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GAZETELERDE YERALAN POLISE Yonntix HABERLERDETI SOYLEMSEL BOYUTLAR: Gaffar Okkan Suikasn )Rnek Olayt

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GAZETELERDE YERALAN POLISE Yonntix HABERLERDETI SOYLEMSEL BOYUTLAR: Gaffar Okkan Suikasn )Rnek Olayt Turkish Journalof Police Sludies Vol:4 (1-2) GAZETELERDE YERALAN POLISE YONNTiX HABERLERDETI SOYLEMSEL BOYUTLAR: Gaffar Okkan Suikasn )rnek Olayt DIMENSIONS OF DISCOURSE IN NEWS RELATED POLICE ON NEWSPAPERS: A Case Study on Murder of Gaffar Okkan Nesrin KULA * s\Ns\vnrrt this stutly I lnve ainted give 1n to an opirtiott to the reuder.s about the stereotypes of potice Itlrut have been ttsed in tlrc metlia especially in newspapers.l have analysed the news by trsing van Dijk's discourse analysis nrcdel to .show the perspe<:tive of nrcdia when looking al the everts about police.l lwv'e clrcsen the murder of Gaffar Okkan andJive policemen lty terrorists .frtr this case study to anctlyse by critical approach with criticctl discourse analysis ntelhod. At the end of this study, I hav,e found, it was found that news about police reproduced the hcgemttttic discourse. Heacllitrcs, tittles and spots present a sutnmary of the news. Although such news infornrc a positive approach, it cqn legalise the general crtnsideratictns aboLtt police.This canbe unclerstood only by reading the news critically. Key Words: Ideology, discourse, critical discourse analysis, pol.ice and media. gi.llst. pu galtstnada okuyuculara, medT,ada -dzellikle de gaTetelerde-kullanilan polis I-l stereoripleri hakkutela bilgi vernrcyi amagladmt. Medyantn polis ile itgili olaylarrlaki bakts aEtstttt ortave gtkrtrnnk igitt van Dijk'ut sdylem analizi modelini kullanarak haberleri inceledint. Diyttrbahr Emniyet Mildiirii Gaffar Okkan ve beS polis ntem4runun dleliiriilnrcsini, eleEtirel si)ylem analizi metoduyla gc)ziimlentek iizere r)rnek olay olarak segtitn. Sonug olarak, haberlerin polis ile ilgili egenten sdylenti yeniclen iiretti{i grkarsantasrrttt varildt. ManSetler, basl*lar ve spotlar olayt dzetlentektedir. Haberler, polis hqkkmela olumlu bir beths agtstna sahip gibi gc)riindiiklerinde ctahi, polis ile ilgili genel )'arglart do(allasnrtp meSruLasttrabilntektedir. Biitiln bu sonuglara ulasabilmek, haberleri e I e ct I S ti r e I a r ak o kuntukl a m iin * ii n o lob i li r . Anahtar Kelirneler: ideoloji, sdylem, eleEtirel sdl,lem analizi, polis, nedya Ege Universitesi sosyat Bilimler Enstitiisi) Raayo rercrizioMi GiriE Bu Ealrgrnacla haber dili ve soylem arasrndaki iligki aragtrnlacaktrr. Haberler elerstircl bir bakrg agrsryla okunursa, iginde banndrrdr[r ideolojik ve hiyerargik yaptlar, iinyargllar, stereotipler, cinsiyete ve rrka baflr imajlar g6zi.imlenebilir. Haberler gcnellikle:' gazete sahiplerinin, editorlerin, muhabirlerin ve fotomuha- birlerinin ideolojilerini yansrtmaktadrr. Krsacasr haber mutlak bir ideolojinin ma- nipulasyotr alanlntn stizgecinden gegmektedir ve bunu ortaya grkarmak igin eleg- tirel s6ylern analizi ydnteminin kullanrlmasr gereklidir. Elegtirel Qahqmalann kokeni ingiliz Ktilttirel Qahgmalar ekoliine dayanmak- tadrr. ingiliz KiiltUrel Qahgmalanna damgaslnl vuran Hall; Baktin, Saussure, Vo- losinov, Althusser ve Gramsci'nin kuramlarrndan etkilenmiqtir. KUlttirel Qahg- malara verilen onem 1990'larda niteliksel gahgmalann artmaslna paralel olarak artmtqttr. Postmodern/postyaprsalcr yaklagrmlar, eleqtirel sdylem analizi gahgma- lart tizerinde etkili olmugtur. Aragtrrmanrn kapsamrnr gereksiz gekilde geniglet- memek igin postmodernizm/postyaprsalcrhk tartrqmalarrna girilmeyecektir. Onemli olan konu; postyaplsalcrhkla birlikte ballamrn ve metinlerarasrh[rn ga- lrgmalara eklenmesidir. Aynca ozne onplana gtkmrgtrr. Ozneye cinem vermesiyle Lacan yaprsalcrhk ile postyaprsalcrhk arasrnda gegi$ sallamaktadrr. Haberde Dil ve Siiylem Haberlerde yer alan igaretler ve ctimleler, elegtirel bir yontemle okunursa igindeki ideolojik yaptlar, sosyal temsiller ve qemalar gdztimlenebilir. Basrndaki tekellegme ve haber yazmak igin kullanrlan kahplar tek tip haberlerin ortaya grk- masrna neden olmaktadrr. GtinUmUzde yerel, ulusal ve ktiresel medyada gapraz, yatay ve dikey tekellegmeler ortaya grkmaktadrr. DUnyanrn girdiIi neoliberalist politikalar sonucu kamusal medyanrn da igerik olarak ticari medyaya yaklagma- st, haber metaforunun olugmasrna neden olmaktadrr. Oluqturulan bu haber meta- foru, gerge[i yansrtmak yerine kurgulamaktadrr. Haberler yazrlrrken genellikle okuyucunun, olaylann arka planrnr, yani toplumsal ballamrnr bildiEi farz edile- rek haber yeniden kurgulanmaktadrr. Haberin ideolojisi, iqte bu sunulmayan, an- latrlmayan yada bilingli olarak gizlenen bciltimtin igerisinde sakhdrr. ideoloji en temel anlamryla, insanlann dtinyayr anlamlandrrmada kullandrk- larr gemalardtr. ideolojiler gi.intimtizde, pargalanmr; ve her yana yayrlmrgtrr.Oy- le ki, giindelik pratiklerimize kadar iglemigtir. Elegtirel Sdylem gdztimlemesinde var olan soylemlerin nasrl yeniden tiretildiIi, meqrulaqtrrrldrlr ve tarihsellegtiril- digi ortaya konmaya gahgrlrr. Elegtirel soylem gciziimlemesi, sdylemin; sosyal kimlikleri, sosyal iliqkileri ve bilgi yada inang sistemlerini olugturma yoluyla il- gilenmektedir (Ozer,1999: 128). Dolayrsryla, elegtirel sdylem gdztimlemesi ya- prlrrken, egitsizligin ve egemenlilin, s6ylemin tiretimindeki hayati rolUne inilme- ye gahgrlmaktadrrlar. Gazetelerde Yeralan Polise Ydnelik Haberlerdeki Sdylemsel Boyutlar | 189 Pozitivizmin etkisiyle geligen ve niceliksel olarak agrklanabilen, tantmlanabi- len di.inya gdrtigti gtintimtizde yerini, niteliksel Eahqmalara brrakmrgtrr. Niteliksel Eahqmalar "dil"e ddnUgti gerektirmiqtir. Qtinkii insanlartn varolan sosyal temsil- leri, toplumsal sistemi ve kurallan anlamasr ancak dil ile miimktind{.ir. Bunu; La- can simgesel dUzeye geEi$ olarak adlandrrmaktadrr.' Qocuk dili dgrenclili zaman, kendini toplumsal sistemin igerisinde ideolojik ozne olarak konumlandrrmaya baglamaktadrr. Sosyal diinyaya iligkin ideolojiler ve tavrr ahglar "dil" aracrlrlryla olugturul- makta, paylagrlmakta ve insanlar ve gruplar arasr etkilegim yoluyla siirekli yeni- den biEinilenmektedir (Goregenli,2002:79-80). Dilbilim gahqmalarrnrn dayandr- !r ternelleri oluqturan Fransrz dilbilimci Saussure'dur. Saussure'un dil (langue) ve sdz (parole) aynml gogu dilbilim Ealrgmasrna rgrk tutmugtur. Dil herkes igin kullanrn-rr aynr olan belli gramer kurallarrnr igeren bir sistemclir; Ttirkge. ingiliz- ce gibi. Sciz (parole) ise; dilin bireysel ve 6znel kullanrmrdrr; aynr olayr iki kiqi- nin farklr sozctiklerle ve farklr ci.imlelerle anlatmasr gibi. Roland Barthes ise;"gcisterge ozti gereli, otekini igerir", demektedir ve yaptr!r diizanlam/yanan- lam aynmr ile dil galrqmalarrnda bir slgrama yaratmrgtrr. Yani; dil EdzUmlemele- rine toplumsal olgulan katmrqtrr. Dil, ideoloji ve anlam arasrndaki iliqkileri ilk aErklamaya galrqan, gostergebi- linisel ideoloji kuramrnrn kurucusu olan, Volosinov'dur. Voloshinov'a gcire; an- lamr belirleyen qey antagonistik toplumsal srnrflann grkarlan arasrndaki mlicade- lenin gostergelerin anlamlan tizerine yiiri.iyen devamrdrr (Uqtir, 1991 93). Volos- hinov'un galrgmalan bizlere yeni bir ideoloji tanrmr kazandrrmrq oldu; karqrt top- lumsal grkarlann gcistergeler di.izeyindeki mi.icadelesi. Voloshinov, toplumsal ik- tidarrn dilin kendisi iEindeki roliinti dikkate alan ve gtintimtizde soylem analizi olarak anrlan gdztimleme tarzrnrn babasrdrr. Volosinov'u izleyen Althusserci Fransrz Dilbilimci Pdcheux ise; izleyenleri ile birlikte, ideolojik mticadelenin bir aracr olarak soylemsel pratiklerin kuramrnr geliqtirmigtir (Dursun,200l 49). Pbcheux, sdylemin anlamr oluqturma mekaniz- maslnl iki temel kavramla agrklar: Sdylemsel formasyon ve sdylemsel siireg. Bu iki kavrarnla Pdcheux, Saussure'un language(dil dizgesi) ve parole(sdz) aynmr- nrn otesine geEmeye Ealrqrr. Btittin sdylemsel silreEler aynr dili kullanrrlar, sdy- lemsel formasyon gok sayrda sdylemsel sUregten oluqur. Qok sayrda soylemsel formasyon ise, Pdcheux'un ideolojik formasyon adrnr verdigi yapr tarafindan sar- malantr. ideolojik formasyon, Althusser'in ideolojik aygrtlanna benzer ve srnrf- sal konumlardan etkilenir. Boylece sdylemsel formasyon, iEinde dilsel oleleri bulundururken, ayil zamanda ideolojik formasyona gondermeler yaparak, ide- oloji ile iligkilendirilebilecek sdylemsel bir semantik kullanrr. ' Lacan; imgesel di)zey, simgesel ditzey ve gergek dizey olmak ilzere i.lglu bi aynm yapar. Gergek dilzeyin, gogu kigi farktnda deiildir. imgeset dAzeyde yagayan bebekterdir, ancak onlar da dili \Qrenmekte birlikte simgesel diizeye geEerler, Ayrrnttlr bitgi igin; Saff et Murat Tura, Freud'dan Lacan'a Psikanaliz, Aynntr Yay., istanbut, | 996 ve Jacques Lacan, Fallus'un Anlamt, Afa Yay., istanbul, 1994. Ernesto Laclau, Althusser'in Lacan'dan etkilenerek geliqtirdiIi ideolojilerin "cjzneleri ga!rrma ve adlandrrma" iglevini sadece srnrfsal ba!lamda di.igtinemeye- celimizi ileri sUrdU. Toplumsal kimli[in belirlenigi sonsuz sayrda anlamsal fark- hhklar arastnda bir sabitleme oyunudur, yani soylemin kurulugudur (Laclau, 199I:24-25). Laclau ve Mouffe'a g6re toplumsal oznenin oluqumu soylemin sa- bitfedili anlamtn bigimlenigine balhdrr (Uqi.ir, 1997 57). Krsacasr, btitUn top- lumsal iligki ve geligkiler ve toplumsal ozneler soylemin iginde olugur. Gramsci'nin "hegemonyanln stirekli mticadele ile Usttinltik kazanmasr" fikri- ni temel alan Stuart Hall; anlamr belirleyen qeyin, anlamlar arasrndaki egemenlik sava$r oldulunu s6yler. Hall, ideolojinin kokenlerini bulmaktan ziyade, somut et- kilerini belirlemeye gahgrr. Hall'e gore ideoloji, Uretim tarzrnrn saf bir yanslma- sr de[ildir; cinsiyete ve rrka iligkin pratikler en az ekonomik pratikler kadar temel niteliklidir (Gi.ighan, 1999: 167). Hall s6ylem goztimlemelerinde elegtirel para- digmayr bigimlendiren geyin, ideolojinin
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