DOCSLIB.ORG

Durham E-Theses

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses Socal Characterstcs for Mltancy: The Case of Turksh Hezbollah Dogan, Azimet How to cite: Dogan, Azimet (2016) Socal Characterstcs for Mltancy: The Case of Turksh Hezbollah, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11539/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MILITANCY: THE CASE OF TURKISH HEZBOLLAH By: AZIMET DOGAN Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Philosophy of Doctorate at Durham University School of Government and International Affairs 2015 Abstract Terrorism is a complex and multi-facet problem that negatively affects countries around the world. Turkey has suffered from terrorist activities from different polar of political spectrum. Turkish Hezbollah is one those terrorists threats for Turkey. To move closer toward the prevention of terrorism with the primary goal of eradicating terrorist groups, countries need to direct their efforts toward identifying the not only macro scale political issue but also the social characteristics of individuals at micro level in addition to the psychological and socio-psychological underpinnings of terrorism. In furtherance of social characteristics at the recruitment level, the impacts of those characteristics in engaging in violent activities is the focus of this study. Through using individual level data the underlying social characteristics that are influential in a TH member’s deployment (or choice) into military wing for violent activities or into political activities are identified. These include knowing the characteristics that where Turkish Hezbollah members come from, what motivates them towards Hezbollah’s ideology, their family background, and their demographics. This study mainly found that individual characteristics that are considered determinative for an individual to engage in terrorist activity are not much different for Turkish Hezbollah. In that most of the social characteristics of age, marital status, economic status, whether moved from hometown, lifestyle of members before organization, and crime history have similar effect with the generic sense of the related literature of average terrorist in the Middle East. In terms of the individual and collective impact of the social characteristics into the dichotomous deployment of military vs. political wing within the TH, this study found that age, marital status, economic status, whether moved from hometown, lifestyle of members before organization, and crime history have same effect in opting for (or being deployed) military vs. political wing positions in the organization at both, individual and collective level. In that, TH members are either choose or be intentionally/deliberately deployed into political and military wings of the TH based on certain social characteristics of younger age, in unmarried status, with lower educational attainment, with lower level work and in turn economic status. Table of contents Chapter 1 - Introduction 5 1.1. Problem Statement and Purpose of the Study 6 1.2. Significance of the Study 8 1.3. Definition of terms 10 Chapter 2 – Literature Review 12 2.1. Terrorist Member Characterization 12 2.1.1. Terrorist Member Characteristics --------------------------------------------------------------------------13 2.1.2. Relevant Theories ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23 2.2. Turkish Hezbollah 31 2.2.1. Ideology of the Turkish Islamic Movement --------------------------------------------------------------31 2.2.2. History of the Turkish Islamic Movement ----------------------------------------------------------------32 2.2.3. The Growth of Turkish Hezbollah --------------------------------------------------------------------------35 2.2.4. The Iranian Connection ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------39 2.2.5. Ideology and Goals ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------39 2.2.6. Strategic Structuring -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------40 2.2.7. Commanding the Goodness, Preventing the Evilness ------------------------------------------------44 2.2.8. Violence-Based Revolution-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------46 2.2.9. The Leadership of Ulema (Pioneer Staff) -----------------------------------------------------------------48 2.2.10. Community (Mass Structuring) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------49 2.2.11. Organizational Structure --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------52 2.2.12. Security Structure of the Organization -------------------------------------------------------------------61 2.2.13. Actions of Organization ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------75 2.2.14. Characteristics of Armed Assaults --------------------------------------------------------------------------82 2.2.15. Financial Structure ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------83 2.3. Terrorism and Fundamentalism 84 2.3.1. Recent Terrorist Events ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------84 2.3.2. Definition of Terrorism ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------87 2.3.3. Early History of Terrorism ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 100 2.3.4. Contemporary Terrorism ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 102 2.3.5. The Causes of Terrorism ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 103 2.3.6. Fundamentalism ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 105 Chapter 3 – Methodology 119 3.1. Research Questions and Hypotheses 121 3.2. Conceptual Model 123 3.3. Data 125 3.4. Sample 126 3.5. Measurements 128 3.5.1. Dependent Variables ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 128 3.5.2. Independent Variables -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 128 3.6. Research Design 136 3.7. Data Analysis 137 3 3.8. Multivariate Analysis: Logistic Regression 138 3.9. Reliability and Validity Issues 139 Chapter 4 – Analysis and Findings 141 4.1. Descriptive Findings 141 4.2. Bivariate Correlation 146 4.3. Cross-Tabulations 146 4.4. Logistic Regression Analyses 156 Chapter 5 – Discussions and Conclusion 162 5.1. Discussions 162 5.2. Policy Implications 175 5.3. Recommendations for the Future Studies 179 REFERENCES 181 4 Chapter 1 - Introduction Terrorism is a complex problem that affects countries around the world. It has the potential to negatively impact the political and social welfare as well as the economic stability of an entire country. The effects of terrorism can overburden systems designed to protect citizens and place significant demands on already strained criminal justice systems. According to a study completed by the Congressional Budget Office in 2002, the federal government of the United States spent $37 billion after the September 11th attack and planned to spend more than ten (10) times this amount for fighting terrorism over the next decade (Stevenson, 2002). The military budget of the United States increased 2.5 percent between the years 1998 and 2001, in response to the terrorist attack in New York; the budget increased 36 percent within following two years (2001-2003). By 2005, the total increase of the budget approached 70 percent (Erdogdu, 2003). Terrorism has the potential to divide groups or countries based on those who sympathize with the terrorist ideologies and those who do not. With all of these negative consequences, it is important to prevent the spread of terrorism. Terrorism differs from traditional crime in its causes; such as ideology, beliefs, and differences in political view ((Deflem, 2004). Additionally, terrorism differs significantly from traditional crime with regard to research. Terrorism research is in its infancy, whereas traditional crime research has a considerable knowledge base. As the knowledge base begins to expand, and policy evolves, fighting terrorism slowly shifts away from the use of traditional criminal justice sanctions (e.g., arrest, imprisonment) to include counter- terrorism strategies (e.g., counter-insurgency strategies). To be more effective in counter- insurgency strategies, it is imperative that we understand what motivates the individual to join the terrorist movement. This new understanding should help systems to move away from the tradition of strictly
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Turkey Country Assessment
    TURKEY COUNTRY REPORT October 2004 Country Information & Policy Unit IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY DIRECTORATE HOME OFFICE, UNITED KINGDOM Turkey October 2004 CONTENTS 1. Scope of the document 1.1 – 1.10 2. Geography 2.1 – 2.3 3. Economy 3.1 – 3.2 Corruption 3.3 – 3.4 4. History 4.1 – 4.2 General Election 1995 4.3 The National Security Council’s (MGK) actions 1997 4.4 – 4.7 General Election 1999 4.8 – 4.11 Conflict with the PKK (Partiya Karkeren Kurdistan - Kurdistan Workers’ Party) 4.12 – 4.23 European Union reforms 2001-2002 4.24 – 4.29 General Election 2002 4.30 –4.31 European Union reforms 2002-2003 4.32 – 4.39 Iraq 4.40 – 4.41 Suicide bombings 2003-2004 4.42 – 4.43 Release of Kurdish Deputies 4.44 – 4.47 5. State Structures The Constitution 5.1 – 5.7 Citizenship and Nationality 5.8 – 5.10 Political system 5.11 – 5.17 National Security Council (MGK) or (NSC) 5.18 – 5.23 Local Government 5.24 – 5.29 The Judiciary 5.30 – 5.35 Military Courts 5.36 State Security Courts (DGM) 5.37 – 5.39 The Constitutional Court (Anayasa Mahkemesi) 5.40 – 5.43 Legal rights/detention 5.44 - 5.46 Right to legal advice 5.47 – 5.50 Detention for questioning prior to formal arrest 5.51 – 5.55 The General Information Gathering System (GBTS) 5.56 – 6.65 Death Penalty 5.66 – 5.68 Internal Security Police 5.69 – 5.71 Jandarma/ Gendarmerie 5.72 – 5.74 Military /Special Forces 5.75 Intelligence Agency (MIT) 5.76 Village Guards 5.77 – 5.83 Prisons and Prison conditions 5.84 – 5.92 F-type prisons 5.93 – 5.102 Monitoring of prison conditions 5.103 –5.107 Military service 5.108 – 5.113 Deferring military service 5.114 – 5.115 Evasion of military service and punishment 5.116 – 5.118 Conscientious objectors 5.119 – 5.126 Posting after completion of basic training 5.127 – 5.129 Discrimination in the armed forces 5.130 – 5.134 Medical services 5.135 – 5.136 Cost of treatment 5.137 Mental Health 5.138 – 5.142 HIV/AIDS 5.143 – 5.144 People with disabilities 5.145 – 5.149 Educational system 5.150 – 5.151 6.
    [Show full text]
  • GAZETELERDE YERALAN POLISE Yonntix HABERLERDETI SOYLEMSEL BOYUTLAR: Gaffar Okkan Suikasn )Rnek Olayt
    Turkish Journalof Police Sludies Vol:4 (1-2) GAZETELERDE YERALAN POLISE YONNTiX HABERLERDETI SOYLEMSEL BOYUTLAR: Gaffar Okkan Suikasn )rnek Olayt DIMENSIONS OF DISCOURSE IN NEWS RELATED POLICE ON NEWSPAPERS: A Case Study on Murder of Gaffar Okkan Nesrin KULA * s\Ns\vnrrt this stutly I lnve ainted give 1n to an opirtiott to the reuder.s about the stereotypes of potice Itlrut have been ttsed in tlrc metlia especially in newspapers.l have analysed the news by trsing van Dijk's discourse analysis nrcdel to .show the perspe<:tive of nrcdia when looking al the everts about police.l lwv'e clrcsen the murder of Gaffar Okkan andJive policemen lty terrorists .frtr this case study to anctlyse by critical approach with criticctl discourse analysis ntelhod. At the end of this study, I hav,e found, it was found that news about police reproduced the hcgemttttic discourse. Heacllitrcs, tittles and spots present a sutnmary of the news. Although such news infornrc a positive approach, it cqn legalise the general crtnsideratictns aboLtt police.This canbe unclerstood only by reading the news critically. Key Words: Ideology, discourse, critical discourse analysis, pol.ice and media. gi.llst. pu galtstnada okuyuculara, medT,ada -dzellikle de gaTetelerde-kullanilan polis I-l stereoripleri hakkutela bilgi vernrcyi amagladmt. Medyantn polis ile itgili olaylarrlaki bakts aEtstttt ortave gtkrtrnnk igitt van Dijk'ut sdylem analizi modelini kullanarak haberleri inceledint. Diyttrbahr Emniyet Mildiirii Gaffar Okkan ve beS polis ntem4runun dleliiriilnrcsini, eleEtirel si)ylem analizi metoduyla gc)ziimlentek iizere r)rnek olay olarak segtitn. Sonug olarak, haberlerin polis ile ilgili egenten sdylenti yeniclen iiretti{i grkarsantasrrttt varildt.
    [Show full text]
  • An Assessment of the Methods That Are Used to Recruit College Students Into the Turkish Hezbollah
    Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2010 An assessment of the methods that are used to recruit college students into the Turkish Hezbollah. TUNCAY UNAL Virginia Commonwealth University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/123 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Tuncay Unal 2010 All Rights Reserved An assessment of the methods that are used to recruit college students into the Turkish Hezbollah. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University by Tuncay Unal B. A., Turkish Police Academy, Ankara, 1995 M.P.A., Virginia Commonwealth University, 2006 Director: William W. Newmann, Ph.D. Associate Professor L. Douglas Wilder School of Government and Public Affairs Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia June, 2010 ii Acknowledgment I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the chair of my dissertation committee, Dr. William W. Newmann who I was able complete this dissertation with his invaluable time, support, directions, and understanding. I also would to thank to my other committee members, Dr. Geary, Dr. Twigg, Dr. Kirkpatrick, and Dr. Levy for their time and their invaluable input to my dissertation. My special thanks to my family for their support and understanding during my education.
    [Show full text]
  • January 2002)
    COUNCIL OF Brussels, 15 April 2002 (05.06) THE EUROPEAN UNION (OR. nl) 7838/02 CIREA 24 NOTE from : Netherlands delegation to : CIREA Subject : Official general report on Turkey (January 2002) Delegations will find attached the above report from the Netherlands delegation 1. 1 Translated into English only. This document may be released to the public. 7838/02 ers/LG/dot 1 DG H I EN Official general report on Turkey 7838/02 ers/LG/dot 2 DG H I EN Contents Page 1 Introduction............................................................................................................................ 5 2 Country information.............................................................................................................. 7 2.1 Basic details ............................................................................................................................. 7 2.1.1 Country and peoople................................................................................................................ 7 2.1.2 History ................................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 System of goverment ............................................................................................................... 14 2.2.1 Legislature ............................................................................................................................... 14 2.2.2 Executive ................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Yesterday Today Tomorrow 1995 - 2015
    1 YESTERDAY TODAY TOMORROW 1995 - 2015 The last 20 years of Freedom of Expression in Turkey - Report - 3 A huge ‘Thank’ to... ...and a huge Homage á... All who worked to have this report completed and published... ...to our editorial team, Elvan Öğ, Sıla Kayhan, Fezile Osum, Lara Vural; to our technical supporter Emrah Eşki, for design and illustrations, to cartoonists and Selçuk Demirel who drew our logos and standard cover illistration, uncanged since 1995, …to all criminals (!) –almost 80.000 people- who put their names under the troubled statements, regardless of contents, no matter if they disagree; just to defend freedom of expression for all; ...Socrates, to Galileo, Mansur Al-Hallaj, to Giardino Bruno, …to all journalists, journal editors, column writers, TV Voltaire, Mahatma Ghandi, to Martin Luther King, Nelson programmers, TV editors, who worked with pleasure to have Mandela ... our voice heard by the public; to all judges, prosecutors, lawyers, bailiffs, policemen and peddlers, charged or working at court ...and our dear crime-partners whom we lot during these 20 years but keep their memories in our hearts... houses, who recognized what we were trying to do, respected and supported, ...Hrant Dink, Aziz Nesin, Erdal Öz, Bülent Tanör, Demirtaş Ceyhun, Cenk Koray, Metin Özek, Uğur Cankoçak, Zihni ...and national and International organizations, our all-time Anadol, Arif Damar, Atıf Yılmaz, Şaban Dayanan, İlhan Selçuk, supporters, a.i., HRW, International PEN and its national İsmail Gülgeç, Hüseyin Baş, M. Tali Öngören, M. Ali Birand, members, Article 19, Index on Censorship, Freedom House, RSF, Ömer Kavur, Hüseyin Sağnıç, Abdülmelik Fırat, Noyan Özkan, CPJ, and our umbrella organizatin IFEX; but especially to three Süleyman Üstün, Toktamış Ateş, Yusuf Kurçenli, Mina Urgan, very special people: dear Eugene Schoulgin, dear Jonathan Onur Yurdatapan, Sacit Kayasu ..
    [Show full text]
  • Kurdish Hizbullah in Turkey State Crime Series Editors: Penny Green and Tony Ward
    Kurdish Hizbullah in Turkey State Crime Series Editors: Penny Green and Tony Ward Pluto’s State Crime series is dedicated to understanding state crime, showcasing the best of new state crime scholarship. This is work which challenges official and legal definitions of crime, but on any reasonable definition (whether based on national and international law or a concept such as social harm) crimes condoned, committed or instigated by states dwarf most other forms of crime. Genocide, war crimes, torture, and the enormous scale of corruption that afflicts nations such as Turkey, the focus of this volume, make everyday crimes against the persons and property of European citizens appear almost trivial. This series grows out of the International State Crime Initiative’s work on advancing our understanding of state violence and corruption and of resistance to them. The series is driven by a new and sophisticated wave of state crime scholarship; one in which theoretical development drawing on a variety of social scientific traditions is informed by courageous and rigorous empirical research. Also available: State Crime: Governments, Violence and Corruption Penny Green and Tony Ward State Crime on the Margins of Empire: Rio Tinto, the War on Bougainville and Resistance to Mining Kristian Lasslett Kurdish Hizbullah in Turkey Islamism, Violence and the State Mehmet Kurt First published 2015 by İletişim Publishing, Turkey First English language edition published 2017 by Pluto Press 345 Archway Road, London N6 5AA www.plutobooks.com Copyright © Mehmet Kurt 2017 The right of Mehmet Kurt to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
    [Show full text]
  • Almanac Turkey 2006-2008 Security Sector and Democratic Oversight Almanac Turkey 2006-2008: Security Sector and Democratic Oversight
    ALMANAC TURKEY 2006-2008 SECURITY SECTOR AND DEMOCRATIC OVERSIGHT ALMANAC TURKEY 2006-2008: SECURITY SECTOR AND DEMOCRATIC OVERSIGHT ISBN 978-605-5832-53-7 TESEV PUBLICATIONS Editors: Ali Bayramoğlu, Ahmet İnsel Publication Coordinator: Hale Akay Prepared for Publication: Koray Özdil Translator: Leyla Tonguç Basmacı Language Editor: Laurie Freeman Design: Rauf Kösemen, Myra Page Layout: Myra Printed by: İmak Ofset Türkiye Ekonomik ve Sosyal Etüdler Vakf› Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation Demokratikleme Program› Democratization Program Bankalar Cad. Minerva Han No: 2 Kat: 3 Karaköy 34420, İstanbul Tel: +90 212 292 89 03 PBX Fax: +90 212 292 90 46 [email protected] www.tesev.org.tr Copyright © August 2010 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced electronically or mechanically (photocopy, storage of records or information, etc.) without the permission of the Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation (TESEV). This publication is partially funded by the European Union. The content of this publication is the sole responsibility of TESEV and can in no way be taken to reflect the official views of the European Union and other supporting institutions. The viewpoints in this report belong to the authors and they may not necessarily concur partially or wholly with TESEV’s viewpoints as a foundation. TESEV would like to extend its thanks to the European Union, the Consulate General of Sweden in Istanbul, the Open Society Foundation, and the TESEV High Advisory Board for their contributions with regard to
    [Show full text]
  • Hezbollah – Kurds – PKK
    Refugee Review Tribunal AUSTRALIA RRT RESEARCH RESPONSE Research Response Number: TUR23789 Country: Turkey Date: 18 January 2006 Keywords: Turkey – Hezbollah – Kurds – PKK This response was prepared by the Country Research Section of the Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT) after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RRT within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. Questions 1. Are relatives of PKK members or suspected PKK members subject to harm or discrimination from the Turkish authorities? 2. Is there an organisation in Turkey called Hezbollah/Hizbollah? 3. What are its aims? 4. What are its objectives? 5. Are there any factions of this group? 6. What activities does it undertake? 7. How does it treat the Kurdish minority in Turkey? 8. Are people of Kurdish origin likely to join Hizbollah or co-operate with it in any way? RESPONSE 1. Are relatives of PKK members or suspected PKK members subject to harm or discrimination from the Turkish authorities? In April 2005, Abdulkadir Bartan, an alleged member of the PKK, was detained. Amnesty International is unaware of where he is being held and fear he may be at risk of torture or “disappearance” (Amnesty International 2005, Turkey: Possible “disappearance “/fear of torture or ill-treatment, Abdulkadir Bartan, 20 April, EUR 44/017/2005, http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGEUR440172005 - Accessed 16 January 2006 – Attachment 1). Little other recent information was located as to whether suspected PKK members are subject to harm or discrimination from the Turkish authorities; however, the Human Rights Association of Turkey reported in 2003 that the Turkish Security Forces (Turkish authorities) had demolished houses, forced evictions and otherwise destroyed villages as a policy to combat the PKK insurgency.
    [Show full text]
  • 3 HDP Supporters Murdered by Counter Forces Laid to Rest
    3 HDP supporters murdered by counter forces laid to rest IDENTY ABOUT US COPYRIGHT KURDÎ TÜRKÇE ENGLISH MAIN PAGE NEWS POLITICS WOMEN YOUTH ECOLOGY WORK LİFE ALL NEWS LOGIN CULTURE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY SPOR LOCAL AGENDA OF ELECTION NEWS ⌂ BACK TO HOMEPAGE + 24 3 HDP supporters murdered by counter forces laid to rest - View More Articles 21 20.06.2015 15:55 YPG continue to attack ISIS in rural Girê Spî 1 15:50 'I'm sorry that I couldn't look at Demirel's dirty face' 1 14:39 Father asking for his children killers sued as perpetrator! 1 14:12 Dayiken Şemiyê: Missing and disappearances suffered at Demirel's term 1 14:03 Girê Spî: Life turning back to normal 1 13:25 Condolence tent for MLKP fighter Akdaş 1 11:00 IHD to apply to Supreme Court for imprisoned PYD members 1 10:42 Mexico beer centre attack leaves 10 dead 13:37 Save with Photos Print 10 June 2015 Save 10:41 Majority of victims of Charleston church shooting women DİYARBAKIR (DİHA) - The three persons murdered by counter forces in Diyarbakır last night, Bayram Dağtan, 10:26 Women take to the streets for Bayram Özelçi and Emin Ensen, have been laid to rest following a ceremony attended by thousands of people. Cansu Kaya 1 10:13 IHD reports on refugees’ problems HDP (Peoples' Democratic Party) supporters Bayram Özelçi, Bayram Dağtan and Emin Ensen lost their lives in 1 hospital last night after they were shot by members of HUDA-PAR who randomly opened fire on people in the streets 10:13 YPG forces continue to advance of Diyarbakır yesterday evening.
    [Show full text]
  • Country of Origin Information Report Turkey December 2007
    COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT TURKEY 31 DECEMBER 2007 Border & Immigration Agency COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION SERVICE TURKEY 31 DECEMBER 2007 Contents NB: this COI Report was reissued on 8 February 2008 to reinstate information about illegal political parties in Annex B, which was omitted from the original version of the December 2007 edition. Preface Latest News EVENTS IN TURKEY FROM 1 DECEMBER TO 31 DECEMBER 2007 Paragraphs Background Information 1. GEOGRAPHY ........................................................................................1.01 Map.................................................................................................1.05 Population .....................................................................................1.06 2. ECONOMY ............................................................................................2.01 3. HISTORY ..............................................................................................3.01 Recent History ..............................................................................3.01 General Elections 2007 ................................................................3.04 Presidential Election 2007 ...........................................................3.07 European Union Reforms 2007 ...................................................3.11 4. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS .....................................................................4.01 Terrorism in 2006-07.....................................................................4.01 5. CONSTITUTION
    [Show full text]
  • Turkey April 2005 CR[1]
    TURKEY COUNTRY REPORT April 2005 Country Information & Policy Unit IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY DIRECTORATE HOME OFFICE, UNITED KINGDOM Turkey April 2005 CONTENTS 1. Scope of the document 1.1 – 1.10 2. Geography 2.1 – 2.3 3. Economy 3.1 – 3.5 Corruption 3.6 – 3.7 4. History 4.1 – 4.58 General Election 1995 4.3 The National Security Council’s (MGK) actions 1997 4.4 – 4.7 General Election 1999 4.8 – 4.11 Conflict with the PKK (Partiya Karkeren Kurdistan - Kurdistan Workers’ Party) 4.12 – 4.24 European Union reforms 2001-2002 4.25 – 4.30 General Election 2002 4.31 –4.32 European Union reforms 2002-2004 4.33 – 4.48 Suicide bombings 2003-2004 4.49 – 4.51 Release of Kurdish Deputies 4.52 – 4.58 5. State Structures 5.1– 5.163 The Constitution 5.1 – 5.7 Citizenship and Nationality 5.8 – 5.10 Political system 5.11 – 5.17 National Security Council (MGK) or (NSC) 5.18 – 5.23 Local Government 5.24 – 5.28 The Judiciary 5.29 – 5.37 Military Courts 5.38 State Security Courts (DGM) 5.39 – 5.42 The Constitutional Court (Anayasa Mahkemesi) 5.43 – 5.46 Legal rights/detention 5.47 - 5.51 Right to legal advice 5.52 – 5.57 Detention for questioning prior to formal arrest 5.58 – 5.61 The problem of falsified documents 5.62 – 5.63 The General Information Gathering System (GBTS) 5.64- 5.73 Death Penalty 5.74 – 5.76 Internal Security 5.77 – 5.93 Police 5.77 – 5.79 Jandarma/ Gendarmerie 5.80 – 5.82 Special Forces 5.83 Intelligence Agency (MIT) 5.84 Village Guards 5.85 – 5.93 Prisons and Prison conditions 5.94 – 5.103 F-type prisons 5.104 – 5.113 Monitoring of prison conditions 5.114 –5.118 Military service 5.119 – 5.125 Deferring military service 5.126 – 5.127 Evasion of military service and punishment 5.128 – 5.130 Conscientious objectors 5.131 – 5.137 Posting after completion of basic training 5.138 – 5.139 Discrimination in the armed forces 5.140 – 5.143 Medical services 5.144 – 5.160 Cost of treatment 5.147– 5.148 Mental Health 5.149 – 5.153 HIV/AIDS 5.154 – 5.155 People with disabilities 5.156 – 5.160 Educational system 5.161– 5.163 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Turkey Assessment April 2002
    TURKEY COUNTRY ASSESSMENT April 2002 Country Information and Policy Unit Immigration & Nationality Directorate Home Office, United Kingdom CONTENTS 1. SCOPE OF THE DOCUMENT 1.1 2. GEOGRAPHY 2.1 Economy 2.2 3. HISTORY 3.1 4. STATE STRUCTURES The Constitution 4.1 Political system 4.2 Local Government 4.10 Nüfus card/ identity card 4.12 The Judiciary 4.15 Military service 4.23 Internal Security, including the police 4.44 Legal rights/detention 4.54 Prisons 4.71. Medical services 4.79 Education 4.83 Nationality law 4.85 5. HUMAN RIGHTS 5A HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES Overview 5.1 Freedom of speech and the media 5.32 Freedom of religion 5.45 Freedom of assembly and association 5.51 Employment rights 5.63 People trafficking 5.68 Freedom of movement/ internal flight 5.69 Treatment of foreigners seeking asylum in Turkey 5.75 Treatment of returned asylum seekers 5.80 5B HUMAN RIGHTS - SPECIFIC GROUPS Introductory comments 5.92 The Kurds 5.94 Turkey April 2002 Alevis, including Alevi Kurds 5.128 Arabs 5.137 Caucasians 5.138 Armenians 5.139 Greeks 5.141 Syrian Orthodox Christians 5.142 Jews 5.145 Women 5.146 Children 5.150 Homosexuals, transsexuals, and transvestites 5.160 5C HUMAN RIGHTS - OTHER ISSUES 5.161 Activists in marginal activities for illegal organisations 5.161 Government monitoring of human rights 5.162 European Court of Human Rights 5.168 Human rights organisations 5.170 State of emergency 5.182 Blood feuds 5.185 ANNEX A: Parties which contest parliamentary elections ANNEX B: Main leftist and/or illegal political organisations ANNEX C: Chronology ANNEX D: Statistical table: returns of asylum seekers ANNEX E: Political criminal law ANNEX F: Prominent people ANNEX G: References to source material 1.
    [Show full text]