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Bimoraicity and Feet in Japanese

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Bimoraicity and Feet in Japanese Bimoraicity and Feet in Japanese Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie vorgelegt von Fujikawa, Naoya an der Geisteswissenschaftliche Sektion Fachbereich Linguistik Konstanz, 2020 Konstanzer Online-Publikations-System (KOPS) URL: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-2-fbnu5tqh7h751 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 11. 02. 2020 1. Referent/Referentin: Prof. Frans Plank 2. Referent/Referentin: Prof. Nozomi Kodama 3. Referent/Referentin: Prof. Bettina Braun Bimoraicity and Feet in Japanese Chapter 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 1 Prosodic Hierarchy in Japanese and in general terms .................................................... 2 1.1 Questioning Japanese feet ...................................................................................... 2 1.2 Prosodic Hierarchy ................................................................................................ 4 1.3 Binary feet ............................................................................................................. 5 1.4 Degenerate feet ....................................................................................................... 6 2 Issues and problems ...................................................................................................... 8 2.1 Minimal word constraint ........................................................................................ 9 2.2 Word transformation ........................................................................................... 10 2.3 Pitch accent .......................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 2 Minimal word constraint ................................................................................... 14 1 Feet and minimal word constraint in Japanese ............................................................ 15 1.1 Unmarked syllable in Japanese ............................................................................ 15 1.2 Preference to minimal binary structure ................................................................ 19 1.3 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 20 Chapter 3 Bimoraicity and word transformation ............................................................... 21 1 Revising the bimoraic effect ......................................................................................... 23 2 Word transformation .................................................................................................. 25 2.1 Reduplication ....................................................................................................... 25 2.2 Nyooboo-ko]toba ................................................................................................... 27 2.3 Hypocoristic formation ........................................................................................ 30 2.4 Revising previous proposals ................................................................................. 32 2.5 Zuuzya-go ............................................................................................................. 38 2.6 Word inversion and bimoraic effect ..................................................................... 41 3 Single word truncation ................................................................................................ 44 3.1 Foreign word truncation ...................................................................................... 45 3.2 Single word truncation ......................................................................................... 46 3.3 Pseudo-compound effect ....................................................................................... 51 3.4 Revision for the template inventory ...................................................................... 58 3.5 Structure of single word truncation ...................................................................... 59 3.6 Basic unit of regular templates ............................................................................. 60 3.7 Derivedness and minimal size requirement .......................................................... 64 3.8 Why the monosyllabic construction is avoided ..................................................... 66 3.9 Summary for the bimoraic effect on single word truncation ................................. 69 i 4 Compound truncation ................................................................................................. 71 4.1 Difference in basic stem structure ........................................................................ 71 4.2 Excessive deviation ............................................................................................... 75 4.3 Summing effect in compound truncation .............................................................. 76 5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 80 Chapter 4 Bimoraicity and pitch accent ............................................................................. 83 1 Feet and regular accentuation ..................................................................................... 85 1.1 Accentuation rules and exceptions: focused on compound accentuation ............... 86 1.2 Revising compound accentuation rules ................................................................. 90 1.3 Long and short second element ............................................................................ 93 1.4 Length of the second element ............................................................................... 95 1.5 Length and compound element ............................................................................ 98 1.6 Irregularity factors............................................................................................... 98 1.7 Foreign words end with -iNgu ............................................................................. 102 2 Footing and Layer structure ...................................................................................... 105 2.1 Violation to Strict Layer structure: a solution and problems .............................. 106 2.2 Strict vs. Weak Layering .................................................................................. 110 2.3 Weak Layering and morphophonological processes .......................................... 111 2.4 Weak Layering and default accentuation ......................................................... 112 3 Bidirectional foot parsing .......................................................................................... 117 3.1 Inaba (2005)’s default accentuation theory ......................................................... 118 3.2 Extension to compound words ............................................................................ 121 4 Lowering kernels and metrical strength .................................................................... 124 4.1 Phonetical reality of Japanese lowering kernels .................................................. 125 4.2 Tonal system in Irabu Ryukyuan ........................................................................ 130 4.3 Lowering kernel shift in syllables ....................................................................... 132 4.4 Lowering kernel shift and compound words ....................................................... 140 5 Multiple default accentuation .................................................................................... 144 5.1 Traditional default accentuation ......................................................................... 145 5.2 Why -iNgu foreign words are frequently non-kernelled ...................................... 146 5.3 Non-kernel conditions ........................................................................................ 149 5.4 A default pattern of pitch accent: -iNgu words .................................................... 152 6 Further default patterns ............................................................................................ 157 6.1 -meNto foreign words .......................................................................................... 157 6.2 Summary and possible further candidates .......................................................... 161 7 Binarity and dialects .................................................................................................. 164 ii 7.1 Keihan-type and Tokyo-type dialects .................................................................. 165 7.2 Special type dialects ........................................................................................... 167 7.3 One-type pitch accent and accentless dialects ..................................................... 169 8 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 176 Chapter 5 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 178 References ............................................................................................................................ 183 iii Zusammenfassung In dieser Dissertation wird die Einheit des Fußes und die Frage ihrer Zwei-Moren-Struktur in der prosodischen Phonologie des Japanischen untersucht. Der Terminus Fuß
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