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TURKEY COUNTRY REPORT April 2005 Country Information & Policy Unit IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY DIRECTORATE HOME OFFICE, UNITED KINGDOM Turkey April 2005 CONTENTS 1. Scope of the document 1.1 – 1.10 2. Geography 2.1 – 2.3 3. Economy 3.1 – 3.5 Corruption 3.6 – 3.7 4. History 4.1 – 4.58 General Election 1995 4.3 The National Security Council’s (MGK) actions 1997 4.4 – 4.7 General Election 1999 4.8 – 4.11 Conflict with the PKK (Partiya Karkeren Kurdistan - Kurdistan Workers’ Party) 4.12 – 4.24 European Union reforms 2001-2002 4.25 – 4.30 General Election 2002 4.31 –4.32 European Union reforms 2002-2004 4.33 – 4.48 Suicide bombings 2003-2004 4.49 – 4.51 Release of Kurdish Deputies 4.52 – 4.58 5. State Structures 5.1– 5.163 The Constitution 5.1 – 5.7 Citizenship and Nationality 5.8 – 5.10 Political system 5.11 – 5.17 National Security Council (MGK) or (NSC) 5.18 – 5.23 Local Government 5.24 – 5.28 The Judiciary 5.29 – 5.37 Military Courts 5.38 State Security Courts (DGM) 5.39 – 5.42 The Constitutional Court (Anayasa Mahkemesi) 5.43 – 5.46 Legal rights/detention 5.47 - 5.51 Right to legal advice 5.52 – 5.57 Detention for questioning prior to formal arrest 5.58 – 5.61 The problem of falsified documents 5.62 – 5.63 The General Information Gathering System (GBTS) 5.64- 5.73 Death Penalty 5.74 – 5.76 Internal Security 5.77 – 5.93 Police 5.77 – 5.79 Jandarma/ Gendarmerie 5.80 – 5.82 Special Forces 5.83 Intelligence Agency (MIT) 5.84 Village Guards 5.85 – 5.93 Prisons and Prison conditions 5.94 – 5.103 F-type prisons 5.104 – 5.113 Monitoring of prison conditions 5.114 –5.118 Military service 5.119 – 5.125 Deferring military service 5.126 – 5.127 Evasion of military service and punishment 5.128 – 5.130 Conscientious objectors 5.131 – 5.137 Posting after completion of basic training 5.138 – 5.139 Discrimination in the armed forces 5.140 – 5.143 Medical services 5.144 – 5.160 Cost of treatment 5.147– 5.148 Mental Health 5.149 – 5.153 HIV/AIDS 5.154 – 5.155 People with disabilities 5.156 – 5.160 Educational system 5.161– 5.163 6. Human Rights 6A. Human Rights Issues 6.1 – 6.459 General 6.1 – 6.32 Torture 6.33– 6.55 Medical examinations in detention 6.56 – 6.63 Turkey April 2005 Prosecution of State officials accused of ill-treatment 6.64 – 6.81 Enforcement of Human Rights 6.82 Disappearances 6.83 – 6.84 Freedom of speech and the media 6.85 – 6.86 Freedom of speech/expression 6.87 – 6.99 Freedom of media/press 6.100 – 6.113 The High Board of Radio and Television (RTUK) 6.114 – 6.119 Internet 6.120 Freedom of religion 6.121 – 6.138 Headscarves 6.139 – 6.147 Alevis, including Alevi Kurds 6.148 – 6.155 Mystical Sufi and other religious-social orders and lodges 6.156 Non-Muslim minorities 6.157– 6.159 Christians 6.160 – 6.167 Jews 6.168 Freedom of assembly and association 6.169 – 6.187 Employment rights 6.188 – 6.189 Main Trade Union confederations 6.190 Main Employers Associations 6.191 People trafficking 6.192 – 6.200 Freedom of movement 6.201 – 6.206 Nüfus card/ identity card 6.207 – 6.210 Treatment of foreigners seeking asylum in Turkey 6.211 – 6.217 6B. Human Rights –Specific Groups 6.218 – 6.355 Ethnic Groups 6.218 – 6.223 Kurds 6.224 – 6.229 Kurdish language 6.230 – 6.235 Teaching in Kurdish 6.236 – 6.240 Pro-Kurdish political parties 6.241 – 6.256 PKK/KADEK/Kongra-Gel and the conflict in the Southeast 6.257 – 6.270 Internally displaced people (IDPs) and the return to villages programme 6.271 – 6.283 Newroz/Nevruz celebrations 6.284 – 6.286 Arabs 6.287 – 6.289 Caucasians 6.290 Armenians 6.291 Greeks 6.292 Women 6.293 – 6.308 Honour killings 6.309 – 6.316 Virginity testing 6.317 – 6.322 Employment/Gender equality 6.323 – 6.330 Children 6.331 – 6.338 Child care arrangements 6.339– 6.342 Homosexuals 6.343 – 6.351 Transvestites 6.352 – 6.354 Transsexuals 6.355 6c. Human Rights – Other Issues 6.356 – 6.459 Members of illegal organisations 6.356 – 6.360 Activists engaging in marginal activities for illegal organisations 6.361 – 6.362 Relatives of members of illegal organisations 6.363 – 6.366 Treatment of returned failed asylum seekers 6.367 – 6.375 Return of Turkish Kurds from Iraq 6.376 – 6.378 Government monitoring of human rights 6.379 – 6.382 Training on human rights 6.383 – 6.386 Reform Monitoring Group 6.387 Human Rights Presidency and Human Rights Boards/Councils 6.388 – 6.394 Parliamentary Human Rights Commission/ Parliamentary Human Rights Investigation 6.395 – 6.399 Committee Prison Inspection Committees/Prison Monitoring Boards 6.400 – 6.402 The Gendarmes Investigation and Evaluation Centre for Human Rights Abuse Issues 6.403– 6.407 Turkey April 2005 (JIHIDEM) European Court of Human Rights 6.408 – 6.414 Treatment of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) 6.415 – 6.429 Human Rights Association (HRA) / Insan Haklari Dernegi (IHD) 6.430 – 6.441 Turkish Human Rights Foundation (HRF) / Türkiye Insan Haklari Vakfi (TIHV) 6.442 – 6.447 Mazlum-Der 6.448 – 6.451 State of emergency 6.452 – 6.456 Blood feuds 6.457 – 6.459 ANNEX A: Chronology ANNEX B: Parties which contest parliamentary elections ANNEX C: Main leftist and/or illegal political organisations ANNEX D: Prominent people ANNEX E: Martial Law and State of Emergency in Turkey ANNEX F: Administration of justice ANNEX G: The court system ANNEX H: Removal figures for Turkish Nationals ANNEX I: References to source material 1. SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 This Country Report has been produced by Immigration and Nationality Directorate, Home Office, for use by officials involved in the asylum / human rights determination process. The Report provides general background information about the issues most commonly raised in asylum / human rights claims made in the United Kingdom. It includes information available up to 1 March 2005. 1.2 The Country Report is compiled wholly from material produced by a wide range of recognised external information sources and does not contain any Home Office opinion or policy. All information in the Report is attributed, throughout the text, to the original source material, which is made available to those working in the asylum / human rights determination process. 1.3 The Report aims to provide a brief summary of the source material identified, focusing on the main issues raised in asylum and human rights applications. It is not intended to be a detailed or comprehensive survey. For a more detailed account, the relevant source documents should be examined directly. 1.4 The structure and format of the Country Report reflects the way it is used by Home Office caseworkers and appeals presenting officers, who require quick electronic access to information on specific issues and use the contents page to go directly to the subject required. Key issues are usually covered in some depth within a dedicated section, but may also be referred to briefly in several other sections. Some repetition is therefore inherent in the structure of the Report. Turkey April 2005 1.5 The information included in this Country Report is limited to that which can be identified from source documents. While every effort is made to cover all relevant aspects of a particular topic, it is not always possible to obtain the information concerned. For this reason, it is important to note that information included in the Report should not be taken to imply anything beyond what is actually stated. For example, if it is stated that a particular law has been passed, this should not be taken to imply that it has been effectively implemented; rather that information regarding implementation has not been found. 1.6 As noted above, the Country Report is a collation of material produced by a number of reliable information sources. In compiling the Report, no attempt has been made to resolve discrepancies between information provided in different source documents. For example, different source documents often contain different versions of names and spellings of individuals, places and political parties etc. Country Reports do not aim to bring consistency of spelling, but to reflect faithfully the spellings used in the original source documents. Similarly, figures given in different source documents sometimes vary and these are simply quoted as per the original text. 1.7 The Country Report is based substantially upon source documents issued during the previous two years. However, some older source documents may have been included because they contain relevant information not available in more recent documents. All sources contain information considered relevant at the time this Report was issued. 1.8 This Country Report and the accompanying source material are public documents. All Country Reports are published on the IND section of the Home Office website and the great majority of the source material for the Report is readily available in the public domain. Where the source documents identified in the Report are available in electronic form, the relevant web link has been included, together with the date that the link was accessed. Copies of less accessible source documents, such as those provided by government offices or subscription services, are available from the Home Office upon request. 1.9 Country Reports are published every six months on the top 20 asylum producing countries and on those countries for which there is deemed to be a specific operational need.
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  • The Urbanization and Ottomanization of the Halvetiye Sufi Order by the City of Amasya in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries

    The Urbanization and Ottomanization of the Halvetiye Sufi Order by the City of Amasya in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries

    The City as a Historical Actor: The Urbanization and Ottomanization of the Halvetiye Sufi Order by the City of Amasya in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries By Hasan Karatas A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Near Eastern Studies in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Hamid Algar, Chair Professor Leslie Peirce Professor Beshara Doumani Professor Wali Ahmadi Spring 2011 The City as a Historical Actor: The Urbanization and Ottomanization of the Halvetiye Sufi Order by the City of Amasya in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries ©2011 by Hasan Karatas Abstract The City as a Historical Actor: The Urbanization and Ottomanization of the Halvetiye Sufi Order by the City of Amasya in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries by Hasan Karatas Doctor of Philosophy in Near Eastern Studies University of California, Berkeley Professor Hamid Algar, Chair This dissertation argues for the historical agency of the North Anatolian city of Amasya through an analysis of the social and political history of Islamic mysticism in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries Ottoman Empire. The story of the transmission of the Halvetiye Sufi order from geographical and political margins to the imperial center in both ideological and physical sense underlines Amasya’s contribution to the making of the socio-religious scene of the Ottoman capital at its formative stages. The city exerted its agency as it urbanized, “Ottomanized” and catapulted marginalized Halvetiye Sufi order to Istanbul where the Ottoman socio-religious fabric was in the making. This study constitutes one of the first broad-ranging histories of an Ottoman Sufi order, as a social group shaped by regional networks of politics and patronage in the formative fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.