DOCSLIB.ORG

Particle Verbs in Italian

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Particle Verbs in Italian Particle Verbs in Italian Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades des Doktors der Philosophie an der Universit¨at Konstanz Fachbereich Sprachwissenschaft vorgelegt von Quaglia, Stefano Tag der m ¨undlichen Pr ¨ufung: 23 Juni 2015 Referent: Professor Christoph Schwarze Referentin: Professorin Miriam Butt Referent: Professor Nigel Vincent Konstanzer Online-Publikations-System (KOPS) URL: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-0-376213 3 Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Dissertation befasst sich mit italienischen Partikelverben (PV), d.h. Kon- struktionen die aus einem Verb und einer (meist r¨aumlicher) Partikel, wie andare fuori ‘hinaus-gehen’ oder buttare via ‘weg-schmeißen’. Solche komplexe Ausdr¨ucke sind in manchen Hinsichten interessant, erstmal sprachvergleichend, denn sie instantiieren eine morpho-syntaktische Struktur, die in germanischen Sprachen (wie Deutsch, Englisch, Schwedisch und Holl¨andisch) pervasiv ist, aber in den romanischen Sprachen nicht der- maßen ausgebaut ist. Da germanische Partikelverben Eingenschaften aufweisen, die zum Teil f¨ur die Morphologie, zum teil f¨ur die Syntax typisch sind, ist ihr Status in formalen Grammatiktheorien bestritten: werden PV im Lexikon oder in der Syntax gebaut? Dieselbe Frage stellt sich nat¨urlich auch in Bezug auf die italienischen Partikelverben, und anhand der Ergebnisse meiner Forschung komme ich zum Schluss, dass sie syntaktisch, und nicht morphologisch, zusammengestellt werden. Die Forschungsfragen aber die in Bezug auf das grammatische Verhalten italienischer Partikelverben von besonderem Interesse sind, betreffen auch Probleme der italienischen Syntax. In meiner Arbeit habe ich folgende Forschungsfragen betrachtet: (i) Kategorie und Klassifikation Italienischer Partikeln, (ii) deren Interaktion mit Verben auf argument- struktureller Ebene, (iii) strukturelle Koh¨asion zwischen Verb und Partikel und deren Repr¨asentation. Nach zwei einleitenden Kapiteln (zu allgemeinen Aspekten der german- ischen bzw. italienischen Partikelverben), pr¨asentiere ich in den Kapiteln 3, 4 und 5 die Ergebnisse meiner Forschung, sowie eine ausf ¨uhrliche Analyse der in Frage kommenden Aspekte der Grammatik dieser Konstruktionen. Solche Analyse formuliere ich im Rah- men der Lexikalisch-Funktionalen Grammatik, eine nicht derivationelle formale Theorie der grammatischen Architektur von nat¨urlichen Sprachen. In Bezug auf Forschungsfrage (i) (Kapitel 3) komme ich zum Schluss, dass italienis- che Partikeln der lexikalischen Klasse von Pr¨apositionen geh¨oren. Dies dient als unent- behrliche Basis der weiteren Aspekte meiner Analyse (indem man dadurch syntaktische, semantische und argument-strukturelle Eigenschaften der Partikeln besser auffassen kann), und erm¨oglicht mir, zwei Partikel-Klassen anzunehmen, die sich voneinander sowohl syn- taktisch als auch semantisch unterscheiden. Bez¨uglich der Forschungsfrage in (ii) (Kap. 4) argumentiere ich anhand von syntaktischen Tests, dass die F(unktionale)-Struktur von Partikelverb-Konstruktionen sich von der F-Struktur von kanonischen Kombinationen von Verb und PP nicht unterscheiden (dabei ist entscheidend, dass Verb und Partikel in der F-Struktur separaten pred’s entsprechen). Zur Koh¨asion zwischen Verb und Partikel (5) verteidige ich die Hypothese, dass Verb und Partikel auf der K(onstituenten)-Struktur und auf der P(rosodischen)-Struktur eine engere Einheit mit dem Verb bilden k¨onnen, jedoch auf eine in Bezug auf mehrere syntaktische Ph¨anomene flexiblere Weise, als die der ger- manischen PV. Als Folgerung meiner Analyse lassen sich Hypothesen zu allgemeineren grammatischen Prozessen und Problemen formulieren (wie Bedingungen f¨ur Theorien der komplexen Pr¨adikation und Aspekte von Optionalit¨at in der Syntax). Im abschließenden Kapitel (6) pr¨asentiere ich die Konklusionen, zu denen ich gekom- men bin, sowie eine gesamte formale Repr¨asentation der italienischen PV, und ich weise auf interessante Anschlusspunkte zu weiteren Gebieten der sprachwissenschaftlichen Forschung hin (romanische Sprachwissenschaft, historische Sprachwissenschaft, Typologie). Beispiel- haft zeige ich die f ¨ur Talmys (1985; 1991; 2000) Typologie der Fortbewegungskonstruktionen relevanten Konklusionen meiner Forschung. Contents Zusammenfassung 3 1 Introducing Particle Verbs 9 1.1 Whatareparticleverbs? . 9 1.2 Long-standingissues . 11 1.2.1 Syntacticseparability. 11 1.2.2 Particlesvs. XPswiththesamefunction. 22 1.2.3 MorphologicalProcessesinvolvingPVs . 35 1.2.4 Thecategory‘Particle’ . 43 1.3 FromGermanictowardsItalian . 47 2 State of the Art and Research Questions 51 2.1 IntroducingItalianParticleVerbs . 52 2.2 Thecategoryofparticles . 59 2.2.1 StateoftheArt ...................... 59 2.2.2 Researchquestion . 63 2.3 InteractionofVandPrtatargumentstructure . 64 2.3.1 StateoftheArt ...................... 64 2.3.2 ResearchQuestion . 68 2.4 ThestructuralcohesionofVandPrt . 68 2.4.1 StateoftheArt:Syntax . 69 2.4.2 StateoftheArt:Phonology . 83 2.4.3 Researchquestion . 85 2.5 Thebiggerpicture......................... 85 3 Classifying Italian Particle Verbs 87 3.1 Anopaquecategory ....................... 87 3.1.1 Listsofparticlesintheliterature . 89 3.1.2 Thetwoconstructions:BPCvs.PGC. 91 3.2 (Italian)particlesarePs. 97 3.2.1 Arguments by Jackendoff (1977) . 98 3.2.2 Arguments by Rizzi (1988) . 101 3.2.3 Complementation and morphological complexity . 104 5 6 CONTENTS 3.2.4 An apparent counter-argument by Venier . 105 3.2.5 Italian “particles” are Ps . 107 3.3 ClassesofPs............................ 109 3.3.1 Differentclassesof“particles” . 110 3.3.2 Syntax ........................... 111 3.3.3 Semantics ......................... 127 3.3.4 Minorclasses ....................... 141 3.3.5 The case of via ....................... 143 3.4 Amoreprecisecharacterisation . 144 4 Italian Particles and Argument-Structure 147 4.1 Assumptionsonargumentstructure . 148 4.1.1 AveryshortprimeronLexical MappingTheory . 148 4.1.2 Interaction of verbal predicates: examples from Urdu 150 4.1.3 InteractionofVandAdp . 155 4.2 Apparentalterationsofargumentstructure . 164 4.2.1 The Particle+GroundConstruction. 164 4.2.2 Unergative > Unaccusative . 166 4.2.3 “Source”-particles . 166 4.3 AgainstaComplex-Predicateanalysis . 167 4.3.1 ThePGCasadiscontinuousstructure . 167 4.3.2 Particles and the unergative/unaccusative alternation 185 4.3.3 Thespecial propertiesof “Source”-particles . 186 4.3.4 Implications. 191 4.4 Concludingremarks . 194 5 On the structural cohesion of Italian PVs 195 5.1 ThephrasestructureofItalianParticleVerbs . 195 5.1.1 Assumptionsonc-structure . 195 5.1.2 What c-structure representations for Italian PVs? . 197 5.1.3 Empiricalmotivation. 199 5.1.4 Theproposal ....................... 206 5.1.5 Italian Particles and Economy of Expression . 211 5.2 ProsodicaspectsofItalianParticleVerbs . 217 5.2.1 Openissues ........................ 218 5.2.2 Prosody in Italian Particle Verbs: a preliminary study 219 5.3 CohesioninItalianParticleVerbs . 225 6 Conclusions and Outlook 227 6.1 StructuralaspectsofItalianPVs. 227 6.2 Outlook............................... 231 6.3 Takingstock ............................ 240 References 243 CONTENTS 7 A Lexical entries 259 A.1 ClassI................................ 259 A.2 ClassII ............................... 260 A.3 FlexibleP-items . 260 A.4 MinorP-classes .......................... 260 A.4.1 RestrictedP-items . 260 A.4.2 DeicticP-items . 260 A.5 Invokedtemplates . 261 Chapter 1 Introducing Particle Verbs 1.1 What are particle verbs? Particle Verbs (henceforth, PVs), also referred to as Phrasal Verbs, Verb- Particle Constructions, Particle-Verb Constructions, trennbare Verben ‘sepa- rable verbs’, can be defined as combinations of a verb and an uninflected element, usually called “particle”. Two legitimate questions might now be raised by the reader: (i) are PVs a coherent sub-class of verbs, just like e.g. Manner verbs, motion verbs, or perhaps unaccusative or transitive verbs, underived or morphologically complex verbs? (ii) what kind of element are particles exactly? Both questions are quite difficult to answer, espe- cially in a concise way and without a proper discussion. As to the first, it could be said that not every linguist who has studied PVs would put them on a par with well-established, (nearly) universally accepted sub-classes of the category V. This is because PVs exhibit both word-like and phrase-like properties, a dilemma which brought about a kind of ‘schism‘ within the linguistic community: scholars who maintain that PVs are generated (or built) in the lexicon just like other verb sub-classes versus scholars who − − are convinced that PVs are structures generated (or built) in syntax. With respect to the second question, a descriptive answer could be a sufficient (though perhaps not satisfying) first approximation. In most languages with PVs, the particle could be either (i) an element bearing both formal and functional similarity to spatial prepositions (e.g. push out in (1a)), or (ii) an element that alters the verb’s temporal constitution (usually Aktionsart, less frequently aspect) in quite a predictable way (e.g. eat up in (1b)), or (iii) an item devoid of autonomous meaning, comparable to idiom-chunks (e.g. turn down in (1c)): (English) (1) a. Sam pushed out the kitten. b. Mark ate up his sandwich. 9 10 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCING PARTICLE VERBS c. Victoria turned down the job. PVs do not exist in every language, and among languages with PVs, differences can be easily seen: with respect to productivity, semantics, but especially with
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Analysis of Expressive Interjection Translation in Terms of Meanings
    perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id ANALYSIS OF EXPRESSIVE INTERJECTION TRANSLATION IN TERMS OF MEANINGS, TECHNIQUES, AND QUALITY ASSESSMENTS IN “THE VERY BEST DONALD DUCK” BILINGUAL COMICS EDITION 17 THESIS Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Sarjana Degree at English Department of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts University of Sebelas Maret By: LIA ADHEDIA C0305042 ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS UNIVERSITY OF SEBELAS MARET SURAKARTA 2012 THESIScommit APPROVAL to user i perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id commit to user ii perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id commit to user iii perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id PRONOUNCEMENT Name : Lia Adhedia NIM : C0305042 Stated whole-heartedly that this thesis entitled Analysis of Expressive Interjection Translation in Terms of Meanings, Techniques, and Quality Assessments in “The Very Best Donald Duck” bilingual comics edition 17 is originally made by the researcher. It is neither a plagiarism, nor made by others. The things related to other people’s works are written in quotation and included within bibliography. If it is then proved that the researcher cheats, the researcher is ready to take the responsibility. Surakarta, May 2012 The researcher Lia Adhedia C0305042 commit to user iv perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id MOTTOS “Allah does not change a people’s lot unless they change what their hearts is.” (Surah ar-Ra’d: 11) “So, verily, with every difficulty, there is relief.” (Surah Al Insyirah: 5) commit to user v perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to My beloved mother and father My beloved sister and brother commit to user vi perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id ACKNOWLEDGMENT Alhamdulillaahirabbil’aalamiin, all praises and thanks be to Allah, and peace be upon His chosen bondsmen and women.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 6 Morphological Split
    Chapter 6 Morphological Split Chapter 6 Morphological Split: Accusative Behaviour of Pronouns As mentioned in the previous chapters, Tongan shows a morphological split based on types of nouns. Specifically, full NP’s are divided into ERG and ABS, while pronouns show an accusative pattern: S and A appear as a subject pronoun, while O is realised in a distinct form. We will argue, however, that the accusative pattern does not mean that the pronouns receive NOM in the subject position and ACC in the object position. Rather, it is due to the fact that pronominal subjects are realised as clitics in Tongan. We will argue that the form of a subject clitic reflects the theta-role it bears and not the case. In particular, we will argue that despite the identical phonological form, a subject clitic receives ERG when it refers to A, and ABS when it refers to S. In §6.1, we will look at the data that demonstrate the apparent accusative pattern, which Tongan pronouns show. Our data demonstrate another peculiar property of the Tongan pronouns, namely, the compulsory word order alternation. In §6.2, we will argue that the SVO order results from the fact that the subject pronouns are clitics attached to T. We will also argue that object pronouns are full pronouns. Object clitics are not part of the lexical inventory of Tongan. In §6.3, we will develop the hypothesis that the subject clitics in Tongan are theta-role absorbers in the sense of Aoun (1985) and therefore, are arguments. This hypothesis explains why the pronouns in Tongan show an accusative pattern.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of Three Variants of Gerund Construction from the Contrastive Perspective of Social and Natural Academic Abstracts on Construction Grammar Theory1
    2020 年 6 月 中国应用语言学（英文） Jun. 2020 第 43 卷 第 2 期 Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics Vol. 43 No. 2 A Study of Three Variants of Gerund Construction from the Contrastive Perspective of Social and Natural Academic Abstracts on Construction Grammar Theory1 Yan J IN & Mingtuo YANG Northwest Normal University Abstract English gerund construction is a system composed of 3 variants, including “Gerund + ø”, “Gerund + of + NP”, and “Gerund + NP”. The noun and verb attributes of the 3 variants are recursive, and in theory their frequencies vary regularly in different styles. An abstract is placed before the beginning of an academic papers, which has the basic characteristics of conciseness and generalization, and has special requirements for the use of gerunds. The purpose of this study was to empirically explore the system of gerund construction in abstracts of natural science and social science papers, and to specifically explore the inherent characteristics of noun and verb properties of the 3 variants. For this purpose, two corpora were constructed, one is about abstracts of natural science papers, and the other is about abstracts of social science papers. Finally, the results of chi-square test showed that there was no significant difference in the frequencies of the 3 variants in the abstracts of natural science and social science papers, and the two corpora can be studied as a whole. In the combined corpus, there were significant differences in the frequencies of the 3 gerund variants. The frequencies of these 3 variants and their gerund properties showed a recursive change. Keywords: gerund construction, gerund variants, Construction Grammar, nominalization, gerund system 1 The study was supported by the Humanities and Social Sciences Research Planning Fund of Ministry of Education for Western and Frontier Areas (14XJA740001).
    [Show full text]
  • Adverb Phrases and Clauses Function in Specific Sentences
    MS CCRS L.7.1a: Explain the function of Lesson 3 phrases and clauses in general and their Adverb Phrases and Clauses function in specific sentences. Introduction Phrases and clauses are groups of words that give specific information in a sentence. A clause has both a subject and a predicate, while a phrase does not. Some phrases and clauses function like adverbs, which means they modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb in a sentence. • An adverb phrase tells “how,” “when,” “where,” or “why.” It is often a prepositional phrase. Soccer players wear protective gear on the field. (tells where; modifies verb wear) Soccer gloves are thick with padding. (tells how; modifies adjective thick) • An adverb clause can also tell “how,” “when,” “where,” or “why.” It is always a dependent clause. Gloves protect goalies when they catch the ball. (tells when; modifies verb protect) Goalies need gloves because the ball can hurt. (tells why; modifies verb need) Guided Practice Circle the word in each sentence that the underlined phrase or clause modifies. Write how, when, where, or why to explain what the phrase or clause tells. Hint 1 Goalies are the only players who touch the ball with their hands. Often an adverb phrase or clause immediately follows 2 As the ball comes toward the goal, the goalie moves quickly. the word it modifies, but sometimes other words separate the 3 If necessary, the goalie dives onto the ground. two. The phrase or clause may also come at the beginning of a 4 Sometimes the other team scores because the ball gets past sentence, before the the goalie.
    [Show full text]
  • Grammar Education, It Was Connected with Writing and Covered a Broad Spectrum Including the A: Qawàaid Al-Lu©A
    HIMA 13,4_340_f19_392-399 11/8/05 2:17 PM Page 393 Grammar education, it was connected with writing and covered a broad spectrum including the A: qawàaid al-lu©a. – G: Grammatik. – appreciation of literature. The grammateîs of F: grammaire. – R: grammatiks. – the New Testament were the ‘scribes’ (Mat 2, S: gramática. – C: yufa 4). In the Middle Ages, it became syno- Before the ‘linguistic turn’ that marked nymous with knowledge or study of Latin, many fields of study in the twentieth century, and often learning in general, especially the Gramsci understood that grammar as the type of knowledge of the learned classes. underlying structure that makes languages With the rise of the nation-state and the possible is an important political issue, vernacular languages, ‘grammar’ lost its both as a regulative social institution and a particular connection to Latin and became key element in philosophical questions of associated with ‘modern’ languages. thought and knowledge. Indeed, Gramsci One of the basic distinctions in grammar dedicated his last prison notebook (Q 29) to is between descriptive grammar and nor- grammar. There his discussion of the politics mative (or proscriptive) grammar. What is of grammar can also be seen as a grammar of known as the Port-Royal Grammar (published politics, as a metaphorical examination of in Paris in 1660) is an important historical the dynamics of hegemony. foundation of normative grammar. It used Of the many meanings and dimensions the idea of a ‘universal grammar’ shared by of ‘grammar’, the most important for all languages to further its aim of teaching Marxists is whether it is seen as the structure people not necessarily how language is used, or set of rules defining a language that is but how it should be used.
    [Show full text]
  • |FREE| English Grammar for Students of Italian: the Study Guide For
    ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR STUDENTS OF ITALIAN: THE STUDY GUIDE FOR THOSE LEARNING ITALIAN EBOOK Author: Sergio Adorni, Karen Primorac Number of Pages: 199 pages Published Date: 01 Apr 1996 Publisher: Olivia & Hill Press, U.S. Publication Country: Ann Arbor, United States Language: English, Italian ISBN: 9780934034203 Download Link: CLICK HERE English Grammar For Students Of Italian: The Study Guide For Those Learning Italian Online Read Simply click the button below! The app is sports themed, so perfect for anyone who loves to get active! Start with Level 1. Every day, each of us spends a huge amount of time commuting from home to work on public transport. You might also like TR rated it really liked it Nov 19, Refresh and try again. Best Websites to Learn Italian. Covering expressions, grammar, and culture through personal travel stories, with detailed examples of a new language in context. English grammar for students of German : the study guide for those learning German Author Zorach, Cecile Published To ask other readers questions about English Grammar for Students of Italianplease sign up. Christopher Hurtado marked it as to-read Mar 15, This book makes it easier by illustrating how these same terms and concepts relate to English English Grammar for Students of Italian: The Study Guide for Those Learning Italian that students can instantly recognise the similarities and differences between Italian and English grammar. About Sergio Adorni. Reviews English Grammar For Students Of Italian: The Study Guide For Those Learning Italian Monolingual books are best e. But note that the book does not try to lay out every detail of every grammatical rule in Italian; it provides just enough context to help you see ho This book provided a useful comparison between the basic grammar concepts of English and Italian.
    [Show full text]
  • Universals of Causative and Anticausative Verb Formation and the Spontaneity Scale
    2016 LINGUA POSNANIENSIS LVIII (2) DoI 10.1515/linpo-2016-0009 Universals of causative and anticausative verb formation and the spontaneity scale Martin Haspelmath Department of Linguistic and Cultural evolution, Max planck Institute for the Science of human history Institut für anglistik, Leipzig University e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Martin haspelmath. Universals of causative and anticausative verb formation and the spontaneity scale. the poznań Society for the advancement of arts and Sciences, pL ISSn 0079-4740, pp. 33-63 In this paper, I formulate and explain a number of universal generalizations about the formation of causative verbs (overtly marked verbs with causal meaning) and anticausative verbs (overtly marked verbs with non- causal meaning). Given the “spontaneity scale” of basic verb meanings (transitive > unergative > automatic unaccusative > costly unaccusative > agentful), we can say that verb pairs with a noncausal verb higher on the scale tend to be causative pairs, and verb pairs with a noncausal verb lower on the scale tend to be an- ticausative pairs. I propose that these generalizations can be subsumed under form-frequency correspondence: that transitive base verbs tend to form causatives (often analytic causatives) is because they rarely occur in causal contexts, and the fact that unaccusative verbs tend to be coded as anticausatives is because they frequ- ently occur in causal contexts, and special marking is required for the rarer and less expected situation. Keywords: causative verb, linguistic universal, spontaneity scale, transitivity, form-frequency correspondence 1. Introduction In this paper, I propose a unification of a number of cross-linguistic generalizations about the distribution of causative, anticausative and basic verb forms, as well as an explanation of the universals as an instance of the extremely widespread phenomenon of form-frequency correspondence (haspelmath 2018a).
    [Show full text]
  • The Grammar of Fear: Morphosyntactic Metaphor
    THE GRAMMAR OF FEAR: MORPHOSYNTACTIC METAPHOR IN FEAR CONSTRUCTIONS by HOLLY A. LAKEY A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of Linguistics and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2016 DISSERTATION APPROVAL PAGE Student: Holly A. Lakey Title: The Grammar of Fear: Morphosyntactic Metaphor in Fear Constructions This dissertation has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in the Department of Linguistics by: Dr. Cynthia Vakareliyska Chairperson Dr. Scott DeLancey Core Member Dr. Eric Pederson Core Member Dr. Zhuo Jing-Schmidt Institutional Representative and Dr. Scott L. Pratt Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded March 2016. ii © 2016 Holly A. Lakey iii DISSERTATION ABSTRACT Holly A. Lakey Doctor of Philosophy Department of Linguistics March 2016 Title: The Grammar of Fear: Morphosyntactic Metaphor in Fear Constructions This analysis explores the reflection of semantic features of emotion verbs that are metaphorized on the morphosyntactic level in constructions that express these emotions. This dissertation shows how the avoidance or distancing response to fear is mirrored in the morphosyntax of fear constructions (FCs) in certain Indo-European languages through the use of non-canonical grammatical markers. This analysis looks at both simple FCs consisting of a single clause and complex FCs, which feature a subordinate clause that acts as a complement to the fear verb in the main clause. In simple FCs in some highly-inflected Indo-European languages, the complement of the fear verb (which represents the fear source) is case-marked not accusative but genitive (Baltic and Slavic languages, Sanskrit, Anglo-Saxon) or ablative (Armenian, Sanskrit, Old Persian).
    [Show full text]
  • The Unergative-Unaccusative Split: a Study of the Verb DIE 1
    The Unergative-Unaccusative Split: A Study of the Verb DIE 1 Nabhidh Kijparnich 2 ABSTRACT This article aims to diagnose the unergative-unaccusative distinction with reference to the verb die which often displays differing behaviours because it can appear in many different syntactic constructions. Particularly, the study seeks to establish whether die is an unergative or an unaccusative verb, using eight diagnostics for unaccusativity (e.g. the one’s way construction, the pseudo-passive construction, the cognate object construction) Results of the study have shown that the verb die stands astride the border between an unergative verb and an unaccusative verb. There is no single reliable diagnostic test for the unergative/unaccusative contrast, which can dictate whether die is either unergative or unaccusative. It is more likely to depend on which diagnostic test is adopted. บทคัดย่อ บทความวิจัยนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อหาสาเหตุความบกพร่องในการแบ่งกริยาอกรรมออกเป็น 2 ประเภท (unergative และ unaccusative) โดยอ้างอิงจากค�าอกรรมกริยา “ตาย” ซึ่งมีลักษณะการ ปรากฏในหน่วยสร้างต่างกัน บทความนี้ยังมุ่งพิสูจน์ว่า “ตาย” เป็นกริยาอกรรมแบบมีผู้กระท�าเป็นประธาน (unergative) หรือแบบมีผู้รับการกระท�าหรืออรรถบทเป็นประธาน (unaccusative) โดยอาศัยแบบทดสอบ วินิจฉัย 8 แบบ (อาทิ หน่วยสร้าง one’s way หน่วยสร้างกรรมวาจกเทียม หน่วยสร้างแบบกรรมที่มีรูป แสดงเหมือนกับค�ากริยา เป็นต้น) ผลการศึกษาพบว่า “ตาย” เป็นได้ทั้งกริยาอกรรมแบบมีผู้กระท�าเป็น ประธานและแบบมีผู้รับการกระท�าหรืออรรถบทเป็นประธาน ฉะนั้นจึงยังไม่ปรากฏว่ามีแบบทดสอบวินิจฉัย ที่ใช้แยกกริยาอกรรมออกเป็น 2 ประเภทอย่างชัดเจน
    [Show full text]
  • Unaccusatives, Resultatives, and the Richness of Lexical Representations
    Introduction to Syntax, 24.951, MIT, Fall 2003 Unaccusatives, Resultatives, and the Richness of Lexical Representations Idan Landau (1) Definition “A resultative phrase is an XP that denotes the state achieved by the referent of the NP it is predicated of as a result of the action denoted by the verb in the resultative construction”. (2) The Direct Object Restriction (DOR) A resultative phrase may be predicated of the immediately postverbal NP, but may not be predicated of a subject or of an oblique complement. Distribution (3) Selected object of transitive a. It soaks all your fine washables clean. b. He kissed them alive. (4) *Subject of unergative a. * Dora shouted hoarse. b. * The officers laughed helpless. (5) *Oblique object a. * John loaded the hay into the wagon full. b. The silver smith pounded (*on) the metal flat. (6) Nonthematic object of unergatives a. Dora shouted herself hoarse. fake reflexive b. The officers laughed themselves helpless. fake reflexive c. The dog barked him awake. d. Sleep your wrinkles away. inalienable possession (7) Unselected object of a transitive a. She cooked them into premature death. unspecified object b. He drank himself silly. unspecified object 1 Introduction to Syntax, 24.951, MIT, Fall 2003 Note: These “fake objects” can’t appear on their own (*Dora shouted herself, *The dog barked him, *He drank himself). (8) Subject of passive a. The floor has been swept clean. b. She was shaken awake by the earthquake. (9) Subject of unaccusative a. The river froze solid. b. The curtain rolled open on the court. (10) Subject of middle a.
    [Show full text]
  • Linguistic Background: an Outline of English Syntax
    Allen 1995: Chapter 2 - An Outline of English Syntax Allen 1995 : Natural Language Understanding Contents Preface Introduction previous Part I Part II Part III - Context / World next chapter chapter Knowledge Syntactic Processing Semantic Interpretation Appendices Bibliography Index Summaries Further Readings Exercises Chapter 2: Linguistic Background: An Outline of English Syntax 2.1 Words 2.2 The Elements of Simple Noun Phrases 2.3 Verb Phrases and Simple Sentences 2.4 Noun Phrases Revisited 2.5 Adjective Phrases 2.6 Adverbial Phrases Summary Related Work and Further Readings Exercises for Chapter 2 [Allen 1995: Linguistic Background: An Outline of English Syntax 23] http://www.uni-giessen.de/~g91062/Seminare/gk-cl/Allen95/al199502.htm (1 / 23) [2002-2-26 21:16:11] Allen 1995: Chapter 2 - An Outline of English Syntax This chapter provides background material on the basic structure of English syntax for those who have not taken any linguistics courses. It reviews the major phrase categories and identifies their most important subparts. Along the way all the basic word categories used in the book are introduced. While the only structures discussed are those for English, much of what is said applies to nearly all other European languages as well. The reader who has some background in linguistics can quickly skim this chapter, as it does not address any computational issues. You will probably want to use this chapter as a reference source as you work through the rest of the chapters in Part I. Section 2.1 describes issues related to words and word classes. Section 2.2 describes simple noun phrases, which are then used in Section 2.3 to describe simple verb phrases.
    [Show full text]
  • What Does the Copula Do? Kunio Nishiyama Cornell University, [email protected]
    University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics Volume 4 | Issue 2 Article 15 1-1-1997 What Does the Copula Do? Kunio Nishiyama Cornell University, [email protected] This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. http://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol4/iss2/15 For more information, please contact [email protected]. What Does the Copula Do? This working paper is available in University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics: http://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol4/ iss2/15 What Does the Copula Do?* Kunio Nishiyama 1. Introduction It is widely assumed in the literature on the copula that there are at least two kinds of copula (cf. Higgins 1973): (1) a. John is a boy. (predicative) b. Dr. Jekyll is Mr. Hyde. (equative) It is controversial whether these different usages should be treated differently or can be given a unified account, and this is not my concern here. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the syntactic structure of predicative copular sentences like (1a) from a crosslinguistic perspective. Since Bach (1967), it has often been claimed that the copula is a tense-supporter.1 For example, Rapoport (1987: 152ff) notes the following contrast: (2) a. I consider [Xeli a nut]. b. Xeli *(is) a nut. In a small clause structure like (2a), no copula is necessary, even though there seems to be a predication relation between Xeli and a nut. In the matrix sentence, however, the copula is necessary (2b). Since (2a) shows that the copula is not necessary for predication, Rapoport (1987: 157) claims that “[b]e is inserted to support the feature of INFL, in the cases above [2b] the features of tense ([- past]) and agreement.” According to this hypothesis, (3) is analyzed as (4): (3) Sal was strong.
    [Show full text]