Bimoraicity and Feet in Japanese Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie vorgelegt von Fujikawa, Naoya an der Geisteswissenschaftliche Sektion Fachbereich Linguistik Konstanz, 2020 Konstanzer Online-Publikations-System (KOPS) URL: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-2-fbnu5tqh7h751 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 11. 02. 2020 1. Referent/Referentin: Prof. Frans Plank 2. Referent/Referentin: Prof. Nozomi Kodama 3. Referent/Referentin: Prof. Bettina Braun Bimoraicity and Feet in Japanese Chapter 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 1 Prosodic Hierarchy in Japanese and in general terms .................................................... 2 1.1 Questioning Japanese feet ...................................................................................... 2 1.2 Prosodic Hierarchy ................................................................................................ 4 1.3 Binary feet ............................................................................................................. 5 1.4 Degenerate feet ....................................................................................................... 6 2 Issues and problems ...................................................................................................... 8 2.1 Minimal word constraint ........................................................................................ 9 2.2 Word transformation ........................................................................................... 10 2.3 Pitch accent .......................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 2 Minimal word constraint ................................................................................... 14 1 Feet and minimal word constraint in Japanese ............................................................ 15 1.1 Unmarked syllable in Japanese ............................................................................ 15 1.2 Preference to minimal binary structure ................................................................ 19 1.3 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 20 Chapter 3 Bimoraicity and word transformation ............................................................... 21 1 Revising the bimoraic effect ......................................................................................... 23 2 Word transformation .................................................................................................. 25 2.1 Reduplication ....................................................................................................... 25 2.2 Nyooboo-ko]toba ................................................................................................... 27 2.3 Hypocoristic formation ........................................................................................ 30 2.4 Revising previous proposals ................................................................................. 32 2.5 Zuuzya-go ............................................................................................................. 38 2.6 Word inversion and bimoraic effect ..................................................................... 41 3 Single word truncation ................................................................................................ 44 3.1 Foreign word truncation ...................................................................................... 45 3.2 Single word truncation ......................................................................................... 46 3.3 Pseudo-compound effect ....................................................................................... 51 3.4 Revision for the template inventory ...................................................................... 58 3.5 Structure of single word truncation ...................................................................... 59 3.6 Basic unit of regular templates ............................................................................. 60 3.7 Derivedness and minimal size requirement .......................................................... 64 3.8 Why the monosyllabic construction is avoided ..................................................... 66 3.9 Summary for the bimoraic effect on single word truncation ................................. 69 i 4 Compound truncation ................................................................................................. 71 4.1 Difference in basic stem structure ........................................................................ 71 4.2 Excessive deviation ............................................................................................... 75 4.3 Summing effect in compound truncation .............................................................. 76 5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 80 Chapter 4 Bimoraicity and pitch accent ............................................................................. 83 1 Feet and regular accentuation ..................................................................................... 85 1.1 Accentuation rules and exceptions: focused on compound accentuation ............... 86 1.2 Revising compound accentuation rules ................................................................. 90 1.3 Long and short second element ............................................................................ 93 1.4 Length of the second element ............................................................................... 95 1.5 Length and compound element ............................................................................ 98 1.6 Irregularity factors............................................................................................... 98 1.7 Foreign words end with -iNgu ............................................................................. 102 2 Footing and Layer structure ...................................................................................... 105 2.1 Violation to Strict Layer structure: a solution and problems .............................. 106 2.2 Strict vs. Weak Layering .................................................................................. 110 2.3 Weak Layering and morphophonological processes .......................................... 111 2.4 Weak Layering and default accentuation ......................................................... 112 3 Bidirectional foot parsing .......................................................................................... 117 3.1 Inaba (2005)’s default accentuation theory ......................................................... 118 3.2 Extension to compound words ............................................................................ 121 4 Lowering kernels and metrical strength .................................................................... 124 4.1 Phonetical reality of Japanese lowering kernels .................................................. 125 4.2 Tonal system in Irabu Ryukyuan ........................................................................ 130 4.3 Lowering kernel shift in syllables ....................................................................... 132 4.4 Lowering kernel shift and compound words ....................................................... 140 5 Multiple default accentuation .................................................................................... 144 5.1 Traditional default accentuation ......................................................................... 145 5.2 Why -iNgu foreign words are frequently non-kernelled ...................................... 146 5.3 Non-kernel conditions ........................................................................................ 149 5.4 A default pattern of pitch accent: -iNgu words .................................................... 152 6 Further default patterns ............................................................................................ 157 6.1 -meNto foreign words .......................................................................................... 157 6.2 Summary and possible further candidates .......................................................... 161 7 Binarity and dialects .................................................................................................. 164 ii 7.1 Keihan-type and Tokyo-type dialects .................................................................. 165 7.2 Special type dialects ........................................................................................... 167 7.3 One-type pitch accent and accentless dialects ..................................................... 169 8 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 176 Chapter 5 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 178 References ............................................................................................................................ 183 iii Zusammenfassung In dieser Dissertation wird die Einheit des Fußes und die Frage ihrer Zwei-Moren-Struktur in der prosodischen Phonologie des Japanischen untersucht. Der Terminus Fuß