end of each unit for consolidation 8 9 • cross-referencing to other grammar units in the book 3011 • glossary of grammatical terminology 1 2 • full answer key to all exercises 3 4 Suitable for independent learners and students on taught courses, 5 Intermediate German, together with its sister volume, Basic German, forms 6 a structured course in the essentials of German. 7 8 Anna Miell is University Lecturer in German at the University of Westminster 9 and at Trinity College of Music in Greenwich and works as a language 4011 consultant in London. Heiner Schenke is Senior Lecturer of German at the 1 University of Westminster and has published a number of language books. 2 3 41111 111 Other titles available in the Grammar Workbook series are: 2 3 Basic Cantonese 4 Intermediate Cantonese 5 Basic German 6 7 Basic Italian 8111 Basic Polish 9 Intermediate Polish 1011 1 Basic Russian 2 Intermediate
    [Show full text]
  • French Grammar Basics and Beyond
    French Grammar Basics and Beyond Easy explanations in English of French Grammar with more than 200 exercises, and solutions! This grammar book is for students of the A1 levels (total beginners) to B1 level (intermediate level). Click here to order this e-book at Special Price Only $24.50/ 21.90 € / £18.99! Paperback and Kindle version also available – Details here French Grammar Basics and Beyond ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ©ȱ2020ȱbyȱLearn French at Home.ȱAllȱrightsȱreserved.ȱ NoȱpartȱofȱthisȱeȬbookȱmayȱbeȱreproducedȱinȱanyȱwriĴen,ȱelectronic,ȱrecording,ȱorȱphotocopyingȱwithȬ outȱwriĴenȱpermissionȱofȱtheȱpublisherȱorȱauthors.ȱȱ ȱ Publishedȱby:ȱLearn French at Home www.learnfrenchathome.comȱ Authors:ȱCélineȱVanȱLoanȱandȱAnnickȱStevensonȱ 3rdȱedition.ȱ1stȱeditionȱpublishedȱinȱ2011.ȱ ȱ DateȱofȱPublication:ȱ2020.ȱ ISBN:ȱ9798664830743ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Coverȱphoto:ȱȱ Paris,ȱtheȱRodinȱMuseumȱ©ȱCélineȱVanȱLoanȱ Backȱcoverȱphoto:ȱ CélineȱVanȱLoanȱ©ȱMartyȱVanȱLoanȱ 2 French Grammar Basics and Beyond AboutLearn French at Home Learn French at Home,ȱ createdȱ inȱ 2004ȱ byȱ Célineȱ andȱ Vincentȱ Anthonioz, hasȱ helpedȱ thousandsȱ ofȱ Frenchȱlearners,ȱeachȱwithȱveryȱdiěerentȱlearningȱgoals.ȱTheȱmainȱingredientȱofȱourȱsuccessȱliesȱinȱourȱ teamȱofȱprofessionalȱandȱfriendlyȱnativeȱFrenchȱteachersȱwhoȱtakeȱtheȱtimeȱtoȱpersonalizeȱeveryȱsingle lessonȱaccordingȱtoȱtheȱstudentȇsȱpersonalȱandȱprofessionalȱgoal.ȱOurȱmainȱpurposeȱisȱtoȱdeliverȱtrueȱ qualityȱserviceȱtoȱeachȱstudent.ȱ ȱ Sinceȱtheȱlessonsȱtakeȱplaceȱinȱtheȱstudentȇsȱhomeȱorȱworkplace,ȱitȱdoesnȇtȱmaĴerȱwhereȱyouȱlive.ȱ
    [Show full text]
  • A Comprehensive French Grammar Blackwell Reference Grammars General Editor: Glanville Price
    A Comprehensive French Grammar Blackwell Reference Grammars General Editor: Glanville Price The Blackwell Reference Grammars are essential companions for students of modern languages at senior secondary school and undergraduate level. The volumes provide a comprehensive survey of the grammar of each language and include plentiful examples. The series will cover the major European languages, including French, German, Spanish, Portuguese, and Russian. Already published A Comprehensive French Grammar, Sixth Edition Glanville Price A Comprehensive Russian Grammar, Second Edition Terence Wade Advisory Editor: Michael J. de K. Holman A Comprehensive Spanish Grammar Jacques de Bruyne Adapted, with additional material, by Christopher J. Pountain A Comprehensive Welsh Grammar David A. Thorne Colloquial French Grammar: A Practical Guide Rodney Ball An Introduction to French Pronunciation, Revised Edition Glanville Price Grammar Workbooks A Russian Grammar Workbook Terence Wade A French Grammar Workbook Dulcie Engel, George Evans, and Valerie Howells A Spanish Grammar Workbook Esther Santamaría Iglesias A Comprehensive French Grammar Sixth Edition GLANVILLE PRICE Emeritus Professor of French University of Wales Aberystwyth © 2008 by Glanville Price blackwell publishing 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia The right of Glanville Price to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Rules and Exercises: German Textbooks for Teaching and Learning English Around 1800 87
    Anglistentag 1993 Eichstätt Proceedings edited by Günther Blaicher and Brigitte Glaser MAX NIEMEYER VERLAG TÜBINGEN 1994 Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Anglistentag <1993, Eichstätts Proceedings / Anglistentag 1993 Eichstätt / ed. by Günther Blaicher and Brigitte Glaser. - Tübingen : Niemeyer, 1994 (Proceedings of the conference of the German Association of University Teachers of English; Vol. 15) NE: Blaicher, Günther [Hrsg.]; Anglistentag: Proceedings of the ... ISBN 3-484-40128-1 © Max Niemeyer Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, Tübingen 1994 Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. Printed in Germany. Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier. Druck und Einband: Weihert-Druck GmbH, Darmstadt Proceedings of the Conference of the German Association of University Teachers of English Volume XV CONTENTS SECTION 1: THE HISTORY OF LINGUISTIC IDEAS Werner Hüllen: Introduction 17 R. H. Robins: William Bullokar's Bref Grammar for English: Text and Context (Plenary Lecture) 19 Werner Hüllen: A Great Chain of Words: The Onomasiological Tradition in English Lexicography 32 Michael Cahn: The Printing Press as an Agent in the History of Linguistic Ideas? 47 David Cram: Collection and Classification: Universal Language Schemes and the Development
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Core French Grammar
    Understanding Core French Grammar Andrew Betts Lancing College, England Vernon Series in Language and Linguistics Copyright © 2016 Vernon Press, an imprint of Vernon Art and Science Inc, on behalf of the author. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Vernon Art and Ascience Inc. www.vernonpress.com In the Americas: In the rest of the world: Vernon Press Vernon Press 1000 N West Street, C/Sancti Espiritu 17, Suite 1200, Wilmington, Malaga, 29006 Delaware 19801 Spain United States Vernon Series in Language and Linguistics Library of Congress Control Number: 2016947126 ISBN: 978-1-62273-068-1 Product and company names mentioned in this work are the trademarks of their respec- tive owners. While every care has been taken in preparing this work, neither the authors nor Vernon Art and Science Inc. may be held responsible for any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the information contained in it. Table of Contents Acknowledgements xi Introduction xiii Chapter 1 Tense Formation 15 1.0 Tenses – Summary 15 1.1 Simple (One-Word) Tenses: 15 1.2 Compound (Two-word) Tenses: 17 2.0 Present Tense 18 2.1 Regular Verbs 18 2.2 Irregular verbs 19 2.3 Difficulties with the Present Tense 19 3.0 Imperfect Tense 20 4.0 Future Tense and Conditional Tense 21 5.0 Perfect Tense 24 6.0 Compound Tense Past Participle Agreement 28 6.1
    [Show full text]
  • INTERSECTING CONSTRAINT FAMILIES: an ARGUMENT for HARMONIC GRAMMAR KIE Zuraw BRUCE HAYES University of California, Los Angeles U
    INTERSECTING CONSTRAINT FAMILIES: AN ARGUMENT FOR HARMONIC GRAMMAR Kie Zuraw Bruce Hayes University of California, Los Angeles University of California, Los Angeles In the analysis of free variation in phonology, we often encounter the effects of intersecting constraint families: there are two independent families of constraints, each of which has a quantifiable effect on the outcome. A challenge for theories is to account for the patterns that emerge from such intersection. We address three cases: Tagalog nasal substitution, French liai- son/elision, and Hungarian vowel harmony, using corpus data. We characterize the patterns we find as across-the-board effects in both dimensions, restrained by floor and ceiling limits. We ana- lyze these patterns using several formal frameworks, and find that an accurate account is best based on harmonic grammar (in one of its two primary quantitative implementations). Our work also suggests that certain lexical distinctions treated as discrete by classical phonological theory (e.g. ‘h-aspiré’ vs. ordinary vowel-initial words of French) are in fact gradient and require quanti- tative treatment.* Keywords: harmonic grammar, noisy harmonic grammar, maximum entropy grammars, Tagalog, French, Hungarian, intersecting constraint families 1. Introduction. A key debate in constraint-based linguistic frameworks concerns ranking versus weighting. Optimality theory (OT; Prince & Smolensky 2004 [1993]) uses strict ranking: candidate A is preferred to candidate B if the highest-ranked constraint that distinguishes between them prefers A. In harmonic grammar (Le- gendre et al. 1990, Legendre et al. 2006, Potts et al. 2010, and others), the constraints bear numeric weights, and the winner is the candidate with the best harmony value (a weighted sum of constraint violations).
    [Show full text]
  • Grammar Education, It Was Connected with Writing and Covered a Broad Spectrum Including the A: Qawàaid Al-Lu©A
    HIMA 13,4_340_f19_392-399 11/8/05 2:17 PM Page 393 Grammar education, it was connected with writing and covered a broad spectrum including the A: qawàaid al-lu©a. – G: Grammatik. – appreciation of literature. The grammateîs of F: grammaire. – R: grammatiks. – the New Testament were the ‘scribes’ (Mat 2, S: gramática. – C: yufa 4). In the Middle Ages, it became syno- Before the ‘linguistic turn’ that marked nymous with knowledge or study of Latin, many fields of study in the twentieth century, and often learning in general, especially the Gramsci understood that grammar as the type of knowledge of the learned classes. underlying structure that makes languages With the rise of the nation-state and the possible is an important political issue, vernacular languages, ‘grammar’ lost its both as a regulative social institution and a particular connection to Latin and became key element in philosophical questions of associated with ‘modern’ languages. thought and knowledge. Indeed, Gramsci One of the basic distinctions in grammar dedicated his last prison notebook (Q 29) to is between descriptive grammar and nor- grammar. There his discussion of the politics mative (or proscriptive) grammar. What is of grammar can also be seen as a grammar of known as the Port-Royal Grammar (published politics, as a metaphorical examination of in Paris in 1660) is an important historical the dynamics of hegemony. foundation of normative grammar. It used Of the many meanings and dimensions the idea of a ‘universal grammar’ shared by of ‘grammar’, the most important for all languages to further its aim of teaching Marxists is whether it is seen as the structure people not necessarily how language is used, or set of rules defining a language that is but how it should be used.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Cultural & Social Affairs Department Oic
    Cultural & social affairs Department OIC islamophobia Observatory Monthly Bulletin – March 2014 I. Manifestations of Islamophobia: 1. UK: Legoland cancels Muslim family fun day in fear of “guest and employee safety” – Legoland cancelled a family outing organized by a prominent Muslim scholar in fear of guest and staff safety after they received a number of threatening calls, emails and social media posts. The family fun day which was organised by Sheikh Haitham al Haddad of the Muslim Research and Development Foundation (MRDF) for Sunday 9th March and would not be going ahead after a barrage of violent messages were made by far- right Islamophobic extremists. The English Defence League, Casuals United and other far-right groups vowed to hold a protest outside Legoland, many threatening to use violence to prevent the family outing. Legoland issued the following statement: The Legoland Windsor Resort prides itself on welcoming everyone to our wonderful attraction; however due to unfortunate circumstances the private event scheduled for Sunday 9th March will no longer take place. This was an incredibly difficult made after discussions with the organisers and local Thames Valley Police, following the receipt of a number of threatening phone calls, emails and social media posts to the Resort over the last couple of weeks. These alone have led us to conclude that we can no longer guarantee the happy fun family event which was envisaged or the safety of our guests and employees on the day – which is always our number one priority. “Sadly it is our belief that deliberate misinformation fuelled by a small group with a clear agenda was designed expressly to achieve this outcome.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Dutch As an SOV Language'
    ‘Dutch as an SOV Language’ Jan Koster bron Jan Koster, ‘Dutch as an SOV Language.’ In: Linguistic analysis 1 (1975), p. 111-136. Zie voor verantwoording: http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/kost007dutc01_01/colofon.php © 2002 dbnl / Jan Koster 111 Dutch as an SOV Language* Jan Koster University of Amsterdam; University of Utrecht Received October 29, 1974 1. In Dutch and German, the position of the (finite) verb in main clauses differs from that in subordinate clauses. The unmarked order of the former is Subject Verb Object (SVO), while the latter exhibit an SOV pattern. Therefore, which order is basic is a fundamental problem in Dutch and German grammar. In this paper, I want to show that the underlying order of Dutch is SOV and that the SVO pattern of main clauses is the result of a last cyclical rule of Verb Placement. 1.1 Since Bach [1] and Bierwisch [5], it has been assumed that German is an SOV language. A consequence of this analysis is that the word order in subordinate clauses is considered basic. This conclusion is compatible with the idea that on the last cycle a broader class of transformations applies, namely the class of root transformations [10]. As for the word order, Dutch is similar to German in that the verbs are in final position in subordinate clauses. Also as in German, in declarative main clauses the finite verb is in second position. If the word order of subordinate clauses is basic, we have to postulate a root transformation of Verb Placement which puts the (finite) verb in second position.
    [Show full text]
  • |FREE| English Grammar for Students of Italian: the Study Guide For
    ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR STUDENTS OF ITALIAN: THE STUDY GUIDE FOR THOSE LEARNING ITALIAN EBOOK Author: Sergio Adorni, Karen Primorac Number of Pages: 199 pages Published Date: 01 Apr 1996 Publisher: Olivia & Hill Press, U.S. Publication Country: Ann Arbor, United States Language: English, Italian ISBN: 9780934034203 Download Link: CLICK HERE English Grammar For Students Of Italian: The Study Guide For Those Learning Italian Online Read Simply click the button below! The app is sports themed, so perfect for anyone who loves to get active! Start with Level 1. Every day, each of us spends a huge amount of time commuting from home to work on public transport. You might also like TR rated it really liked it Nov 19, Refresh and try again. Best Websites to Learn Italian. Covering expressions, grammar, and culture through personal travel stories, with detailed examples of a new language in context. English grammar for students of German : the study guide for those learning German Author Zorach, Cecile Published To ask other readers questions about English Grammar for Students of Italianplease sign up. Christopher Hurtado marked it as to-read Mar 15, This book makes it easier by illustrating how these same terms and concepts relate to English English Grammar for Students of Italian: The Study Guide for Those Learning Italian that students can instantly recognise the similarities and differences between Italian and English grammar. About Sergio Adorni. Reviews English Grammar For Students Of Italian: The Study Guide For Those Learning Italian Monolingual books are best e. But note that the book does not try to lay out every detail of every grammatical rule in Italian; it provides just enough context to help you see ho This book provided a useful comparison between the basic grammar concepts of English and Italian.
    [Show full text]
  • The Grammar of Fear: Morphosyntactic Metaphor
    THE GRAMMAR OF FEAR: MORPHOSYNTACTIC METAPHOR IN FEAR CONSTRUCTIONS by HOLLY A. LAKEY A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of Linguistics and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2016 DISSERTATION APPROVAL PAGE Student: Holly A. Lakey Title: The Grammar of Fear: Morphosyntactic Metaphor in Fear Constructions This dissertation has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in the Department of Linguistics by: Dr. Cynthia Vakareliyska Chairperson Dr. Scott DeLancey Core Member Dr. Eric Pederson Core Member Dr. Zhuo Jing-Schmidt Institutional Representative and Dr. Scott L. Pratt Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded March 2016. ii © 2016 Holly A. Lakey iii DISSERTATION ABSTRACT Holly A. Lakey Doctor of Philosophy Department of Linguistics March 2016 Title: The Grammar of Fear: Morphosyntactic Metaphor in Fear Constructions This analysis explores the reflection of semantic features of emotion verbs that are metaphorized on the morphosyntactic level in constructions that express these emotions. This dissertation shows how the avoidance or distancing response to fear is mirrored in the morphosyntax of fear constructions (FCs) in certain Indo-European languages through the use of non-canonical grammatical markers. This analysis looks at both simple FCs consisting of a single clause and complex FCs, which feature a subordinate clause that acts as a complement to the fear verb in the main clause. In simple FCs in some highly-inflected Indo-European languages, the complement of the fear verb (which represents the fear source) is case-marked not accusative but genitive (Baltic and Slavic languages, Sanskrit, Anglo-Saxon) or ablative (Armenian, Sanskrit, Old Persian).
    [Show full text]
  • German Grammar Articles Table
    German Grammar Articles Table Is Tedd fornicate when Franky swivelling railingly? Douglis plucks his prefigurations promised saucily, but powerless Elwood never faxes so pronto. Traumatic and unassisted See hydrogenized his gatecrasher retrogrades jewel cross-legged. And the gender is it is important to get if available in german grammar table for each noun is spoken among the german article, we have to tell you to In German there's a lawn more to determining which article to crank than just. German Grammar Indefinite articles Vistawide. And crash the nouns with both definite article in the key below as first. German Grammar Songs Accusative and Dative Prepositions. Experienced German teachers prepared easy articles and simple conversations in German for. German grammar Nouns Verbs Articles Adjectives Pronouns Adverbial phrases Conjugation Sentence structure Declension Modal particles v t e German articles are used similarly to the English articles a crawl the film they are declined. Why by a fresh male a fit female exit a window neutral in German Though these might. Because as these might be already discovered German grammar is. General sites Helpful articles about teaching grammar Animated German Grammar Tutorials. The German definite article d- with growing its forms is getting essential tool. A new wrath of making chart German is easy. German Nominative and Accusative cases audio. How To our Understand The Frustrating Adjective Italki. Contracted Preposition-Determiner Forms in German Tesis. German language Kumarika. German Definite Articles Der Die Das Everything may Need. To give table above certain adjectival pronouns also talking like the background article der. You dig insert a 'k-' in front seven any voyage of 'ein-' in the constant of the against to.
    [Show full text]