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CEU eTD Collection VI V Cities IV. TheDead:theCemeteries ofof Southern Pannonia Compared III II I .

.Lifting InSearch Fog: ofthe Medieval in Archaeological Slavonia Record the . TheForgotten Living: . Seeking LifeofTracesDaily “The Fog Unknown”:of theProblem by The MedievalPosed Slavonia Observations Escapingand Fog EmergingArchaeologicaltheBattlefield: the on Sources “theEnteringUnknown”:ofthe Fog Historical Naming PlacingPannonia?Names Places: or Sklavinia,or Slavonia, Sclavonia, RiversThe Setting:The Land Two of the Conclusions Artifacts Other Pottery Forts Tenthoftheand Centuries Eleventh Conclusions W Cemeteriesof Ptuj Gomjenica Halimba Majs Vukovar Analysis, Patterns, and Interpretations Coin Coins GraveGoods Cemeteries Material ofGroups TenthCultureandSouthern CenturyP Eleventh Skeletons, Jewe. Methodology Data Questions . Conclusion . –

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CEU eTD Collection Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………… Appendices Appendix E: ChronologyAppendixin SitesE: Bijelo of Brdo NorthernCroatia ComparisonAppendix Artifact D: Tables AppendixArtifacts C: AppendixB A:AppendixTheSites

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CEU eTD Collection wonderful other mehave helpedway. who peoplethe along years t transitions difficult many the survived have could never I whom without Susan, wife my is least, never but Last, made I as ways many in me supporting for thanks Melanie, and Justin sister, and brother my and Joan, and Mike to parents, my come To to Budapest. decision my to prior times multiple sought I which counsel and advice their V Conevery Professors to Thanks possible. here journey frommuchinstructors.learned asour as a I Finally, year. past this much so learn to me allowed have support University and instruction, European guidance, whose Central the of members staff and members faculty other many the man too in me helped have who Dobos Csilla and Pál Annabella to much owe I concerns, logistical and administrative to regards In myresearch. approachand at look to ways findnew to mehelped continuously Rass Judith Likewise, Europe. central east in archaeology medieval of world unfamiliar the to me introducing for also but thesis my to regards in only not guidance and advice invaluable providing for Laszlovszky József project. large very this undertaken have provided have members family and friends, . Unfortunately, I lack th lack I Unfortunately, . I would be remiss to leave out the peop the out leave to remiss be would I students, members, staff professors, numerous year, past the of course the Over lso want to extend my appreciation to my classmates, from whom I have often often have I whom from classmates, my to appreciation my extend to want lso he two of us have encountered ( encountered have us of two he y ways to count in the past year. In addition, I am in gratitude to to gratitude in am I addition, In year. past the in count to ways y e words to express just how grateful I am to her and all the the all and her to am I grateful how just express to words e ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS on‟s continuous encouragement and her her and encouragement continuous on‟s

is and First guidance le outside of CEU who have helped make my make helped have who CEU of outsidele the move over 10,000 kilometers away. away. kilometers 10,000 over move the and at times invited times at and

foremost I wish to thank my advisor, advisor, my thank to wish I foremost and lent invaluable support to me as I I as me to support invaluable lent and ale ncius and Patricia Crown for Crown Patricia and ncius

) over the past few past the over ) advice have have advice

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CEU eTD Collection ( kraljevineHrvatske s Dalmacijom Slavonijom i K 3 Supičić( 2 Vol.7, no.4,1 1 Kinginmoru.ofnaandCroatia Dalmatia Biograd Kapel the in (Peter) 1095 and 1093 between sometime I Ladislaus King by Zagreb at bishopric a of establishment the events: two with culminated k Hungarian young relatively (910 Tomislav king, Croatian kingdoms the during Europe Figure1. U Raukar,“Land andSociety,” 188. early For recordsof TomislavRaukar, "Land andSociety," i Codexdiplomaticus Hungariae ecclesiasticusaccivilis u niversityof Zagreb:Tiskom Dragutina Albrechta, 1875), 1 k u l j e

v (Seattle:University of Washington Press, 1993), 13. London:Philip Wilson Publishers, 1999 land the above, map the in shown As i 1 ć :

Ti pro ws lo “ie between “time a also was period This . Sakcinski, Pannonia/ tenth - 2 .

and THE PROBLEM POSEDBY THE PROBLEM Codexdiplomaticus regni Croatiae, Dalmatiae Slavoniaeet a mountains in 1097. in mountains a SlavoniaADin 1050 eleventh

“THEOFTHEFOGUNKN

centuri - ndm n h ls dcd o the of decade last the in ingdom 2) int 928) n 1 , and King Coloman‟s victory over the last Croatian King Croatian last the over victory Coloman‟s King and , Croatia inthe EarlyMiddle Ages:ACultural Survey es was a place that l that place a was es ,from:. ,

Saoi ad the and Slavonia o

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Five years later King Coloman would be crowned crowned be would Coloman King later years Five

Paul R. Magocsi, . between I Coloman‟s ,edited by Fejér,11 G. volumes (Budapest 1829

MEDIEVALSLAVONIA 3 -

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and around the Drava and Sava and Drava the around and rica slavorumrica meridionalium,books 2

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CEU eTD Collection Discussionabout Middlethe Ages inSlavonia andSyrmia] 5 4 historicaluniqueitimportantis look geographicalandoutsideto region, con of zones ne their “A rivers the between WorldSunken land this calls Andrić Stanko region, the of history medieval the PannonianPla larger the of part a much very is ititself, area lowland fertile, a as However, region. distinct geographically a like appear rivers these between land the make can rivers, Sava and Drava history region‟s this about emerge. perspective new a study, of center the as it placing and th on light some shed will and can evidence the to approaches new that proposed is it “fog,” this lifting of pretense study this While well. as region broader the to relationship its to apply certainly t of fog the in “shrouded as kingdom Croatian described once Raukar above. map the in stripes the by expressed is confusion been has century, eleventh late the in rule Hungarian

Stanko Raukar,

Looking at at Looking and 928 AD in Tomislav of death the between Slavonia, in period intervening The Andrić, ighbors in the surroundings lands. It is my hypothesis that the rivers served more as as more served rivers the that hypothesis my is It lands. surroundings the in ighbors

"LandSociety," and 188

tact than as natural borders. borders. natural as than tact i Potonulisvi .” n or Carpathia or n 5

“Sunken” or not the people of this lowland certainly were not isolatedfrom lowlandnot certainlypeoplethewere not ofthis “Sunken” or political e subject. By removing Slavonia from the margins of national histories histories national of margins the from Slavonia By removing subject. e jet:rasprave o slavonskom srijemskom i srednjovjekovlju The Setting: The LandTheTwo ofSetting: Thethe Rivers et ad lvnh century eleventh and tenth

as lk te n above one the like maps, . nBasin

(see map below mapbelow (see In order to understand Slavonia‟s status as both a a both as status Slavonia‟s understand to order In he unknown.” he .

SlavonskiBrod –

Figure Slavonia‟s relationship to the early early the to relationship Slavonia‟s

with its darkened outlines along the the along outlines darkened its with Regarding this confusion, Tomislav Tomislav confusion, this Regarding h suc o mc debate. much of source the 4

1.2 : Hrvatski : Institut Povijest,za 2001. This eloquent description can can description eloquent This ) . In. title the bookhis on of

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CEU eTD Collection 2006),21. Periods Modern Early and Medieval the Slavonia in and Dalmatia, 6 meaningisoftermthisunclear. exact the but “Slavonia,” bansof own theirnamed had kingdomCroatian the rule,Hungarian to region. “Slavonia” this of govern ban a appointed they century, eleventh the of end the at kingdom their became rivers Sava Pannonia into and PannoniaSuperior Inferior. divided was which Pannonia, of province Roman broader the of part was andPhysics, 2009, mapfrom: mountainsthein west, south, andeast, andstretching farasnorth as Lake Balaton(solid line). (dashedline) Figure1. John V. A. Fine, A.V. John PlacingNamesSclavonia, Slavonia, NamingPlaces:Sklavinia, oror Pannonia? This “Sunken World” b World” “Sunken This 2

. LászlóZentai, “Relief of Carpathian Mapof east .

Thescope of this study covers the southern half of the Carpathian boundedBasin by When Ethnicity did not Matter in the Balkans: A the inMatter not WhenEthnicity did http://lazarus.elte.hu/gb/maps/karpat.htm 6 known as Pannonian Savia Pannonian as known -

centralEurope with the Carpathian Basin(Pannonian Pla h oiis f hs ae hwvr ae ltl cnuig Pir to Prior confusing. little a are however, name, this of origins The

etween the two rivers has had many names. In Antiquity it it Antiquity In names. many had has rivers two the etween Later, reachesregionthe Dravaupper betweenthethe and of - basin,” EötvösL .

After Hungary incorporated the region into into region the incorporated Hungary After )

Study of Identity in PreIdentity in of Study

(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, UniversityArbor:Michigan of (Ann orándUniversity, Dept.of Cartography i n) thein center - NationalistCroatia,

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CEU eTD Collection University,2001),127. MedievalLatinChristianity), (Betweenthe Alps andthe Adriatic),” in acrossDalmatia as theysoutheast.headed Kosi, “The Age of Crusadesthe in Souththe 9 8 1921),64 OriginallyKrey, fromC. August Accounts Collected Constantinople: to Journey Crusaders 7 the with confused real the expedition, crusading inthe early beenstage that at Moreover, north. fromthe conquerors have easily could crusaders the as understandable, perfectly is offearmistrust peasants‟andthesethe circumstances, “Under writes, He region. the into expansion Hungarian the of result direct a was Crusaders along Balkansthe crossed through isCrusaders the believed It that years few earlier. beenhistoricalhad to that Slavonia 40 miserable journey. their during hunger and weather winter bitter endured also Crusaders companions.” his with escape safely could w while pursuers the that so slashed, be to others still of hands and nose the and off, cut others of feet the out, torn be to them of some of eyes “the ordered and entourage his harassing “Slavonians” six weeks.” three for birds nor animals, wild neither it in saw we that mountainous and pathless “so as biblical40 the described d‟Aguiliers, Raymond chaplain, His 1097. and 1096 in Balkans the throughCrusade First the leading was Toulouse of Raymondmountains, Kapela the in Peter King battling was Coloman King that time same the about At Crusade. “Raymondd‟Aguiliers.” “ MihaKosi states that membersof Firstthe Crusade took a routethrough Istria,northern through Senj, and Raymond d‟Aguiliers: Raymond of Toulouse and Adhémar of Le Puy,” in in Puy,” Le of Adhémar and Toulouse of Raymond d‟Aguiliers: Raymond h Arai Coast. Adriatic the The mountainous “Slavonia” the Crusaders crossed, Crusaders the “Slavonia” mountainous The co “Slavonia” of meanings many the illustrates that story One 7 -

67.

The locals were “boorish and ru and “boorish localswere The -

day trek across the “desert” of “Slavonia.” He described the lands he encountered heencountered lands the of “Slavonia.”described He“desert” the across trek day

ere thus moved at the sight and preoccupied with their sorrow, the Count Count sorrow, the preoccupiedwithandsight their the at moved thusere

editedby ZsoltHunyadi andJózsef Laszlovszky (Budapest: Central European

The FirstThe Crusade:ofThe Eyewitnesses Accounts Participantsand Borislav

T heCrusades andthe MilitaryOrders (Expanding the Frontiers of seized

Grgin argues that the locals‟ hostile treatment of the the of treatment hostile locals‟ the that argues Grgin de” brigands. At one point, one Crusader captured captured Crusader one point, one At brigands. de” by King Ladislaus I of Hungary (1077 ofHungary Ladislaus I King by 8

Besides hostility from the “Slavonians,” the the “Slavonians,” the from hostility Besides 19, al asl e. acse Ar 8 2009). 18, Apr (accessed ed. Halsall Paul 1997, , this hugethiswell and

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CEU eTD Collection 16 1971Cruz, i Sclavoniae'," 'ducatus des 15 14 13 12 Nenad 81; Moacanin, Guldescu, Stanko below. GyörffyGyörgy see view entire the “almost to applied Slavonia region, the of Hung the toprior arguesthat MoacaninNenad Croatia. of Pannonia all includedSlavonia that argued century twelfthhe Pričevicathe in whileMountains,Rišnak and the toRiverssouthward Una and Sava, 11 (Budapest:Central EuropeanUniversity, 2001),168. (Expanding Frontiersthe of MedievalLatin Christianity, 10 countries.” bordering its southern and Croatia Adriatic to but (Kapela), Gozd the of mountains forest the and Drava the of end the until "Slavonia" term “the that cleara entity.”centuriesnot wasSlavoniacut territorial Syrmia and Slavonia in out points Andrić Stanko As used Sla to refer often to generically were “Sklavinia,” equivalent, Byzantine the and “Sclavonia” toponym Latin the Ages, Middle early the in Particularly story. the of part reveals only this But overlap. Syrmia. Croatian including and Jasenovac and Virovitica from east extending “arm” northeastern Croatia‟s to applies Slavonia modern itinhighlandsof andnorth south Savaof the the the Croatiain Dalmatia, clergyand the particular.” intruderspr were intentionsthe of

Györffy, Fine, Andrić, Moacanin, StankoGuldescu duringEarlythethat argued A Middle BorislavGrgin, “The Impact of Crusadesthe on Medieval Croat György Györffy,György M i When Ethnicitydidnot Matter, ddle Ages, ddle György Györffy has written an important article on this topic, this on article important an written has Györffy György During where? ask to appropriate more is it perhaps, Or Slavonia? was then What Potonulisvijet,

),295 "DieNord meaning. TownCountry,and - 313

"Die Nord "Die . westgrenze

Tow Slavonia included Slavonia 13

, as late as the twelfth century, the term “Slavonia” did not have any any have not did “Slavonia” term the century, twelfth the as late as , 49 n and Countryand n on the Middle Danube, 1526 Similarly, John V. A. Fine believes that, “in the tenth and eleventh eleventh and tenth the “in that, believes Fine A. V. John Similarly, n - 50. éags fet à zbls e Vajay de Szabolcs à offerts Mélanges vic lands, as was the case with the account from the First Crusade. Crusade. First the from account the with case the was as lands, vic

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,” 299.,” 9.

16 72.

h Sne Wrd Dsuso aot h Mdl Ae in Ages Middle the about Discussion World: Sunken The in narrowastratum socialtheelite obablyof onlyto known He goes on to state, that until the twelfth or thirteenth thirteenth or twelfth the until that state, to on goes He

what is now northwest Cro northwest now is what

the 12th century did not refer to the area between between area the to refer not did century 12th the 12

History of Medieval Croatia Medieval of History

northern part of present of part northern 14 10 Therefore, these two Slavonias only partially partially only Slavonias two these Therefore,

editedby ZsoltHunyadi andJózsef Laszlovszky

ges Slavonia consistedSlavoniabetween gesofland Drava, the the –

as well as northwest Bosnia. asnorthwest well as ia.”in , - 1690 dtd y ire Brière Pierre by edited TheCrusades and Militarythe Orders (Leiden:Brill, 2006),9 -

atia d Jahrhundert und die Ausbildung die und Jahrhundert ay Croatia.” For a contrasting a For Croatia.” ay (The Hague: Mouton, 1964), Mouton, Hague:(The – 15

both in the lowlands lowlands the in both

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CEU eTD Collection broad a use to is point underlying the but Pannonia” “southern geographicterm that ingeneral describes wider ofthe research z boundaries exact the about argue could h usedbe also can here Danube. ofthe east and north directlythe toland the including thus Basin, Carpathian the of lowlands the all includes Pannonia term, geographic modern a as However, Danube. 20 Osječkizbornik 19 18 17 the and south, the to Alps the to Alps Slovenian the by bounded Basin Carpathian the of part lower sense. historicalthan rather geographic “southern clumsy less the P preferably or Basin” Carpathian “southern use will I Basin, choseninitmakesterminologyinlacksit for accuracyup consistency. tha hope my is it therefore right, own its in study extensive rather a of subject the be could used be to terms best the are they not or Whether study. this throughout used histori geographicthe region ofSlavonia. and Slavonia, of realm Croatian the dukedom, Croatian medieval early an provinces, Roman Basin, or Plain Pannonian the of concept geographic modern the or Hungary medieval to reference in used often most is “Pannonia” out, points ca he what to led turn in which centuries, eleventh and tenth the to back referring in Slavonia of conceptions contemporary usedmedieval documents later that argued essence, inGyörffy, tr the of “none century, its in used be will here Pannonia Thus, region. the of entirety the to refer to annonia” Györffy, Györffy, rn Kuntić Bruna lls“displacement” ofatoponyms. itrcly Rmn anna oee ms o te ad o te aptin ai suh and south Basin Carpathian the of lands the of most covered Pannonia Roman Historically, a tpnm t b dat ih ee I il sals sm cmo dfntos o be to definitions common some establish will I here, with dealt be to toponyms cal Since the scope of this study covers the entire southern portion of the Carpathian Carpathian the of portion southern entire the covers study this of scope the Since the of any of meaning appropriate one identifying of impossibility near the to Due Kuntić Bruna As “Pannonia.” toponym the with arise difficulties Similar

"DieN "DieNord

22 - avć “rasa oiet pnnk pvjs [rain itr ad anna History],” Pannonian and History [Croatian povijest panonska i povijest “Hrvatska Makvić, ord - 23(1993 westgrenze westgrenze ere to include the many archaeological sites lying in the lower Tisza River Valley.RiverTisza lower the in lying sitesmany archaeologicalthe include to ere - ustworthy sources” refers to the Drava as the border of Slavonia.” of border the as Drava the to refers sources” ustworthy 1995): 123.

Carpathian Mountains to the east. the to Mountains Carpathian ,” 300.,” 299.,”

19 18

“Southern Pannonia” will then roughly refer to the to refer roughly then will Pannonia” “Southern oneof study. this but it can also refer to seven different different seven to refer also can it but Thus, in general terms, southernPannoniageneral terms, in Thus,

However, the distinction made made distinction the However,

West, the Dinaric Dinaric the West, t whatever my whatever t

west of the the of west - Makvić Makvić

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CEU eTD Collection Syrmia,and Figure1. landsDrava,betweentheSava, and Danube. the to specifically refer to here noun proper a as used be will rivers,” the “between meaning word, Croatian the “interfluve”) term used rarely the perhaps (except concept adequatelyexpr seems to English word no Since rivers. Danube andSava, Drava, the between lying region the on be will focus central its study, this in incorporated are Pannonia lar the to refer to in SavabetweentermtheDanubebe thewillthe as asandhere CroatiaSerbia, well used only region the to refers Srijem) (Croatian: “Syrmia” while Similarly, region. the of conceptions He Bosnia. northern and Croatia central of highlands the as well as Danube, the and Drava, the Sava, the between Croatia of parts fallswhichBalaton, parallel,47°marksthe North on t Lake of edge northern the arbitrary: rather is Pannonia northern and southern between here “Slavonia” will be used to describe the entire northern part of Croatia, including: all all including: Croatia, of part northern entire the describe to used be will “Slavonia” 3 . MapofSouthern the Carpathian (southernBasin Pannonia) showing the regions of Slavonia, Međurječja Mura River Mura ger Serbian portion of this region. Finally, while sites throughout southern throughout sites while Finally, region. this of portion Serbian ger

as definedas here.

Sava River Lake Balaton

Drava River Drava

nce, this usage combines the modern and medieval medieval and modern the combines usage this nce, Danube Danube River

henorthernmost edge ofstudy. this Tisza River Tisza Danube Danube River

međurječja, ess this this ess

CEU eTD Collection PhilipWilson Publishers andZagreb: AGM, 1999 in Dynasty,” National 24 volumes. ConstantinePorphyrogenitus‟ 11 Fejér, G. by Edited 23 and translatedby Jenkins,edition 4 (Dumbarton Oaks, 1967),Ch. 42 (p.183). 22 Arbor:(Ann University of Michigan Press, 1991) 21 centurytenth asbeingSlavonia cen tenth the in Drava and Sava the between region the about else little reveal sources historical Unfortunately, Pannonia. western in two the between stretches that expanse huge the or Syrmia in rivers these between region narrow relatively land this if determine to impossible is it example, For reference. a such from conclusions major any draw to difficult be would Sava. the to south Danube the (Hun “Turks” the by occupied being as Porphyrogenitus Pannonia described VII Constantine century, tenth the of middle the around written empire (949 II Krešimir of rule the until follows endeleventhofcentury.the (1077 I Ladislaus of arrival the and 928 AD in Tomislav of death the between and tenth the during centurie state eleventh Croatian the into region this of incorporation the describing

Paraphrased by Paraphrased John V.John A.Fine, “Hungarorum sedes ac limites circa a. 950,” in in 950,” a. circa limites ac sedes “Hungarorum ConstantinePorphyrogenitus: De administrandoimperio codn t Jh VA Fn, fe te et o Tmsa, a c “a Tomislav, of death the after Fine, V.A. John to According was he fog in shrouded as Slavonia medieval described Raukar Tomislav When Lujo TheEarly Medieval Balkans:Critical A Survey from the Sixthtothe LateTwelfth Century Entering “the Fog of the Unknown”:Fog EnteringofHistoricalthe “the Sources s, but this phrase is perhaps an apt description of the entire time period period time entire the of description apt an perhaps is phrase this but s,

C Margetić roatia in the Early Middle Ages: Middle Early the in roatia Deadministrando imperio.

in: Margetić in:

22 uaet 1829 Budapest dist

hs fcus,i au eeec oabodrgo: it region: broad a to reference vague a is course, of This, inguishedbyanarchy. total , “The Croatian State during the Era of Rulers from the Croatian the from Rulers of Era the during State Croatian “The , –

ne Dnba e Sbm fluvios Sabam et Danubiam inter , ),211 - 296 969). - oe dpoaiu Hnaie clsatcs c civilis ac ecclesiasticus Hungariae diplomaticus Codex 84 1844. - 297. .

A Cultural Survey Cultural A

,editedby In his survey of the lands surrounding his his surrounding lands the of survey his In oue , o 4 p. 26 pp. 4, no. 7, Volume Gyula Moravcsik Gyula andR.J. H. Jenkins garians), including the lands from lands includingthe garians), 24

, edited by Ivan Supičić ( Supičić Ivan by edited , tury. Nada Klaić describes describes Klaić Nada tury.

- onfused situation” situation” onfused 27. Originally from from Originally 27. 23

describes the the describes - 1095) at the the at 1095) London: 8 .

CEU eTD Collection Matter, 25 examinednoare Artifacts lines. national to according taken often are sides which in arguments and indicators ethnic as artifacts of use unfortunate the to led has This influences. and origins of questions on Age Middle the of culture material the studying in result, a As debate. the of much dominated have ethnicity of arguments why reason one archaeologistslivedis evidenceforwho insteadin record, searchedThat have to Slavonia. as the observed directly inbe cannot events appear these Since not record. archaeological do events political major the of many addition, In debates. historical the as contentious as just are period time this about debates archaeology the Unfortunately, differencethein messagesisismap sending thetremendous. each difference time the While 950. AD year the in Hungary ofPannonian part be a to region showsthis ofSlavonia, borders the studyof a in map,drawn second the Conversely river. Drava the to extending Croatia of borders the shows history, (Figures chapter the have ittimesappearsto autonomousregion. beenan of influence the under been have to period, appears Slavonia this in points various At Slavonia. century eleventh and tenth about know really we little how just is that clear: is thing one However, historians. some by disputed is claim Croatia. to than Hungary to ties greater had Slavonia medieval 1020s, the

ReferencestoKlaić‟s views Margetić,in: “The Croatian State,” 211 21. Escaping the FogandEmerging theEscaping the Battlefield: on Archaeological Sources One would expect that archaeological evidence could perhaps resolve these debates these resolve perhaps could evidence archaeological that expect would One of end the maps at two the are sources historicalthe be caused debates Illustratingthe by that claims Klaić contested. hotly as just is century eleventh the in situation The

1.4

and 1. and t for what they can tell us about cultural processes but for what they whatfor they cultural but whatforabout processes they us cantell t

5 ). One map, from a historical survey of me of survey historical a from map, One ).

s in the region, archaeologists have focused focused have archaeologists region, the in s

one kingdom or another, while at other other at whileanother, or kingdom one - between the two maps is minimal, is maps two the between 212 andFine,

WhenEthnicity didnot

in the archaeological archaeological the in 25

dieval Croatian Croatian dieval Assuredly this this Assuredly

9 . .

CEU eTD Collection 163 ResearchObjectives Medievalthe in Archaeo elvárásokKutatási célok északaz 26 out quest seeking from archaeologists distracted also have but community, archaeological the nationalethnogenesis. and origins about reveal

For anoutsider‟s view phenomenonof this see: Miklós Takács, “A nemzetépitésjegyében megfogalmazott - 202. ions that canions actuallythat material answered be by available the evidence.

- balkáni államokközépkori régészetében”[Expectations of NationBuilding:

logy of the Stateslogy ofthe Northern of the Balkans], 26

These heated debates have not only divided divided onlynot havedebates heated These

Korall

24 - 25(2006): 1 0

CEU eTD Collection (Györffy,“Die Nord Figure1. (Raukar,“Land andSociety,” 186.) Figure1. 5 4 . Mapshowing bordersthe of Croatia (in blue) during the firsthalf of the tenth century .

Mapimplying Hungarian control over the landsbetween the Drava andthe Sa westgrenze,”inset).

vain AD950

CEU eTD Collection Books,1995),Ltd., 9 and19 28 misleading. Fine, Bosnia. Fine argues that such alarge medievalCroatia is based largely speculationon andtherefore veryis literature,showing medievalCroatia‟s borders covering nearlyof all m 27 l too is project a Such centuries. eleventh and tenth the in Pannonia southern for available data of types various the combine to undertaken been has work synthetic no Unfortunately, th in conducted been since those discovered. as well as sites 822 these of majority the about known still is little however, archa that appears it wars the of end the Since 8.5%and to YugoslavduringtheWars, onlyor had 70 “systematic undergone excavations.” prior Croatia northernidentifiedin Ivančan Tajana Sekelj that sites century thirteenthto tenth explor fully been yet not has it of much available, data archaeological lines. nationalist along often claims, dubious rather some make to historians some provoked has and debate much to led has period this for records h of lack the discussed, already As centuries. eleventh and tenth the during there Pannonia arge to be undertakenI hopeto here, however, arge to first step.the take INOFMEDIEVASEARCH

TajanaSekelj Ivančan, Seeexamplefor V.JohnA. Fine, Jr.‟s discussion of historical maps, commonly found inCroatian historical Despite the relatively small number of systematic excavations and surveys that have that surveys and excavations systematic of number small relatively the Despite Whet –

especially inespeciallySlavonia her historical or archaeological in nature, many studies of medieval southern southern medieval of studies many nature, in archaeological or historical her WhenEthnicity didnot Matter CatalogueofMedieval S e region, there still is a sizeable amount of published data available. available. data published of amount sizeable a is still there region, e - 20.

L SLAVONIA IN THEAR SLAVONIAL IN – LIFTINGTHEFOG:

refer to the dearth of information on the people who lived informationpeopledearth thethe ofon referto who Observations , , 177 ites inContinental Croatia, - 180. II

eological activity has increased significantly, significantly, increased has activity eological

odern Croatia andmostof present

CHAEOLOGICALRECORD 27

BAR(Oxford:S615 Hadrian hl tee s lt more lot a is there While

ed. Out of the 822 822 the of Out ed. istorical - day 12 28

CEU eTD Collection Cambridge medieval textbooks( Croatica:Institut za arheologiju,1999) Archaeological Topographyof Continental Croatia], (Zagreb: Sveuči 29 While exchange? of conduits or borders natural as serve region this delineate that rivers the Did unique? it was ways what in and neighbors its with common in have medievalSlavonia did What zone? contact a or borderland a it Was centuries? eleventh methodological. esse really to In incorporated. study, be will Pannonia of Southern throughout from object data place, true central its understand the remain will Slavonia while Thus, it). define you the on regions all, After peripherypoliticaloftenpopulation interactions.andserveof centers centers of as altogether. questions new also but questions, old to answers than rather region, geographic its within study of object central a as Slavonia use to therefore, attention, my over and misleading Byzanti Hungary, Croatia, (i.e. interest of center historical some to zone peripheral a as Slavonia shown have unfortunately, maps, historical Many study. any of component indispensable po and borders, geography, about is ultimately debate this Since nationality). of (arguments region the controlled who and ethnicity) tug a in participated times at have nations zone,” “buffer or land” man‟s “no a as it described

Tomičić, nce, there are three main questions to be explored here: two historical and one one and historical two here: explored be to questions main three are there nce, First, what was early medieval Slavonia‟s relationship to its neighbors in wasitswhatearly and medievalneighborstenth First, the to relationship Slavonia‟s to order In have surroundings) nearby its (and Slavonia medieval early of studies Previous ne Empire, etc., see Figures 1.4 Figures see etc., Empire, ne Panonski periplus:Arheološka topografijakontinentalne hrvatske

do this, data will be analyzed from outside medieval Slavonia (however (however Slavonia medieval outside from analyzed be will data this, do - as peripheral to national histories, which will provide not only new new only not provide will which histories, national to peripheral as simplistic representations of a much more complex phenomenon. It is It phenomenon. complex more much a of representations simplistic

Cambri

, 25;Florin Curta, dge:Cambridge University 2006),Press, 256.

and 1.5 and Questions - of SoutheasternEurop

in the previous chapter). Often this leads to to leads this Often chapter). previous the in pulation movements, maps should be an an be should maps movements, pulation - war over who lived there (arguments of of (arguments there lived who over war

lište ulište Zagrebu hrvatskistudiji, Studia while some historians of different different of historians some while e e inthe MiddleAges, 500 [PannonianPeriplus: The

the material culture of of culture material the

- 1250, 13

CEU eTD Collection modernnational borders greenin and rivers in silver. For a complete listof sites see Appendix A. Figure2. debatableinterpretationshistoricalofthe record. pre any into evidence archaeological fit to trying of however,changesin hopeavoid occurring commI to region?theIn theeffort, this degree, what To evidence? historical togethe work itsfromuniqueneighbors? region cohesive a as described be even Slavonia can “sub these caused have may factors What region? wider the and Slavonia in networks distribution and trade as well as production, of centers “sub smaller materialevidencereveal patternsanyculture indistinct archaeological Slavonia? the does entity, historical medieval early defined vaguely and ambiguous geogr modern a both as Slavonia identify can we Third and finally, I will look at how the various types of evidence to be studied here studied be to evidence of types various the how at look will I finally, and Third so analyzed, be to are patterns regional larger as just Second, 1 .

Map ofMap the southern part of the Carpathian Basinand the - r. For example, does the archaeological evidence support or contradict the the contradict or support evidence archaeological the does example, For r. regional” patterns. What do distribution patterns of artifacts reveal about about reveal artifacts of patterns distribution do What patterns. regional”

if at all at if Data , do the material artifacts reflect the political political the reflect artifacts material the do ,

- region aphic concept as well as a somewhat somewhat a as well as concept aphic - conceived notions of history based on on based history of notions conceived -

in the tenth and eleventh centuries eleventh and tenth the in al” patterns? On a material level, level, material a On patterns? al”

sitesexamined in this s

too will I analyze analyze I will too tudywith on mistake on

14 –

CEU eTD Collection 31 30 selected I countries. other into focus) contrast my researchofarea northernCroatiafromcore (the beenexamined it is nor survey, F in map the from seen be can as Obviously, A). Appendix (see Austria from site single one as well as Romania, of border western far the from sites 6 Serbia, northern from 40 Slovenia, northeastern from 16 Hungary, southern 6 discovered, been since have th Croatia northern from sites 54 added have I list, preliminary this To AD. 1100 and 900 between period the of portion some during least at use in beenhave believedto are that sites wars Yugoslav the to prior Croatia Croatia, Continental in Sites individual author‟s the of interpretation. critique or examination detailed any than rather article each in presented data the on focus a with done and cursory rather is sources these of examination resp countries‟ these all in written are articles These Serbia, Romania. and Austria of regions Bosnia, border the from and Slovenia, Hungary, Croatia, from articles journal other and reports site numerous will the literature in available archaeological data published that only topic, this of breadth the to Due borders. defined clearly no had certainly Slavonia century eleventh and tenth the in that consideration in especially regi examine those important to isit neighbors, its to relationship

Withthe exception of SekeljIvančan, The starting point of my research was Tajana Sekelj Ivančan‟s Ivančan‟s Sekelj Tajana was my research of point starting The in Slavonia medieval of position the understand to explained, previously As 30 Catalogueof MedievalSites inContinental Croatia.

entirely entirely the Croatianthe archaeological literature whichI have inread much more depth.

sites from outside northern Croatia that met the geographic and and geographic the met that Croatia northern outside from sites a representative sample as a disproportionate amount of sites have have sites of amount disproportionate a as sample representative a

ective languages as well as German and English. Thus, my my Thus, English. and German as well as languages ective

which is a survey of all known medieval sites in northern northern in sites medieval known all of survey a is which

ie fud ot o the of north found sites . 31

Of the 822 medieval sites she identified, I I identified, shemedievalsites 822 Ofthe

be examined. This body of literature includes a a includes literature of body This examined. be igure 2.1, this is not an entirely exhaustive exhaustive entirely an not is this 2.1, igure

iai Ap i Bsi, 1 from 61 Bosnia, in Alps Dinaric ons that surround it. This is is This it. surround that ons Catalogue of Medieval Medieval of Catalogue selected 128 selected

15 at at

CEU eTD Collection Crescent of Example the in 35 Dalmatia and StarohrvatskaProsvj Slavonia Medieval between Connections Some Early [On privjeskom" s naušnica polumjesecolikih primjere na Dalmacije i Slavonije (1999 Croatia], in Culture Brdo Bijelo the of Beginning početk uz Bukovcu Zagrebu u Croatia)," institute in Culture arheološkog Brdo Bijelo the into research [New Hrvatskoj u culture bjelobrdske istraţivanja cu the of broadestsurveys his Pannonia, southern of region wider the as well as 3 (1981): 56 10 Archaeology tothe Contribution of A Culture: BrdoBijelo the ofChronology the of[InvestigationKarpatenbecken” im Jahrhunderts 11. Und 10. 34 XXXII Arheologija Sarajevu, u Hercegovine i Bosne muzeja Zemaljskog Glasnik u nekropola "Slovenska Miletić, ( Korošec, ( Gyula Bosnia. northwest in bare Baltine Slovenia Ptuj, in hill castle the on cemetery Majs of study Kiss‟s 33 11th 10 a tárgyak eredetű ( Gravefinds], Century 11th to Csanád as: such ( surveys detailed and specific more reviewed also I 32 dat this recorded have I archaeologist, the of methodology the in flaws any identifying as well frominterpretationas fact distinguishing eyetoward Withan studies. and artifact sitereports Kiss. Attila and Mesterházy, Tomičić Ţeljko archaeological movedto sitereports. surveys archaeological broader with began I sites these For Pannonia). of lowlands the and Alps the between zone t of north just found sites Hungarian eleventh the (i.e. Pannonia Southern and/or within either found tenth are and centuries the to dated are they namely, study: this of bounds chronological jbjn: lvnk aaeia nnsi n mtot, 1950 umetnosti, in znanosti akademija Slovenska Ljubljana: 1962 Kiadó, Akadémiai Budapest: 1991 Kiadó,Akadémiai Budapest:

Examples of these site reports includes Gyula Török‟s report on Halimba on reportTörök‟s Gyulaincludes reports site these ofExamples Seefootnotes 6 and7 above. Giesler‟s Besidescovers(citedwork below)which Jochen BijeloCarpathianBasin,the Brdo sites throughout Jochen Giesler, “Untersuchungen zur Chronologie der Bijelo der Chronologie zur “Untersuchungen Giesler, Jochen a ina by several artifactsiteanddatabases detailed sorted type. CenturyHungary Grave – , [hereafter: , Militeć, “Gomjenici”] 00: 285 2000):

Key surveys include the studies of the Bijelo Brdo culture by Jochen Giesler and and Giesler Jochen by culture Brdo Bijelo the of studies the include surveys Key trsoaso rbše a tjkm gradu ptujskem na grobišče Staroslovansko he Drava) or at the fringes of this zone (i.e. Ptuj (i.e. zone this of fringes the at or Drava) he - 168; While Tomičić has numerous published works on the Bijelo Brdo culture in northern Croatia northern in culture BijeloBrdothe workson numerouspublished Tomičić has While 168; 34 – e bjelobrdske kulture u Hrvatskoj" [The Early Medieval Cemetery in Veliki Bukovec at the the Bukovec at Veliki in CemeteryMedievalEarly Hrvatskoj" [The u kulture bjelobrdske e 0, hratr Tmčć “eio Bukovcu”]; “Velikom Tomičić, [hereafter: 307, , as well as work by aswell such, Hungarianwork Csanád Károly archaeologists as as Bálint, - eta 11. századi magyar sírleletekben II" [Objects of Byzantine and Balkan Origins In 10th to 10th In Origins Balkan and Byzantine of [Objects II" sírleletekbenmagyar századi 11. –

3, no.30 (2003): 139 dai ée i suhet ugr (aay) Jsp ooe‟ rpr o medieval on report Korošec‟s Josip (Baranya), Hungary southwest in rétek Udvari 32 -

finds II],finds

n te, atclry o te agr r oe well more or larger the for particularly then, and

uaet Aka Budapest,

35 ojnc kd rjdr" Sai ncooi i Gmeia ne Gomjenica in necropolis [Slavic Prijedora" kod Gomjenici )

(92: 113 (1992): 9 , hratr Török, [hereafter: ), ; Attila ;

numerous consulted also have I surveys, these to addition In th Folia Archaeologica

and 1 and .

33 Kiss, Török, -

ad aa iei‟ rve o hr xaain a Gomjenica at excavations her of review Miletić‟s Nada and , 1 157. éii id, 1983 Kiadó, démiai th

Centuries in the Carpathian Basin],Carpathian theCenturies in Baranya megye X megyeBaranya

- Opvscvla Archaeologica Radovi Arheološkog Radovi ArchaeologicaOpvscvla 3; oii, Rnsenojkvo rbj u Velikom u groblje “Ranosrednjovjekovno Tomičić, 130; i Bwhe vn aib i 1. n 1. Jahrhundert 11. und 10. im Halimba von Bewohner Die

Te l Sa Bra Pla Burial Slav Old [The Halimba.

42 (1991):42 145 , hratr Korošec, [hereafter: ), - Brdo Kultur: Ein Beitrag zur Archäologie des Archäologie zur Beitrag Ein Kultur: Brdo ] Kiss, ; - ) XI. századi sírleleteiszázadi XI. Károly ;

O ei vzm ranosrednjovjekovne vezama nekim "O

- Bálint, Grad in the Slovenian transition transition Slovenian the in Grad aay mge X megye Baranya - 177; -

hpd arns ih pendants], with Earrings shaped

- 21

Mesterházy, Cseres in central Hungary,Attila central in Cseres - üugr i 1. Jahrhundert 10. im Südungarn

2 16) 81 (1967): 22

lture include: Tomičić, include: lture Ptuj] of Hill Castle the on ce PraehistorischeZeitschrift tjkm gradu. Ptujskem

[Baranya County 10th [BaranyaCounty10th

Bzni s balkáni és "Bizánci - publi - I szá XI. - 5, als 1.I Tables 154,

zavoda 23 zavoda shed sites, sites, shed r Prijedor] ar zadi ] Nada ; Prilozi Josip ; “Nova – 16 24 – -

CEU eTD Collection 37 latitud Similarly,for regional maps, cemeterythe itself becomes geo graveandevery findgrave givenis exact grid(x/y) coordinates often (and zcoordinates for depth well).as whichcorrespond toaparticular spot onground. the Thismean that in mapping 36 thisthesis. un albeit distinctive, the created I that program Germany. Göttingen, in Geography Physical of Department the fr a program, GIS SAGA the use to chosen have I project, this For free. for legally download to available software is which freeware, GIS of numbers increasing are there Fortunately, student. graduate average the for particularly expensive, is often it software, GIS designing difficulty the and capabilities immense its geo analyzing and overlapping, combining, for possibilities infinite allowing th of the for databases complex namely, analysis presentationand the for software technology: GIS and data, of sorting andorganizing, recording, on heavily relied have I artifacts, of insitesregion? the site of characteristics particular the do how Likewise, Pannonia? southern in materialculture of regional patterns broader the do How at. look willI picturethat broader isthis It region. wider the ofpicture broader the withinplace its is alsoit site; a of stratigraphy the discovery within in a indispensable is which context provides Location location. is factor single important rchaeology. But, archaeological context is more than just the exact circumstances of of circumstances exact the just than more is context archaeological But, rchaeology.

For informationor todownload SAGA see: Geo is data in its spatial context. GIS allows the manipulation of data in many ways, ways, many in data of manipulation the allows GIS context. spatial its in data is - eand longitude) usedare toidentify precise its location inthe region. data is data anytype ofthat data is geo To accomplish To most the literature, archaeological the in available data of types myriad the Amongst

the geographic and spatial analysis of hundreds of sites and thousands thousands and sites of hundreds of analysis spatial and geographic the

–

whether a cemetery, settlement, or road road or settlement, cemetery, a whether - referenced, meaningthat it beenhas assignedspecific gridcoordinates http://www.saga Methodology - natural - data when data itsexact grid location(inthis case - gis.org/en/index.html

- looking, blue maps found throughout throughout found maps blue looking, eeware GIS program developed by developed program GIS eeware

a medievalcemetery, every individual artifacts fit into into fitindividual artifacts It is with the use of this this of use the with is It .

–

compare to other other to compare - data. prohibitively prohibitively 36

Due to to Due 17

CEU eTD Collection two) (question unit inwaysdeterminecontradictsit eitheror historical what corroboratesthe evidence. cohesive a considered t evidence archaeological the examine be will I Finally, anyways. could speaking archaeologically Slavonia all, at if extent, a Slavonia between differences and similarities identify to me allow will patterns distribution spatial of analysis and charting the Namely, thesis. this framing questions three answeringthe towards h cleto ad presentat and collection The nd its neighbors (question one), and to identify intra identify to and one), (question neighbors its nd

ion of this data should allow me to take the first step step first the take to me allow should data this of ion - regional variation to see what what see to variation regional

18 o –

CEU eTD Collection 41 40 39 unearthed. 38 jewelry.” other as and buttons, beads, amber and glass stringsof circlets, rings, described brass, of “earringswith adorned he which burials human six found Ljubića Here, literature. archaeological cemetery, Ljubića Šime the park. castle of surface the below just buried is history more visitors, most to unknown However, semi beautiful, a by surrounded Cou by built castle, This town. the eighteenth an find can town small this artificially these of one from t andCounty MeĎimurje betweenboundary marks the it where northernCroatia, it enters beforeafter andboth lakes, large formingseverallocationssome at up dammed been has river the Pannonia, southern through east Continuing wide.meters 150 size a to creek small a from grown has it (Slovenia), Ptuj reaches Drava the time Alps the exiting before Croati

Tomičić, Site #158in Tomičić, Or leastat a, begins as a small stream in the Italian Alps and meanders its way through Slovenia Slovenia through way its meanders and Alps Italian the in stream small a as begins a, The Drava River, which forms much of the modern border between Hungary and and Hungary between border modern the of much forms which River, Drava The

39 “VelikomBukovcu Panonski periplus, RECONSTRUCTINGTHEL was

38 AppendixA. which is known as the site Veliki Bukovec Bukovec Veliki site the as known is which buried. Manyburied. ofburi these 41 In 1870, In –

osdrd h “one o Cota archaeology” Croatian of “founder the considered

SKELETONS, JEWELRY, SKELETONS, an early medieval cemetery was discovered here, and the next year next the and here, discovered was cemetery medieval early an n flowing and

, 160. ”

286. -

created lakes is the town of Veliki Bukovec, where visitors to to visitors where Bukovec, Veliki of town the is lakes created

- wooded park, is the town‟s most notable historic landmark. landmark. historic notable most town‟s the is park, wooded nt Josip Kazimir Drašković between 1745 and 1755 and and 1755 and 1745 between Drašković Kazimir Josip nt

als beenhave destroyed and is it unknownif exist,more yet tobe towards the lowlands of the Pannonian Plain. By the the By Plain. Pannonian the of lowlands the towards - century manor house or castle at the southern edge of of edge southern the at castle or house manor century IVING BY ANALYZING BY IVING T III

AND COINS:AND he rest of the country. Not far Not country. the of rest he -

oa Drašković vorac HE DEADHE –

excavated the the excavated

able river river able 40

19 in

CEU eTD Collection 46 45 44 43 42 of town inthe centurynineteenth late inthe recovered were finds surface similar Danube, the Lijevabara at found goods grave the Bukovec, Veliki infound that dwarfs certainlycemetery graveyard largest the it making discoveries). his made Krajčović that area same this in was it (presumably Vukovar in cemetery medieval of Museum Archaeological the of curator veryleast, the at shared, people distant these that suggested Bukovec Veliki from those and finds these between similarity the on, Early museums. into trickle to continued ceramics and jewelry latecentury. tenth the Krajčović Zagreb. in museum a to town some found inbrought formedArchaeologicaljewelry newlyhadthe he the Croatian Society, Veliki in park castle ki 200 over and Bukovec, Drašković the at discoveries the after decade a about Vukovar, In 1990s. early the Warsof Yugoslav the during city bythis suffered devastation ofthe remnant ba a observe still can one Vukovar, In Vukovar. of city the past flowing before Borovo and Erdut of towns the past forth and back meanders Danube),the it southwhere(now the Osijek,to turns andpast just withDanube the

Site #816inAppendix A. Demo, Demo, “.pl” apparentlyatitleis for nobilityearly in Croatia.modern Demo, Approximately 20 kilometers no kilometers 20 Approximately the by survey preliminary a when 1951, until begin not did investigations Intensive betwee passes it as east the to Drava the Following Vukovar Vukovar Vukovar 43 similar 46

– 45

revealedmorecemeteries.similarities even two betweenthe had fou had

– – – By the end of the excavation, 435 medieval graves had been excavated, excavated, been had graves medieval 435 excavation, the of end the By

LijevaBara, LijevaBara, LijevaBara

materialcultures. 44 nd “two circlets and one torque of braided wire,” now known to date to date to known now wire,” braided of torque one circletsand “two nd

Continuing well into the twentieth century, surface finds of medieval finds of surface century, twentieth the into wellContinuing

lometers away, a nobleman, apothecary, and supporting member of of member supporting and apothecary, nobleman, a away,lometers (Zagreb:Arheološki Muzej u Zagrebu, 1996), 111. 110.

42 of its kind in northern Croatia. While the immensity of this this of immensity the While Croatia. northern in kind its of

codn t Ţlk Dm, hs man this Demo, Ţeljko to According rth of Vukovar, near the confluence of the Drava and and Drava the of confluence the near Vukovar, of rth ttered water tower rising above the skyline, one one skyline, the above rising tower water ttered

Croatia revealed the presence of a large early early large a of presence the revealed Croatia

n Hungary and Croatia, it merges it Croatia, and Hungary n

110.

–

Alexander pl. pl. Alexander

Vukovar 20

CEU eTD Collection 49 caution. However,she definesnever just howsystematic these excavations so are, I approach onethis is of shetermsthe uses todescribe mostthe rigoroustype of excavationscompleted theseat sites. archaeologistshave carriedout theseat places. I 48 Bijelo Brdo 47 manyhaveinbe discovered.yet great that thesettlementsto have medievalbeenthat cemeteries excavated. “systematically been time that at had settlements 390 the of 7.7% only Croatia, continental in sites archaeological medieval of survey 1995 Ivančan‟s inexample, For excavated. systematicallybeen have few known, are for hand, other the On areas. inurban found cemeteries those for especially found, been never havesettlements associated cemeteries, these of many settlemen these systematically been have any if inability ofan result thewhy?this Is questionis important ofAncourse investigated. fewer and identified been have cemeteries these near early the of infillinhistoricalMiddleofthegaps the theAges. record Veli in excavations detailed more the as well as site this from finds surface century nineteenth late the 1950s, the until excavated not was cemetery Vukovar the Although Vukovar. and Uli Venicije along Brdo Bijelo in cemetery medieval early large a of discovery chance the where Brdo, Bijelo

Ivančan, SekeljIvančan, amongother things, classifies the 822sitesin catalog her by types the of investigation earlyThe medieval rowcemetery at ki Bukovec and Bijelo Brdo allowed the burgeoning discipline of archaeology to begin to begin allowed archaeologyto burgeoningto the disciplineof Brdo Bijelo and Bukovec ki

These three cemeteries opened the way to a century of archaeological investigations archaeological of century a to way the opened cemeteries three These CatalogueofMedieval Sites inContinental Croatia -

Bajer

medieval period, largely dominated by the study of cemeteries. F cemeteries. of study the by largelydominated period, medieval ts or, rather, a lack of interest oflack a rather, or, ts site (#753)site which is anAvar ca 47

(Venice Street) revealed similar finds to those from Veliki Bukovec Bukovec Veliki from those to finds similar revealed Street) (Venice

Bijelo Brdo

excavated.” ♦ -

Slavcemetery found nearby.

place“systematicallythisterm excavated” inquotes because –

UlicaVenicije on the part of archaeologists? of part the on 48 ♦ 49

Moreover, these numbers do not evenfactor Moreover, not these numbers do 119 the of 14.3% the to contrast in is This ,

19 ♦

28. (site#754) should be di those early medieval settlements that that medievalsettlements early those

thisterm with just a little

stinguishedfrom the On one hand, for hand, one On ew settlements settlements ew

to find to 21

CEU eTD Collection discourse political of fulcrum the become has migration barbarian the and Empire Roman in writes Geary Patrick Period, Migration the with begins that fixation this of critique his In nation. twentieth the was identit and chronology on the focus this accentuating of Further interpretation record. historical their least fit at to or record, efforts historical archaeologists‟ the with many evidence archaeological framed chronology and identity of centrality The of types was questions these among the Foremost asking. by were archaeologists questions explained be can Croatia, northern in century twentieth the throughout “display” great neither artif provided settlements medieval early structures, stone medieval late andRoman ruins to contrast In museum. supportingtheir to back them take and past the nineteenth late the of commonis Part ofthis post a notice even not would likely non most field his plowing farmer the A archaeologist. to undetectable often and unspectacular are remnants their hamlets, or villages con In site. archaeological an of indicators as identified easily are all coins and jewelry metal antique bones, human spotted: easily are cemeteries medieval early of hallmarks the eye world, the sites, archaeological Most work. their fund that institutions those and archaeologists from interest more attract cemeteries discovered, when second, trast, since most early medieval people people medieval early most since trast, acts nor easily reconstructed buildings. This continuing tendency, which lasted lasted which tendency, continuing This buildings. reconstructed easily nor acts - holes,and somepot The problem of lack of interest in discovered settlements is a little more complicated. complicated. more little a is settlements discoveredin interest of lack of problem The istwo disparity this Theof cause h Mt o Nations of Myth The are discoveredare - century fixation on the medieval past as the as past medieval the on fixation century -

- and early twentieth early and place in the early years of archaeology as a discipline. Archaeologists Archaeologists discipline. a years archaeologyas of inearly the place -

sherds. accidentally by locals or other non other localsor by accidentally “h interpretatio “The :

- fold:fir - century often simply wanted to dig up treasures of of treasures up dig to wanted simply often century –

at least in Southern Pannonia Southern in least at st, cemeteries are more easily identified and, identifiedmoreand, easily cemeteries are st, n of this period of the dissolution of the the of dissolution the of period this of n - archaeologists. To an untrained an To archaeologists. at least in populated regions of of regions populated in least at birthplace of ethnicity and the the and ethnicity of – y in this region region this in y who

lived in small small in lived hearth, a few a hearth,

and and when 22 - .

CEU eTD Collection 52 of Archaeology „Imagined Slavs,and Communities‟: Slavic Archaeology Historythe ofEarly Slavs,”and the Curta by 159 (2007): Archaeology,” Medieval in Ethnicity on Remarks “Some identity; Slavic of defining 500 Ca. ( Region, Danube Lower the of Archaeology an articles several edited or written Readings, in Studies,” Medieval Early in Ethnicity of “Conceptions Pohl, Walter A. V. John here: examples notable few 51 2003),7. 50 Drašković “a for search the “problemwithethnicity.” the of dealing and ethnicity about myths archaeological debunking years recent in written been has ofAsethnicityonethem. but not isresu a of things, indicator of lot a us tell and can culture Material nation. proxy the of origins the therefore a and ethnicity, as culture material used have archaeologists some that mind, case their make to record archaeological the to turn often discourse firstbeingkings.oftimetheir the period into tenth Migrationandthe Period Europe.” of much across Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity 2001 Press,

The bibliographyThe regarding In the English PatrickGeary,

Arpad the from early dynastytowards mediaevalS kings of encroachment the to prior immediately two time the in these at Croats the that of culture national the of nature uniformthe components, linguistic emphasized our be of heritage still spiritual distant and material should related a It sites, distant geographically 1895. in discovered were units grave numerous where Osijek, near Brdo Bijelo of village the with 1870 in Bukovec Veliki at graves few a indiscovered culture material thefor termthe that hasdecreed “Destiny this in participants period, this from survived have records historical limited Since (Turnh edited by Lester K. Little and Barbara H. Rosenwein ( RosenweinH. Barbara and Little K. Lester byedited -

185, cemetery. He concludesHe way:this cemetery. work this 4(2001): 367 out: Brepols, 2005), of particular interest is the concluding chapter by Walter Pohl; and “Pots, and Pohl; Walter bychapter concluding the is interest particular of2005), Brepols,out:

summarytranslated by B.Smith TheMyth ofNations: The Medieval Origins of Europe Borders, Barriers, and Ethnogenesis: Frontiers in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, Middlethe and Antiquity Late Ethnogenesis:Frontiers in and Barriers, Borders,

ancestors can be recognized, which has proven, certainly along with with along certainly proven, has which recognized, be can ancestors ncestors” such as in Ţeljko Tomičić‟s study of the Veliki Bukovec Veliki the of study Tomičić‟s Ţeljko in as such ncestors” -

50 384. the “problem of ethnicity” in medieval archaeology is immense. I will cite just a a just cite will I medievalimmense. archaeology is ethnicity”“problemin theof

In Southern Pannonia, this search for origins continues past the past continues origins for search this Pannonia, Southern In

d books on this problem, including: problem, this on books d 51

One of many manifestations of this problem can be seen in seenbemanifestationsOnemany problem thiscan of of

Fine, and eleventhcenturies,for in HungaryknownandCroatia ) in which he argues that the Roman fro Romanthe which arguesthat he in )

hn Ethnici When - Demo in Tomičić, lavonia.” lt of this fixation on ethnicity in archaeology, much fixationlt inethnicityofarchaeology,this on - 81 hud no should 1871 - 700 ,

52 abig studie Cambridge y i nt Matter not did ty

Blackwell

“VelikomBukovcu ehls b synonymous be netheless (Princeton:Princeton University Press, Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Issues Ages: Middle the Debating The Making of the Slavs: History and History Slavs: the of Making The Publishers, 1998). Florin Curta hasCurta Florin 1998). Publishers, i mdea lf ad thought and life medieval in s Geary, ; I swt hsga in goal this with is It . ntier played a role in the played in role ntier a , al eivl Europe Medieval Early ”

h Mt o Nations of Myth The 307. EuropeanJournal

Dvorac Dvorac edited 23 ;

CEU eTD Collection 55 54 peoplewhoburied their dead inchurchyard cemeteries were not Christians by any traditionaldefinition. continued theirtraditional “pagan” burial practicesgenerationsfor conversion,after so too possibleit is thethat complexphenomenon that does not necessarily signify conversion toChristiani 53 Brdo Bijelo The group. Cr culture material Brdo”) “Belo or “Bialobrdo,” Brdo,” “Bjelo (alternatively eleventh phenomenondescriptioCurta‟sthan complex more and gradual more a likely most was region the in cemeteries churchyard to churches.” parish founded newly the to next (1077 I Ladislaus King by undertaken measures” “drastic the of result a as century the twelfth the at of and beginning century eleventh the of end the at region the in common became graveryards Hungarian the after burials intoexpansion churchyard with cemeteries row medieval of replacement cemeteries. churchyard traditional the of burials distinctive the were begu yet not had region Gone this of people the yet Avars, and Carolingians region. the in period transition a represent centuries eleventh through tenth the Pannonia, medieval of history culture material the In grave of assemblages bynaturally defined therefore are Europe Central medievalEast

JózsefLaszlovszky communication).(personal Curta, The transitionfrom medieval rowcemeteries tochurchyard cemeteriesinall likelihood wasgradual a and oatian term Bijelo Brdo or “bjelobrdo” is a common toponym meaning “White Hill.” The The Hill.” “White meaning toponym common ais “bjelobrdo” or Brdo Bijelo term oatian Material Culture Groups of Tenth and EleventhMaterial Centuryand Cultureof SouthernPannoniaGroups Tenth ewe tee w dvlpet, h acaooia rcr o tenth of record archaeological the developments, two these Between early of cultures material goods, grave and cemeteries on emphasis this to Due Southeastern Europe in Middlethe Ages, - century Slavonia and southern Pannonia is dominated by the Bijelo Brdo Brdo Bijelo the by dominated is Pannonia southern and Slavonia century –

Ulica Venicije site in northeast Croatia, northeast in site VenicijeUlica

Slavonia in the late eleventh century. Acco eleventhcentury. late inSlavoniathe - 1095) and King Coloman (10 Coloman King and 1095)

53 nallows.

This

252. 54 transitional 55

However this transition from row cemeteries row from transition this However 95 - 1116) to “force people to bury their dead dead their bury to people “force to 1116) named period lasted until the widespread widespread the until lasted period rding to Florin Curta, these church thesechurch Curta, Florin rding to

after after ty.Just as Christians mayhave a

hill and hill n to bury their dead in dead theirbury to n a

town -

with this this with through through

goods. goods.

CEU eTD Collection 58 57 arheologijuu Zagrebu Contributions tothe Evaluationof Remainsthe of the 56 mos jewelry, of styles of particular presence the is culture the of characteristic distinguishing primary the characteristics, common several have cemeteries these While goods. grave respective their and cemeteries cemeteries. 88) hoop(onearrings the left) andso Figure3. prefiguredea the grave similar of wealth its to due Croatia eastern in site archaeological this after culture material wider the throughout found or origin in assemblages Slavic as basin artifact Carpathian similar characterize to efforts his in 1920s ofcenterthe toponym

Demo, Demo, Ţeljko .

Thus the in culture material the to Brdo” “Bijelo term the applied first Niederle Lubor Tomičić 1 Vukovar Vukovar became , . Someexamples of characteristic jewelry forms of the Bijelo CultureBrdo including S

hrfr, ut bu ay study any about just Therefore, BijeloCulture Brdo

a, h Bjl Bd mtra culture material Brdo Bijelo the far, goods. ,

– – “

Novivrednovanju prilozi ostavštine srednjovjekovnog groblja Bijelo BrdoII rly decades of research inrlyofdecadesresearch the Lijevabara, Lijevabara,

8,1 (1991):no. 116, [hereafter: Tomičić, “Bijelo Brdo II”]. nw aog h wdr rhelgcl omnt a te epon the as community archaeological wider the among known 58

i fot oacieapriua tnccaatrt aeil finds materials to character ethnic particular a ascribe to efforts His

113. 113. -

called“grape

. 56 notably t

character. - shaped” earrings (ri S MedievalCemetery BijeloBrdo II] - shaped shaped field, andfield,some to studies recentextent aswell. f h Bjl Bd Clue il etr on center will Culture Brdo Bijelo the of

ices n hoop and circlets With this goal in mind, he named the the named he mind, in goal this With a piaiy been primarily has ght)

(Demo,

Vukovar - earrings ,

PriloziInstituta za defined defined –

” Lijevabara, silver ,

[New through - shaped ymous ymous - wire wire 25

CEU eTD Collection 62 CultureinCroatia), 61 University2001Press, 60 59 migration,theconque historical to correlations suggests some definite Romania. as east far as and Slovakia, as north far as Slovenia, and Austria as west far as Bosnia, as south far as known cemeteriesare Brdo Bijelo Hungary,andcontinental Croatia to addition In CarpathianBasin. Figure3. identificationseventycemeteriesof inover Brdo Bijelo Slavonia. the as known cemeteries and Köttlach, Slav of mixture “a as culture Brdo Bijelo the described Barford finger

Demo, ŢeljkoTomičić, Curta, Paul Barford, Paul - rings, and necklaces with crystal, glass, or stone beads. stone or glass, crystal, with necklaces and rings, Archaeologists have discovered and identified such cemeteries in all corners of the the of corners all in cemeteries such identified and discovered have Archaeologists Southeastern Euro 2 Vukovar . Mapof

The E The Moravian influences.” Moravian – “Novaistraţivanjabjelobrdske culture

Priloziarheološkog instituteZagrebuu Lijevabara, Bijelo BrdoCemeteries in southern Pannonia ),231 arly Slavs: Culture and Society in Early M Early in Society and Culture Slavs: arly pe in Middlethe .

Reihengräberfeld 113. 62

The dating and geographic extent of these distinct grave finds grave distinct these of extent geographic and dating The

60 Ages,

They also are part of a larger group of medieval row row medieval of group larger a of part are also They 192and 253. .

hs omn aeil utr hs e t the to led has culture material common This u Hrvatskoj”u [New research into the

9 (1992):9 119

edieval Eastern Europe Eastern edieval

(Tomičić, .

59 - 61

Avar, Magyar, „Old Croat‟, Croat‟, „Old Magyar, Avar,

Panonski periplus, In

st, and expansion of the and the expansion of st, The Early Slavs, Early The

( Ithaca, NY: Cornell NY: Ithaca, B i jelo 234).

Brdo

P. M. P. 26

CEU eTD Collection ( Research Archaeological 64 AndrewGillet(Turnhout: Brepols, 2002), 201 Archaeology,”in 63 region,particularlyin Hunga and influencearchaeological lasting hastheliterature advanced hadofSzőke on the by aBéla first was perspective This classes. social different but groups ethnic different or cultures period the from items material other while people, common of culture material this the was culture to Brdo Bijelo According the viewpoint, construction. social the is Pannonia in archaeology century eleventh “Techno term the culture ethnicity. for proxy a as used culture the of fallacy the Moravia. Great ab speculate archaeologists other migrations. Hungarian the before Basin Carpathian the in lived that people people? S the as such items materials certain of spread merelythe facilitate expansion did their Or Hungarians? indeedpeople Brdo BijeloWere the region. the in Hungarians Budapest:Ministry of NationalCultural Heritage, 2003

o a re oeve o te itrorpy f hs iwon i Hnay e: Károly see: Hungary in viewpoint this of historiography the of overview brief a For For aninteresting discussion of thissee FlorinCurta, “From KossinnatoBromley: Ethnogenesis inSlavic These are significant debates, but in handling these questions it is important to avoid to important is it questions these handling in but debates, significant are These that has led some archaeologists to replace the term material culture altogether with altogether culture material term the replace to archaeologists some led has that After all, the Pannonian Slavs did not simply disappear nor did the Avars and other other and Avars the did nor disappear simply not did Slavs Pannonian the all, After On Barbarian

- complex.” Another important trend in the interpr the in trend important Another complex.” f h Cnus Period, Conquest the of - historical approach: which is the belief that material culture can culture material that belief the is which approach: historical

Identity, Critical ApproachestoEthnicity inthe Early Middle Ages, However, debates still rage about the nature of this connection. connection. this of nature the about rage still debates However, ry.

63 64 –

often found in the sa the in found often of expansion century ninth the of impact lasting the out t s hs ey soito of association very this is It - 218. ”

i n ugra Acaooy t h Tr o te Millennium the of Turn the at Archaeology Hungarian ),321 - shaped jewelry among diverse groups of of groups diverse among jewelry shaped - 327 . me cemeteries me

aeil culture material etation of tenth though though tenth of etation –

represent not earlier earlier not represent

etráy “The Mesterházy, Alternatively, Alternatively, with actual actual with editedby 27 be

CEU eTD Collection The Slavs,Early Castlethe Hill of Ptuj] bird v 65 as transferred been had goods these that argued Bóna as speculation much to led discovery Tr in finds Köttlach some of discovery the is space particular a to group culture material particular a confine and borders draw to trying of futility the illustrating Slavonia. of reaches western the in degree lesser a to also but Slovenia, and Austria of regions Carinthian the in found predominantly are and centuries tenth and ninth the to dated are culture Köttlach the of objects Austria, in site a after Named groups. culture Köt the are Pannonia Carpathian Basin( Figure3. arietyof circlets, withstones,rings ringswithsmall chains underneath, andafew distinctive suchforms as

Typicalforms of Köttlachthe culture include enameled ear - shaped Josiprings. Korošec, Other material culture groups contemporaneous with Bijelo Brdo in Southern Southern in Brdo Bijelo with contemporaneous groups culture material Other 3 . Mapoverlay showing location of Bijelo Brdo (fromsites Giesler Ta 230. see

( Ljubljana:S map tlach, “Old Croatian groups,” and possibly “Old Hungarian” material material Hungarian” “Old possibly and groups,” Croatian “Old tlach, citationCh.in 1

Staroslovanskogrobišče na ptujskem gradu

lovenska akademijaznanosti inumetnosti, 1950 ).

- rings,particularly lunar

[TheOld Slav Burial Pla ble48.1 ),340 - shapedear - 350 ansylvania. This This ansylvania. )over a map of the .

65 Also:Barford, - rings,a

However, However, ceon 28

CEU eTD Collection 69 History 68 67 2001):150 66 over have some archaeology, Hungarian on particularly influence, great a had have arguments his While commoners. the of those are graves Brdo commoners. of graves and class, middle a elite, ruling the of different threefor arguesprominently, BélaSzőke Most socialclasses. different represent just and contemporaneous are graves Brdo Bijelo and Hungarian” “Old the that argued have Others Brdo. Bijelo to predecessor a was group Hungarian” “Old the argued Giesler material culture, Brdo Bijelo the for chronology a of establishment his In graveyards. same the in found often are they as Brdo, Bijelo to relationship its and meaning asSlavicBijelo inwidespreadBrdo early Slavic was literature. on both Hungarianand origins. Slavic its indicate to site Brdo Bijelo the after group culture “loadedterm considereda disappearupon arrivalHungarians the theregion. the of to Avars the Obviously, place. heterogeneous pretty a was Plain Pannonian the century tenth the by as objects these use to people only identity. homogenousethnic Theverythese cultures names of “Old and Croatian”groups. Hungarian” “Old the are centuries eleventh and tenth the in Pannonia Southern for literature betweencontacts RomaniansSlavic the andeasofpeople the “pre of result the were finds these that argued Heitel while booty, Hungarian

Mesterházy,“The Archaeological Research of Conquestthe Period,” AndrásRóna Demo, Curta,“Transylvania around A.D.1000,” in (Budapest:Central European Press, 1999), 134. Furthermo cou Brdo” “Bijelo term the even that out pointed be should it However, archaeological the in identified commonly groups culture material two other The Vukovar - 151. -

Tas, –

Lijevabara, Hungariansand Europeans inthe Early MiddleAges: AnIntroduction to HungarianEarly e wt te Od ugra” ru, hr i sil uh eae bu its about debate much still is there group, Hungarian” “Old the with re,

”

113. as well, as Certainly Hungarians Hungarians Certainly

as the Czech archaeologist, Niederle, named this material named Niederle,this archaeologist, Czech asthe Europearound Yearthe 1000, Pnoin lv ad tes i nt simply not did others and Slavs Pannonian ,

–

however you define them youhoweverdefine

323 tern Alpine tern region. -

stated the acceptance of this this of acceptance the stated are problematic as they imply a a implytheyproblematic are as - 69 324 editedby Urbańczyk P. (Warsaw,

. In this scheme, the Bijelo Bijelo the scheme, this In

types of graves, those those typesofgraves, This identification of of identification This - 66

- were not the the not were

Hungarian” Hungarian”

68 ld be be ld

that that 29

CEU eTD Collection 73 72 Prosvjeta3, no. Starohrvatska Prijedor], near Gomjenica in Cemetery Medieval Early the ofChronology the to [Contributions Tomičić, phase]. [transitional faza” “Prijelazna the as it to refers he 197) (p. "Gomjenica," in while “Übergangsphase,” 71 70 fromfindsmaterial Bijelo asthose wellthe Brdo as cultur Gomjenica of cemetery century eleventh through tenth the cultures, material of overlap the of example one As Slavonia. into Alps Dinaric also group this from finds Croatia, coastal along centered While group. previouslythought. more a by nuanced replaced been have models simplistic early, these that agree probably would here. debate this inweighon not will I research, myoutside fo chronology relative a of phase. Brdo “transitional”Bijelo years twenty past while Tomičić goods, Brdo Bijelo and Hungarian” “Old for chronology overlapping) (but separation a for argued noted, already as work, 1981 his in Giesler assumptions. “Magyar” the on nor “common” common of sites burial Magyars.” the comprising as of thought “now are graves Brdo Bijelo that Róna András history, Hungarian early on book his in example, For argument.

Miletić,"Gomjenici," Demo, Róna o eape i "oa srţvna jlbdk clue" p 11 Tmčć ees o hs ru a the as group this to refers Tomičić 121) (p. culture," bjelobrdske istraţivanja "Nova in example, For - Tas, Croatian Old the is Slavonia in identifiedcommonly group materialculture other The Vukovar Pio pzaaj koooie aordjveong gola ojnc ka Prijedora” kraj Gomjenica groblja ranosrednjovjekovnoga kronologije poznavanju “Prinos understanding of complex circumstances marked more by ethnic diversity than than diversity ethnic by more marked circumstances complex of understanding 70 Hungariansand Europeans

34 (2007):34 151 oee, hr i hrl ay osnu on consensus any hardly is there However, –

Lijevabara, – 72

and Tomičić, agrees but drops the “Old Hungarian” altogether and simply calls it the the it calls simply and altogether Hungarian” “Old the drops but agrees

–

who has been researching th beenresearching has who -

197,[above and hereafter: T r the individual graves within these medieval cemeteries, which is is which cemeteries, medieval these within individual graves the r 113 andJózsef Laszlovszky communication).(personal

" Gomjenica.” 71 ,134.

Since this debate largely centers around the establishment establishment the around largely centers debate this Since

omičić,“Gomjenica”]. – e Bijelo Brdo culture in Slavonia for the the for inSlavonia culture Brdo Bijelo e

baltine bare is rich with Old Croatian Croatian Old with rich is bare baltine e complex.e

Regardless, most archaeologists most Regardless,

this subject, neither on the the on neither subject, this 73

extends past the the past extends - Tas argues argues Tas 30

CEU eTD Collection 75 74 of “explosion an that in population”beginningareaoccurred the inmiddle century. tenthof the the suggest to cemeteries medieval from evidence cites example, for land,” man‟s background.the The sizesof eachsquare are in Figure3. Figure3.

Curta, See5,footnotepage in12 lastthe chapter for examples. While historians have referred to Slavonia in the tenth and eleventh centuries as a “no “no a as centuries eleventh and tenthin the Slavonia to havereferred historians While Southeastern Europe in Middthe 5 4 . Ninth. through twelfth century cemeteries in southern Pannonia. . Tenth. 74

the archaeological evidence provides a wholly different view. Florin Curta, Curta, Florin view. different wholly a provides evidence archaeological the -

andeleventh

- ce

ntury cemeteries Southernin Pannonia thewith shadow of Slavonia in le Ages,le Cemeteries 191

proportiontonumber the of burials. - 193,252

- 254.

CEU eTD Collection culture.” 76 seeAppendix B. inlista artifactsoftypology, thistheFor here. usedbe inwillSouthernstudies hisPannonia, Giesler Jochen by established first Brdo), Bijelo (particularly jewelry century eleventh through tenth artifacts, local more smaller, distribution. a have that artifacts those and Basin, Carpathian the of borders natural the beyond distribution wide have which those artifacts: of categories two analyze funerary dress both variabilitymultiple foundcausedis influencesover timeThis space.by andthese the on culture material these defining de are graves these of assemblages burial the Figure (see describes Curta “explosion” population the of distribution the on light some sheds also s cemetery the of analysis An floods. of reach of out just yet rivers, near areas, lowland Figure (see region the in lived who people

Giesler, 3.5 76

Other scholars have already established typological systems for classifying these these classifying for systems typological established already have scholars Other particular, In goods. grave by defined largely are cultures material these course, Of general, In

"Untersuchen zurChronologie derBijelo therefore, I feel no need to create a new system myself. Rather, the typology of of typology the Rather, myself. system new a create to need no feel I therefore, for the whole Carpathian Basin and since modified by Ţeljko Tomičić i Tomičić Ţeljko by modified since and Basin Carpathian whole the for ). ).

items as well as the multiplep asthe itemsaswell

the location of these cemeteries reflects the locational preferences of the the of preferences locational the reflects cemeteries these of location the

it is easy lose sight of the great variability of jewelry items items jewelry of variability great the of sight lose easy is it GraveGoods - BrdoKultur laces of production. Therefore, I have chosen to have to I chosen Therefore, of production.laces fined by certain types of jewelry. However, in However, jewelry. of types certain by fined 3.4 . hs cmtre ae sal fud in found usually are cemeteries These ).

,” Tomičić, “Novaistraţivanja b jelobrdske n respect to respect n ized ized ize ize 32

CEU eTD Collection 81 betweenthe ninth and Prilozi Luka], Banja 80 near Mahovljani in Cemetery arheološkog Medieval instituteu Zagrebu 17, no.1 (2000): Early32 the of Chronology the of [Investigation 79 BrdoKultur 78 77 example,infoundarchaeologists suchearrings230 Gomjenica the At indisputable. is dead the of rites them. of Out culture. the as south far as and Slovenia as west far as Slovakia, as north far as Transylvania, as east far S Figure3. -

Tomičić,“Gomjenica,” 158. Atleast oneS Curta, Gieslertype andII.I shaped ends. shaped oii, Itaiaj koooie aordjveong rbj u aolaia rj aj Luke” Banja kraj Mahovljanima u groblja ranosrednjovjekovnog kronologije “Istraţivanje Tomičić, Adriatic coast; Adriatic 80

The jewelry item jewelry The 79 128 Southeastern Europe in Middlethe Ages, 6 Their actual importance in daily lifeunknown is inimportancedaily Theiractual .

.”

S Furthermore, they also appear more frequently than any other Bijelo Brdo type. type. Brdo Bijelo other any than frequently more appear also they Furthermore,

- sites analyzed in this study, S study, this in analyzed sites shapedcirclets from Vukovarthe - shaped hoopearring beenhas found in leastat 77

Usually made out of silver or bronze, this jewelry item has been found as as found been has item jewelry this bronze, or silver of out made Usually 78 twelfthcenturies

they have been found in burials dated to all periods of the Bijelo Brdo Brdo Bijelo the of periods all to dated burials in found been have they

most commonly associated with the Bijelo Brdo is the circlet with with circlet the is Brdo Bijelo the with associated commonly most

. .

S - shape - 192andGiesler, Lijeva baraLijeva cemetery - , [ shaped loops have been found in found been have loops shaped hereafter:Tomičić, “Mahovljanima”] d circletsd

onlygraves.67 - Baltine bare site in northern Bosnia, for Bosnia, northern in site bare Baltine 64

sitesfromsouthern Pannonia sitesdated to "Untersuchen zur Chrono , but their importance in the funerary inimportancethe but their ,

( Demo, 81

Vukovar,

88). logiederBijelo exactly half of of half exactly

- 33

CEU eTD Collection 83 (hereafter: workshop in earlythe medieval period inSisak], 82 indicatesearrings,presencethe of a Sisak from finds medieval mold This culture. Brdo Bijelo S the with Along n the containing found was mold limestone a There River. Kupa the of banks the along made was Pannonia. in shown As Giesler‟stogether). II and(both typesI overall of classearringsthis spatial distribution of S of AppendicesandAC for listof sources and sites forthis data. Figure3.

Vinski,“O postojanju radionica…Sisku,”u ZdenkoVinski, “O postojanju radionicastarohrvatskog nakita Sisku”dobau [On existencethe of jewelry a - shaped circlets (I and II) and many sub many and II) and (I circlets shaped gtv crig o a gaeie erig n n sd ad f cos n h other. the on cross a of and side one on earring “grapelike” a of carvings egative In 1912, one of the more interesting discoveries for early medieval Croatian history Croatian medieval early for discoveries interesting more the of one 1912, In 2 identify to measurements of variety a performed Giesler Jochen While 7 . Vinski,“O postojanju radionica…u Si

Distributionof S

iue 3.7, Figure - shaped circlets, grape circlets, shaped

S - - shapedearrings ( hpd ices ae bee have circlets shaped –

together with several incomplete and discarded grapelike grapelike discarded and incomplete several with together Grape –

jewelryworkshop eotd y dno isi n i 17 artic 1971 his in Vinski Zdenko by reported

- 49. like pendant earringspendantlike - like (or raceme) earrings are another hallmark of the the of hallmark another are earrings raceme) (or like Vjesnikarheološkog muzeja u Zagrebu white sku

” - ). types, for this study it is enough to focus on the the on focus to enoughis it study thisfor types, )

withothersites backgroundin (blue) fud n ie truhu southern throughout sites in found n

intown. the

3(1971): .

See 50 le on early early on le main types types main 34 82

CEU eTD Collection 87 86 85 84 Basin Figure3. Vinski product Moravianfascination.”aof“Greater a dismisses as Byzantine of prototypes. imitations are workshops these in produced earrings grapelike the Vinski, areas. these in workshops other of existence the suggest Serbia) els

Vinski,“ Seeexamplefor Tomičić‟s discussion of this idea in“O nekimvezama…,” 154. Vinski,“O postojanju radionica…Sisku,”u Curta, wee icuig t oi ( Sotin at including ewhere,

(Giesler,“Untersuchungen zurChronologie der Bijelo miscast found earrings inregion, the havebeen suchdiscovered molds other no While Southeastern Europe in Middlethe Ages, 8 . O JochenGiesler’s spatial distribution map of grape

85 postojanju radionica…Sisku.”u

However, others argue for Greater Moravian influences Moravian Greater for argue others However,

rai) Nv Banovci Novi Croatia),

56 and70. 192.

- BrdoKultur,” Table 51.2). - like (raceme)like earringsin the ,

and Sremska Mitrovica (both (both Mitrovica Sremska and 87 84

86 codn t Zdenko to According , which ,

– Carpathian

however 35 in –

CEU eTD Collection 90 Ptujat (67).Grad Of course, Vinski maybe referring tojustclassicthe grape 89 bjelobrdskeculture 88 earlier in found been andeast,completelycemeteriesthe are fromto morecemeteries.recentabsent have earrings these of few Vinski, Zdenko to according contrast, examplesmost farthe Sloveniabygrape containsof at found been have earrings Gomjenica these of numbers large particularly example, For rivers. grape of quantities Fig (see rivers Mura and Drava, Sava, upper the along region this of greatest part western the the in in particularly appear Slavonia, in numbers to seem they Basin, Carpathian the throughout earrings these of intra great earringsdemonstrates Volin and 16), (type beadedearrings 15), (type earrings shaped crescent 14), type (Giesler earringscluster/raceme grape cast of types main four

Vinski,“O postojanju radionica…Sisku,”u AlthoughI havefound significantly ofmore these earrings Gomjenicaat Giesler,“ –

Following the typology created by Giesler (and supplemented bybysupplemented Tomičić),Followingtypology Giesler (and the created Grad.See Table Untersuch - Bal ie ae n oten ona n acrig o dno isi Ptuj Vinski, Zdenko to according and Bosnia northern in bare tine uHrvatskoj.” ung - like pendants found in the regions surrounding the upper Sava and Drava Drava and Sava upper the surrounding regions the in found pendants like - type earrings (type 17). An analysis of the spatial distribution of these these of distribution spatial the of analysis An 17). (type earrings type enzurChronologie derBijelo 4.3

Chapter4.

- ie arns on i suhr Pnoi: th Pannonia: southern in found earrings like ure ure - regionalvariab 3.8 Vinski,“O postojanju radionica…u Sisku,”

76. ). This pattern is further confirmed if one looks at the the at looks ifone confirmed further is Thispattern ).

- BrdoKultur ility. Although Giesler charted the discovery discovery the ility.charted Although Giesler - likeinofearringsTransdanubia. all ” ” andTomičić, - shapedearrings, of which there are more –

Baltinebare (106) Ptujatthan “Novaistraţivanja

76and 78. casc grape classic e 90

- there are there rd in Grad 89 –

36 In -

CEU eTD Collection 93 92 91 Slav and Moravia Greater between connections Basin, Carpathian well. as origins grape granulated the that argues Tomičić ninth earlier, although Tomičić debate hotly still are earrings these of origins The century. ninth the in Moravia Greater as well mimic appear in finelyto (15c) versionsgranulatedByzantine theas Empirecrafted produced ten in pattern common a TheSlavonia.distribution supportearrings ofbelief to thisthese seems Figures (see Rus Kievan in river the along produced been have to believed are former The (17b). earrings cast rustic sub two identified Giesler supportstheories of their local production workshopsin such onethe as Sisak.in origins(green Figure3.

Tomičić“O nekimvezama,” 155. Tomičić“O nekimvezama,” 155. Vinski,“O postojanju radionica…Sisku,”u d. Just as Vinski as Just d. Thisre rustic Vo with found is pattern this to exception primary The 9 92 .The

argue –

spatialdistribution of finely above),while the western orientation of rustic Volin type earrings (yellow 93 s

Further, he goes on to argue that after the arrival of the Hungarians in the the in Hungarians the of arrival the after that argue to on goes he Further, for Byzantine for - 91 production of more finely crafted jewelry created elsewhere seems to be elsewherejewelry to finelyseems created more crafted production of ,

- etr, esos f hs erig hv be fud in found been have earrings these of versions century, w derided th and eleventh century southern Pannonia. Lunar cast pendants pendants cast Lunar Pannonia. southern century eleventh and th

hile the latter latter the hile - types of Volin of types

the –

and against Greater Moravian Greater against and “Greater Moravian fascination” Moravian “Greater

- 59 and66. granulatedcast Volin per o e og iiain poue lcly in locally produced imitations rough be to appear - type earrings, finely granulated earrings (17a) and and (17a) earrings granulated finely earrings, type - like earrings of Greater Moravia had Byzantine Byzantine had Moravia Greater of earrings like

- typeearrings lin - – type earrings (17). Jochen Jochen (17). earrings type

origins of these earrings, earrings, these of origins

onia were severed, and and severed, were onia of some archaeologists, archaeologists, some of reflects

their eastern –

bottom)

Moravia. Moravia. 3.9). Volin Volin

CEU eTD Collection 94 qualityofmap, the haveI colored thein locationsof these earrings red(Tomičićin 2003: 140). usesdistributionthis to Figure3. bemayover the centuries, eleventh and tenth the sug in Croatia and Dalmatia between place take did communication and trade that conclusion logical rather the supports certainly regions both connectionafor guide historyinterpretations,regionofthe to their itself.rather than evidencethe supp solid any lack to seems regions. two the between contact direct any to not these regions, both goldsmithsto Byzantine influencetraveling of the to due pendantsare similarities the therefore, interpretation, Međurječja and Slavonia of cemeteries the in earrings these varietiesof cast ofappearance the therefore

Tomičić“O nekim gestion of a special link between these two non two these between link special a of gestion In 10

. a 2003 article about these lunar cast earrings, Tomičić uses these earrings to argue to earrings these uses Tomičićearrings, cast lunar these about article 2003 a

Spatialdistribution map oflunar cast earrings(15c) createdby Željko Tomičić. Tomičić are imitations of Byzantine jewelry rather than that of Greater Moravia. In his his In Moravia. Greater of that than rather jewelry Byzantine of imitations are - stated.

between Dalmatia and Slavonia (see FigurebetweenSlavoniaandDalmatia (see

vezama,”155.

arguefor connectionsbetween

orting evidence. They seem to be using their beliefs about the the about beliefs their using be to seem They evidence. orting

ewe Saoin n Mrva grape Moravian and Slavonian between 94

southernandnorthern Croatia. Due to the poor

The argument of both these archaeologists archaeologists these both of argument The - contiguous parts of modern of parts contiguous 3.10 ). While in ). theirappearance

day Croatia Croatia day

- like 38

CEU eTD Collection 97 96 95 byitbeeleventhcertainly corroborated archaeologicalcenturies, the cannot evidence. and tenth the in Croatia and Hungary between border a was Drava the indeed if that showing ign of This, course empire). Byzantine the (via south the from originated earrings these that belief his supports south” inthe Drava the to north inthe Danube from the region inthe earring15c i Tomislav King of death the after long Drava the as north far as extended Croatia medieval early that historians some by argument the of conscious presumably example, For statements. Tomičić‟s of several of north kilometers 35 over position its modified present time the for period. unique or unusual nothing suggest Dalmatia and Slavonia in earrings lunar (Figure Dalmatia and this demonstrate to produced he map the from absent conspicuously are regions these Syrmia, of region Serbian the of exception the with Yet, Serbia. andCzechoslovakia, Romania, Albania, Greece, as dispersed as inregions pendants

Tomičić“O nekimvezama,” 141. Tomičić“O nekimvezama,” 154. Tomičić“O nekimvezama,” 154. - In addition, while Tomičić is quick to emphasiz to quick is Tomičić while Inaddition, grap with earrings lunar cast of examples cites himself Tomičić illustrate, To a Hnain territory, Hungarian day

example from Batina. from example ores the “modified” example from Batina. The importance of this find is in in is find this of importance The Batina. from example “modified” the ores

3.10

). A wider regional map would show that the similar finds of cast cast of finds similar the that show would map regional wider A ). n AD 928, Tomičić argues that the “complete absence of cast cast of absence “complete the that argues Tomičić 928, AD n

96 While Batina is within the borders of present of borders the within is Batina While

e os cnweg te icvr o a of discovery the acknowledge does he the confluence of the Drava and Danube contradicts contradicts Danube and Drava the of confluence the e the absence of cast lunar earrings on lunaron earrings cast of absence the e special connecti on between Slavonia Slavonia between on - damaged day Croatia, Croatia, day

e - like

39 or or 95

CEU eTD Collection presencejewelrythe farsuchnorthDrava.of the of show also they Mura, the of west Drava the and Sava upper the along particularly Slovenia, (Figures (16) Figure3. with Figure3.

sites lackingthis artifact darkin green. also appear on both sides of the Drava. While spatial distribution maps of each type type each of maps distribution spatial While Drava. the of sides both on appear also Other

12 11 3. . .

11 and 3. and 11

Distributionof grapebeaded Spatialdistribution of racemegrape

grape - 12 like pendant earrings, such as raceme earrings (14) and beaded earrings earrings beaded and (14) earrings raceme as such earrings, pendant like ) indicate a particular concentration of finds inwesternSlavon finds indicateconcentrationof particular a ) - likependant earrings(type 16 in red)

- like pendantlike earrings (type 14

–

bright squares)green ia and in iaand 40

CEU eTD Collection 100 99 1983:271 98 (Slovenia).Grad found were pendant of type this of examples most the case, this sub for orientation southern similar a observed Demo river. Drava the of south found were two but all and Sava, the of south 3.14 Figure sub (Demo head bird‟s a of shape the in designed part lower the with pendants grape the like much another, than ea region the of part one in often more appear 3.14 (Figure S the unlike not forms, Some general. in cultures material as well as culture material Brdo Bijelo sub eighteen two these of styles decorative atmany notlook simple.Noticingtruthbeto the theclosershows so thesedifferent pendants a However, beyond. even and Basin Carpathian the across all appearance their reveal would Mor Pannonia. Southern of parts all in recorded been has ornament decorative this observed, readily is As Pannonia. Southernin 9) (type pendants two of distribution the shows top the at map color The types. artifact of distribution

rns Fr xml, rhelgss ae eoddte icvr o eighty of discovery the recorded have archaeologists example, For rrings. Ţeljko De mo, "Bjelobrdsmo, mo, "Bjelobrdskimo, privjesci," 291. - shaped c shaped h mp o te olwn pg dmntae h complexity the demonstrate page following the on maps The

Demo, “Bjelobrdski privjesci u Jugoslaviji” [Bije Jugoslaviji” u privjesci“Bjelobrdski Demo, - 301.

- -

- types.

irclets, are fairly ubiquitous across the Carpathian Basin. Demo‟s sub Demo‟s Basin. Carpathian the across ubiquitous fairly are irclets, a nupr left). upper on map map on the bottom left) is found throughout the region. Others, however, however, Others, region. the throughout found is left) bottom the on map 100 ki privjesci," ki 282

bif lne t hs sub these at glance brief A

Necklaces (42) and twoNecklacesand (42) -

par - 284.

t pendants, Ţeljko Demo Ţeljko pendants,categorizedtwo t -

99 type 16 (Figure 3.14 3.14 (Figure 16 type

Of these eighty these Of - lo Brdo pendants in Yugoslavia] in pendants Brdo lo part pendantspart(9) - types highlights the complexity of the the of complexity the highlights types - two examples, sixty examples, two eover, widening our scope of study study of scope our widening eover, –

map on lower right). However, in However, right). lower mapon

in the cemetery at Ptuj at cemetery the in -

part pendants into into pendants part - of charting the the charting of five wer five

Podravski zbornik Podravski - two two two - ye 6 type - e found found e - type 13 13 type shaped shaped - - part part part 41 – –

CEU eTD Collection mapsThree showing the distribution of sub Figure3.14. Top Figure3. 13. Distribution13. of two –

Distributionmap showing two all - part pendantspart (type 9) in Southern Pannonia - types oftypes two

- partpendants Southernin Pannonia. - part pendants,part as classified by Željko Demo.

Bottom –

CEU eTD Collection 101 localboth individual and preference. wo central great one than rather centers production local multiple of presence the notably most including factors, of combination a to attributed be could variation This Pannonia. Southern of west and south the to appearing even necklaces indiffe popular were pendants ofstyles Different tradition. culture (material) jewelryof widespr the show productionisofthese necklacesas believedwith the grape 3.15). (Figure grape like 42), (type appear necklaces andnecklaces to accessoriesas worn were occasionally they that is Drava, red). Figure3.15.Distribution of necklacesadorned with two

Tomičić,“Mahovljanima,” 34.

These examples provide an important reminder about material culture. While they they While culture. material about reminder important an provide examples These l the for reason the of Part –

intwo case this

As a result of this distribution pattern, Tomičić logically argues for the local local the for argues logically Tomičić pattern, distribution this of result a As ead influence of a cultural tradition of adorning the dead with certain types types certain with dead the adorning of tradition cultural a of influence ead

- partpendants

arge numbers of these pendants, particularly below the the below particularly pendants, these of numbers arge

- like earrings, almost exclusively in western Slavonia Slavonia western in exclusively almost earrings, like –

they also show the great variability great showtheythe a also such within - part pendantspart (42a rkshop, as well as the influence of of influence the as well as rkshop, - likeearrings. -

green)andwith bells (42b 101

hair rent areas, with with areas, rent - rings.

These These 43 –

CEU eTD Collection 102 AlthoughSoutherndistribution mapPannonia thewith above). Danube(see rivers Dravaand Majs of these proximity the in Balaton, predominantly Lake of South Pannonia. Southern two head rétek. serpent seven of discovery the recorded Kiss Attila Basin, AppendixA Figure3. Figure3.

Site #3001inAppendix A. 102 In his excavation of the largest tenth to eleventh century cemetery in the Carpathian Carpathian the in cemetery century eleventh to tenth largest the of excavation his In 16 17

The highly stylized and highly symbolic serpent symbolic highly and stylizedhighly The - . Serpent.

part pendants discussed above, appear in great concentrations in one part of of part one in concentrations great in appear above, discussed pendants part forsources. Mapshowing distributionthe of animal - headbracelet from Vukovar

Kiss,

BaranyaMegye X Serpent – -

head braceletshead Udvari rétek, that is near the confluence of the the of confluence the near is that rétek, Udvari – -

XI. SzázadiXI. Sírleletei Lijeva(Demo,bara -

head braceletshead Southernin Pannonia. See

serpent head bracelets, not unlike the bird unlike the not bracelets, head -

hea . d bracelets at Majs at bracelets d Vukovar

- ed rclt ae found are bracelets head –

Lijevabara).

–

Udvari Udvari 44 -

CEU eTD Collection 103 similar ring(type 38b). discov have I pattern, this confirms found have I evidence the Dravathe near concentrated especiallyis mapbyringthis Mesterházy, Accordingthe provided 38a). to cr a with ring silver luxurious the item: luxurious seemingly another for pattern Drava northernPannonia. the between ties similar show they if see to explored be should However,communication beforefurther routes. distributionartifacts speculation, the other of m thispattern Similarly, south. the with than north the with contact greater in century eleventh and tenth Drava the around region the that demonstrates a us tell this does What rivers. Tisza and Danube upper the along all objects these of many charted Giesler Jochen animal that it distribution, localized highly a shows

Giesler,"Untersuchungen zur Chronolo Like the serpent the Like - Danube confluence, as well as along the upper Danube and Tisza. However, while while However, Tisza. Danubeand upper the along as aswell confluence, Danube - head bracelets were fairly common throughout the northern half of Pannonia. Pannonia. of half northern the throughout common fairly were bracelets head ay just be an illustration of the importance of the Danube and Tisza as trade and and asTiszatrade and importance Danubeofthe the illustration beof just an ay

Figure3. head bracelets, Károly Mesterházy documented a similar distribution distribution similar a documented MesterházyKároly bracelets, head

bout the concentration in Southern Pannonia? Perhaps, it it Perhaps, Pannonia? Southern in concentration the bout

18 . Luxuriouswith ring crown(type 38a) gie dergieBijelo

should be noted that expanding this picture shows picture this expanding that noted be should Ring 38a Ring - - BrdoKultur," Danube confluence (on all sides) was in the the in was sides) all (on confluence Danube

ered several examples of a a of examples several ered

- aue a Danube own (type (type own rea and and rea 103 45

CEU eTD Collection the to found assemblages artifact the in differences some out points correctly He Pannonia. of complexes unique two for argued he Sisak, on article 1971 Vinski‟sin example,For interpreted. be can it ways wrong) plain just of indicator an as used former“influence.”Thefairlyis straightforwa been has coins these of distribution the second, and graves, for a provide clearly coins first, twofold: is coins these of gr in discovered been have region this in through found coins century tenth eleventh the of most thus, coins; of finds surface of number small a and period this from hoards coin few very found have Archaeologists hoards). in found when least (at Ages Mi the of economy the about us tell they what as well as sites dating for usefulness their of because both attractive are They Pannonia. southern in graves century eleventh and tenth Eredetű,"164. Luxurious type ring, 38a, highlightedis inred. Figure3. Analysis of coin distribution is problematic because of the many (often misleading or or misleading (often many the of because problematic is distribution coin of Analysis jew Besides 19 . Mapofvariety a of Bijelo jewelryBrdo itemsfrom elry, coins are the most important burial item found with the deceased in deceased the with found itemburial important most the are coins elry, Coins the Bijelo Brdo cultural complex in southern southern in complex cultural Brdo Bijelo the rd,latter iswhile theproblematic.

terminus post quem quem post terminus

Mesterházy," Bizánciés Balkáni aves. The importance The aves. (“later than”) date date than”) (“later

ddle ddle

CEU eTD Collection Panonskiperiplus, 108 107 106 105 104 graveat (1046 I Andrew of denars silver drilled four the argument, Vinski‟s (1077 I Ladislaus of late a of discovery the Although west. further discovered been indeed have coins Árpádian of number small a 1971, since Second, made. be case opposite the can any had discovery) of place the and origin of place (the regions inparticulara region number ofcoins the that thinking into reader dist the misleads argument Vinski‟s evidence, contradictory eleventh about conceptionsdeveloped argument. this from emerge problems Two influence. Hungarian not of absence does the west indicate the necessarily to coins Árpádian of absence the that opposite: the assert not does he do certainly Syrmia and Slavonia eastern in coins Árpádian that of asserts correctly again part Vinski on, western Continuing the in coins Árpádian century eleventh Slavon eastern (from east the in found those from Slavonia) of half western the to Alps Eastern the from (roughly west

Vinski,“O postojanju radionica…Sisku,”u Vinski,“O postoj The fourThe coinswere found in grave#9 the at ofsite Site #336. Vinski,“O postojanju radionica…Sisku,”u ribution of coins supports his historical view. In reality, the presence of a relatively small small relatively a of presence the Inreality, view. historicalhis supports coins ributionof Ciganka

is, y hoig o mhsz ta eiec wih uprs i already his supports which evidence that emphasize to choosing by First, 190. - anju radionica…anju Sisku,”u Mesarna

not by themselves indicate Hungarian presence in the area; the in presence Hungarian indicate themselves by not - 05 at 1095) ia to Syrmia). to ia

might.

108 Z vonimir

- – century history in the region region inthe history century

74 74 73 104 bythemselves - - -

75. 78. 78. - Velik However, he also emphasizes the absence of any any of absence the emphasizes also he However,

CigankaMesarna polje o --

107 certainly does not mean that the two meantwo the not certainly that does

os o ncsaiy contradict necessarily not does (Site#709) according toTomičić, Međurječja sort of direct contact. Nor contact. direct of sort – - 1060) found in a child‟s child‟s a in found 1060)

and by largely ignoring ignoring largely by and - eleventh century coin coin century eleventh n Slavonia. and 106

however, 105 47 -

CEU eTD Collection 111 perforatedas necklacependants inthe medieval gravesof Bijelothe Brdo complex.cultural 110 109 bemay of resultthe ofthealso salt.trade Byzantine coins these distribution theof However, Ages. Middleduring the Europe the inempiresoutheast of extent greatest the extent, some to corroborate, does Danube lower the fo coins Byzantine of frequency the First, questions. 3.20) some suggests (Figure centuries twelfth to ninth the from dated are that region the in int found coins taken are found are coins these as well as consideration which in contexts archaeological the if region useful contact, direct anyindicate necessarily not does clues) contextual meaningful particularly any (absent place certain a in coins of presence the stated already as because say, to hard is It coins? forsources. Tzimisces [1162 Figure3.

JózsefLaszlovszky communication)(personal See,for example, the discussion above in this chapter about fairlythe common useof Roman antique coins AlternatelyTzimiskesJohn - 1163]), Byzantine coins(PINK clues Given these problems, problems, these Given 20

o de i sget h ata mntr ue f uh coins. such of use monetary actual the suggest it does nor [972 .

Distributionofmapearly Árpádian coins (RED ,

- however, to the nature of trade, communication, and cultural transmission in the the in transmission communication,culturaland trade, ofnature the to however, 976] 109 ),andwestern coins (YELLOW their place within broader regional patterns. regional broader within place their

what can be deduced from spatial distribution patterns of of patterns distribution spatial from deduced be can what –

fromTheophilus MichaelII Constantine/ / [830

111

Secon –

Hughof Provence [926 d,

whilehavearchaeologistsa documented -

fromStephenI [1000

- und along and north of of north and along und 110 945]).See Appendix A look at the types of of types the at look A

- Coins can provide provide can Coins 10

- 38]to Ladislaus II 840??]to John

48 o

CEU eTD Collection theon left bankof Murathe whichriver forms boundarythe between northwestCroatiasouthwest and Hungary. sho (Budapest:Varia Archaeologica Hungarica VII,1997), 131 112 Carpathian Basinconfirms the patterns in Figure3. 1038] toPeterI [1044 Figure3. detail). Vinski‟s confirm any of absence north in I Ladislaus and I Andrew of coins few

ProfessorLaszlovszky askedtomeconfirm thisusing Kovács work, w, in addition toAndrewthe coinsinI northcentral Slavonia, aofcoin Béla dux (1048 112

22 21

6 .

. Mapof Árpad

This distributionThis map Csanádby ofBálint coins of Stephen (1000I eleventh century eleventh

eea observa general - 1046]) ian

coinsfrom firsthalfthe of the eleventh century(from StephenI [1000

Árpádian coins coins Árpádian in bu te ak f uh on i te area the in coins such of lack the about tion myFigure 3.21 further to the south and west and south the to further - - 137. Thisbook does this,confirm although doesit central Slavonia (Ciganka Slavonia central

(theonly Stephen I coins that appear in Akora Árpád - koripénzverésről - 1038)throughout the - 106)Alsólendvaat

–

does in general ingeneral does

Mesarna), the the Mesarna),

i nt in not (if - 49

CEU eTD Collection particularlyinestablishto Bijelofor efforts cemeteries. previouschronologies Brdo the if however, tr well, researcher as problematic be can coins of benefit straightforward more found. This were they which in context archaeological particular the date to helping in useful growing secondhalfcenturyof the ar the from coins whereas Tisza, the along as well as Danube the and Drava the of confluence nearthe foundin concentrations are eleventhcentury the first half fromof the Árpádian coins 1060] toLadislaus [1077I Figure3. Jahrhundert Međurječja Beyond the rather rather the Beyond Árpád early these down Breaking 23 material or economic or material

. appear tobe

,176).

Mapof Árpadian coins from secondthe half of the eleventh century(from Andrew[1046I ies to assume too much from these coins. These problems can be seen seen be can problems These coins. these from much too assume to ies

thosefound at Bijelo Brdoand - 1095]) vague e furtherdispersed. e . See.

influence of early Hungary, coins for this period are far more more far are period this for coins Hungary, early of influence

clues AppendixforA Coins & Chronology & Coins that coin distributions provide about the apparently apparently the about provide distributions coin that ian

coins by coins

sources.

inSyrmia.

time pe time

(B álint, riod does reveal a little more. more. little a reveal does riod Südungarn10.im

50 -

CEU eTD Collection (19 BrdoCulture in novijijistraţivanjabjelobrdske kulture u slavonskom dijelu Podravine 20,ser.III (1991): 111 researchonchronology the ofearly the medieval cemetery Lijevaat inbareVukovar], istraţivanjukronologije srednjov institute Zagrebuu culture.Contribution tothe analysisearly of the medieval cemetery of Mays ranosred Tomičić,“ Region], “ arheološkoginstitute u Zagrebu MeĎimur “Mahovljanima”; Tomičić example:Ţeljko Tomičić, Brdocemeteries inthe andregion establishedhas achronology eachfor site as shown neighboring regi manifestationofBijelo the Brdo Culture in 114 Archäologiedes 10.und 11. in the region. 113 each for relativeofthe chronology.part grave. foundinthe artifacts other chronology of Croatia. northern on focus particular a with it refined has Tomičić but well, as chronology absolute an established of creationhasthe contributed to region.thefor ofchronology a figurewho major second the is Tomičić work. own his in chronology Giesler‟s adaptationof the upon had have schemes chronological is example notable most The region. his the in scholarship subsequent influence great the in is culture Brdo Basin. the Carpathian throughout cemeteries Brdo Bijelo in found goods grave of examination detailed his sites Brdo Bijelo major two been Na TraguNa Bjelobrds

Since firstpublicationhis forty In thisexamination established he bo 90):85 riat, oii te ue cis o rae n boue hoooy Gelr had Giesler chronology. absolute an create to coins uses then Tomičić artifacts, njovjekovnoggroblja Majs

After first establishing a relative chronology using Giesler‟s typological classification classification typological Giesler‟s using chronology relative a establishing first After have there decades, recent in Croatia continental in sites on research to regards In StarohrvatskaProsvjeta ju - Baranjau svjetlu arheoloških svjedočanstava bjelobrdske kulture 106,[hereafter: Tomičić,“Podravine”]. –

prinosdatiranju nalazišta”[An early medieval cemeter inSv. Jurji inTrnje Me in JochenGiesler, “ the onsof southernHungary and northern Bosnia. He has identified twenty

11/12,1 (1994no. figures behind the establishment of a chronology a of establishment the behind figures Slav . The first is a German archaeologist archaeologist German ais first The . keuKulture Kalničkom Prigorju” [On TracesofBijelo the Brdo Culture inthe Kalnik 113 – 189,[hereafter: Tomičić, “Lijeva bara”; Tomičić,“ onian Podravinaonian (DravaValley)],

, “Velikom , Bukovcu “Novais The discovery of a coin in a particular grave is applied is grave particular a in coin a of discovery The i iprac fr the for importance His

JahrhundertsKarpatenbecken,”im

UntersuchenzurChronologie derBijelo

15/1 jekovnoggroblja poloţaju na Lijeva ubara Vuko

21/1991(1995): 99 - two yearstwo ago, Tomičić has spentbetterthe part of careerhis studying the traţivanjabjelobrds -

Udvar” [Baranjainthe oflight archaeological evidence of th 6, no.1 1999): 25 - 1995):71 th a th relativeand an absolutechronology overfor the betweenregion Dravathe andSava wellriversas as the ”; Tomičić ”; -

98,[hereafter: Tomičić, “Majs

- 115,[hereafter: Tomičić, “Kalničkom Prigorju”]; - keculture”; 56, [hereafter: Tomičić,“Sv. Jurju u Trnju”; Tomičić, oten Pannonian southern

, PriloziInstituta arheologijuza u Zagrebu Coins then help define an absolute time span span time absolute an helpdefine then Coins “ Ranosrednjovjekovnogroblje Sv.Jurjuu u Trnjuu

PraehistorischeZeitsc – Tomičić,

Jochen Giesler Jochen ”

- [ BrdoKultur: Ein Beitrag zur RecentInvestigations of Bijelothe 114 BijeloBrdo II . -

Prilozi analizi “Gomjenica”; Tomičić, Udvar],

- tenth and eleventh century century eleventh and tenth Udvar”;Tomičić,

Ţeljko Ţeljko varu” [Contributionvaru” to sub

Priloziarheološkog

inAppendix See, forE. hrift - Starohrvatskaprosvjeta - ein f h Bijelo the of region - - ”; and”; idem

oneimportant Bijelo 100 who who Tomičić‟s us Tomičić‟s

56(1981 BijeloBrdo sites Ďimur to the relative the to has eBjelo Brdo “Prilog ):3 , 7,1 no. published published ja], “ Tragom -

169. Pril e and and e ozi

CEU eTD Collection 116 115 may conclusion This burials. phase of last the to belonging as hasheclassified cemeterythat becaus this argues He 1063. than” later “not occurring non quem (1060 I Bela of find coin a uses Tomičićsite, II Brdo a of evidence as coins uses repeatedly a setting for useful primarily curious. are coins rather earlier, explained times other at are efforts Tomičić‟s however, chronology, absolute relativechronology. the to reasonable termini Andrija King of denar silver the by determined the of appearance late relatively the observed Tomičić table, combination artifact the using others to burial this S with rings with I, Andrew king, Hungarian the of denar silver a that notes Tomičić site, II Brdo Bijelo thein example, of 165 For grave helpful.be can grave,coins the absolute an identify to effort chronology any in useless is matter, that for context medieval any or graves, Brdo Bijelo somein coins Roman antique of find the Hence, context. archaeological themselve By method.

Tomičić ManyofRoman these coins beenhave found perforated andused as pendants for necklaces. eg o Ade I fo 14 t 1060, to 1046 from I, Andrew of reign n rig o s cis o upeet i rltv crnlg ad lc i into it place and chronology relative his supplement to coins use to trying In in artifacts other of chronology relative the with conjunction in analyzed when Yet, a such with problems inherent some are there enough, simple seem may this While – .“ earliest or latest possible dates dates possible latest or earliest . BijeloBrdoII for the site, which essentially means that he is dating the end of the site as as site the of end the dating is he that means essentially which site, the for 115 assume

- shaped endings (types I and II) and a a and II) and I (types endings shaped silver

that that :”

, on cn ny tet o a to attest only can coins s, 116. ring. He argued, argued, He ring.

t he silver he

ring first appeared sometime during sometime appeared first ring terminus post quem post terminus therefore, that the type 30 ring is “chronogically is ring 30 type the that therefore, –

if if a b determined be can

[Andrew] it is corroborated by other evidence in the the in evidence other by corroborated is it - 1063) as a marker of the of marker a as 1063) e this coin was found in a part of the the of part a in found was coin this e emns ot quem post terminus silver ring silver

terminus post quem post terminus I (1046 I

was placed was non .

- For insta For o te ring the for 1061).”

(type 30). In comparing comparing In 30). (type with the burial along along burial the with

– 116

nce, at the Bijelo Bijelo the at nce, after shortly or

While no exact no While ,

for a specific specific a for , it would be be would it ,

terminus post post terminus but, Tomičić but,

As As 52

-- a

CEU eTD Collection 118 117 time this corroborate time chronological a Ptuj at hill castle the on cemetery medievalrow the date to efforts Korošec‟s Josip in seen is dating app this of example One indicators. chronological churchyard as used to also are transition all cemeteries, the and weapons, and tools of absence or presence the coffins, chronological differences. that than rather differences others: social of result and the be may Szőke customs and by goods burial in proposed differences possibility the mind in keep must archaeologists the of many in found were sam the coinsPannonia, Southern of cemeteries few a or one only since Second, burial. particular a a establishing in useful only are coinsFirst, caveats. important three ve isa This numismaticevidence. corroborationof withthe dates assigned been only have they but cemeteries, these of chronology relative the about clues provide culture, material Brdo Bijelo the of items jewelry the as such goods, Grave this on based is period, time the this about during Pannonian know, Southern we of think cemeteries or know, we what of much So cemeteries. century eleventh and tenthfor dates establish absolute to used method only and main beenthe has often it that site‟sthe use? number199. ingrave discovered chron relative the of end very the at placed been had that artifacts with grave a in found was coin this if reasonable be

Site #4001inApp Tomičić – Other changes in burial customs, such as the orientation of graves, the adoption of of adoption the graves, of orientation the as such customs, burial in changes Other important is indicators chronological as coins of use the on discussion whole This

Grad in Slovenia. in Grad ,“ BijeloBrdoII

endixA. - - frame. He dated the cemetery to have been in use between the second second the between use in been have to cemetery the dated He frame. rm. eod h ue ohr some other, used he Second, frame. ,”

113

ology, but this is not the case. The coin was the only artifact artifact only the was coin The case. the not is this but ology, 118

115and

First, he identified the coins found in the cemetery to establish to cemetery the infound coins the identified he First, 117

Table27 on page 147. How can such a lone find be used to argue for the end of of end thefor argue to used be findlone a such can How ple size should always be kept in mind. Third, the the Third, mind. in kept be always should size ple

ry useful dating method, but with but method, dating ryuseful what circumstantial, evidence to to evidence circumstantial, what terminus post quem post terminus

use of coins. coins. of use roach to to roach for

53 in

CEU eTD Collection 121 120 119 argued also Vinski Interestingly, grape of concentrations the with significantly most claim, his supports region the in items jewelry of distribution a and western a Pannonia: Southern in circles cultural Bijelo Brdo two for Vinskiargued Zdenko As earlier, discussed certaingoods. grave of appearance frequent the by another one from apart set be can which networks” regional linear. and rath overlapping fluidand are groups these boundariesofThe another. or group cultures Volin elements external influence of frequent the Furthermore, culture. monolithic large, grape as h one On Pannonia. Southernin found materialcultures other and Brdo Bijelo the of complexity the of picture providea does moredetails.”need of deceased. the with found goods grave other as well as century), tenth late the before Bohemia in unknown is says he (which graves complete “almost the graves, the in coffins not but planks of use the citing respectively, century, eleventh and tenth the of halves

Vinski,"Opos Korošec, Korošec, - typ The regional differences observed in grave goods allows goods grave in observed differences regional The here, analyzed goods grave the as such artifacts, of distribution spatial the Mapping -

– ie arns n two and earrings like e earrings, as well artifacts attributed to the Köttlach and “Old Croatian” material Croatian” “Old and Köttlach the to attributed artifacts well as earrings, e

Ptujskemgradu Ptujskemgradu ery te oeht rirr ntr o casfig aeil vdne no one into evidence material classifying of nature arbitrary somewhat the betrays

tojanju radionica…u Sisku.” 120 , , 343. , 343. -

ie arns n cran ye o two of types certain and earrings like

Patterns, Analysis, and InterpretationsPatterns, and Analysis,

- part pendants, indicates that Bijelo Brdo was not just one one just not was Brdo Bijelo that indicates pendants, part and, the great regional variability of some grave goods, such goods, grave some variabilityof regional great the and,

that the placement of pottery in graves was a common common a was graves in pottery of placement the that

absence” of ceramics, the presence of buttons in two two in buttons of presence the ceramics, of absence” 119

Korošec then concludes by writing, “There is no is “There writing, by concludes then Korošec esen complex. eastern n -

part pendants in the west. west. the in pendants part h ietfcto f “sub of identification the

121

My analysis of the the of analysis My er than static static than er –

such as as such 54 -

CEU eTD Collection 122 withingraveyardsoftheSouthern Pannonia. moreclarity to provide in should medievalcemeteries notable few a at look A closer region. the of burialcustoms inthe ofuniformity someimpliesdegree S of preponderance the Likewise, toe). and ea tenth to west from oriented buried are the dead the havestudied, I that centuries eleventh from cemetery single every in example, one just As differences. the than detailed more a for 6 Chapter explanation). (see Pannonia Southern in culture material medieval misleading a provide could other buri of basis the on well and Slavonia group. eastern the in only feature

Vinski,"Opos O n the other hand, the similarities within these cemeteries are in many ways greater greater ways many in are cemeteries these within similarities the hand, other the n Međurječja Međurječja

tojanju radionica…u Sisku,” referencedinTomičić, "Bijelo 117.Brdo II," al goods. Emphasizing one of these networks at the expense of the the of expense the at networks these of one Emphasizing goods. al shows that many other “sub many other that shows

122 and overly simplistic overly and

However, a careful comparison with sites outside outside sites with comparison careful a However, - shaped circlets throughout the Pannonian Plain Plain Pannonian the throughout circlets shaped

- regional networks” can be identified as identifiedas be can networks” regional -

view of the true complexity of of complexity true the of view the observed regional variation variation observedregional the

st (head to to (head st 55

CEU eTD Collection Millennium 124 the observing 123 in However, Pannonia. Southern century eleventh and tenth of culture funerary the within variability great was there that indicate to appear that emerged work. this of goals generalized conducti Furthermore, survey. broad a such with missed is what of some indicate does above burials two the of stories the region, a of culture material the in patterns identify to way effective hadcockcrow.”midnight and themcounted first betweenthe all he until grave the leave to able be not would deceased “the that believed seeds, millet with Theyseeds.conclud millet with filled Slovakia Zemplín, in burial princely a found archaeologists nonetheless, it.large into drillingholea inside them placed and grave that in found goods the taken had skeleton disturbed the for respect of out and grave, older the opened accidentally had burial l the medievalgrave the that theorizedexcavation, Korošec, this of archaeologist Josip skull. deceased‟s the inside rather, but, body, the on placed not were items these case this in but cemetery, century eleventh and tenth the for items jewelry a discovered László Révész, “The Cemeteries of the Conquest Period,” in in Period,” Conquest the of Cemeteries “The Révész, László Korošec, Although dealing with dealing Although interesting but area, research my outside Basin, Carpathian the of side other the On archaeologists (Slovenia), Ptuj of hill castle the on cemetery the at 1940‟s, late the In ng such an extensive and comprehensive survey also has its limits even for the more more the for even limits its has also survey comprehensive and extensive an such ng

( Ptujskemgradu Budapest:Ministry of NationalCultural Heritage, 2003 THECEMETERIESOFSO strange sight when excavating two over two excavating when sight strange ed that, fearing the dead, the people who had buried this medieval prince medievalburiedprince hadthisfearingpeople the dead, who the that, ed , , 339.

123

spatial distribution maps and artifact counts does provide an an provide does counts artifact and maps distribution spatial CITIESOFTHEDEAD: Thus far, in this analysis, some patterns have already already have patterns some analysis, this in far, Thus UTHERNPANNONIACOMP IV:

- lapping burials. They found typical typical found They burials. lapping ugra Archaeolog Hungarian ),339

124 -

diggers of the more recent more the of diggers the deceased‟s skull after after skull deceased‟s the

ARED a te un f the of Turn the at y

material ead ead 56

CEU eTD Collection most perhaps And, burials. 100 than more contain all they large: relatively are graveyards tenth the to date that cemeteries row medieval are patterns?contradictstudies those confirm or Chapter in patterns spatial distribution studyof moreextensive myin found incongruities resources, natural sites between pa unique any are example, For differences. and similarities these of causes the determine to attempt will I Then, cemetery. each of characteristics unique and common decision deliberate the reflect not do they because considered be not will analyses, anthropometric as such studies, quantitative other However, study. this of scope the under fall all deceased object the and cemeteries, their constructed they which in way the dead, their buried people wherelocation the Therefore, reasons. other or economic, cultural, for made are decisions these whether community, the of preferences the reflects Vukovar Majs region: the of heart the from cemeteries which Gomjenica valley, Drava upper Ptuj Pannonia: Southern of fringes the from three cemeteries: cemeteries. thesebetween differencesand similarities observe to difficult be times at can it goods grave these of patterns distribution – I chose these five cemeteries for a few simple reasons. reasons. simple few a for cemeteries five these chose I c these of aspect any at look to intend I comparison, this performing In The purpose of this comparison is to two to is comparison this of purpose The -

makinglocalofthe population. – ut ot o Lk Bltn s ehial pa technically is Balaton Lake of north just

LijevafrombarabanksCroatianDanube. the the of

between the sites? Second, I will contrast will I Second, sites? the between caused by local cultural preferences, the local presence or absence of certain certain of absence or presence local the preferences, cultural local by caused r xenl rd influences? trade external or –

Baltine bare from northern Bosnia, and Halimba and Bosnia, northern from bare Baltine

For a meaningfula For

–

Udvari rétek from Baranya (Hungary) and and (Hungary) Baranya from rétek Udvari

- fold. First, I would like to identify both both identify to like would I First, fold. O and ae hy h rsl of result the they are r

any observable patterns with those I I those with patterns observable any

rt of northern Pannonia; and two two and Pannonia; northern of rt eleventh centuries. Most of these these of Most centuries. eleventh sample s

hc te place they which – All

Grad (Slovenia) from the the from (Slovenia) Grad ,

five I havechosen I

of these these of 3 . Do these case thesecase Do . tterns emeteries that that emeteries chronological chronological d cemeteries cemeteries

five largefive observed observed with the the with –

Cseres Cseres 57

CEU eTD Collection 129 128 127 126 125 Table4. 4001 3015 3001 2005 816 Slavoniashownis pinkandin Syrmia tan.in Udvarirétek (Hungary), #3015) Halimba studies:Vukovar#816) Figure4. and goods grave of variability longera generallyit is indicate use period, easier greater to observe cultural processeschange.and a both contain cemeteries larger since Finally, extensiv written and excavated have archaeologists importantly, Site#

Demo, Korošec, Török, Tomičić,“Gomjenica Tomičić,“Gomjenica.”

1 1 .

Vukovar Hal Vukovar . GoogleEarth map showing th Listof the five large cemeteries analyzedhere. For sources seeAppendix A. Gomjenica Majs Ptujskemgradu Halimba imba, Ptuj –

– Udvar 123 bare Site

– Lijevabara, -

Lijevabara – Grad . –

.”

– Cseres

Baltine

irétek Lijevabara , , 337and343.

116.

graves

No. of No. 1130

377 932 246 437 (Croatia),#2005) Gomjenica

– elocation of the

Cseres(Hungary), and #4001) Ptuj

CroatiaDanubethe along Sloveniaalong the upper Bosnia Northwest near west west ofLake Balaton Centraljust Hungary Northeast Slavonia Northeast / Southwest Hungary Southwest (Baranya) Location the Sanathe Drava five

medievalcemeteries includedin these case

–

Lijevabara (Bosnia), #3001) Majs

ely about all five cemeteries. cemeteries. fiveall about ely

Second ofhalf century 11th Second ofhalf century 10th – Before950

Grad(Slovenia). 940 940 ~950 Chronology

– – -

AD AD1020 1100 AD1100 AD1085 – 128

After1100

125 127 126

58 129 – –

CEU eTD Collection 135 134 " Majs 133 132 Demo,case. northern Croatia,”in 1996his book about Vukovarthe 131 mo contradictthis. of Sekelj Ivančan, research own my In phenomenon). of west cemeterycentury in Cemetery Medieval the c 1995 of Investigation Earlier an of Stenjevec]. [Results Stenjevcu” u groblja srednjovjekovnog 130 itfrom dated halfsecondfirstthedecadescentury tenthof to theeleventh.of thethe Pannonia. bara Slavonia. and Croatia northern of all in medieval early an lied Here surface. the below lie past distant more Vukovar‟s of vestiges residential homes, some past tower, this from walk short very A people. its of perseverance the tower water battered it.surroundthat regions the withBosnia) northern (excluding Slavonia western of region contrastthe to order cemeteri smaller these of several of examination an include also to decided ninety Stenjevec be to appears Slavonia Croatian incemeterylargesthalf of The western in the northern portionsCroatia. found of western the Majs

Tomy knowledge, the largestexcavated medievalcemeteries dated tothe Site 816# in ŢeljkoDemo described thissite as “largestthe early mediaeval cemetery excavatedever tothe present Demo, Ţeljko aia ioi eot te icvr o 9 mdea bras in burials medieval 91 of discovery the reports Simoni Katica - 132 Udvari withrétek 1130 graves Halimba and - atalogue of archaeological sites in northern Croatia, Tajana Sekelj Ivančan reported no tenth or eleventh or tenth no reported IvančanSekelj TajanaCroatia, northern in sites archaeologicalof atalogue -

Udvar,”and

one burials. one Rising above the steep banks of the Danube at the northeastern edge of Slavonia, the the Slavonia, of edge northeastern the at Danube the of banks steep the above Rising be can cemeteries aforementioned the of none above, map the in notice may you As

eeey s lo n o te ags cmtre o is id n l o southern of all in kind its of cemeteries largest the of one also is cemetery Demo, Vukovar cemetery, which is still, to this day the largest excavated cemetery from the period period the from cemetery excavated largest the day this to still, is which cemetery, 133 Izdanja Hrvatskog arheološkogdruštvaHrvatskogIzdanja Vukovar

Appendix Ţeljko Demo, author of the most extensive modern study of the cemetery, the of study modern extensive most the of author Demo, Ţeljko Vukovar -

Giesler,"Untersuchungen zurChronolo Lijevabara – 130

Lijevabara, of Vukovar remains standing as a monument to the Yugoslav Wars and and Wars Yugoslav the to monument a as standing remains Vukovar of

Bijelo Brdo Bijelo - A

Therefore, due to the smaller sample size of these graveyards, I have I graveyards, these of size sample smaller the to due Therefore, Lijeva bar .

Catalogue ofMedieval Sites Continental in Croatia ,117.

114.

a larger than Stenjevec (see Figure 3.5 for a graphic representation of this this of representation graphic a for 3.5 Figure (seeStenjevec than larger .

Vukovar re recent archaeological literature, I have found no evidence to to evidence no found have I literature, archaeological recent re 131 –

Csereswith932 graves. Cemetery sizesfrom

- 17 (1992): 73(1992):17 –

Ţupni voćnjak (The Parish Orchard) Parish (The voćnjak Ţupni

– otiig 3 gae, h Vukovar the graves, 437 Containing Lijeva baraLijeva

Lijevasite.bara Tomy knowledge, stillthis is the gie dergieBijelo - 78 , [hereafter: Simoni, “StenjevcuSimoni,[hereafter: ,

BrdoKultur.” Rzlai oaani istraţivanja dosadašnjih “Rezultati periodinsouthern Pannonia are .

s oehr in together es Tomičić,

with only only with 135 – ”]. In ”].

Lijeva Lijeva in her her 134 59

CEU eTD Collection 138 137 136 the in appeared have to forms these of and Slavonia westernhalf of the in commonly most appear 17b) and 16, 15, 14, (types earrings these Rather, space. and materi Brdo Bijelo ofthe artifact universala not earringsare Vukovar. at appear earrings raceme six bronze. of made those particularly Table4. 4001 3015 3001 2005 816 336 123 3 the from examples 54 as relatively well Zvonimirovo tiny as cemetery, Vukovar the of size the half is which bare, contrast, In S 230 Culture. unearthed have archaeologists Brdo Bijelo the of periods all throughout and Pannonia Southern most of all across form this of appearance frequent the and cemetery, the of size the the given unusual of paucity surprising S the a form: Brdo noted Bijelo Demo characteristic foremost, and First patterns. unique didDemo materialobserve several However, culture. Brdo Bijeloitemsthecommon most of

Site#

Demo, Demo, Demo,

Second, Demo noted a similarly unusual lack of raceme or or raceme of lack unusual similarly a noted Demo Second, least at contain burials These . Vukovar Vukovar Vukovar Quantityand ratio of S Ptuj Halimba Majs Gomjenica Vukovar Zvonimirovo škola Trnju u Juraj Sv. (TheParish Orchard) Stenjevec - – – –

– Grad

Lijevabara, Lijevabara, Lijevabara, Udvar – –

Cseres - Lijevabara –

Site

Baltinebare voćnjak Ţupni i – rétek Velikopolje

- – 105 and 116. 116.

Međurječja

Osnovna

Velikopolje cemetery. -

shaped circlets Southernin Pannonian cemeteries.

137 Tomičić,"

shaped circlets circlets shaped 60

One of the most common elements in Slavonia, only only Slavonia, in elements common most the of One mid -

graves hpd ices se Table (see circlets shaped No. of No.

and both Giesler and Tomičić have dated all but one but all havedated TomičićGieslerand both and 1130 ifrn ye o atfcs icuig ay of many including artifacts, of types different 323 932 246 437 138 91 39 40 - Lijevabara.” tenth century and to have disappeared sometime sometime disappeared have to and century tenth

nie S Unlike Circlets(TypesI

No. of No. S ( types I and I types

- hpd ices hwvr raceme however, circlets, shaped 585 709 224 221 10 12 54 11 al culture across the span of time time spanof the across culture al - shaped

II - II) )

4.2 at Gomjenica at

grape

below). Ratiocircletsof :

- shaped earrings, earrings, shaped graves 136 .684 .628 .627 1.38 .275 .11 .92 .03

–

hs is This Baltine Baltine

the the 60

CEU eTD Collection “ into rite However, durationof approximated ahalfcentury, from roughlyAD1000 140 Table1. 139 Noticethe remnantsof meanders of the Danube oncethat flowed much closer to the site. Figure4.2 itlackscompletelyany fewc has Brdo twenty than Less hypothesis. this supports cemetery preliminA geography. its by be explained itcan perhaps then site, the of chronology bythe explained be longer. much phenomenoncannot thisIfcurious. rather is earrings ofraceme dearth AD, relative this1020 how exactly about disagreement Nonetheless, giventh argument Demo‟s is there although longer, lasted 1030. AD around Novaistraţivanjabjelobrdske culture

In his 1981comprehensive assessment ofchronology the of Bijelo Brdo forms,Jochen Giesler proposed a Giesler,"Untersuchungen zur Chronolo

thetwelfth century.

inasubsequent work, Tomičić suggests that thisform had remainedaofpart Bijelothe Brdo funerary . Digitalsatellite photo of the Majs ary glance ary lassic 139

grape at the artifact inventory of artifact the at h oe xeto i te rustic the is exception one The

crescent shaped Volinearrings crescent or (type 15) Giesler,"Untersuchungen zurChronolo

- like earrings (type 14) and rustic Volin rustic and 14) (type earrings like

.”

gie dergieBijelo Majs Majs – at Vukovarthe at

Udvarirétek medieval cemet –

Udvarirétek - BrdoKultur," Table53 and the eponymous Bijelo Brdo Brdo Bijeloeponymous - – five kilometers to the northwest, Bijelo northwest, the to kilometers five

- 1050,for the rustic – at Volin cast

gie der Bijelo der gie Lijevain bara remained useuntil ca.

- - ery(from Google Earth). - ye arn (7) which (17b), earring type type earrings. type type earrings (17b), while while (17b), earrings type - BrdoKultur," andTomičić, Tomičić," - castVolin –

Ulica Venicije Venicije Ulica Gomjenica," - typeearrings.

140 61

CEU eTD Collection largestcemetery timeof its in entirethe Carpathian Basin. 142 141 these graves to referred Giesler periods. the of items jewelry Brdo Bijelo typical the than other Baranya)lessprovidedprotectio well). as settlements their presumably (and cemeteries their for desired they river the from protection whi river the near hills steep find to enough fortunate Brdo Bijelo at dead their buried Danube the down further settlements of populations founding for balance delicate a was floods its of reach of out but river, great this near live to desire This level. water current river‟s the above meters ten hill, small a of isit risk, Figure (see less perhaps or cemetery, the of appears meander It athowever. thattimeDanube flowed onethe a few ofkilometers within a satelli Digital Danube. the from km) (13 walk day‟s a within is it although river, major a near lie today not does rétek burials. previous the eclipsedit that showed 1960s, the Majs of excavation the burials, 1130 With Baranya. Hungarian and Croatian of border the near lying Danube the of bank west the from inland kilometers Southern in cemetery century eleventh and tenth known

Kiss, Site #3001inAppendix A. – Baranyamegye X 142 ie Vukovar Like largest the Serbia, and Croatian between winds it as upriver, Danube the Following

which conta which worthy to point out that the local medieval population buried their dead on the crest crest the on dead buried their medievalpopulation local the that out point to worthy

However, the banks of the Danube further to the north (in Croatian and Hungarian Hungarian and Croatian (in north the to further Danube the of banks the However, Unlike many of the settlement and cemetery sites of the region, Majs region, the of sites cemetery and settlement the of many Unlike ined objects such as knives, arrowheads, horse spurs, and belt bucklesbelt and spurs, horse arrowheads, knives, as such ined objects - XI.századis –

Lijeva bara, the cemetery at Udvari rétek contains many artifacts artifacts many contains rétek Udvari at cemetery the bara, Lijeva

te imagery suggests that this has not always been the case, case, the been always not has this that suggests imagery te

n, therefore, fewn,therefore, foundriver.ofsitesthe withinare sight írleletei –

Ulica Venicije (#754) and Vukovar and (#754) Venicije Ulica ,73 - 236. Tomičić thatstates Majs 4.2 title

Tomičić," above). Since floods were an ever an were floods Since above). - holder, Halimba holder, ch provided both the proximity to and to proximity the both provided ch Majs anna a b fud bu 12 about found be can Pannonia -

Udvar,"71. –

– such as those people who who people those as such

Udvari rétek Udvari – -

medieval settlers. The The settlers. medieval

Udvari rétek is,infact, the Cseres, by almost 200 almost by Cseres, –

Lijeva bara Lijeva 141 , begun in begun , – -

present present Udvari Udvari –

were were

62 –

CEU eTD Collection #3008(site 146 145 144 143 Baranya. in found exclusively Figure (see - necklaces,Onerings. and element Majs. at circlets shaped cemet Brdo Bijelo largest the as status bones, andsequins,sheep“PAX”goat ringand it.a word theinto engravedwith finds, Brdo Bijelo typical Figure4.3.Distribution of serpent re grave goods repre to introduction the in interpretation burials. Hungarian” “Old as

that is somewhat rare rare somewhat is that

Giesler,"Untersuchung Someexceptions: Twoexamples beenhave found insouthwest Hungary, one at Kiss, Tomičić," sent earlier burials or contemporaneous burials of a different social class, these types of of types these class, social different a of burialscontemporaneous or burials earlier sent Baranyamegye X Due to its size, Majs size, its to Due -

shownon map above) and another at Ikervár Majs 4.3). - appear atappear several cemeteries. -

Udvar,"73.

In Southern Pannonia at least, this zoomorphic bracelet is almost almost is bracelet zoomorphic this least, at Pannonia Southern In - en zur Chronolo XI.századis 145 in Southern Pannonia, is the highly symbolic serpent symbolic highly the is Pannonia, Southern in

tia Kiss Attila He also found a great variety of typical Bijelo Brdo bracelets, Brdo Bijelo typical of variety great a found also He 143 –

headbracelets (type 8).

146 Udvar írleletei hv aray icse sm o te eae aot this about debates the of some discussed already have I

– gie dergieBijelo

whose frequentappearanceKiss whose indocumented Baranya oee, s oe erir i nrhr Pnoi the Pannonia northern in earlier, noted as However, hpe 3 3. chapter i rétek i

,307 S 700 over found Kiss Basin, Carpathian the of ery found weapons, belt buckles, fibulae, pearls, bone bone pearls, fibulae, buckles, belt weapons, found - 429.

is understandab is - BrdoKultur," 19

–

Regardless of whether or not these graves graves these not or whether of Regardless Virág(site #3063

- grave in rich ly 33. -

not shown not due tolatediscovery Sorokpolány - finds. Besides Besides finds. -

head bracelet bracelet head 144 –

Berekalja

Fittingits 63 -

CEU eTD Collection and Treasure data).of this Gábor Kiss, theseearrings contrast, In cemetery. this ofsize the givennumber smalla isrelatively still this earring,this variety rustic the of distribution 3 Chapter in 3.9 Figure Volin Table (see cemetery grape of type other single a not (17b), earrings imitation type already as First, grape few rather Majscontains to, alluded cemetery. huge this from lacking is what in is region the in sites other Table4. (4001) Ptuj Cseres (3015) Halimba rétek Majs (2005) Baltinebare Gomjenica (816) Lijevabara Vukovar (336) Velikopolje Zvonimirovo Trnju(123) Sv.Juraj u Stenjevec(3) Bij Halimba and Vukovar at finds solitary the to contrast in bracelets these of seven has itself this of distribution elo Brdo. elo –

Site – (3001)

Grad

- Udvar type earrings type 3 h ohr ot oal dfeec bten h ivnoy Majs inventory the between difference notable most other The – –

– Findsof raceme (grape

- – i finds

– appeared with much greater frequency muchappearedwithgreater southand the west. to 323 932 1130 246 437 39 40 91 # of#

gra ves ] (Szombathely:] SzignatúraNyomda és Kiadó Kft., 2000). srs ad h ams cmlt asne f hs om in form this of absence complete almost the and Cseres,

object was much more widespread (see Chapter 3). Majs 3). Chapter (see widespread more much was object – 17 9 0 8 2 1 0 0 14a

Vasmegye 10 4.3

the original finely original the

sos ht Majs that shows )

bv) Mpig h sail dist spatial the Mapping above). 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 14b

- like) earringsSouthernin Pannonian cemeteries

(17b). Although archaeologists found a dozen examples of of examples dozen a found archaeologists Although (17b). 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14c - 12.századisír

28 1 7 0 0 15a 3 2 0

granulated type (17a) and the rustic imitations (see (see imitations rustic the and (17a) type granulated -

like earrings. In fact, besides twelve rustic Volin rustic twelvebesides fact, In earrings. like 0 0 2 0 0 15b 1 2 0 –

és kincsleletei Udvar

26 0 5 0 0 15c 1 0 0

rétek i 1 0 0 0 0 15d 1 0 0

[VasCounty: 10

ribution of the two varieties of of varieties two the of ribution 0 0 0 0 0 15e 0 0 0 is t h esen edge eastern the at lies

like earring appeared in the the in appeared earring like 12 0 0 0 0 16a 0 5 0

6 1 0 0 0 16b 1 0 0 th –

–

Udvar 12 Slavonia west of of west Slavonia

th 52 3 14 1 2 23 4 12 – 17b

CenturyGrave –

Udvar

Lijeva bara bara Lijeva rétek i

106 7 22 1 2 67 20 12 Total

i rétek i of the the of

and and 64 .015 .022 .011 .430 .016 ..667 .025 .020 grave - - No. No. per

CEU eTD Collection 124 byLászloVeszprémy Frank Schaerand with astudy bySzűcs Jenő (Budapest: Central EuropeanPress, 1999), 150 sometimebefore AD950 andthe lastsometime after AD 1100. Török late phaseof Halimba 149 148 147 Majs in found that to assemblages similar contain here run residedinBakonybé Halimba buriedpeopleat faceless seemingly someof the haveencountered 1046. in Gellér (Szent Gerard St. that here was the to According Cseres. of northeast kilometers (1000 I Stephen King that 1100. to 950 AD from approximately lasted which phases three middle the to dated burialsmost the with cemetery, the in burials of phases five t Török, Gyula Ages. Middle Halimba Hills, Bakony the of slopes the along Located Balaton. Lake of west Halimba, of town Hungarian pendantsas farpart north as Slovakia. 3.13 (Figures Pannonia Southern of survey my in west and Althou appeared. two single one only graves, its in discovered artifacts of thousands the of Out

Gyula Site #3015inAppendix A. D Simonisde Kéza:Gesta Hungarorum - - 127. emo,"Bjelobrski privjesci.” found burials The vicinity. the in ponds and lakes small variety of forms a that water off

While not located near any rivers, the hill the rivers, any near located not While Majs After two of lack general its is Majs from absence notable most second The Török 150

Despite his hermitage, it is interesting to wonder if the well the if wonder to interesting is it hermitage, his Despite

did notprovide specific a beginning date for thefirstphase specificnor a ending date for the –

gh I have observed a greater concentration of these pendants to the south south the to pendants these of concentration greater a observed have I gh Cseres – –

Csere l.

Udvar

s burials.s Rather, just he argues that first the people were buried Cseresat 148

1038) founded a Benedictine monastery at Bakonybél just thirty thirty just Bakonybél at monastery Benedictine a founded 1038) i

was the final burial ground for at least 932 people during the the during people 932 least at for ground burial final the was rétek, the nex the rétek,

he archaeologist that led the investigation of Cseres, identified Cseres, of investigation the led that archaeologist he [Simonof Kéza: The DeedsHungarians], of the edited andtr Halimba 147 t) spent time as a hermit before being martyred in Pest Pest inmartyred being before hermit a as time spent t)

t largest cemetery of the period is found near the the near found is period the of cemetery largest t –

Cseres - slopes in the area provide it with bountiful bountiful with it provide area the in slopes Gesta Hungarorum Gesta 149

–

Interestingly, it was during this time time this during was it Interestingly,

Udvar , - Hal 3.15), Ţeljko Demo charted two charted Demo Ţeljko 3.15), imba, i réte i 123 k , 150 kilometers to the the to kilometers 150 , .

by Simon of Keza, it it Keza, of Simon by - – nw an may saint known

Cseres while he while Cseres - part pendants. pendants. part - part pendant part anslated 65 -

CEU eTD Collection 152 151 plains. the of lowlands fertile and routes, trade rivers, major the from distance its despite burials,Gomjenica 246 at that surprising seem may it glance, first At river. Sana the near Bosnia northwest of hills Gomjenica is the Plain, surroundings. Figure4.4 Otherwise,Halimba sections Ptuj CarpathianBasinon (see the grape whereas animal The patterns. observed animal less and Halimba at cemetery The southeast.

Site 2005# in Createdby authorthe usingLandSerf 2.3. A striking contrast to the lowland large medieval cemet medieval large lowland the to contrast striking A .

3DVisualization of the medieval row cemetery Gomjenica 151

- AppendixA. like earrings are predominantly found towards the southwestern edge of the the of edge southwestern the towards found predominantly are earrings like - head bracelets than did Majs did than bracelets head –

Cseres andCseres – –

bare Baltine Baltine bare isbare Baltine

- Gomjenica ed rclt a bracelets head Majs

152 – –

Cseres does contain a few more grape more few a contain does Cseres

one of the largest medieval cemeteries in the region, region, inthe medievalcemeterieslargest the of one cemetery which was discovered nestled amongst the nestledamongst discovered was whichcemetery Udvari rétek produced veryUdvari similarrétek goods. grave –

Grad andGrad Gomjenica – –

Baltinebare

Udvar re found almost exclusively in Baranya, Baranya, in exclusively almost found re i rétek i

, but this fits in with the already already the with in fits this but , –

Baltinebare within its natural eries found in the Pannonian Pannonian the in found eries –

Baltine bare this chapter). barechapter). thisBaltine

- like earrings earrings like

CEU eTD Collection 156 cemetery. production; rather he refersinstead tocircumstantial evidence ofunique the jewelry assemblages found in the 155 154 153 in I Ladislaus arrival the and 928 AD in death Tomislav‟s between interlude Prijedor. cemetery, to from river Sisak. to Croatia) Šibenik, from inland (just Kristanje from ran once that road Roman old an of location the identified bara Baltine at excavation the cemeteries theirin abundantly so findnow we jewelrythat crafted inSisak nearbyexisted once jewelryworkshop perhapsa Una. the and Sana the between hills the in continuesmineralrichfoundbyinthenatural citing Japra rivervalley, thelies which deposits detour. a quite be would that Una, thefrom upriver kilometers 35 at However, Sana the he all, wouldproductiveagriculture.forhavebeenafertilelandscape and area this that suggest to seem certainly bare Baltine of surroundings natural The visualization above). 3D (see it encircle that hills the from water runoff collects that basin water swamp.means and trade both for position advantageous factors. subsistence an in was site this that appears it However,

Tomičić," Tomičić," Miletić, Unfortunately,Tomičić is unable tociteany directevidence tosupport his hypothesisof localmining and argues that the Una River Una the that argues This cemetery is dated to have survived nearly the entire duration of the Slavonian Slavonian the of duration entire the nearly survived have to dated is cemetery This of First location. site‟s this for reason another suggests Tomičić Ţeljko Furthermore,

– Tomičić," " –

that exploited the availability of local mineral ores for the production of the finely the of production thefor minerallocalores of availability exploited the that Gomjenici,”140.

Gomjenica,"170. Gomjenica,"170. served as a natural transport route between the Adriatic coast and Pannonia. and coast Adriatic the between route transport natural a as served Sanski Most (Sana Bridge), right alongside the Gomjenica Gomjenica the alongside right Bridge), (Sana Most Sanski

Satellite photos confirm the proximity of Gomjenica of proximityconfirm the photos Satellite Gomjenica,"167.

The first clue lies in its toponym, “Baltine bare,” as as bare,” “Baltine toponym, its in lies clue first The

156

in the 1960s, shed some further light on the subject when she she when subject the on light further some shed 1960s, the in codn t Mltć hs nin ra rn aog h Sana the along runs road ancient this Miletić, to According

– downriver from Baltine bare‟s location along its tributary, tributary, its along location bare‟s Baltine from downriver 154

– n hs epc, oii hpteie that hypothesizes Tomičić respect, this In

similar to the one believed to have existed existed have believedto one the to .

155 –

Nada Miletić, who led who Miletić,Nada Baltine bare to a large a to bare Baltine bara –

the region ca. ca. region the But, Tomičić Tomičić But, Baltine bare bare Baltine

in Bosnian Bosnian in 153 67 -

CEU eTD Collection " Udvar i rétek(#3001), althoughIsure am onlyI fractioncounted a of totalthe for each site. However,rings. I didcount leastat 25 of circletsthese Halimbaat picturesthe availableinthe site reports.It is hardtodistinguish these plai accuratecount for the Hungarian cemeteries due todifficultythe of classifying such unremarkable artifacts from 159 158 Ch. in 3. Brdomate refinedthese dates to940 157 the of portions eastern the Figure inmap (see CarpathianBasin in found predominantly subsequently are and Rus Kievan Volin Volin cast rustically and 16), (type earrings grape Chapter in subdifferentrepresent grape of appearance two earrings, grape racemeor abundance abnormal of an Gomjenicacontains cemetery. burialsthis of CarpathianBa the throughout hence sphere, cultural Brdo Bijelo the throughout universal fairly are circlets O and 13) (type circlets simple Vukovar and cemeteries Table (see cemeteries Hungarian large two the at found ratios the to corresponds which grave per circlet 1 of ratio approximate an is which all of First Pannonia. Southern of parts eastern and northern the of graveyards the to comparison in particularly unique, very is it ways, other In 1090. G

omjenici," inset. Miletićcounted simple77 or plain circlets (ty Miletić," NadaMiletić broadly Gomjenicadated - 157 - cluster/raceme earrings (Giesler type 14), crescent 14), type (Giesler earrings cluster/raceme type earrings (17a) (17a) earrings type Beyond the common occurrence of circlets, several unique patterns emerge within the the withinemerge patterns several unique circlets, of occurrencecommon the Beyond

Miletić," rial culture.rial For further a explanation of chronology,his section seethe on “Coins andChronology” In some ways, Baltine bare very much resembles the other cemeteries in this study. study. this in cemeteries other the resembles much very bare Baltine ways, some In Gomjenici,"inset. 3,

- the grape the sin. at edns a wl a a elh f Od rain forms. Croatian” “Old of wealth a as well as pendants, part

Gomjenici,"144

- - 1085ADusing the absolutechronology created had he for the artifactsofBijelo the like earrings in western Slavonia and upper upper and Slavonia western in earrings like - regional patterns from foundinAsregional discussed Hungary.southern those patterns - like forms commonly found in upper upper in found commonly forms like –

Lijeva bara t bara Lijeva –

f hc t which of - 145; Tomičić,"Gomjenica," Table3. - shaped circlets (type O). (type circlets shaped –

Baltinebare to the tenth andeleventh centuries, while Tomičić 3.9 o the north, Baltine bare possesses large numbers of of numbers large possesses bare Baltine north, the o ). Thus, eliminating the granulated earrings from the the from earrings granulated the Thus, eliminating ). pe 13) fromGomjenicape13) e utc at ait ae imitations are variety cast rustic he - type earrings (type 17b). The finely granulated granulated finely The 17b). (type earrings type 4.2 ). Mltć on 24 S 224 found Miletić , 158 –

159 Cseres(#3015) andover 100Majs at -

shaped earrings (type 15), beaded beaded 15), (type earrings shaped

– n diin lk te Hungarian the like addition, In It appears that all three types of of types three all that appears It

n circletsn fromother simple forms of

Baltinebare. I could derive not an Međurječja Međurječja

include Miletić, -

shaped circlets circlets shaped – h frequent The

rgnt in originate – the classic classic the

certainly certainly – -

like 68

CEU eTD Collection 162 161 160 Halimba other the to inBaltinebare. appeared of oneevery graves at three two the is bare infoundmountainshills the ofarea. andthis mineralresources abundant the using forms these of production local the suggest to Tomičić led has Bosnia northwest in types two these of discovery frequent The IV). (type hairpins hair 200 roughly of this discovery the notably,includes Most culture. material Croatian Old the of part a be to considered earrings Bare Baltine Dalmatian of sites CroatiasitesBijelo the and Brdo ofSouthern Pannonia. Croatian the between connection material a demonstrates other, any crescent 3.8 Figures 45 every foundper was earring such one only which in cemeteries,Hungarian two the and bara, 14 (type racemeearring stark some produces east,

- Miletić," Tomičić," See 95 burials. This pattern is observed at other cemeteries in the region (see Table 4.3 and and 4.3 Table (see region the in cemeteries other at observed is pattern This burials. 95 Tomičić,"O vezama."nekim othe one Finally, at found are Pannonia Southern and Coast Adriatic the between connections Other - shaped earrings, type 15c. As explained in explained As 15c. type earrings, shaped –

Gomjenici,"inset. Cseres haveCseresexamplesfour onlytotal,despiteburialshaving between 2,499 them. Mahovljanima,"31. - 3.12). Just as interesting, is the discovery of 26 examples of one variety of of variety one of examples 26 of discovery the is interesting, as Just 3.12). . In her excavations at Baltine bare, Miletić unearthed large numbers of beaded beaded of numbers large unearthed Miletić bare, Baltine at excavations her In . eeeis f hs td. Vukovar study. this of cemeteries - part pendant. Miletić counted 73 of these pendants, meaning that they they that meaning pendants, these of 73 counted Miletić pendant. part - 16 and 17b) per every 2.3 graves. Contrast that to Vukovar to that Contrast graves. 2.3 every per 17b) and 16 r common artifact found in large numbers at Gomjenica at numbers large in found artifact common r

contrasts in the grave inventories of the region. Miletić found one one found Miletić region. the of inventories grave the incontrasts

- loops with one bead (type III) and 64 thr 64 and III) (type bead one with loops 161

–

162 Chapter 3, this 3, Chapter iea aa Majs bara, Lijeva 160

Thisnumberiscompared shocking a

form, –

perhaps more than than more perhaps Udvar rétek i – –

ee Baltine Baltine

Lijeva Lijeva - , and and , bead bead 69

CEU eTD Collection 165 164 163 oriented graves all nearly with rows in deceased their buried Ptuj of population medieval the period, this of cemeteries other the like Also, ground. drier and higher on but waterway major a cemet other the ofmany Like pattern. general the fit fact in does it dramatic, visibly more Ptuj at cemetery the makes Drava, the above centuries. eleventh ca this of side western the on found cemetery row medieval large a dated haveArchaeologists below. river Drava the of waters the into perch their from Figure4.5.

Korošec, Site #4001inAppendix A. Korošec, In the foothills of the Slovenian Alps, visitors to a 12th century castle can look down look can castle century 12th a to visitors Alps, Slovenian the offoothills the In west

Ptujskemgradu Ptujskemgradu 3DVisualizati - to - east 163

(hea

onof Ptuj , , 337 , 337. lhuh t location its Although

d to toe). d

340.

–

Gradusing 165

Ptuj Ptuj satellite imageryfrom , –

eries,

ihn iw o view within Grad the one at at one the

te Alps the f Ptuj

stle GoogleEarth. - - hill to the tenth through through tenth the to hill

Grad

n oe 4 meters 40 over and 164

was placed near placed was 70

CEU eTD Collection 169 168 167 166 regionthein eleventhcentury. the transiti a represent to appear ninety twenty Ptu of feature unique noteworthylast The dead. the revered people medieval which in way the about something reveals certainly it correct, skeleton. old the of skull the in made” “intentionally hole grave accidentally own, their burying in locals, some Ages Middle the in that concluded Korošec graves, disturbed studyin By it dead. the that viewed people medieval how in about evidence unique provides actually also is cemetery this Third, findings. similar with cemeteries other no for funerals. offerings” burnt for “altars as attributes he which cemetery, the within found hearths cemetery. the of middle the in sanctuary” 1940‟s the in cemetery the of excavation Korošec Josip Second, cemetery. this of graves the in culture Köttlach and Brdo Bijelo the of artifacts jewelry of appearance synchronous the explains a Alps the between location This Plain.Pannonian the of perimeter the at it places Alps the of foot the near locationits First, Pannonia. Southern in contemporaries

Korošec, Korošec, Korošec, Korošec, - - diggers instead collected all the grave goods fromg old thisallgoods grave insteadthe collected diggers - one bodies. While archaeologists only found two coffins in the cemetery, the planks planks the cemetery, the in coffins two found only archaeologists While bodies. one e, hr ae oe nqe etrs f Ptuj of features unique some are there Yet, nine of the corpses. Charred remains of planks have been found under an additional additional an under found been have planks of remains Charred corpses. the of nine 167 Ptujskemgradu Ptujskemgradu Ptujskemgradu Ptujskemgradu

If his hypothesis is correct, this would be an interesting discovery as I know of of know I as discovery interesting an be would this correct, is hypothesis his If exposed , , 343. , 339. , 343 , 343.

- an older grave. Rather than ignore it or steal its contents, the the contents, its steal or it ignore than Rather grave. older an

344. on phase toward the use of coffins which became widespread in in widespread became which coffins of use the toward phase on

169

166

In addition, Korošec notes the discovery of two two of discovery the notes Korošec addition, In -

describ j –

Grad are the wooden planks found under under found planks wooden the are Grad es the presence of a “Slav heathen heathen “Slav a of presence the es - grad that set it apart from its its from apart it set that grad 168 –

the lead archaeologist of the the of archaeologist lead the rave and placed them into a a into placedthemand rave f ooe‟ hptei is hypothesis Korošec‟s If nd the plains perhaps perhaps plains the nd g some some g 71

CEU eTD Collection 175 174 Vestnik examinationsee Paola elementsPtujat 173 172 171 170 we ninety all, in All above. the of combinations of variety a and cones, hooks, S with those to te in finds common S common the besides circlets other of range broad a with dead their adorned Ptuj of people medieval Ptuj finger even as or pendants, also but rings, temporal asonly used not “were S the that reasoned Korošec Josip popularity, their Explaining chapter). time the for popularity local unique some demonstrate and patterns circumstances. regional common some to conform material Köttlach the and Brdo Bijelo cultures. the both the of March, elements Carinthian contains the Ptuj in at Empire cemetery Roman Holy the of borders the at and Alps) the “gifts.” there. buried been once had people 500 least at that estimates Korošec cemetery, this of fringes the at found remains skeletal Korošec

Korošec, Korošec, Korošec, Korošec, Korošec, Korošec, re found at Ptujfound re at –

36(1985): 172 ih 2 S 221 With sixty the Including Grad apart from the other other the from apart Grad

173 recorded 377 burials at Ptuj burials at 377 recorded

Ptujskemgradu Ptujskemgradu Ptujskemgradu Ptujskemgradu Ptujskemgradu Ptujskemgradu -

Befitting its location between two different ecodifferent two between locationits Befitting shaped forms. While circlets with O with circlets While forms. shaped Justlike previouslycemeteriesthe discussed -

Gradsee 337 - hpd ns Kršc lo ouetd id o crlt wt spiral with circlets of finds documented also Korošec ends, shaped – - Korošec,“Ungarische Elemente derNekropoleaus aufderBurg Ptuj,” zu nth and eleventh century Pannonian graves and are considered are and graves Pannonian century eleventh and nth 350.

Grad inGrad loopsto 221 additionthe S of the - shaped circlets, this seemingly ubiquitous form again reveals its its reveals again form ubiquitous seemingly this circlets, shaped Curta,

, , 138. , 340. , 343. For abrief overview of the combination , 340. , 13. , 13. –

- vn t h figs f th of fringes the at even

six graves unearthed at the beginning of the twentieth century, century, twentieth the of beginning the at unearthed graves six

SoutheasternEurope inMiddlethe Ages

cemeteries in this study, however, is the fact that the the that fact the is however, study, this in cemeteries – 171

Grad.

f hs, e one 19 rvs ht contained that graves 139 counted he these, Of 170

However, noting evidence o evidenceHowever,noting - shaped ends, as well as simple circlets are are circlets simple as well as ends, shaped e Carpathian Basin (see Table Table (see Basin Carpathian e , the grave goods ofPtujgravethe goods , - reg ,194 - ions (the Pannonian Plains and Plains Pannonian ions (the shapedvariety. ofBijelo Brdo andKöttlach - 195. For amore detailed - rings.” f some disturbed disturbed fsome - 175 shaped circlets circlets shaped - three circlets circlets three

Arheološki –

174

precursors precursors Grad bothGrad

4.2 Setting Setting - ends, ends,

this this 72

CEU eTD Collection twenty Ptuj. exampleat foundsuch one only archaeologistsbare,while Baltine at earrings 15c) (type identified Miletić Nada one, For identified. be should Gomjenica Table4. 4001 3015 3001 2005 816 445 336 123 3 Ptuj foundat Zvonimirovo Table (see pendants grape – grape lunarcast For Ptuj. near workshops several or one in perhaps region, this in produced were earrings these that presume to reasonable be would it Basin, Carpathian the of half western the in found Gomjenica at found number grape classic sixty with study this BaltinePtujbare‟s 106, grape of quantity the and types

Grad also ranks second in quantity behind only the cemetery at Baltine bare. In addition to to additionIn bare. Baltine at cemetery the onlybehind quantityin secondranks also Grad Site#

- shaped earrings, these two cemeteries are also similar in their abundance of two of abundance their in similar also are cemeteries two these earrings, shaped 4 oee, eoe run ta tee iiaiis niae ht Ptuj that indicate similarities these that arguing before However, Ptujgraveyards, other the Like

. Two – Majs Gomjenica Vukovar Popovec Zvonimirovo škola Trnju u Juraj Sv. (TheParish Orchard) Stenjevec Ptuj Halimba

- – - – Baltine bare share the same material culture, the differences between the two two the between differences the culture, material same the share bare Baltine hpd arns tp 1) wt a oa o twenty of total a with 14), (type earrings shaped part pendantspart (seeAppendix A forsources).

Grad andGrad Baltinebare. Veliko polje is the only site that approaches the number of two of number the approaches that site only the is polje Veliko -

– Grad

Udvar - – - -

– a 15) (typelike earrings

seven (see Table Table (see seven

Breg - Cseres Lijevabara –

Site 4

– Ţupni voćnjak voćnjak Ţupni Baltinebare irétek – . iia t te grape the to Similar ).

Grad has the second most grape most secondhasthe Grad

Velikopolje

- –

Osnovna Osnovna

Baltine bare and Halimba and bare Baltine

- shaped earrings found here. Behind only Gomjenica Gomjenica only Behind here. found earrings shaped

– 4.3

Grad also shows some regional variation in both the the both in variation regionalsome shows also Grad graves No. of No. 1130

377 932 246 437 39 40 91 this chapter). It has by far the most examples of of examples most the far by has It chapter). this

nd Volin nd

- shaped earrings, the smaller cemetery of of cemetery smaller the earrings, shaped pendants(typ

- type imitation earrings (type 17b), Ptuj Ptuj 17b), (type earrings imitation type No. of No. 2 – -

shapedofceme earringsany Cseres. Cseres. 73 36 0 1 3 9 0 0 0

- part - e 9) e one, more than double the the double than more one, - Since both these sites are are sites these both Since i cs crescent cast six

Ratiopendantsof : - part pendants part graves – .001 .007

.11 .30 .23 0 0 0 0 Grad and and Grad

- shaped shaped tery in in tery - part part 73 –

CEU eTD Collection 176 fringesregion:thepa the of at found are is Pannonia Southern It of portion this in grounds Slavonia. burial largest the of that interesting half western the in centuries eleventh and tenth the from cemeteries Figure4.6. Mapof the cemeteriesof western Slavonia includedthis in study (seeTable 4.5below) – forms Croatian” “Old are too so Ptuj, at number some in found are forms Köttlach as Just Pannonia. Southern of influen economic and cultural external many the reminderof good a be should but surprise, a not is this earring, of type this of orientation southern the Given

found in some number at Gomjenica.foundin numberat some

Asdiscussed inCh. 2,medieval Slavonia included portions of what is nownorthwest Bosnia. With the exception of northern Bosnia northern of exception the With –

as well as as well as

rticularly Ptuj rticularly

Cemet cross eries ofwesterneries Slavonia

- over –

Grad in Slovenia (377 burials) and the cemeteries cemeteries burials) the andin (377 Slovenia Grad

forms such as the cast crescent cast the as such forms 176 rhelgss ae e ofn n large any find to yet have archaeologists ,

ces on the material culture culture material the on ces - shaped earrings earrings shaped

CEU eTD Collection 178 Bagruša(#2002). discoveredgraves95 Mahovljani at 177 animal Slavonia. western of sites six the in discovered Gomjenica and (#4001) Grad Ptuj like contrast, In #3015). and (#3001 Hungary of sites two the and (#816) bara Lijeva 14 (type earrings like AppendixA). Table4. decided lookthese amultipletakesites, I at to myforgraveyardsin comparison. region this Ţupni is region this in century eleventh and tenth the from graves Sava. the of side Bosnian the on

Site Appendix#3 in ForA. more information,see Alongwith 246the burials discovered Gomjenicaat

- ona (aih rhr) ih t 9 burials. 91 its with Orchard) (Parish voćnjak 5 over an have Slavonia western of sites the surprisingly, Not head bracelet inbracelethead Brdo. west MeĎurječja, of Bijelo .

445 336 187 158 123 3 # Listof sites from western Slavonia analyzedher

Popovec polje Zvonimirovo Peski KloštarPodravski Castle) Drašković(Draškovic's VelikiBukovec Osnovnaškola JurajuSv. Trnju voćnjakOrchard)(Parish Stenjevec Site

17b), and two and 17b), - Kalnički –

Ţupni –

Veliko – -

–

– Kuţnogroblje (#2004) and161 graves in cemeterythe of Petoševci Dvorac

– 177 -

atn br (20) n animal no (#2005), bare Baltine

Breg

As already mentioned, the cemetery containing the most the containing cemetery the mentioned, already As - part pendants (type 9) in c in 9) (type pendants part

between Sava andthe Drava Thehighlandswestern of Slavonia midway North #336 North NorthwesternjustsouthSlavonia of the Drava Dravaand the Mura rivers InMeĎimurje halfwayabout between the SouthwesternSla Location Simoni,"

- – - central Slavoniacentral invalleythe Drava

centralandbetween#158 Slavonia Baltinebare (#2005), archaeologis In fact, I have not find evidence of a single single a of evidence find not have I fact, In

e (for e a listof sources for eachsite see Stenjevcu,"73 178

vonia

u t te mle sample smaller the to Due –

to my knowledge knowledge my to

omparison to the Vukovar the to omparison - 78

head bracelets have been been have bracelets head . -

representation of grape of representation ts alsohave

–

Stenjevac Stenjevac

- size of of size –

– – - -

CEU eTD Collection S many as almost While interestingmany surveyedvariationsherecemeteriesofregional thecontained appear. ubiquitou the among Even differences. important and notable some foundindeedisinhere.cemeteriesof one the everydiscussed thes infound artifact common most The them. within found ornamentsmanyadornment jewelrytheandfor knownmost they however, areobjects, other and tools, weapons, of variety a include do graves These exception. notable a provide coffin plankstwo and wooden ofhowever120 evidence architecture, the grave any lacking typically are also burials These toe). to (head east to west from oriented trend broader a of part all are Reihengräberfeld they First, common. in characteristics some share do cemeteries these of all that mentioned be should it But, identify. to easy fairly is region elevent and cemeteriesfound theat fringes of Southern Pannonia. Table4. leastone circlet. accordingto thistable, a total number inparentheses (6) representsthe number of these six cemeteries that hasthat particular artifact. Therefore, incomplete. Due* tothe damagedburials of theKloštar Podravski cemetery, all counts for thesix sites of western Slavonia are Slavonia 6 West6 Sites* 4001 3015 3001 2005 Site 816

6 Nonetheless, a careful comparison of the grave goods of these cemeteries does reveal reveal does cemeteries these of goods grave the of comparison careful a Nonetheless, tenth the between exists variation much how just question: original the to Returning .

Therefore,the numbers here are theminimum for each category could but be slightlyhigher. The second Comparisonof goodsgrave from smallerthe cemeteriesof western Slavonia thewith larger h century cemeteries of Southern Pannonia? Significant variation across the the across variation Significant Pannonia? Southern of cemeteries century h 200+ 1130 Gr’s

377 932 246 437

, meaning all of these cemeteries were laid out in rows with the deceased deceased the with rows in out laid were cemeteries these of all meaning , - shaped circlets as burials, Vukovar burials, as circlets shaped 87+ (6) 87+ I 221 585 709 230 ofat least87 S 12 - II

14 40 (6) 40 106 67 20 12 - 7 17b -

shapedcirclets have beenrecovered from thesesix sites and all six siteshad at

3+ (3) 3+ Conclusions 21 14 9 0 8 4

6+ (2) 6+ 15c 26 1 0 0 0

– e burials is the S the is burials e

Lijeva bara, with its 437 graves, only only graves, 437 its withbara, Lijeva 23+ (6) 23+ 17b 23 12 52 4 3

10+ (2) 10+ s S s 36 73 0 1 3 9 - -

shaped circlet, which which circlet, shaped

shaped circlets some some circlets shaped Ptuj at s

0 (0) 0 0 1 7 0 1 8

–

Grad does does Grad

76 of of

CEU eTD Collection 179 earrings sixseven locationsonlyeachforabout or of these types. shouldbe bracelets 2 representationthese of (types bracelets simple for patterns similar notice to interesting Slavonia. western to spread have to seem not does pattern This areas. surrounding Croat and Hungarian of cemeteries the in bracelets these Majs at found bracelets 940 Br Bijelo the of phase first the of part early the during disappeared 6 (types 2 (types phase preliminary or Hungarian” “Old Giesler‟sbraceletsassociat are these someof According generally. chronology, to (Halimba east th to found those and sites) Slavonia west of agglomeration the and bare, Baltine (Ptuj south and west the of cemeteries between the contrast the is tables visual interesting an Al comparison. offers 1) Table D, (Appendix here studied cemeteries the in found artifacts the of display graphic A studies. case these by illustrated further and corroborated local circumstancesrather than betweendifferenceschronologicalany cemeteries.the S that period same this Since examples. such twelve produced

SeeChapter 3. - 05. hv aray icse, n oe egh svn omrhc serpent zoomorphic seven length: some in discussed, already have I 1035). In direct contrast, is the pattern observed in the spatial distribution of grape of distribution spatial the in observed pattern the is contrast, direct In 2 (types bracelets of types most of absence the is difference noticeable first The variatio regional the Manyof - (see Figures 3.8 Figures (see 8) are estimated to have appeared during the late “Old Hungarian” phase and and phase Hungarian” “Old late the during appeared have to estimated are 8) –

though there are multiplesub are there though Cseres,Majs - shaped circlets were common this appears to be the result of some unique unique some of result the be to appears this common were shapedcirclets – -

3.13 and Appendix D). The D). Appendix and 3.13 Udvari rétek appear to be indicative a particular concentration of of concentration particular a indicative be to appear rétek Udvari –

Udvari rétek, andUdvari Vukovar rétek, ns of grave goods identified in Chapter 3 have been both beenboth have3 identifiedinChapter goods grave nsof

noted, honoted, cemetery is dated to have been in use during the the during use in been have to dated is cemetery - regional patterns, the easiest to observe in these into observe easiest these regionalthe patterns, - 5) of the Bijelo Brdo culture, while others others while culture, Brdo Bijelo the of 5) wever, as I have only counted on average average on havecounted only wever, asI

ave

– a Brna n te immediately the and Baranya ian rage of one grape one of rage

Lijeva bara). do culture (roughly AD AD (roughly culture do - ) 7). –

Grad, Gomjenica Gomjenica Grad,

The overall low low overall The - shaped earring earring shaped e north and and north e ed with the withed the 179

- shaped shaped

- head head It is It - 77 8) 8) –

CEU eTD Collection northern limitof thisstudy. Kiss, recordedwere foundRépcelak, at which is fartheat northernedge of County,Vas well of north 47°theparallel two 181 180 between link a suggests Bosnia northern in cemeteries at forms these of abundance The Slavonia. Gomjenica in numbers large in found been Slavo eastern so the of Objects cemeteries. these in frequently appear also cultures material other of objects complex, culture material Mura.ofthe (sub Slavoniawestern two of lack total the and (Hungary) County Vas in earrings unclear still is Hungary southwestern extended north not network thisWhether or Mura. the to up Drava even and south and Slavonia central prese sub certain are region this infound predominantly are formsthat Other D). (Appendix Slavoniawestern th at found items these Vukovar and rétek, Udvari largefoundcemeterieslimited welloftheHalimba numbers at as theoverall and Slavonia western in locally produced Zvonimirovo 14 (types

I wasI only able tof GáborKiss recordeddiscoverythe of two Volinrustic - part pendantssubpart nce of one trade or material culture network that extendedwest that materialnetwork culture or trade one of nce Lastly,

the Adriatic and the Sava valley. But, it should be noted, the similarities between between similarities the noted, be should it But, valley. Sava the and Adriatic the - 16 and 17b) per one to five burials at Ptuj at burials five to one per 17b) and 16 - types of the two the of types 181 nia and and nia –

hl I have I while

Veliko polje certainly reinforces the hypothesis that these earrings were were earrings these that hypothesis the reinforces certainly polje Veliko - ind dataforind afew tenth typesand16.6 It interesting is to note, however, – - types 6 and 16) indicates that this indicatesthat 16) and 6 types

e smaller cemeteries of Ptuj Ptuj of cemeteries smaller e of course course of

- to

Vasmegye 10 - – part pendant (type 9 (type pendant part mainly discussed jewelry forms attributed to the Bijelo Brdo Brdo Bijelo the to attributed forms jewelry discussed mainly -

north from the region south of the Sava to as far north as the the as north far as to Sava the of south region the from north Lijeva bara, stands in stark contrast to the large numbers of of numbers large the to contrast stark in stands bara, Lijeva - ald Od ugra” utr apa ms feunl in frequently most appear culture Hungarian” “Old called –

Hungary. Likewise, “Old Croatian” jewelry items have have items jewelry Croatian” “Old Likewise, Hungary. 180 - eleventhcentury sitesin southwestern Hungary. - ; however, the almost complete lack of grape of lack complete almost the however, ; 12.századi. Me đurječja. đurječja. - – typeearrings (17b)inVas County examplesand no of

Baltine bare and other sites in southern southern in sites other and bare Baltine

–

sub – –

Grad, Gomjenica Grad, Grad, Gomjenica Grad, The few variants of these earrings as as earrings these of variants few The

- network did not stretch too far north farnorth stretch too didnot network types 6 and 16). This suggests the the suggests This 16). and 6 types

thatthe twoVolin - part pendants characteristic of of characteristic pendants part - to - east from Slovenia to fromto Slovenia east – –

- Baltine bare, and and bare, Baltine typeearrings he Baltine bare, and and bare, Baltine

– of the Mura into into Muraofthe

Cseres, Majs Cseres, - shaped shaped 78 –

CEU eTD Collection and (trade stronger were region this spirituality). communicationnetworks, unite to tended that politic factors (warfare, the region etc.), the migrations, divide to served factors whatever of regardless that indicates This different. than similar more overall were that practices burial mortuary reinfo material these cultures of each of prevalence the on effect greater a have time of passage the did dom more become forms Köttlach and disappear forms Brdo Bijelo Did cultures. material of mixture this illuminate to help would Slovenia forms Majs example.forUdvari rétek, and bare Baltine between those than greater no are Adriatic the and bare Baltine rces some of the patterns observed in the previous chapter. However, it also reveals reveals also it However, chapter. previous the in observed patterns the of some rces ugss A oe in more A suggests. In summary, a closer look at a few cemeteries in and around Southern Pannonia Pannonia Southern around and in cemeteries few a at look closer a summary, In Ptuj for said be can same the Finally,

ineach relationother to

depth study of the tenth and eleventh century cemeteries of of cemeteries century eleventh and tenth the of study depth ?

–

Grad, as its as Grad, inant as one goes goes one as

mix of Bijelo Brdo and Köttlach and Brdo Bijelo of mix further into the Alps the into further al borders, borders, al ? Or Or ? 79 –

CEU eTD Collection Millennium 182 post of couple a while grave, a obviouslyis ornaments other and jewelry log built generally medievalpeople early this foundvillagejewelsinweaponsstudiedconsiderablyless Compoundingare thanand graves. small a infound pottery as such objects everydayConsequently, attention. less considerably explore. problems to fund, what about to choices own projectsarchaeologists‟ even and what display to what about about choices choices museums‟ sponsor‟s through past the about know we what d both has interest public This elites. and shamans, warriors, events exceptional by left exceptionality of remnants the are These attention. public‟s the capture that archaeology of Edelény Figure5.

For example,For see Mária Wolf, “10 - cabins like the one shown above in Figure 5.1). Figure in above shown one the like cabins imbalance in early medievalEast early inimbalance In contrast to theseartifact to Incontrast weapons, Skulls, – 1

.. Borsodnorthernin Hungary (Wolf, “10

THEFORGOTTENLIVING

( Budapest:Ministry of NationalCultural Heritage, 2003 Sketched reconstructionoftenth a century log

charms

–

as rtas ad et, n otn y xetoa people exceptional by often and death, and rituals, wars, th - , 11 and jewels; graves and treasure hoards: these are these hoards: treasure and graves jewels; and s of exceptionality, the artifacts of daily life daily of artifacts the exceptionality, sof th

CenturySettlements”in - s Central Europe is the very nature of many settlements: settlements: many of nature very the is Europe Central unken : SEEKING TRACESOF SEEKING : th - - V houses 11

CenturySettlements,” 326 - 182

cabindiscovered within the earthen fortof out of wood and earth (or above (or earth and wood of out

A skeleton found in the ground with ground the in found skeleton A ),326 HungarianArchaeology atTurnthe of the irectly and indirectly influenced influenced indirectlyirectly and - 327 .

DAILYLIFE - - 327.) holes here or some or here holes

–

often receive receive often

the finds the - ground ground 80 –

CEU eTD Collection 185 13thcenturies AD Analyses Indicatorsas ofSettlementthe of Territorythe BetweenR the 184 183 northernCroatia: none.” set medieval early of excavation guesses. hamlets.” surrounding obvio gravitated community, large that To an of settlement 11 the half aof second inthe somewhere existingwere whichagricultural population also obviously was cemetery that of vicinity the “In writes, Tomičić medi theinstance, describing For when lived. deceasedonce the which in settlement(s) of location possible the about hypothesized have archaeologists cemeteries, century eleventh and tenth to respect in Often, sites. burial on literature their in loca settlement potential to allusions frequent their is settlements early these identifying in had have archaeologists difficulty the Illustrating see. to difficult really occupants earliest medieval early many of sites continu used were settlements the Furthermore, hearths. their capture and to potsherds likely than more much attention are artifacts metal and bones public, general the by a of presence un the the to signal settlement clearly necessarily not do there hearth a of remnants scattered

Tomičić, SekelIvančan, Tajana 184 showscharacteristicsthe ofearlieranperiod….” with case 13 the than the older period the is to attributed are as architecture certain of Čečavac excavation the on 3 placed be was could otherwise which rescu of cases layer, other In cultural thick. metres intact an provides rarely very years,which for lasting Vinkovci,in excavation archaeological anis examples occupied, presently area inthe out carried were excavations rescue systematic only“The SekelIvančan,

In 2001, for example, Tajana Sekelj Ivančan noted bluntly: “as far as systematic systematic as far “as bluntly: noted Ivančan Sekelj Tajana example, for 2001, In Panonski periplus, h ge o t dsrb te iiain o tee e stlmn ecvtos in excavations settlement few these of limitations the describe to on goes She ,BAR International series, 914 ( Early MedievalEarly –

which destroys layers leaving almost no stratigraphy. A typical typical A stratigraphy. no almost leaving layers destroys which RUDINA or Erdut Erdut or RUDINA - trained eye. Si eye. trained Early MedievalPottery inNorthern Croatia:Typologica 183

129. But, these hypotheses are usually nothing more than educated educated than more nothing usually are hypotheses these But, PotteryinNorthern Croatia

ously or intermittently for centuries making the signs of their their of signs the making centuries for intermittently or ously tlements is concerned, it can be said that there were almost were there that said be can it concerned, is tlements nce many archaeology sites, even today, are discovered discovered are today, even sites, archaeology many nce –

GRADINA, where the lowerest [sic] layers layers [sic] lowerest the where GRADINA, Oxford:Archaeopress, 2001 usly small satellite communities located in the the in located communities satellite small usly e sustematic investigations the emphasis emphasis the investigations sustematic e ,8 th .

century, though other ma other though century, 185

iversDrava and Sava from 10ththe to eval cemetery at Popovec Bregi, Bregi, Popovec at cemeteryeval ),8 . land Chronological Pottery

terial terial th

century. century. tions tions 81

CEU eTD Collection 189 188 [Cerami (Septno.1 2005): Torčeca”141 kod LedineTorčec]. near Ledine of poloţajuLocation the on Settlements Medieval na naselja ranosrednjovjekovnog s keramike 187 studied topographythe ofsites these in archaeologistsfirstidentified settlements inthe area of Torcec using aerial photographysecond, and howthey Torče nalazištau okolici Torčeca 186 timber.” and earth of fortifications massive erecting bydefendthemselves to tried villagesSlavonian the inhabitantsof whomthe against enemy the was exactly “who wonders Curta Slavonia, medieval in villages fortified some discov the into reference Second, chapters. previous inthe depth in some problemthis artifacts. Brdo Bijelo with cemeteries of appearance the with itself manifested “ an of cause the questions he First, Slavonia. in century eleventh and tenth regarding problems unsolved of aspects two at archaeology settlement have attention mostthe attracted that look will I infancy, its in still is settlements simple of study the Since ceramics. on conducted pottery at looking are areas surrounding the and Croatia northern of archaeologists Increasingly, aerialphotograp inemerge.interest inbeginningAmedieval earlyto greater regionsettlements the

SekeljIvančan, Tajana,Tatjana Tkalčec,andBartul Šiljeg. "Rezultati analize ranosrednjovjekovnih nalaz Curta, Curta, See for example:Seefor c]

Priloziarheološkog institute u Zagrebu In his broad survey of early medieval southeastern Europe, Florin Curta describes two describesFlorin two Curta Europe, medievalsoutheastern early survey broad his of In are however, Pannonia, Southern of people medieval the of life daily the of Glimpses – Southeastern Europe in the Southeastern Europe in Middlethe Ages

an artifact of daily life found only rarely in burials. Petrographic analysis Petrographic burials. in rarely only found life daily of artifact an xlso o pplto” n mid in population” of explosion hy and satellite imageryhysatellite and

Sekelj Ivančan, Tajana, Tatjana Tkalčec, Dragutin Slovenec,Tajana,Tkalčec,BoškoSekeljTatjana Ivančan,andDragutinLugović.“Analiza - 186. "

187 [Resultsof Analysisthe ofMedieval Early Finds andSites inthe Vicinity of Forts of the Tenth andEleventh FortsTenth Centuries ofthe

Artifacts previously ignored are now becoming topics of interest. of topics becoming now are ignored previously Artifacts

MiddleAges ordertodevelop new methods for finding andidentifiying newsites.

20, (Julyno. 1 113 2003): – ,253 ,191

has led to many new discoveries in recent years. inrecent many discoveriesnew to hasled - - 189 254. 193. -

et cnuy Slavonia century tenth

hl h gt ms of most gets he While Prilozi Instituta za arheologiju u Zagrebu u arheologiju za Instituta Prilozi : forts and forts pottery. : - 130.

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CEU eTD Collection 193 (Budapest:Ministry of NationalCultural Heritage, 2003), 328 Hungaryforts in see Mária Transylvania,” in “Salt TradeandWarfare: The Rise ofRomanian the anForexample of a Transylvanian fortserving theas guardian of valuable a salt mines ConflictAlliance and during the EarlyThirteenth Century,” in seeforts SaraNur Yildiz, “Reconceptualizing the Tenth Bulga Empire,”in seeHardt,Matthias “The Carolingian in andOttonian Borderlands,” in Ottonianmarches see Joachim Henning, “Civilization versus Barbarians? Fortification TechniquesandPolitics Considerations," in 2005); FrontiersLate in Antiquity a MakingDifference: Dikes andFrontiers in EarlyMedievalBulgaria," in FlorinCurta, 60 Society and Economy ofSlavs," the in 192 191 253 when Tomičić‟ssurvey really tookplace in northwestCroatia. BrodskiStupn Croatianthe 190 anhavesettlements beendated medieval 390 settlements.” of “fortified 132 Out identified Ivančan Sekelj settlements, Croatia. northern in sites archaeological of catalogue Ivančan‟s localevensocialsymbolsof theof communityprestige whole. a as or centers, trading as power, feudal of seats as sites these constructed have may they Rather, ea construct thesejust not peopledid east in forts similar of evidence enemies, about 1949. in ago century a half over site this excavated Zagreb of about Slavonia from fort century eleventh or tenth only the still is Lug Mrsunjski unanswered. remains question this discoveries these of details the regarding

For theories aboutconstructionthe of earth Curtawrongly theidentifies location of forttheof MrsunjskiLug beingas found “near Bjelovar, far not from SekeljIvančan, ZdenkoVinski, “Mrsunjski Lug,” in - 254. - ria see ria Rasho Rashev, “Remarks on Archaeologicalthe Evidence of FortsFortified and Settlements in

CenturyBulgaria,” in Forsymbolicthe importance of seeforts Walter Pohl, "Frontiers and EthnicIdentities: Some Final

vdne lutaig u ignoran our illustrating Evidence Borders, Barriers,and Ethnogenesis, - ik. Second, hewrongly fortplacessurvey a Ţeljkoof centralTomičić in andsouthern Slavonia, Hungarianborder,” when factit it locatedis closer toBosnianthe borderon Savathe near - 99(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005); PauloSquatriti, "Moving Earth and EastCentral & Eastern Europe, Catalogue ofMedieval Sites inContinental Croatia Borde LimesSaxoniae rs, Barriers,and Ethnogenesis,

Wolf,“Earthen Forts,” in ndthe Middle Ages Borders,Barriers, and Ethnogenesis,

which we which

d evenfewer d havebeen excavated. EastCentral & Eastern Europe inthe Early Middle A Katalog izložbe asPartof Easternthe Borderlands ofFrankish the andOttonian have some knowle some have rth Borders, Barriers,and Ethnogenesis - and - , edited , by Florin Curta, 59 and

190 Seljuk 35 - 106 ce about these forts is found in Tajana Sekelj Sekelj Tajana in found is forts these about ce timberforts see: PaulBarford, "Silent Centuries: The - , he is right to pose this question. Unfortunately, question. this pose to right is he , - Slavic MilitaryOrganization in EarlyMedieval - Hungarian Archaeologyat Turnthe ofthe Millennium 50. For the purposeandevolution of inforts medieval timber forts for defense from an external enemy. enemy. externalan from defensefor forts timber - 108.

- ( CilicianFrontier: Armenians, Latins, andTurks in 255 Zagreb - central Europe indicates that early medieval medieval early that indicates Europe central For aForbasic overview ofandeleventh tenth century - - 265. 331. Borders,Barriers, and Ethnogenesis, Curta, : A dge 51

r For h - e 58.For geographicthe positioning of SoutheasternEurope inthe Middle Ages ,14. , and the Archaeological Museum Museum Archaeological the and , o

l circularforts of Carolingianthe and Borders,Barriers, and Ethnogenesis: o š

- k 90 (Turnhout,Belgium: Brepols, i

191 m u 192

193

z e , , 23 While Florin Curta asks Curta Florin While j

Few of these fortified these of Few

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Salian

83 ,

CEU eTD Collection insouth second the andCroatia / Slavonia of portions northwestern inthe appears forts clusterof first a indicates period this from sites fortified of distribution the at look a First, made. be can observations preliminary few a centuries, SekeljIvančan, Slovenia,Hungary, and othersurrounding countriescertainly would thischange picture (Data from onlyincludes sites from northern Croatia andnorthern Bosnia.Widening this sample toinclude sites in Figure5. Despite the limited information about the Slavonian forts of the tenth and eleventh eleventh and tenth the of forts Slavonian the about information limited the Despite - 2 centralsouth and . Distribution. of tenth century(top) and eleventh century forts in Slavonia. Catalogueof Medieva - easternSlavonia. l Sites l in Continental Croatia

bi -

modal distribution (see Figure (see distribution modal ).

Note:This map 5.2

above). The The above). 84

CEU eTD Collection regnum invasit recipitur. dolo Graecis et Bulgaris iisdem ab rursumque capitur; 177 Survey Cultural A Ages: 197 196 CatalogNo‟s 110,115, and 150. Dvorišće B 195 (1978):209 earlymedieval sitesin the Mura valley and th ranosrednjevjekovniharheoloških istraţivanja MeĎimurjuu ivaraţdinskoj regiji NorthwesternCroatia], 194 LugMrsunjski broadlydated Vinski Zdenko important. especially becomes sites these of chronology the verifying where is this andKing inbySolomon Du occupationregion the 1071 of Syrmiaincursions such Hungarianinto astheeastern andSlavonia with culminated which the Oftentiehistoriansconstructiontryto theparticular forts useto andof these historical events, any part of SouthernPan about just other lesshuman providedevidencethan ofactivity systems. Slavo northwest of forts the again, Yet March. Carinthian the and Slavonia between boundary the marked there. Slavonia northeast in found been has forts century eleventh and tenth of evidence archaeological no why explain not does theory of pattern distribution the (see there lived nort of region this in built were forts more that be could sites. these of eight of out three for account only surveys by conducted elica

F According toSekelj Ivančan,Pribakovic wasfirstthe archaeologisttorecord presencethe of fortsthe at D.Pribakovic, “Neki podaci o grad . Ivo Goldstein, “Between Byzantium, the Adriatic, and Central Europe,” in in Europe,” Central and Adriatic, the Byzantium, “Between Goldstein, Ivo

or example,or cemeteriesthe of Vukovar Also, with slightly different dates: “ dates: different slightly with Also, - 196

Gradište(#110) andPetar Ludbreški Even more curious is the presence of forts in south in forts of presence the is curious more Even two by explained be part, in can, former the of presence The –

If these forts were indeed built as borderlands defenses, it is possible that these forts forts these isthat itpossible borderlands defenses, built indeedas were forts these If Gradišće - 222. .” .”

D. Codexdiplomaticus Hungariae ecclesiasticusac civilis

nia could be strongholds of localized power rather than regional defense defense regional than rather power localized of strongholds be could nia - Pribakovic and Ţeljko Tomičić in northwestern Croatia. northwestern in Tomičić Ţeljko and Pribakovic MočvareII (#115). VjesnikVojnog muzeja Jugoslavenskearmije , edited by Ivan Supičić (London: Philip Wilson Publishers and Zagreb: AGM, 1999), 1999), AGM, Zagreb: and PublishersWilson Philip (London: Supičić Ivan byedited ,

ištimaseverozapadne Hrvatske” [Some Data aboutFortsthe of SekeljIvančan, Anno MLXVIII. Civitas Bulgarorum (Belgradum) a Rege Salomone Rege a (Belgradum) Bulgarorum Civitas MLXVIII. Anno – – – , when some of the largest cemeteries have been found found been have cemeteries largest the of some when ,

eVaraţdin region], Lijeva(#816)bara andBijelo Brdo

Kolibe(#150),while Tomičićwas firstthe to investigatefort a at the only excavated fort in northern Croatia believed to believedto northernCroatia in fort excavated onlythe sites in Figure 2.1 in Chapter 2). However 2). Chapter in 2.1 Figure in sites Catalogueof MedievalSites inContinental Croatia

IzdanjaHrvatskog arheološkog društva –

3:107 hwest Croatia because more people people more because Croatia hwest

ke Géza of Hungary. Gézakeof A - 195 central Slavonia, an area that has has that area an Slavonia, central n LXI SlmnRx Bulgarense Rex Salomon MLXXII. nno ,vol. 7, no.4,53

- 141;Ţeljko Another possible explanation explanation possible Another ”

– [The resu

rai i te al Middle Early the in Croatia UlicaVenecije (#754). Tomičić,“Rezultati 194 .

ltsof research on the different surveys surveys different

However, these these However, 197

Ofcourse,

nonia. nonia. 2

, this this , , 85

CEU eTD Collection 198 researchon canmade.thesebesites suchto allowconclusions more only but truth, the to closer is former the that hypothesize I systems. defense frontier settlements, of series a and river, no a between stood forts of row a that discovered is it if However, power. of displays and centers local as served forts these that argument was fort typical the that reveals directions, area all in settlements the numerous by surrounded of analysis spatial a if example, For forts. to help will two, the between relationship spatial the with along thos with forts of artifacts the of comparisons Similar development. unique a indicate they if or pattern regional broader a into fit forts Slavonian the whether determine regi the of history medieval the in place their of understanding our in way long a go may forts se the ofdating accurate the than true, If dendrochronology. through forts theseof dating the o away, rotted since long have walls these of much While timber. of amount tremendous a of use the required which today eleventh and tenth the “eart labeled in typically Although centuries. forts these of use and construction the of circumstances real which about t events, historical to site dated vaguely a such fit to try to impossible is it Yet, nails. iron wrought even and Brdo), Bijelo (including items jewelry pottery, there: discovered artifacts period the from be

Vinski,“Mrsunjski Lug.” on. Furthermore, comparisons with the forts of the surrounding regions can help to to help can regions surrounding the of forts the with comparisons Furthermore, on. – Future excavations and surveys must be conducted in northern Croatia to reveal the the reveal to Croatia northern in conducted be must surveys and excavations Future

many of these forts had been constructed with timber walls placed on the ramparts, ramparts, the on placed walls timber with constructed been had forts these of many herestill much is unresolveddebate. –

to the tenth to t to tenth the to

ne would think that enough fragments may have survived to allow allow to survived have may fragments enough that think would ne

this may support the more traditional view of forts as as forts of view traditional more the support may this itet centuries. hirteenth hen forts” hen

- man‟s – then that would lend credence to the the to credence lend would that then

due in large part to their appearance appearance their to part large in due 198 - land, or natural barrier such as a a as such barrier natural or land,

He did so on the basis of the of basis the on so did He

explain the purpose of these these of purpose theexplain e of settlements, settlements, of e 86

CEU eTD Collection 199 below). (seeFigure5.3 cre to of finds chance of location the used Sekelj Ivančan period, this to dated beenpositively have which fewsettlements those to [ear of existence the “establish to was goal primary her ceramics, region‟s the of survey first the of centuries. creation the thirteenth Besides and tenth the between date to believed ceramics of classification pottery of survey extensive an conducted Ivančan Sekelj Tajana 2001. in published was Croatia Slavonia, medievalthe region. ofthe pottery examine to begun just only have Croatia northern in archaeologists Unfortunately, people. eleve and tenth quickly,pot disintegrate objects other and food, clothing, While centuries. of passage the survive can

S e k e ate a hypothetical map of settlements in Slavonia from the tenth to thirteenth centuries centuries thirteenth to tenth the from Slavonia in settlements of map hypothetical a ate l j nesoig ut o ltl w ko aot the about know we little how just Underscoring fre most the is pottery general, In

on i nrhr Cota in Croatia, northern in found I v

a is the fact that the first comprehensive survey of medieval pottery in northern northern in pottery medieval of survey comprehensive first the that fact the is n - c ̌ sherds can survive for millennia. With the general lack of written records for thefor lackmillennia.records Withof written sherdsgeneralfor the cansurvive a n , nth centuries in Slavonia, pottery can tell us much about the daily life of its its of life daily the about much us tell can pottery Slavonia, in centuries nth Early MedievalPottery inNorthern Croatia.

ly medieval] settlements” in both space and time. time. and space both in settlements” medieval] ly medieval

hc s which pottery as well as the known location of cemeteries cemeteries of location known the as well as pottery quently used artifact of pre of artifact used quently Pottery he created a typological and chronological chronological and typological a created he

daily life of people in medieval medieval in people of life daily - modern daily life that that life daily modern In addition addition In 199 87

CEU eTD Collection archaeologicalthe sherds whose provenanceof context those pots and was known. st other this with Along Basin. Carpathian the in studies ceramic other with comparison a on largely rely to had She problem. a created finds these of many of provenance the about knowledge s some into forms categories, somebroader moreatshe specificlooked attributes size, its by m pottery classified Ivančan Sekelj studies, other these on work Basin, her Carpathian Modeling the of parts other from studies ceramic ( Figure5. EarlyMedieval Pottery aterial and methods of production, form and function, and decoration. decoration. and function, and form production, of methods and aterial Once Sekelj Ivančan had sorted the pottery, the next step was to place these various various these place to was step next the pottery, the sorted had Ivančan Sekelj Once in efforts such previous any Lacking udies, Sekelj Ivančan was able to create an estimated chronology for each type using using type each for chronology estimated ancreate to able was Ivančan Sekelj udies, 3 .

SekeljIvančan’s map of ninth throughtwelfth centurysettlement sites northernin Croatia ort of chronological scheme/paradigm. This is where the lack of of lack the where is This scheme/paradigm. chronological of ort ,111) .

oten Croatia, northern .

particularly

eej Ivančan Sekelj For each of these these of each For

rm Slovakia from

analyzed analyzed 88 .

CEU eTD Collection and Cemetery,” – 202 (Budapest:Institut für Archäologie derUngarischen Akademie derWissenschaften, 1986). 201 200 sickles, ploughshares, weights, loom pottery tools, bone revealed has Serbia northeast weights, and hooks fish the to Danube.early medievalvillagers the along fishingimportance to of reveals the fish of Vukovar discovery at skeletons The research. future for opportunities great provide should that finds endthe oft cauldrons Mi as such vessels, ceramic specialized of studies addition, In analyzed potsherds of size sample Figure in another to region onefrom Croatia northern in The pottery medieval of decoration space. than rather time in pottery differences in of result differences the are most site to that site from therefore, assemblages appears, It jewelry. as such artifacts other over less any differ to draw seems pottery to Further, difficult data. available it the on makesconclusions which region, the for ceramics of size sample small the analy

Lijeva Demo,bara.

MiklósTa TonkesselGerman. in Archaeologistsfound fish and skeletonanimal clutchedheld tothe deceased‟s zing spatial distribution patterns of pottery is somewhat limited. This is in part due to to due part in is This limited. somewhat is pottery of patterns distribution spatial zing The increased interest in the archaeology of daily life has produced some tantalizing tantalizing some produced has life daily of archaeology the in interest increased The of effectiveness the Croatia, northern in studies ceramic of state present the to Due 200 5.4 kács, hischapter). , should provide some more distinctive patterns of distribution (see Figure (see distribution of patterns distinctive more some provide should , ). It is hypothesized that some variation would emerge if the relatively small small relatively the if emerge would variation some that hypothesized is It ). Arheološkipregled DieArpadenzeitlichen Tonkessel inKarpatenbecken Vukovar

– 201

ieabr n io fish iron and bara Lijeva

–

– Lijevabara,

shows little spatial variation (see maps at the end of this chapter chapter this of end the mapsat variation (see little spatial shows

1986:86 Gordana Marjanović Gordana here was enlarged not only spatially but also in quantity. in also but spatially only not enlarged was here - 87. 115;Gordana Marjanović OtherArtifacts

hooks and net weights at Kostol (Serbia) (Serbia) Kostol at weights net and hooks – -

Vujović‟s research at the Kostol site in site Kostol the at research Vujović‟s which

, - one may expect to vary the most most the vary to expect may one Vujović,“Kostol: Medieval Settlement Variaarchaeological Hungarica klós Takács‟s study of clay clay of study Takács‟s klós chest inburialschestthe of Vukovar

202 space than space

In addition Inaddition

5.5 at 5.5 do 89

CEU eTD Collection 207 Kopriv 206 Starohrvatskaprosvjeta 205 (London:Unwin Hyman, 1997), 236 Balticthe tothe Black Sea:Studies in Medieval Archaeology, 204 203 an medievalexponential at settlements rate. of knowledge our increasing is archaeologists of generation new a by field the in interest daily the on information new providing for hope greatest the perhaps is Rescue ways, many in evidence. archaeology, limited such on based whole a as region the about conclusions broad amo limited The goals. one‟s tempering of tendency a has reality Unfortunately, thesis. this of part core a be to life manydiscoveryiron ofovens, nails, wrought the cited also he pottery, finding Besides site. this from more new learn us help and could questions methods modern believe I 1949, in Zagreb of Museum Archaeological the and south from Lug Mrsunjski of fort centuries. tenth and eighth the between sometime to dated been earlyMarkovićInfurther. the investigatedZorko blacksmith‟sa1980s, has that workshop ArchaeologicalZagreb.Museum of animals. var wide a found irontools. ofhoards furniture,and wooden stonesimple ovens, cookingpots,

Ţe Marjanović Marjanović Vinski,"Mrsunjski lug.” ZorkoMarković, “Seče: Koprivnički Bregi,Koprivnica ljkoDemo, “Early MedievalObjects of BoneHorn and inArchaeologicalthe Museum Zagreb,” in nički Bregi,nički Koprivnica Originally, I had intended for this study of the archaeology of settlements and daily daily and settlements of archaeology the of study this for intended had I Originally, n still life, daily about hints some providing finds, older Other 204 life of tenth through eleventh century people in Slavonia. Likewise, the increased the Likewise, Slavonia. in people century eleventh through tenth of life

- - Vujović,“Rural Settlements in9 the Vujović,“Kostol,” 86. Ţeljko Demo recently completed a study of bone and horn tools from the the from tools horn and bone of study a completed recently Demo Ţeljko ey f eco of iety 3,34 (2007):no. 137

unt of published research in this field makes it difficult to draw any draw to difficult it makes field this in research published of unt

–

A PrehistoricA andMedieval Settlement,” -

facts, including bones of a variety of domesticated and wild wild and domesticated of variety a of bones including facts, - 246.

central Slavonia. A Slavonia. central 205 -

149.

Conclusions

and 10

jewelry,nameto few.spurs, and a – th

prethistoijskosrednjovjekovno i [Seče:naselje”

editedby DavidAustin andLeslie Alcock centuriesinthe Danube valley Serbia,” in in

lthough excavated by Zdenko Vinski Vinski Zdenko by excavated lthough ArheološkiPregled 206

Already mentioned is the the is mentioned Already eed to be researched researched be to eed 203 23(1982): 37 207

She has also hasalso She

From - 38. 90

CEU eTD Collection Croatia). outsidenorthern Croatia was included (Data from Figure5. Decoration instrumentG. blunt a with wavyOne C. linesor two E. Comb.E. horizontalof&lineswavy A.

doubleSingle lineor wavy 4

. Distribution. of potterydecoration types in northern Croatia. Note: no potterydata from

Sekel Ivančan,Early Medieval

D. Multiple D. horizontallines Combed B. linewavy Comb. impressedH. &ofother RoulettingF. decoration Potteryin Northern

CEU eTD Collection UngarischenAka Tonkessel Karpatenbeckenin polygon)fewa withoutliers along the Sava (small yellow circles). Miklós Takács, Figure5. 5 . Mapshowing demieder Wissenschaften, 1986), inset maps.

a roughapproximation ofextents the of the , Variaarchaeological Hungarica (Budapest: Instit

clay cauldronclay utfür Archäologie der DieArpadenzeitlichen

(large yellow(large 92

CEU eTD Collection 211 GreenandStephen M.Perlman (Orlando:Acade patternand process in archaeology. In 210 Publishers,1991), 50 209 SekeljIvančan andTatjana Tkalčec. ask newque 208 Accordin sought. are patterns way the in is however danger, how lendsobviouslyitself to most available evidence the when questions two latter these answer to try to how is then, describes “simply step this processes. cultural identifying archaeology: of objective” “ultimate the calls Thomas Hurst David what out leaves still this activity. such questions to answers provided also of questions beyond that means This Ages. Middle the in existed that networks spiritual even and communication, trade, leastpro but canat patternstheseparticular distribution community, provideliving. also somecluestheNot do about burial only theythe tella usabout of culture where of questions the answer to used been primarily have cemeter cemeteries these region: practices, burial of the study obvious in the Besides past medieval the of evidence visible most the on focused VI

DavidHurst Thomas, In northernCroatia at least,younger a generationof archaeologists begunhave toexplore other typesof sites, Green andPerlman, “Frontiers,” 5 “Frontiers,In Boundaries, andOpen Social Systems” GreenPerlman and describe contrast and the rolesof cultural processes occur, thus they first seek out patterns, as I have done here. done have I as patterns, out seek first they thus occur, processes cultural , I believe that mapping the distribution patterns of artifacts such as grave goods can goods grave as such artifacts of patterns distribution the mapping that believe I , As Green and Perlman argue, it can be difficult for archaeologists to observe directly directly observe to archaeologists for difficult be can it argue, Perlman and Green As past the In

In seeking an answer to this question, archaeologists look for patterns. However, However, patterns. for look archaeologists question, this to answer an seeking In stions,employ and new technologies in the twolast decades. Two ofmost the notableare Tajana - 56. , much of the archaeological research done in Southern Pannonia has has Pannonia Southern in done research archaeological the of much ,

Archaeology:Down to Earth

the formerthe two.

where how

209 - 6. The ArchaeologyofFrontiers and Boundaries, where

and

a human activity is expected to occur.” to expected is activity human a

According to Stanton W. Green and Stephen M. Perlman Perlman M. Stephen and Green W. Stanton to According hn when. CONCLUSION and

micPress, 1985), 4 s ht was what as when (FortWorth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College However, in trying to answer the question of of question the answer to trying in However, the dead were buried were dead the

the nature of human interaction and and interaction human of nature the - 6.

g to them, establishing a a establishing them, to g vide some hints about the the hintsvidesomeabout , editedby StantonW. these cemeteries can can cemeteries these 210

The dilemma, dilemma, The 211 ies.

The The 208 93

CEU eTD Collection 212 political, than more ethnicreligious, madeor them.differences gaps bridged networks social and Economic conflict. than contact suggests sites and assemblages artifact both in similarities the entities, religious or political of authority the in differences perceived or real – borderlandsalong found evidencearchaeological The withstanding Archaeological such lendview.a to themselves easily power, for struggle a of facet some expressing classes religious or ruling powerful the Histo this. to perceptible particularly are historians sources, medieval the of nature the to Due borders. perceive and differences observe readily very We archaeologists. as well as historians of research the both influenced has phenomenon nation of perspectives modern by colored often is evidence isinterpretationview”historical “closed the oftheof both culture, that archaeological the and morefluid.muchcomplex and are interaction human of patterns cases, most in fact, in when system, closed a of perception the provides This boundaries. arbitrary somewhat with limits geographical their establish archaeolog when arises then problem The system. closed a in happen not do processes, cultural therefore and interactions, human However, culture.” of concept “closed a carries “implicitly” patterns identify to order in typology

often show very little, if any, differences across these perceived borders. Regardless of any Regardlessany of borders. perceived these across ifany,differences little, very show often

Green andPerlman, “Frontiers,” 6. Medieval archaeology has the potential to present a fuller picture of the past. past. the of picture fuller a present to potential the has archaeology Medieval a creating therefore and boundaries, create to tendency this exacerbating Further –

are just as likely to leave evidence behind as the rich, powerful, and educated. educated. and powerful, rich, the as behind leave evidence likely to as just are evidence often contradicts the historical, as “commoners” as historical, the contradicts often evidence

that these regions were characterized more by more characterized were regions these that ists define material culture groups and and groups culture material define ists –

as identified by the histori bytheidentified as rical sources, often written by by written often sources, rical - tts I belie I states. –

rich graves not not graves rich ve that this this that ve cal sources sources cal 212 94

CEU eTD Collection Remainsof Clothingin Early ModernHungary s three 213 all on lie that sites also but sites, of only concentration not dense have a archaeologists identified Here Danube. and Drava the of confluence the near seen sepa region rivers the particular, In Pannonia. emerged that reveale pre any to myself confining without automatically“Pueblo.”classified as life sedentary of evidence any Therefore, nomadic. and violent were neighbors their while people, peaceful inherently were people Pueblo the that notion this had exa time long For a for Southwest America. American the North in archaeologists in found also is qualities ethnic perceived with culture “Slavic”people. one of withering acritique wrote Mérai, Dóra University, Central European at master‟sthesis recent her ofIn indicators ethnicity. itselfusedas are artifactswhen manifests tendency particularly con draw to used is evidence material when problem a become really can zones materialculture into divideregions to tendency the Furthermore, ignored. are similarities while exaggerated are differences these if problem a different of peopleadornmentsthanwiththe somewhat did differences. is

further exacerbated by the emphasis on classifying and delineating groups and identifying and groups delineating and classifying on emphasis the by exacerbated further DóraMérai, ration. The role of rivers as meeting places and transportation routes can especially be be especially can routes transportation and places meeting as rivers of role The ration. With these limitations and concerns in mind, I have strived to identify spatial patterns identifypatterns spatial to strivedhave I mind, in concerns and limitations theseWith border draw to historians of tendency the share also archaeologists However, - rhelgs‟ ue f eti tps f eeeis n cran riat t identify to artifacts certain and cemeteries of types certain of use archaeologist‟s

appear to have been conduits for trade and interaction rather than barriers of of barriers than rather interaction and trade for conduits been have to appear

It is of course fine to say that the medieval people of Baranya buried their dead dead their buried Baranya of medievalpeople the saythat to fine course ofis It “Thetrueand exactdresses and fashion”: Ethnic and Social AspectsofArchaeological 213

While seemingly more pronounced inmaterial moreWhileassociationthis pronounced Europe, seemingly of d that a very complex level of exchange took place in medieval Southern medievalplacein Southern exchange took level veryof a complex that d

- -

conceived notions of boundaries. The spatial patterns patterns spatial The boundaries. of notions conceived which are often viewed as the natural borders of the the of borders natural the as viewed often are which clusions (Budapest:Ce –

rm ie stlmns o po to settlements fixed from that it cannot it that ntral Europeanntral University, master‟s thesis,2007). western Slavonia. Yet itbecomes Yet westernSlavonia. . In medieval archaeology, this this archaeology, medieval In . ttery – ides of the the of ides

often was was often s. This s. mple, mple, 95

CEU eTD Collection HistoricalAssociation 216 Procopius, Antiquityand the Middle Ages, 215 SekeljIvančan, crossingstothe dev overDrava.the Tomičić, archaeologicalliterature as the “Cigankasite Forsite. example, indiscussing the medieval “cemetery villagethenear of Josipovo,” refe 214 place took wasperceived inter of level low a assumes often history. American infrontier the importance of the about thesis Turner‟sJackson Frederick with historiography modern in popular became “Barbarians” and “Civilized” the right.” the on is which Romans, the of territory the and bank, left its holds who barbarians, the the between forms boundary clearly it time first the for Dacia, to close gets Ister river the “When wrote, he Antiq Danubeof the described Procopius nomadic). v. sedentary(ie. socio or religions, nations, groups, ethnic different divide which boundaries linear are Frontiers ways. different in conceptions two seemingl these approached While have historians similar, borderlands. or frontiers as labeled often are places Such between”? of n sites of placement the observed have Appendix in 2 and 1 Tables (see sites Slavonian eastern and western between Vukovar (i.e. Baranya and Slavonia eastern observed already have I example, For river. the of side same the on betweensites than greater often is confluence this of sides opposite lyingon Figure in map (see confluence

Procupiusquoted by inCurta introductionhis to In regardtoseveral sites, Tomičić has noted the importanceof a nearby crossing river tothe location of the FrederickTurner, “The Significance of Frontierthe inAmerican History,” transfluvial Given these observed patterns, just what was medieval Slavonia‟s role as a “place “place a as role Slavonia‟s medieval was what just patterns, observed these Given Buildings EarlyMedieval Pottery inNorthern Croatia

trade routes. trade elopment ofelopment concentration a of sitesin the surroundingareas Donji Miholjac andVitrovica. 4.5,editedby Haury, J. English translation by H.B.Dewing (Cambridg (1893):199 Panonskiperiplus, 215

to be hostilein nature. to

editedby Curta Florin This idea of linear bo linear of idea This 214 -

227.

2.1

action took place on the “frontier,” and often and “frontier,” the on place took action ). In addition, the similarity of the artifacts found at sites at found artifacts the of similarity the addition, In ). – 190. Likewise, Sekelj Ivančan describesimportancethe of river

ear strategic river strategic ear Mesarna”(#709), he thenoted proximity of a “passage”river Borders,Barriers, andEthnogenesis: Frontiers Late in

(Turnhout,Belgium: Brepols, 2005), 1. Originally from –

iea aa n Majs and bara Lijeva rders between “Us” and “Them” or between or “Them” and “Us” between rders

,116.

greater similarities between the sites of of sites the between similarities greater

- crossings indicating the importance importance the indicating crossings Annual Report ofthe American uity in such a way when when way sucha in uity –

Udvari rétek) than than rétek) Udvari rred toin rred the eMA, 1940), 267. what contact contact what

216 D ). Others Others ).

- The idea The cultures cultures 96 y

CEU eTD Collection “OldHungarian” settlement. See, respectively:Tomičić, classesAttilaKissas had Hungarianthe cemetery of Majs,he argues that differentthe typesof burialsgoods indicate complexof eastern Slavonia with that of Hungary evidenceas of “autochtonous” development. Similarly, with 221 220 219 218 217 land” man‟s Croatia, and explainingwithout evidencethese assumptions.what supports Hungary between border a as Drava the show frequently and similarly and i with Slavonia connect than rather separate that borders as Sava and Drava the perception influence to ability their co Croatia.” central of area historic that settled which population Croatian the with identified be should Slavs, autochtonous undoubtedly Popove the in visible. buried population readilythe of description his In Slavs.“autochtonous” of emphasizespresence the is concept frontier the of influence the eleventh and tenth of history forts frontiers that argued he as “frontier Procopius‟ view historians “text by reinforced studies, Antiquity re continuous the criticized has instance, for i the where States United the indid it as just attack, under

nfidence. The power of maps of power The nfidence. Tomičić, Site #445inAppendix A. WalterPohl, "Frontiers and EthnicIdentities," Curta,“Introduction,” in Curta,“Introduction,” in -

A similar conception, which supposes even less interaction, is the concept of a “no a of concept the is interaction, less even supposes which conception, similar A come has history European medieval to “frontier” of concept the of application The ee oe fe ta nt yblc ahr hn defensive. than rather symbolic not than often more were "KalničkomPrig

or a “buffer zone.” zone.” “buffer a or c –

rg cmtr i te ank Hills, Kalnik the in cemetery Bregi

argued Borders,Barriers, and Ethnogenesis,” Borders,Barriers, and Ethnogenesis,”

orju,”122. At other points, Tomičićidentifies differences in Bijelothe

– –

buttwo separateethnic groups: an“autochtonous” Slavic population and an

and their physical markers such as dykes, walls, barriers, and and barriers, walls, dykes, as such markers physical their and century Slavonia is generally outlined in more nuanced terms, terms, nuanced more in outlined generally is Slavonia century Several Croatian historians have described Slavonia in this this in Slavonia described have historians Croatian Several -

the way in which they implicitly convey arguments and and arguments convey implicitly they which in way the - - as

should not be ignored either. Maps commonly depict depict commonly Maps either. ignored be not should - - bar rvn archaeology.” driven 255 rier” idea as propaganda. as idea rier” 221 - 265. -

appearance of “frontier stereotypes” in Late Late in stereotypes” “frontier of appearance " It is unclear what provides Tomičić with this this with Tomičić provides what unclearis It Bijelo

BrdoII 1 1. -

2. dea was popularized. Florin Curta, Curta, Florin popularized. was dea

220

,” 117,” “Majs and

217

For instance, Tomičić often often Tomičić instance, For e rts “ht population, “that writes: he

e ecie hw today how describes He 219 218

Walter Pohl agreed, agreed, Pohl Walter While the complex complex the While - Udvar,”85. –

notseparate social ts neighbors neighbors ts

Brdo

CEU eTD Collection Cambridgestudies inNorth American Indian history(Cambridge:Cambridge University 1991.Press), 223 SekeljIvančan the Slavoniaas aland of “chaos.” describedSlavonia as a“no man‟sland” or 222 share ofnorthernBosnia burial march. thegoods lived Likewise, who in Carinthian the those w of people medieval artifacts these artifacts that shows fro a than rather exchange of place (syncretic) religions ethnicand groups. something where created. grounds” “middle places these called White Richard ground his In borderlands. in exchanged are beliefs and ideas, Goods, exchange. and interaction of center a marginal these view studies borderlands power, and population of centers to areas within interaction forpopulated timethe period. Slavonia of parts Some regions. surrounding the to compared low that not were levels population the di Slavonia century eleventh and tenth While region. the in economiccircumstances or geographicany ofresult the not and militaryreasons defensive or for intentional are levelsactivitylow the that implies zone” “buffer of concept the Moreover, con frontier the like much difference and separation imply also they between,” “places way.

Tomičić usedthe term“tampon proctor” or buffer zone todescribe t RichardWhite, area northofKupa the river,which is ofnow part west 222

It is my conclusion that tenth and eleventh century Slavonia was a borderland and a a and borderland a was Slavonia century eleventh and tenth that conclusion my is It Incontra 223 Although these terms generally are used to describe the low population levels of of levels population low the describe to used are generally terms these Although -

especially along the Drava and Danube in northern Croatia northern in Danube and Drava the along especially ;

o ol nw od ad e ies ol b cetd bt lo vn new even also but created, be would ideas new and goods new only Not Curta, - breaking work on the borderlands of French and English colonial America, America, colonial English and French of borderlands the on work breaking – TheMiddle Ground: Indians,Empires, and Republics in Greatthe

st to the concept of frontier, the idea of “borderlands” suggests high levels of levelsof high “borderlands”suggests of idea frontier,the of concept the to st were found in equal measure on opposing sides of alleged borders. The The borders. alleged of sides opposing on measure equal in found were lcs ht i bten between. lie that places Southeastern Europe in Middlethe Ages –

as well as material preferences and production methods associated with associated methods production and material preferences as wellas estern Slavonia buried their dead with very similar grave goods as did did as goods grave similar very with dead their buried Slavonia estern

Curta alsoused termthe “no man‟sland,” howeverwas he primarily referring to

terra nullius. ntier or no man‟s land. The archaeological evidence evidence archaeological The land. man‟s no or ntier

Rather than focus on these areas as peripheral peripheral as areas these on focus than Rather Meanwhile,Nada Klaić describedeleventh century - central Croatia.central Tomičić, , , 256 .

he he region,while Sekelj Ivančan d have low levels of population, population, of levels low have d Panonskiperiplus, Lakes Region,1650 –

were actually quite quite actually were

new could be be could new

reas as as reas

25 - 1815 cept. cept. ; 98 ,

CEU eTD Collection exchange,and evenhistorical ties. exchan economic and cultural, social, of network complex a these of Rather, presence the indicate interpretation. differences historical particular a support to attempt an as or divides, the in not but important, are differences regional These 4. important and 3 several Chapters in area identified the of culture I material the in Yet, differences Pannonia. Southern in groups religious interruptdidborders not religiousandwell. culturalas exchange these that indicate to seems also goods burial of significance spiritual inherent the addition, thes that demonstrates evidence well any of existence the hypothesize Pannonia Southern medieval early in exist did borders religious Balkans the of people actual the about 1)probablymost more motivesaboutitChapter biasesthan does the author of andthe tellsus in quoted I (which d‟Aguil encountered Crusaders the that “Slavonia” of “brigands” the Raymond of depiction differences. exaggerated early authors many that medieval likely it is too so frontier, and Roman the hyperbole of of descriptions his accused in stands propaganda now Procopius as Just evidence. historical on based borders. possible any to than rather them between distances the to proportion direct in be to seem sites between Differences Baranya. and sites Slavonian eastern between similarities cited alrea the with likewise and sites, Slavonian and sites Adriatic with both similarities many ge; a network influenced by natural obstacles, trade routes, centers of production and and production of centers routes, trade obstacles, natural by influenced network a ge; So far, I have discussed the great sim great the discussed have I far, So hi that degree the to not but Certainly, borders? there Were

typical ways they are used: that is to emphasize ethnic or religious or ethnic emphasize to is that used: are they ways typical e borders did in no way disrupt economic exchange. In In exchange. economic disrupt way no in did borders e

Even . - defined borders in the region, the archaeological archaeological the region, the in borders defined ilarities that existed across ethnic, political, and and political, ethnic, across existed that ilarities

f some if

clearly defined ethnic, political, or or political, ethnic, defined clearly

–

iers highly stereotyped stereotyped highly iers and I am not willing to to willing not am I and storians often presume presume often storians dy dy 99

CEU eTD Collection concentration the Given region. the in workshops artisan local in crafted then and Bosnia northern of mountains the in mined was ore mineral 6.4 Figure (see bare) Baltine (i.e. Bosnia northwest of reaches upper the as well as Slavonia, western in found 14 (types earrings like finger luxuriouscrowned the of distribution The Baranya. of those and Slavonia eastern of sites the indicat does that map this Nonetheless, pattern Pannonia. distribution northern of much wide covered very a of extent southernmost the just was this concentration that shows Pannonia northern include to map my expanding However, sphere. blue by represented is Danube,which andDrava confluenceofthe centeredaround in Idiscussed3. in someparticularobserveddetailaconcentrationChapter of these artifactse culture borders material oftenbyassumed archaeologists. across but borders, religious and political, these ethnic, were across only found not artifacts that demonstrates artifacts of variety a of distribution the showing exchange. of patterns complex more much of representation simplistic overly an provides map This region. the in cultures material century eleventh and are zones These in maps exchange. presentedbelow the (F of zones overlapping several observed I 4, and 3 Chapters sub some identify to possibility the presents forms some of appearance Ca the throughout found centuries eleventh and - ring (type 38a) supports ringsupports this(type 38a) 6.3).observation (Figure Showing a different, but equally important pattern is the distribution map of g of map distribution the is pattern important equally but different, a Showing se The tenth major some of extents the of approximation rough very a shows map first The tenth the of assemblages burial the dominated culture material Brdo Bijelo the While cond map (Figure 6.2) shows the distribution of serpent of distribution the shows 6.2) (Figure map cond - 17b). With two exceptions, grape exceptions, two With 17b). igures 6.1

–

6.5). rpathian Basin, the spatial variability in the the in variability spatial the Basin, rpathian

of these objects at Ptuj at objects these of –

purple). Tomičić hypothesized that that hypothesized Tomičić purple). - Međurječja like earrings are overwhelmingly overwhelmingly are earrings like

eo ta, h ohr maps other the that, Below - head bracelets which I I which bracelets head

- (i.e. Ptuj (i.e. material cultures. In In cultures. material e the link between between link the e –

Grad, similar similar Grad, -

the smaller smaller the Grad), and and Grad), rape 100 -

CEU eTD Collection 224 moderninterpretationshistorical demonstrating moreethniccomplex groups, a historicalsituationthansources the n potential borders, political across cut networks exchange These chapter). this of end the at maps the as well as 4.8 eleventh Table example, and for tenth (see century the during region the in networks exchange of variety a of existence overlappingand culturaldynamiceconomicexchanges and zones. 6.5 (Figure Balaton Lake as sout far as found are also Slavonia, western in found while pendants, of types Other picture. the simplify overly to be would region this of connections trade unique the for argue to and Slavonia western apart set to However, purple). and red two of varieties red). ext Volin granulated finely 6.4 Albaniain(Figure Romaniafewandfound a examples Dalmatian between Slavonia,Croatiaas and connections only not indicates earrings crescent cast of distribution Volinand granulated ( earrings sub crescent cast of type particular two in found are network two this The to well. exceptions as Alps eastern the for hypothesized be presumably can activity mining

Tomičić,“O vezama,”nekim 154. ending from eastern Slavonia all their place of origin in western Ukraine (Figure 6.4 6.4 (Figure Ukraine western in origin of place their all Slavonia eastern from ending

n ocuin te itiuin f riat i Suhr Pannon Southern in artifacts of distribution the conclusion, In some are Slavonia western in exchange of network particular a supporting Further - part pendants and necklaces predominantly found in the region (F region the in found predominantly necklaces pendantsand part - type earrings (17a) believed to have been produced in Kievan Rus. The inThe haveKievan been Rus. to produced believed (17a) earrings type -

yeerig r vdneo long a of evidence are earrings type Tomičić argued, but also stretching to the east into Syrmia, and even Syrmia, even into and east the stretching also to but argued, Tomičić

–

blue). The emerging picture is one of a complex system of of system complex a of one is picture emerging The blue). –

portray. portray. ♦

15c) believed to have originated along the Adriatic Adriatic the along originated have to believed 15c)

♦

♦ - ains f grape of variants

– h as the Adriatic and as far north north far as and Adriatic the as h

yellow). atural borders (i.e. rivers), and and rivers), (i.e. borders atural - distance network of exchange exchange of network distance

224

- Finally,original,the shaped earrings: a a earrings: shaped ia indicates the the indicates ia – igure 6.5 6.5 igure

and many and 101 – –

CEU eTD Collection this obscures that fog the lifted completely not has certainly re result The surrounding Pannonia. Southern the in neighbors its with Slavonia century eleventh and tenth of MiddleAgesastodaypeopleimagine. often mu as wield to seem not did power of centers because political dailypeopleradicallythe lifeof not alter did theseappearsjust events that it rather, region; the of people the to significance lacked changes political these that suggest to However sources. historicalin the depicted turmoil political bythe way great any in affected not was peopleits lifeof daily the that indicate Slavonia eleventhcentury through s ways many in does culture material ethnicity, with culture material acquainting in error the explained already bymaterialWhilehave reflected I least in the not evidence. medieval are at events, Slavonia, under evidence archaeological that argue could over to seem few, powerful bythe written historical Thesources, period. thefrom archaeological evidence andhistorical simultaneously similarities These differences. than neighbors its similaritieswithmore shared overall Slavonia that emphasizedbe should it here, observed connectserved oftennot Slavoniathanitsto n with The more 4, neighbors. Chapter in particularly noted as its Pannonia, Southern in fromnetworks exchange observed unique region, cohesive a was Slavonia that argue to vague sources few a use to mistake a be would it believe I However, borderland a was Slavonia century eleventh tenth through man‟sRather, land.was it no nor a groups, divideddistinct clearlyfrontier that This study began with the modest endeavor to trace links between the material culture materialculture betweenlinksthe trace to endeavor modest the beganwith study This region the of culture material the in variations regional many the despite Similarly, a neither was Slavonia, study, this of area core the culture, material of terms In erve as evidence of daily life. If this is so, then the artifacts of tenth tenth of artifacts the then so, is this If life. daily of evidence as erve - emphasize the importance of political events. Likewise, one one Likewise, events. political of importance the emphasize

–

ch power and influence in the early to central to early the in influence and power ch a place where trade and exchange flourished. exchange and trade where place a - represents political events. These political political These events. political represents eighbors. eighbors.

expose the faults in both both in faults the expose references from historical historical from references , this is not not isthis , gions of of gions

linear linear 102

CEU eTD Collection itsstrugglesbeingbehalf. wagedon political the to impervious largely interaction and exchange of center complex a was: really can Only then, together. piecesthese into taking put to begin by can evidence, scientific and archaeological, historical, of body which diverse a account here, possible than studies extensive more allow turn in will This p to begin should methods varied more and modern more of employment the and investigations archaeological new of launch The reveal. possibly kilometers simila many also but centers production and networks exchange emerge to begun has that picture the However, history. in time and place

–

indicates much greater complexity than a traditional historical study could could study historical traditional a than complexity greater much indicates

we begin to see medieval Slavonia for what I believe it believeit I what for medievalSlavonia see to begin we roduce new pieces of the puzzle. puzzle. the of pieces new roduce rities across hundreds of of hundreds across rities –

one of multiple multiple of one 103

CEU eTD Collection sourcesforA Appendixand eastern (“ and Giesler Baranya by in observed I charted artifact this of bracelets area distributionlarger the represents sphere green the while Slavonia, these of concentration dense the represents serpent of extent the showing Map 6.2. Figure most items culture material these where locations the of frequentlyappear. indicators general as merely meant are polygons colored These Romania. as east far as found been have forms Köttlach all from forms that note Pleasemany ofonejust As zones. found these outside are material ofcultures thesethree cultures. material (blue) Köttlach and (green), Croatian” 6.1. Figures

A very rough approximation of the core areas of the Bijelo Brdo (white), “Old (white), Brdo Bijelo the of areas core the of approximation rough very A Untersuchunge

Appendix C for listforAppendix C zr hoooi dr Bijelo der Chronologie zur n

of sites withof this artifact. - head bracelets (type 8). The blue polygon polygon blue The 8). (type bracelets head - ro Kultur Brdo ,” Table 51.1). See See 51.1). Table ,”

examples, examples,

104

CEU eTD Collection Kieva Adriatic 15c (type earrings crescent cast of exception the with orientati western grape clearly of extent the showing Map 6.4. Figure serpent the near artifact this finger luxurious of extent the showing Map 6.3. Figure n Rus (typen17a Rus - head bracelets, shownbracelets,headAppendixSee locations.forabove. C –

n te atr oinain f rnltd Volin granulated of orientation eastern the and confluence of the Drava and the Danube is very similar to that of the the of that to similar very is Danube the and Drava the of confluence –

red). on of most grape most of on

- like earrings (types 14, 15, 16, and 17b and 16, 15, 14, (types earrings like - like earrings. In Chapter 3 I identified the the identified I 3 Chapter In earrings. like – -

ring type 38a. The concentration of of concentration The 38a. type ring yellow) which show links with the the with links show which yellow) - type earrings originating from from originating earrings type

purple) purple) 105 –

CEU eTD Collection two two of sub Demo variationsincluding: different of extents the showing Map 6.5. Figure - partpendants (red).

- type 6 (purple), Demo sub Demo (purple), 6 type

- type 16 (blue), and necklaces adorned with with adorned necklaces and (blue), 16 type - part pendants (type 9) 9) (type pendants part

106

CEU eTD Collection

APPENDICES

107

CEU eTD Collection majoritythe ofsitesnorthern studiedoutsidecemeteries.of are Croatia however (G), cemeteriesand (F), forts (S), includessettlements list This study. this of edges (#6 site Austrian one as well (#3001 Balaton Lake of tip northern the and/or parallel 47 the of south generally sites Hungarian been since have which (#1001 sites Croatian discovered other including myself, numbered I sites the of Croatia Sekelj Tajana present their to according first classified are 111 110 102 82 65 23 21 10 8 6 5 4 3 Site

Cirkovljan Belica Lobor Donja Voda Horvatska Velika Kravljak Nartski Novaki Zagreb Zagreb Susedgrad Stenjevec Stenjevec Stenjevec - Sites in in presentSites study this in used sites archaeological all reasons, historical than rather practical, For Locat . . 36) Soein ie (#4001 Sites Slovenian #3062), Site ion Therefore, I used her numbering and classification system for these sites. The rest rest The sites. these for system classification and numbering her used I Therefore,

Ivančan in her 1995 book entitled book 1995 her in Ivančan Gradska vijednica Gradska Susedgrad Cirkvišce Garden) (Parish Župni vrt Orchard) (The Parish Župni vodnjak Sv. Lovre (St. Sv. Lovre Gradište Hill) the of (St. Mary Marija Sv. Vindija Horvatska Velika Tušdak (?) area) exploiting Šljunčara (Pebble kula / tower) (Bakačeva Kaptol Toponym

- #10

Gorska Gorska - 76 day Croatia: day

, Bosnia ),

001) and a few select Romanian sites (#7001 sites Romanian select few a and 001) B1 B1 B1 B1 A1 B2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 Location

Appendix A: The SitesThe AppendixA: sts ot o te iai Ap (#2001 Alps Dinaric the of north sites n

G F F S G F G G, F G G Typeof -

41) nrhr Srin ie (#5001 sites Serbian northern #4016), Site

day country. country. day ,

Sekelj 1995; 136; 1956: Pribaković Sekelj Sekelj 219, 224; 1986: Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj 1995; 250; Ercegović 1960: Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj 1994 Simoni Sekelj Catalogue of Medieval Sites in Continental in Sites Medieval of Catalogue Sources ------Tomičić 1978: 210, 220; 210, Tomičić 1978: 163; Simoni 1981: Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995 Ivančan

– 1995;

Sites #1 Sites

SiteInformation ; Simoni 1981:156, ; 1981:156, Simoni

Simoni 1981: 165, 1981: Simoni 166 1981: Simoni 1994 Simoni Sekelj Sekelj

- - - Ivančan Ivančan 822 were catalogued by catalogued were 822 Ivančan Ivančan

- #7006) at the very very the at #7006)

220; 210, Tomičić 1978: Filipec 2003; 224; 219, 165, 1981: Simoni 163; 1981: Simoni 166 1981: Simoni 1994 Simoni Simoni 1994 1981:156, 2005; Mirnik - Sources #5040), as as #5040), Information - #2008), #2008),

–

Simoni Simoni 108

Artifact

1986: 1986:

CEU eTD Collection

262 258 255 252 233 232 231 230 229 228 227 226 214 211 208 194 187 168 167 163 158 153 150 146 141 140 135 132 125 123 122 121 118 117 116 115 113

Subotica Mala Trnju uJuraj Trnju uJuraj Modošan Goričan Goričan Goričan Dvorišde Dubrava Donja Koprivnica Koprivnica Jeduševec Javoravac Delovi Delovi Delovi Delovi Delovi Delovi Delovi Delovi Virje a Črešnjevic Velika Gradac Stari Otrovanec Podravski Kloštar Varaždin Varaždin Gornji Kneginec Bukovec Veliki Ludbreški Sigetec Ludbreški Petar c Martijane Ludbreg Ludbreg Čakovec Šenkovic

Garden) (Parish Zupni vrt II Močvare Gradišde Dubrava Donja Laurence) Volarski brijeg Volarski Mačkovica, Vaktarna Breg Kranjčev Klisa Črlena Selišče, Kopačevac, Pijesci, Pesak Pjesci, Peski, Old Town) Grad (The Stari Brezje Magdalena Marija Sv. Castle) (Draškovic's Draškovid Dvorac Loke (Kroglice) Kolibe Koznišcak Gmajna Holy Trinity) the of Church Trojstva (The Presvetog Crkva Buzovec Helen) (St. Sv. Helena Church) Parish (The crkva Župna Osnovna škola Kroščid Gorica Velika Garden) (Gudlin's Gudlinov Gorica Drugi Slap Drugi Vratnec III Cerine Old Village) (The Staro selo Poljan Grad Poljane Keljače Grede VI Grede V Grede IV Grede III Grede II Grede I

- - vrt vrt

–

B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B2 B2 B2 B2 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1

F G G G G G G S F S S S F S S F G G G F S F G S F

Pribaković 1956: 138; 138; 1956: Pribaković Sekelj ( 1999 1995;Tomičić 73; 1984: Simoni 1999 1995;Tomičić 73; 1984: Simoni Sekelj 219; 1984: 215 210, Tomičić 1978: Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj 112; Kolar 1976: 1995; Ivančan 168 1985: Lovrenčević 106, 112 1976: Sekelj 84; Marković Sekelj 84; Marković 84; Marković Sekelj 84; Marković 84; Marković 84; Marković Sekelj 84; Marković Sekelj 84; Marković Sekelj 177; 1985: Lovrenčević Sekelj 112 1989: 91 1982: Đrsović, Begović Sekelj 182; 1958: Ercegović 133; Karaman 1956: 210 Tomičić 1978: 8 1967: Ilijanić Sekelj Sekelj Bukovec); Sekelj Sekelj periplus Panonski 1995;

------Tomičić 1978: 210; 210; Tomičić 1978: Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan -

116; 116; Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj

Sekelj

- Sekelj 9; 9; - Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj ); Ivančan 1995; Ivančan Sekelj -

211; (?Panonski periplus (?Panonski ------Ivančan 1995; 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan

(Veliki 2000 Tomičić Panonski periplus Panonski Ivančan 1995; Ivančan Tomičić 1998 Tomičić Djurić 1981a: 53; 1981a: Djurić Vinski 1970: 80; 80; Vinski 1970: - Sekelj Ivančan 1995; Ivančan -

- 169; 178; 178; 169; - - -

Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 6; 220; Bojčić Bojčić 220; 6; - Ivančan Ivančan Ivančan Ivančan 1995; 1995; Ivančan Tomičić 1999 ( Tomičić 1999 - 92; Begović Begović 92; - Ivančan Ivančan

Sekelj

Kolar

); - );

( 1999 73; 1984: Simoni ( 1999 73; 1984: Simoni 219; Bojčić 1984: 220; 215 210, Tomičić 1978: Tomičić 1998 84 Marković 84 Marković Marković 84 Marković 84 Marković 84 Marković 84 Marković 84 Marković 116; 91 1982: Đrsović, Begović 182; Ercegović 1958: 133; Karaman 1956: 210 Tomičić 1978: Bukovec); (Veliki Tomičić 2000 - 92; Begović 1989: 112 1989: Begović 92;

Panonski periplus Panonski Panonski periplus Panonski 84

109 Tomičić Tomičić - 211;

); 6; 6; );

CEU eTD Collection

445 442 441 440 439 438 435 433 424 385 373 372 348 347 345 343 342 341 340 339 338 336 335 334 333 329 328 327 325 322 304 293 292 276

Bačevac Đelekovec Đelekovec Đelekovec Sigetec Podravski Novigrad Podravski Novigrad i Bregi Koprivničk Kalnički Popovec Kalnički Obrež Križevci Križevci Križevci Križevci Križevci Križevci a Glogovnic Obrovnica Kobasičari Gudovac Suhopolje Grad Stari Orešac Lozan Korija Kapan Jasik Brezovica Gradinska Gradina Gadište vo / Zvonimiro Gadište Gadište Gadište ka Suhopoljs Borova

(Pavetid's Mill) (Pavetid's mlin Pavetidev ?) (Bunaric Mlin Paligačev Seče Ledare ureda The The ureda župnog Dvorište Mary Saint Marija Sv. Forest Dobravina Šuma Dobravina Forest Kozarevac Šuma Kozarevac Gradina Kliškovac Svetinja or Dvorine Brana Lendava Ivanac Ivanja Duljine polje Veliko Rečina Okrugljak Dolina and Japaga Dabrovica Kiselica towards Bridge Kiselici prema Mosr Ščapovo Groble Tursko Jegeneš, Jagnjede, Rebro I, Gornji Batijan Grad Breg Prekrižje Zavrtnica brothers street The Radid Radid brade Ulica Square Tito's Marshal Tita Maršala Trg Street Tomislav's Tomislavova Križevci Rectory the of courtyard

B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1

G S S G, S F G, F F S G G F F G F G, S G, F G, F G, F S F S F F

Tomičić 2003; Tomičić 2005; Tomičić Tomičić 2003; Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj 271; 1983: 111 Kolar 1976: 130 1975: Šmalcelj 2005; Mirnik 1995 Ivančan 271; Demo 1983: 108; Kolar 1976: 113; Kolar 1976: Sekelj Sekelj 1995; 37 1982: Marković 49 105 Ercegović 1959: 154 1989a: 25 Tomičić 1988: Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj 1995; 120; 1956: Pribaković Sekelj 1995; 116 1956: Pribaković &2007; Jelinčić Tomičić Tomičić 2006; Sekelj 1995; 181; Ercegović 1958: Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj - 52; 52;

------Ivančan 1995; 1995; Ivančan 1995 Ivančan 1995 Ivančan 1995 Ivančan 1995 Ivančan 1995 Ivančan 1995 Ivančan 1995 Ivančan Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan Ivančan 1995; Ivančan Sekelj - Sekelj 155; 155; -

Ivančan 1995; 1995; Ivančan 1995; 1995; - Sekelj 112; 1981: 33 1981: 112; - Sekelj - Ivančan 1995 Ivančan 26, 1988c: 153 1988c: 26, - 38; 38;

107; Homen 1984: 1984: Homen 107; - Tomičić 1996 Tomičić Tomičić 2005; 2005; Tomičić Sekelj 118; 118; Sekelj - Sekelj - Ivančan 1995; Ivančan Ivančan 1995 Ivančan Sekelj - Tomičić ShP Tomičić - Ivančan Ivančan Ivančan Ivančan

- Ivančan Ivančan - 39; Demo 39;

- - - 133; 133; 155; 155; Ivančan Ivančan Sekelj - 7; 7;

- 2003; Tomičić 2005; 2003; Tomičić 1996 271; Demo 1983: 39; 111 1976: 130 1975: Šmalcelj 2005; Mirnik 271; 1983: Demo 108; Kolar 1976: 113; Kolar 1976: 37 1982: Marković Tomičić 1999 ( Tomičić 1999 ShP 1995, Tomičić Bukovec); (Veliki Tomičić 1999 Jelinčić 2007; & Tomičić Tomičić 2006; 2005; Tomičić Bukovec); (Veliki Tomičić 1999 - -

112; 1981: 33 1981: 112; Kolar 133; -

110 7; Tomičić Tomičić 7; Panonski Panonski

38;

- CEU eTD Collection

811 809 802 796 795 793 790 779 778 769 767 763 762 756 1 754. 743 714 709 682 676 674 667 623 620 555 546 534 526 515 514 480 468

Oriovčid Oprisavci Stupnik Brodski Čečavac Drenovac Brodski Cernik dol Ratkov Paučje Podgarid Sisak Klisa Borovo Vinkovci Privlaka Privlaka Otok Jarmina Samatovci Osijek Osijek Kolodvar vo Ernestino Erdut Erdut Dalj IIBrdo Bijelo Popovac Miljevci Ciganka Rakitovica Miholjac Donji Miholjac Donji Zdenci

Grad) Grad (Stari Garid Sisak Vjenac B. Kidriča B. Vjenac St) Bertid (Sara Sare Ulica Bertid Kolodvar Orlovnjak oko Hillfort kule Gradina Erdut Brick (The Ciglana (Venice St) Venecije Ulica Breg Miljevci Mesarna Staro selište Fishpond) Ribnjak (The (Janjevci) Borik St.Peter) of (The Church Petra Sv. Crkva Sv. Benedikt Gajna Gradište Lug Mrsunjski Rudina Plana Cernik Radanovac Gradina Kliško Kliško groblje Gradac Meraja Njive Gole ( Gradina Borinci

field)

Crkvište

teren teren

C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 B2 B2 C2 C2 C2 B2 C2 C2 B2 B2 B2 B2 C2 C2 B2 B2

G G, F G G G S F G G F F F F S G G, F G G G G G G G F G, F G G G F

105; Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj Ivančan 218 212, Bojčić 1984: Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj 1995; Ivančan 18 1950: Vinski Vinski, 239, Vinski 1949b: Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj 3 Krubek 1972: 107 1989: 1995; Ivančan Vinski ( Tomičić 1999 1995, 1984: 212, 217, 219; 219; 212, 217, 1984: 30 Dorn 1978: Sekelj 215; Bojčić 1984: 235; Vinski 1949a: Janosic 1997; Iskra 212; Bojčić 1984: 2005; Mirnik Ivančan 143 1981: 117 1973: Šmalcelj Sekelj 212; Bojčić 1984: 152; 1958: Ercegović Vinski, 181; Ercegović 1958: 11 1968: Bulat 11 1968: Bulat Sekelj 1995 206; 1978: Mirnik Dukat, Sekelj 30; Vinski 1949: 214; Bojčić 1984: 1992 Tomičić Tomičić 1991; 219, 1986: 211; 1984: Bojčić 42; 17, 1969: 1968a: Bulat 186; 165 1958: Ercegović 133; Karaman 1956: 304 1951: 226 Vinski 1949a: 2005; Mirnik 29; Sekelj Sekelj -

19; Ercegović 1958: 182; 182; 1958: Ercegović 19;

------Ivančan Ivančan Ivančan Ivančan Ivančan Ivančan Sekelj 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan Ivančan Ivančan Ivančan Ivančan Ivančan Ivančan Ivančan 1971 1995 1995 - - - 134; Vinski 1971; Vinski 1971; 134; 144; Bojčić 1984: 212; 212; Bojčić 1984: 144; 111 Ivaniček 1949: 311; 223 Sekelj Sekelj ; Ercegović 1960: 250; 250; 1960: ; Ercegović

79 Simoni 1988: Sekelj - - - - 32, 1978a: 130 1978a: 32, 1995; Tomičić 1990: 85 1990: Tomičić 1995; 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 26 1989: Tomičić 1995; 1995 - 23; 23; 21; 224; Tomičić 1990; Tomičić 1990; 224; 10; Sekelj 10; Sekelj - - Ivančan Ivančan Ivančan Sekelj Sekelj - Sekelj Sekelj 119, 1976: 127 1976: 119, -

Ivančan Ivančan Sekelj Panonski periplus) Panonski

- 219; 219; - Ivančan Ivančan - - Ivančan Ivančan Ivančan - - Sekelj Ivančan Ivančan Ivančan - 1995 Simoni 1995; Ivančan 1995; Ivančan - - Ivančan Ivančan Sekelj Ivančan Ivančan

Sekelj

1995 - - 133; Bojčić 133; 86; Simoni Simoni 86;

- - 1995 233, 233, Ivančan Ivančan 1995 1995 Sekelj

- 1995 1995 - - - Sekelj 144; 144; 128; 128; 1995 - 2001

- -

; -

Bukovec); (Veliki 1999 105;Tomičić 85 Tomičić 1990: Bukovec); (Veliki Tomičić 1999 Sekelj Sekelj Vinski 1950; 2003 Tomičić 1981; Giesler (Veliki Bukovec); 1999 Tomičić Vinski 1971; periplus) Bukovec); Tomičić 1999 Bukovec); (Veliki Tomičić 1999 (Vukovar); Tomičić Bukovec); (Veliki Tomičić 1999 Iskra Bukovec); (Veliki Tomičić 1999 11 1968: Bulat 11 1968: Bulat Bukovec); (Veliki Tomičić 1999 Demo 1983; 1991; Mesterházy 1981; Giesler Tomičić 1992; 1991; Tomičić Tomičić 1990; Sekelj - (O vezama); (O nekim

Janošić 1997; 1997; Janošić - - - Ivančan 1995; 1995; Ivančan Ivančan Ivančan 1995 Ivančan ;

Giesler 1981; Giesler

111 (Veliki (Veliki - - 2001 23; 21; -

1991

CEU eTD Collection

822 821 819 816 815 814 Site 1037 1036 1035 1034 1033 1032 1031 1030 1029 1026 1025 1019 1018 1013 1012 1009 1007 1006 1005 1001 #

Bošnjaci Bošnjaci Županja Vukovar Vera i Svinjarevc

Other sites in northern Croatia (not listednorthernOther insites Sekeljin (not Croatia Koška Koška Koprivnica Josipovac Jelisavac Jagodnjak Ivandvor Hlebine Vrba Gornja Vrba Donja Torčec Torčec Torčec Torčec Torčec Sotin Vukovar Vojakovački Osijek Zukve Velika Čatrnja Ladinec Velika Majur Velika Đakovo Location

Site -

- - -

Lijeva Bara Lijeva Bara 01) I See groblje? Vera (Tursko Sarviz or (Studenac Virgrad Daraž (Šantova St) Šantova Ulica Gradac Bukovlje polje Vrbsko Rudičevo 3 Pod Panje Pole 1 Blaževo Ledine 1 Prečno Pole Mihalj Đakovo Pjeskana I Pjeskana Cer Bastion Florijanski Bašda / Njiva Brodareva Graveyard the of South Pošta Ciganska Rebar Šuma Hlebine Velike

Topo nym - -

Ciglana I 01?) I

C2 C2 B1 C2 C2 C2 B2 B1 C2 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 C2 B1 B1 B2 B2 C2 Locatio

C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 n

S S S G, S S F F G, S F

Typeof Site

F G G G G

1995 Filipec Filipec 2003, Filipec 1998; Šlaus & Ivančan 2001: 30 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 30 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 27 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 23 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 23 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 23 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 23 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 23 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 1994 Miškiv Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj (CPU) 2003 Sekelj Sekelj Ilkic 2008 Tkalčec 2007 Tkalčec 2007 Tkalčec 2007 Tkalčec 2007 Ivančan Ivančan 173 1970: Minichreiter 217; 395 Dorn 1968: Čečuk, 230; 226, 225, Ercegović 1961: 251; 1960: Ercegović 28; Vinski 1949: 225; Ercegović 1961: 249; 1960: Ercegović 29; Vinski 1949: Ivančan 215; 212, Bojčić 1984: 271; 133; Karaman 1956: 235; Vinski 1949a: Prilog; 1 Tomičić 2005; Mirnik Demo 1996; 1995 181 Ercegović 1958: 219; 1984: Bojčić 133; 1956: Karaman 2005; Mirnik Sources - 1997 (I2001) 1997 - - - - - Ivančan et al 2003 al et Ivančan 2003 al et Ivančan 2003 al et Ivančan Sekelj Ivančan 2005; Ivančan 2007

Sekelj Demo 1983: 171; Ercegović 1958:

1995 1995

- Sekelj – Ivančan Ivančan

SiteInformation - 417; Bojčić 1984: 212; 212; Bojčić 1984: 417;

- - Ivančan Ivančan Ivančan 1995): Ivančan 1995 - 183; 183; Sekelj

- 176; 176; -

Ivančan et al Ivančan

Sekelj 1995 - Sekelj Sekelj Ivančan Ivančan

- Ivančan Ivančan -

- 991 1995 - (I2001) Filipec 2003, 1995 Filipec Filipec 1998; Šlaus & Ivančan 2001: 30 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 30 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 27 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 23 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 23 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 23 Ivančan 2001: 23 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 23 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: Sekelj Sekelj Sekelj (CPU) 2003 et al Ivančan Ivančan 2005; Sekelj Ilkic Tkalčec 2007 Tkalčec 2007 Tkalčec 2007 Tkalčec 2007

Bukovec); (Veliki Tomičić 1991 395 Dorn 1968: Čečuk, Ercegović 1961; (Veliki Bukovec); 1991 Tomičić 1981; Giesler 1992; (Vukovar); Tomičić Tomičić 1991 Demo 1996; Bukovec); (Veliki Tomičić 1999 Bukovec); (Veliki Tomičić 1999 1991; Mesterházy 1981; Giesler Sources 2008 - - - - Ivančan et al 2003 al et Ivančan 2003 al et Ivančan 2003 al et Ivančan Ivančan 2007

Information

–

Artifact (pottery); - 112 1997 -

417; 417;

CEU eTD Collection

Site 1050 1049 1048 1046 1045 1044 1043 1042 1041 1040 1039 1038 2004 2002 1076 1075 1074 1073 1072 1071 1069 1068 1067 1066 1063 1062 1061 1060 1059 1058 1057 1055 1054 1053 1052 1051 #

Sites in in presentSites Luka) (Banja Mahovljani Petoševci Loca Gradusa Velika Bukovica Spišid Batina Zmajevac Suza Sisak Borovljani o Zvonimirov Zarilac Zarilac Vukovar Vukovar Vukovar Feričanački Vučjak Vrpolje Vinkovci Torčec Šemovec Starigrad Sarvaš Sesvete Podravske Gradac Pleternica Peteranec Osijek Orešac Orešac Oborovo Nuštar Jakšički Novoselci Rača Nova Našice Mece Markovac Macinec

Site

tion

Logor Klara Stanice Željezničke Kraj II Lapovac Kod groblja Csatár Kígyós, 2 sites: Grada Veliki Brdo Srednje Broj 34 Kude Vrt Vražjak) (Šuma Livade Grabarečke Grabarje Šamac Bajer Dunavski bara Desna Jezero Bilo 19 Ulica Duga Međuriče Šarnjak Mlin Gregeljev Gradac Crlenika Markovcu na Crkvište II Vratnec Zdravlja Narodnog Dom IIILuka I Luka oko Crkve Sajmište Pašnjak Šikara, groblje kužno Bagruša

Topo - nym 63 63 (8)

day Bosnia day

B2 B2 B2 B2 C2 C2 C2 B2 B1 B2 B2 B2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 B1 B1 B1 C2 B2 B2 C2 C2 B2 B2 B2 C2 B2 B2 C2 C2 C2 B1 Locatio

G S S GS S S S S G G

Typeof

Site

Janošid Janošid 1996 Sekelj Sekelj 46 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 45 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 44 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 42 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 42 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 41 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 38 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 38 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 38 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 38 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 36 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 36 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 35 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 33 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 33 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 32 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 32 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: Ivančan Miletid Miletid 1980 Žeravica 1985/1986 2000 ZT (Veliki Tomičid 1999 Bukovec); (Veliki Tomičid 1999 Bukovec); (Veliki 1999 Tomičid Kiss 1983; Bukovec); (Veliki Tomičid 1999 63 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 60 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 60 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 59 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 59 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 58 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: Sources

Tomičid 1999 (Veliki Bukovec); Bukovec); (Veliki 1999 Tomičid

- - Ivančan 2001: 46 (pottery); Iskra 46 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: (Vinkovcima); Ivančan 2001 2001: 32 (pottery); 2001:

– ;

Tomičid 2000; 2000; Tomičid SiteInformation

Bukovec);

1999

(Vezama); (Vezama); (Mahovljani) (Vukovar); Miletid 1980 (Vukovar); 1991 Tomičid Demo 1983; - -

Janošid 1995 & 1996 & 1996 Janošid 1995 Iskra 46 (pottery); 2001: Sekelj (Vinkovcima); Sekelj Ivančan 45 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 44 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: Ivančan 42 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 41 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 38 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 38 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 38 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 38 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 36 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 36 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 35 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 33 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 33 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 32 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 32 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 31 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: Tomičid 1999 (Veliki Bukovec); (Veliki Tomičid 1999 Bukovec); (Veliki Tomičid 1999 Bukovec); (Veliki Tomičid 1999 Bukovec); (Veliki 1999 Tomičid Kiss 1983; Bukovec); (Veliki Tomičid 1999 1981 Giesler 63 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 60 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 60(pottery); Ivančan 2001: 59 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 59 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: 58 (pottery); Ivančan 2001: Sources

Information 1985/1986 Žeravica - Tomičid 2000 Tomičid Ivančan 2001 Ivančan 2001 ; Tomičid 1991 1991 ; Tomičid ; 2001: 46 (pottery); 2001: 42 (pottery); 2001: Tomičid 2003 2003 Tomičid

–

Artifact 113

Ivančan Ivančan

CEU eTD Collection

Site 2008 2007 2006 2005 3031 3030 3029 3028 3027 3026 3025 3024 3023 3022 3021 3020 3019 3018 3017 3016 3015 3014 3013 3012 3011 3010 3009 3008 3007 3006 3005 3004 3003 3002 3001 #

Sites in in presentSites Keszü Illocska Hirics ő Dunaszekcs Bóly Bakonya sárhely Hódmezővá Szentes a Törökkanizs Kiszombor Deszk Szőreg /Kiskőszeg Batina Sellye Kaposvár Fonyód Cseres Halimba Beremend lá Pusztaszent alu Siklósnagyf Mohács nak Nagykapor Zalavár y Sorokpolán Pécs ok Palotabo ntó Koppányszá Fiad Ellend Csátalja Majs Berek Gradiška Bosanski Tučid Gomjenica Location

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–

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Giesler 1981; Kiss 1983 1981; Giesler Kiss 1983 1981; Giesler 1981; Giesler (Vukovar); Tomičid 1991 G (Mahovljani); 2000 Tomičid (Vukovar); Tomičid 1991 G Sós 1971 (Majs); 1994 Tomičid (Vukovar); Kiss 1983; Kiss Kiss 1983 Kiss 1983 Kiss 1983 54 Kiss 1983: Kiss 43 Kiss 1983: Giesler 1971, Vinski Giesler 1971, Vinski 1991 Mesterházy 48; FEK 87; 55: Huszar 1983, Kovacs 1991; Mesterházy 1991 Mesterházy 1991 Mesterházy 1991, Bálint Kiss 1983 1991; Mesterházy 1983 Kiss 1991, Mesterházy 1991 Mesterházy 1991 Mesterházy 1962 Török 1981; Giesler Bukovec) (Veliki 1999 Tomičid Kiss 1983; Bukovec); (Veliki 1999 (Vukovar), Tomičid 1991 Kiss 1983 Kiss 1983 1981 Giesler (Mahovljani) 2000 Tomičid 1981; Giesler 1981 Giesler 1981 Giesler (Zvonimir); 2003 Tomičid (Vezama); 2003 Tomičid (Mahovljani); 2000 Tomičid (Vukovar); 1981 Giesler Tomičid 2007 1967; 1981; Giesler Demo 1983; iesler 1981, Kiss 1983; Mesterhá 1983; Kiss iesler 1981, Mesterhá 1983; Kiss iesler 1981, 1983: 51 1983:

Tomičid 1991 (Vukovar); (Vukovar); Tomičid 1991 Sources

Mesterh Information

; 1991 ; Tomičid

Mesterhazy 1991 Mesterhazy

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zy Artifact ; Tomičid 1991 1991 ; Tomičid

114

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Ljubljana Mengeš Šmartno Vas Laška Bled Središče Sv. Gore Kranj Hajdina? Spodnja Ptuj Sites in in presentSites Location Ikervár Ikervár Szentes Szentes Szegvár Belső Orosháza Kunágota Csongrád Szentes Csanytelek Csanytelek a Nagykanizs Szeged Szeged y Nagyharsán - Jánoshalma Eperjes Gádoros Szatymaz Szárász Mohács Siklós Nagyárpad Pécs Pécs Pécs Pécs Pécs Nagyváty Mohács ny Lovászheté Lapáncsa ny Kozármisle Kistapolca

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Alsómező Gazdaság Állami Dreispitz Megye Szarka Virág Nagyhegy Borbásföld Orumdülő Monori tanyák Vendelhalom Simon Szent Sirohegy Dilitor Felső út Csóngradi Kopaszka Harsányhegy Tákacs Bocskai Katonapart Jánosszállás Szlavónia Csele Csukma Hajmas tér Széchenyi - tér Istvan Szent - tér Istvan Szent ut.) 23 (Domb utca Ágostan Grad II & Pristava Iskra Križišde Hajdina? Spodnja Grad

Toponym

Felsősétatér Székesegyház

patak

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- 1991

Knific 2001, 112, sl. 112, sl. Knific 2001, - Sources 15. Information

FEK 1962: 44 1962: FEK 151; FEK 1962: 60 1962: FEK 151;

–

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- 30

Kovacs 1983 coins 1983 Kovacs coins 1983 Kovacs FEK44 1962: 80; 1955: Huszar coins; 1983 Kovacs 34 1962: & Kral Éry, Fehér, 1991; Bálint 1991 Bálint 1991 Bálint Kiss 1983 Kiss 1983 Kiss 1983 Kiss 1983 Kiss 1983 Kiss 1983 Kiss 1983 Kiss 1983 Kiss 1983 Kiss 1983 Kiss 1983 Kiss 1983 Kiss 1983 G. Kiss 2000 G. Kiss 72 104, Huszar coins; 1983 Kovacs 60 1962: FEK 151; 150 1965 Dienes coins; 1983 Kovacs 29 1962: Kral Éry, & Fehér, coins 1983 Kovacs Giesler 28 1962: Kral Éry, & Fehér, 70;l 1955 Huszar 1983; Kovacs Giesler; Giesler coins 1983 Kovacs coins 1983 Kovacs Giesler 1981 Giesler 1981 Giesler 1981 Giesler 1981 Giesler 1981 Giesler Korošec 1947 & Knific 2001 Bitenc 1969, Korošec Tomičid 2003; 15. Bitenc 28. 1947: Korošec cites Tomičid 1992 Korošec 1950

- Knific 2001, 112, sl. 373/14 112, sl. Knific 2001, Sources

Information

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Artifact 115 - 30

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5040 5039 5038 5037 5036 5035 5034 5033 5032 5031 5030 5029 5028 5027 5026 5024 5023 5022 5021 5020 5019 5018 5017 5016 5015 5014 5013 5012 5011 5010 5009 5008 5007 5006 5005 5004 5003 5002 5001 4016 4015 4014 4013 4012 4011 Site #

Gorje Spodnje Žale Kamnik Bodešdah pri Dlesc Dobovo Gradec Slovenj Sites in in presentSites Kostol Beograd Crnja Srpska Feketid Lovdenac Opovo Zrenjanin Sombor Senta Kovin Prahovo Kladovo Palánk Pančevo Mokrin Rumenka Kočidevo Hrtkovci Senta Jazovo Bočar Nosa Mitrovica Srijemska Rakovec Batajnica Surduk Senta Kikinda Vršac Vrbas Krstur Ruski Kikinda Banovci Novi Bogojevo Palanka, Bačka Bač, Bez, Ritopek Beograd Zemun Mitrovica Mačvanska Location

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Kovács 1983 (coins) 1983 Kovács Kovács (coins) 1983 Kovács (coins) 1983 Kovács (coins) 1983 Kovács 1991; Mesterházy 1981 Giesler 1981 Giesler Sources Sources

1983 (coins) 1983 Information Information

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CEU eTD Collection 46 B1: - 48 ° N xN 16 - 18 ° E

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CEU eTD Collection 44 B2: - 46 ° N xN 16 - 18 ° E

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CEU eTD Collection 46 C1: - 48 ° Nx 18 - 20 ° E

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CEU eTD Collection 44 C2: - 46Nx 18 - 20 ° E

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CEU eTD Collection 44 D2: - 46 ° Nx 20 - 22 ° E

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127

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Types14 c

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225 head braceletshead -

clustershape, I haveadded the “classic” term todistinguish this typefromotherthe so

- like

Appendix B: TypologyAppendixB: of Artifacts

1992; 1991;Giesler Tomičić 1991;Giesler Tomičić1992 1991;Giesler Tomičić1992 1991;Giesler Tomičić1992 1991;Giesler Tomičić1992 Tomičić1992 DemoGiesler 1983; 1991; 1991;Giesler Tomičić 1991;Giesler Tomičić1992 1991;Giesler Tomičić1992 Source(s)

- likeearrings. Since type 14 “classic”the has 1992

otherwise noted) and all photosfromDemo 1996 unless Picture

(allsketches fromare Tomičić 1992 established by Giesler in his his in Giesler by established

- called 128

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earrings Beaded(grape earringslike) Castcrescent (grape Pottery Cross Westerncoins coinsÁrpád Byzantinecoins worn(often pendants)as PerforatedRoman coins necklaces beads finger Luxuriouscrowned Assortedtypes ofrings pendant withCirclet spiral Volin Rustic type Finelygranulated Volin (grape - - - - pendant typeearrings ring imitation cast,

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Tomičić1992 1991;Giesler Tomičić1992 1991;Giesler Tomičić1992 1991;Giesler Tomičić1992 Giesler 1991;Giesler Tomičić1992 1991;Giesler Tomičić1992 1991;Giesler Tomičić1992 1991;Giesler Tomičić1992 1991;Giesler Tomičić1992 1991;Giesler Tomičić1992 1991;Giesler Tomičić1992 1991;Giesler Tomičić1992 1991;Giesler Tomičić1992 15c) 1992;Tomičić 2003(type 1991;Giesler Tomičić

1991; Tomičić1992

129

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and and 2007 1967;Miletić Tomičić2000 and 2007 1967;Miletić Tomičić2000 1991;Giesler Tomičić1992 1991;Giesler Tomičić1992

(Miletić 1967; Table (Miletić 1967; Table8)

130 14)

CEU eTD Collection the for A Appendix See location,name, an given. are found, is artifact each which in site, each for numbers site The study. inthis featured were that artifacts few those oflist short a just is This d relevant sources forsources thesesites. relevant d Appendix C: Artifacts AppendixC:

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Locations and Sources Locationsand

131

CEU eTD Collection

Appendix D: Artifact AppendixD: Comparison Tables

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Annales InstitutiAnnales Archaeologici - . 1300. c.

utina Albrechta, 1875. Albrechta, utina Starohrvatskaprosvjeta Medieval Frontiers: Concepts and Practices and Concepts Frontiers: Medieval BIBLIOGRAPHY

[Simon of Kéza: The Deeds of Deeds The Kéza: of [Simon , Cambridge studies in medieval life and thought. thought. and life medieval in studies Cambridge

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. Edited by G. Fejér, 11 volumes. volumes. 11 Fejér, G. by Edited .

3, no.1 66 (Jun3, 2007): . Edited by Gyula Moravcsik and and Moravcsik Gyula by Edited .

3, no. 10 (1968): 11 (1968):3,no. 10 Edited by Ivan Kukuljević Kukuljević Ivan by Edited in Curta, 60 Curta, in =

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D - i atcp.html (accessed (accessed atcp.html p l o - - m 3. University of of University 3. 99. Ann Arbor: Arbor: Ann 99. atCnrl & Central East a - t - 21. i č 69. Aldershot, . k , edited by , i

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CEU eTD Collection zaštitnoga “Rezultati Loţnjak. Daria Dizdar, in Museum Archaeological the in Horn and Bone of Objects Medieval “Early ______. ______. Yugoslavia]. in pendants Brdo [Bijelo Jugoslaviji” u privjesci “Bjelobrdski Ţeljko. Demo, ______. ______. ______. ______. In Archaeology.” Slavic in Ethnogenesis Bromley: to Kossinna “From ______. In 1000.” A.D. “Transylvania around ______. Slavs, “Pots, ______. Florin. Curta, Daraţ u nekropola “Starohrvatska Dorn. Antun and Boţidar Čečuk, Z Bojčić, po pregled Podravine: ludbreške područja na ţivota “Kontinuitet Davor. Bešvir, Zagreb.” Podravskizbornik Europe Cambridge:textbooks. Cambridge University Michigan2005. Press, Ages Middle Early 500 (ca. Europe Ages 201 byGillet, Andrew Ages Middle Early the in Ethnicity to Approaches Critical Identity, Barbarian Urbańczyk.Warsaw,2001. EarlyofInthe Slavs.” Cambridge2001. University Press, 500 Ca. Region, raspraveradovii Daraţ in necropolis Croatian [Old Ţupanje” Hrvatskogdruštvaarheološkog Fi Archaeological Medieval Early Baranji i Slavoniji istočnoj u and Sites Archaeological the of Artifacts]. Overview Valley: Drava the in Ludbreg of region the in Life of [Continuity kultura” ostacima materijalnim i lokalitetima arheološkom ranosrednjovjekovnog naselja Virovitica − Đota 2005” [Results of an Archaeological Archaeological an of [Results 2005” Đota − Virovitica naselja ranosrednjovjekovnog . “Pregled istraţivanja i rasprostranjenosti ranosrednjovjekovnih arheoloških nalaza arheoloških ranosrednjovjekovnih rasprostranjenosti i istraţivanja “Pregled .

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The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Danube Lower the of Archaeology and History Slavs: the of Making The (2007): 159 (2007): Starohrvatskaprosvjeta PodravskiZbornik -

Lijevabara - -

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700 5: 395 5:

and „Imagined Communities‟: Slavic Archaeology and the History History the and Archaeology Slavic Communities‟: „Imagined and 1983: 271 1983: - eie b Foi Cra 297 Curta, Florin by edited , 185 Cmrde tde i mdea lf ad huh. Cambridge: thought. and life medieval in studies Cambridge .

- 218.Turnhout: Brepols, 2002. European Journal of European Archaeology - 417. 417. . Zagreb: . Arheološki 1996. Zagrebu,Muzej u

- thnogenesis: frontiers in late Antiquity and the Middle Middle the and Antiquity late in frontiers thnogenesis:

301. ” 257 2003:

9 (1984 9 [Overview of the Investigation and Distribution of of Distribution and Investigation the of [Overview 3, no. 34137 (2007):no. 3,

d i Esen lvna n Baranya]. and Slavonia Eastern in nds ): 211 ): - 265. relšo itaiaj paoieng i prapovijesnog istraţivanja arheološkog Europe around the Year 1000, Year1000, aroundthe Europe -

- Bošnjacima near Ţupanja]. Ţupanja]. near Bošnjacima Press, 2006. Press, Ea 222. st Central & Eastern Europe in the the in Europe Eastern & Central st

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4 (2001): 367 (2001): 4

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