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The Community Poverty Scan and Assets Based Approach to Poverty Reduction

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The Community Poverty Scan and Assets Based Approach to Poverty Reduction Assessing Community Conditions that Facilitate Implementation of Participatory Poverty Reduction Strategies by Wanzirai Muruvi A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Planning) in Rural Planning & Development Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Wanzirai Muruvi, November, 2011 ABSTRACT Assessing Community Conditions that Facilitate Implementation of Participatory Poverty Reduction Strategies Wanzirai Muruvi Advisors: University of Guelph, 2011 Professor H. Cummings Professor D.G. Reid The goal of the current study was to describe the organizational and institutional foundations within traditional rural communities that facilitate implementation of participatory community poverty reduction programs. The focus was on communities within or adjacent to protected areas. A case study research approach was used to assess community mobilization, participation and analytical capacity and also to evaluate community groups and organizations for their competence to be local implementing agents of poverty reduction programs. The research findings showed that inadequate skills and organizational levels limited the ability of communities to fully utilize protected areas as poverty reduction initiatives. Key determinants of community participation were the ability to mobilize and also to undertake detailed analysis of local situations. Community mobilization depended on the relationship between the mobilizing agent and the community, social cohesion and gender. Analytical capacity was influenced mostly by the level of education, prior experience and gender. Interestingly, community groups that had the highest potential to be implementing agents, had strong ties to traditional institutions, suggesting that groups with well recognized power and legitimacy within the community are better positioned to facilitate implementation of community poverty eradication initiatives. A number of indicators of community competence were identified and these were used to develop an analytical framework that can be used as a diagnostic tool for determining community competence. Acknowledgments I am very grateful for the guidance, support and encouragement I received from my supervisors Dr Don Reid and Dr Harry Cummings throughout the course of this research. Their contributions are most appreciated and without it this research would not have been possible. Don, thank you for not giving up. I am also very thankful for the financial support from various corners that enabled me to spend an amazing two months in Ghana and two weeks in Tofino. For that Dr Grant Murray and the PAPR project deserve special mention. There are many people that I need to thank in Ghana, without their help this project would not have happened. First, many thanks to everyone at NCRC for their amazing support; for welcoming me to Ghana and introducing me to the people of the Avu Lagoon, especially Mr Mason, Donna and Mavis. I am very grateful to the Avu Lagoon Sitatunga Conservation Initiative, especially the Board, the communities of Suipe, Bayive and Wenu who gave me so much of their time and were amazing hosts and the community of Xavi who accommodated and fed me. I cannot mention everyone by name, but thank you Ms Mary Denume, Ms Elizabeth Mawu, Ms Agnes Fiankor, Torgbui Allega, Torgbui Somlaffo, Regent Marcus Vorsah, Mr Felix Azasu. To Selorm Gligui who was my translator, research assistant and friend, akpe. The Akatsi District Assembly for providing me with data, especially Mr Jonathan Klu. Many thanks to the community of Opitsaht, Vancouver Island, B.C, for the opportunity to learn from them, especially Terry Dorward-Seitcher for organizing everything, Mr Joe Martin for giving me a brief lesson in the history of the Tla-o-qui-aht First Nations people and all the people who gave their time and effort to participate in the research. I am very grateful to Dr Joy Sammy for all her help and support with my research and for her friendship, my experience in Ghana is forever memorable because of Joy. My friends Cherry and Ugo made my trip to Ghana possible; for two months they were amazing parents to Yanano while I was away. Kailea took over for the trip to Tofino, for three weeks she was the most amazing aunt. To my son Yanano, whose patience and maturity amazes and motivates me, you continue to be my little pillar of strength. iii Table of Contents List of Figures ………………………………………………………………………………… vii List of Tables …………………………………………………………………………………. viii Acronyms ………………………………………………………………………………………. ix 1 Chapter One Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem Statement ........................................................................................................................ 2 1.3 Research Goal ............................................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Overview of the thesis ................................................................................................................... 3 2 Chapter Two Literature Review ........................................................................................................ 4 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Defining Poverty ........................................................................................................................... 4 2.3 Approaches to development – poverty eradication strategies among the major international development agencies ............................................................................................................................... 5 2.3.1 The World Bank/International Monetary Fund and Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers ..... 6 2.3.2 The United Nations Development Program and the Human Development Approach ......... 9 2.3.3 The United Nations Children’s Fund and the Human Rights Approach ............................. 12 2.3.4 Oxfam and the Rights Based Approaches ........................................................................... 16 2.3.5 The Food and Agricultural Organization and the People-Centered, No-name Approach .. 18 2.3.6 The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) .......................................... 20 2.4 Relating the approaches to development to the community ....................................................... 23 2.4.1 Community anti-poverty strategies ..................................................................................... 25 2.4.2 Pro-poor conservation: addressing poverty in communities adjacent to protected areas .... 29 2.5 Conceptualization of participation .............................................................................................. 30 2.5.1 Application of participation - Participatory Poverty Assessments ...................................... 32 2.5.2 Participation in Community-based Natural Resource Management ................................... 34 2.6 Community Competence/Capacity ............................................................................................. 35 2.6.1 Community groups as units of assessment of community competence .............................. 37 2.6.2 Capacity Development ........................................................................................................ 38 2.7 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 38 3 Chapter Three Research Methodology ........................................................................................... 40 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 40 iv 3.2 Research Approach ..................................................................................................................... 40 3.3 Strategy of inquiry ...................................................................................................................... 41 3.3.1 Selection of cases ................................................................................................................ 41 3.4 Community entry ........................................................................................................................ 44 3.5 Data collection methods .............................................................................................................. 45 3.5.1 Direct observations ............................................................................................................. 45 3.5.2 Key informant interviews .................................................................................................... 46 3.5.3 Focus groups ....................................................................................................................... 46 3.5.4 Kitchen table meetings and Community forum .................................................................. 46 3.5.5 Document reviews............................................................................................................... 47 3.5.6 Testing the implementation of the poverty assessment and asset identification instrument
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