DOCSLIB.ORG

Gender Relations in Post-Genocide Rwanda

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Gender Relations in Post-Genocide Rwanda Women’s Status and Gender Relations in Post-Genocide Rwanda This page was generated automatically upon download from the Globethics.net Library. More information on Globethics.net see https://www.globethics.net. Data and content policy of Globethics.net Library repository see https:// repository.globethics.net/pages/policy Item Type Book Authors Mukabera, Josephine Publisher Globethics.net Rights Creative Commons Copyright (CC 2.5) Download date 01/10/2021 01:21:22 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12424/165632 Ethics Theses 24 Women’s Status and Gender Relations in Post-Genocide Rwanda Focus on the Local and Everyday Life Level Josephine Mukabera Gender Stereotypes | Leadership | Inequality | Wome Religion | Activism | Violence | Family | Pa Identity | Social Institutions | Gender Relations Equality | Rwanda | Women’s Rights Politics | Genocide | Poverty | Democracy | Ge Africa | Gender | Governance | Women’s Status and Gender Relations in Post-Genocide Rwanda Focusing on the Local and Everyday Life Level Women’s Status and Gender Relations in Post-Genocide Rwanda Focusing on the Local and Everyday Life Level Josephine Mukabera Globethics.net Theses No. 24 Globethics.net Theses Director: Prof. Dr. Obiora Ike, Executive Director of Globethics.net in Geneva and Professor of Ethics at the Godfrey Okoye University Enugu/Nigeria. Series Editor: Ignace Haaz, Globethics.net Publications Manager, Ph.D. Globethics.net Series 24 Josephine Mukabera, Women’s Status and Gender Relations in Post-Genocide Rwanda, Focusing on the Local and Everyday Life Level Geneva: Globethics.net, 2017 ISBN 978-2-88931-193-4 (online version) ISBN 978-2-88931-194-1 (print version) © 2017 Globethics.net Assistant Editor: Samuel Davies Globethics.net International Secretariat 150 route de Ferney 1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland Website: www.globethics.net/publications Email: [email protected] All web links in this text have been verified as of June 2017. This book can be downloaded for free from the Globethics.net Library, the leading global online library on ethics: www.globethics.net. © The Copyright is the Creative Commons Copyright 2.5. This means: Globeth- ics.net grants the right to download and print the electronic version, to distribute and to transmit the work for free, under three conditions: 1) Attribution: The user must attribute the bibliographical data as mentioned above and must make clear the license terms of this work; 2) Non-commercial. The user may not use this work for commercial purposes or sell it; 3) No change of text. The user may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights. Globethics.net can give permission to waive these conditions, especially for reprint and sale in other continents and languages. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ............................................................................... 1 1 General Introduction ....................................................... 5 1.1 Background and Objectives ........................................................... 5 1.2 Problem Statement ......................................................................... 8 1.3 Research Hypotheses ................................................................... 14 1.4 Significance and Implication of the Study Results ....................... 16 1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study ............................................... 17 2 Literature Review and Theoretical Framework ......... 23 2.1 Literature Review ........................................................................ 23 2.1.1 Social Institutions and Gender Relations .............................. 24 2.1.2 Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment .................... 37 2.1.3 Gender Quotas and Women’s Political Participation ........... 44 2.1.4 Gender Relations and the Post-conflict Reconstruction ....... 50 2.2. Theoretical Framework .............................................................. 62 2.2.1 Explanation of the Framework ............................................. 70 2.3 Conclusion to the Chapter ........................................................... 71 3 Research Methodology .................................................. 73 3.1 Research Approach ..................................................................... 73 3.2 Study Setting ................................................................................ 74 3.2.1 Study Area and its Population .............................................. 75 3.2.2 Research Questions .............................................................. 79 3.3. Data Collection Methods ............................................................ 79 3.3.1 Sampling .............................................................................. 79 3.3.2. Interviews: ........................................................................... 81 3.3.3. Survey Questionnaire .......................................................... 81 3.3.4. Observation ......................................................................... 82 3.3.5. Focus Group discussion: ..................................................... 82 3.3.6. Documentation Analysis ..................................................... 83 3.3.7. Audio Material: ................................................................... 83 3.4 Data Analysis Methods ................................................................ 83 3.4.4. Reliability, Validity an Generalizability .............................. 86 3.5 Ethical Considerations ................................................................ 86 3.6 Difficulties ................................................................................... 88 3.7 Conclusion to the Chapter ........................................................... 88 4 Women’s Legal Status and Their Political Participation in Rwanda .................................................. 91 4.1 The Rwanda Country Profile ....................................................... 91 4.2 Rwandan Women’s Status before the 1994 Genocide ................. 92 4.3 Rwandan Women’s Political Participation after the 1994 .......... 96 4.3.1. Women’s Everyday Life After the 1994 Genocide ............. 96 4.3.2. The Role of Women’s Associations .................................... 98 4.3.3. The Role of the International Community ......................... 104 4.3.4. The Role of the Rwandan Government ............................. 105 4.3.5. The Role of Women Parliamentarians............................... 112 4.3.6. Other Reasons behind the Successful Introduction of the New Gender Policy in Rwanda ......................................... 114 4.4 Opportunities and Challenges to Women’s Political Participation in the Post-1994 Rwanda Genocide .......................... 115 4.5 Analysis of Women’s Political Representation and Empowerment in Rwanda ......................................................... 117 4.6 Conclusion to the Chapter ......................................................... 119 5 Presentation and Analysis of the Findings ................ 121 5.1 Identification of Respondents .................................................... 121 5.1.1 Identification of Respondents According to Their Sex....... 122 5.1.2 Identification of Respondents According to their Marital Status .................................................................. 124 5.1.3 Identification of Respondents According to their Level of Education .......................................................... 124 5.2 Changes in Gender Relations at the Local Level Paralleling with the Women’s Participation in Parliament and Governance of Rwanda ............................................................ 125 5.2.1 Gender Relations in the Rwandan Local Government ....... 126 5.2.2. Gender Relations in the Rwandan Family ......................... 148 5.2.3. Gender Relations in the Rwandan Religious Institutions .. 156 5.3 Conclusion to the Chapter ......................................................... 162 6 Discussion of the Results ............................................. 165 6.1 Changes related to Gender Relations in Local Governance ..... 166 6.1.1 Women’s Responsibilities in the Local Government Leadership .............................................................. 166 6.1.2 Community Appreciation of Women’s Leadership Responsibilities ........................................................................... 169 6.1.3 Attitudes and Behavior in Favor of Women’s Leadership Responsibilities ......................................................... 172 6.1.4 Attitudes and Behavior Interfering with the Leadership Responsibilities of Women .......................................................... 174 6.1.5 Strategies to Transform Gender Relations towards a More Supportive Environment to Women’s Leadership at the Local Level of Rwanda ...................................................... 185 6.1.6 Strategies to Promote Equal Opportunities for Both Males and Females in Community Decision-Making ... 190 6.2 Changes of Gender Relations in the Rwandan Family .............. 195 6.2.1 The Contribution of Development Practitioners................. 196 6.2.2 Shared Domestic Responsibilities ...................................... 202 6.2.3 Women’s Participation in Family Decisions ...................... 205 6.2.4 Strategies to Promote Gender Relations at the Family Level ...................................................................... 206 6.3 Appreciation of Changes Related
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Rwandan Genocide: a Study for Policymakers Engaged in Foreign Policy, Diplomacy, and International Development
    Pepperdine Policy Review Volume 13 Article 5 5-7-2021 The Rwandan Genocide: A study for policymakers engaged in foreign policy, diplomacy, and international development Emily A. Milnes Pepperdine University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/ppr Recommended Citation Milnes, Emily A. (2021) "The Rwandan Genocide: A study for policymakers engaged in foreign policy, diplomacy, and international development," Pepperdine Policy Review: Vol. 13 , Article 5. Available at: https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/ppr/vol13/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Public Policy at Pepperdine Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pepperdine Policy Review by an authorized editor of Pepperdine Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. “‘These events grew from a policy aimed at the systematic destruction of a people… We are reminded of the capacity of people everywhere—not just in Rwanda, and certainly not just in Africa—but the capacity for people everywhere to slip into pure evil. We cannot abolish that capacity, but we must never accept it.’” —President Bill Clinton, Kigali, Rwanda (1998) I. Introduction Over a period of 100 days between April and mid-July of 1994, the Rwandan genocide claimed the lives of approximately 800,000 Rwandans and caused the displacement of an estimated two million refugees into surrounding nations (UNHCR). The eruption of fear, brutality, and violence as Rwandans massacred Rwandans stemmed from decades of civil war fueled by intractable existential, political, and socioeconomic conflicts between Tutsis and Hutus.
    [Show full text]
  • The Commodification of Genocide: Part II
    International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 5, No. 5; May 2015 The Commodification of Genocide: Part II. A NeoGramscian Model for Rwanda William R. Woodward Professor Department of Psychology University of New Hampshire Durham, N.H. 03824 USA Jean-Marie VianneyHigiro Professor Department of Communication Western New England University 1215 Wilbraham Rd. Springfield, MA 01119 Abstract In our previous paper, we did a qualitative content analysis of news reports disseminated by international media about events occurring in Rwanda. We grouped these reports into three themes: human rights, security, and foreign relations. Here we add our analysis of four more themes: Hutu menace in the Great Lakes, memorializing the victims, economic situation, and democracy. We argued that news coverage has been de-capitated by the ruling elite and that the western capitalist states have supported this co-optation. To gain access, Western journalists have had to cooperate with the state rather than with critical Rwandan journalists or even NGOs. This follow-up paper thus continues to expose alternatives to the dominant view in each thematic area. We introduce Celeste Condit’s NeoGramscian depiction of the subordinate or “unrepresented groups,” who in the name of “laws” of justice and through limited (because of the obvious danger) “civic support” dare to contest the dominant ideology. This ideology of Rwandan genocide has become a commodity marketed to the media, so much so that the non-dominant ideology of a civil war is suppressed. Then we adopt Dana Cloud’s NeoGramscian model that emphasizes the oppressive structural relations in the commodification, both economically and ideologically.
    [Show full text]
  • Court of Remorse Inside the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
    Court of Remorse Critical Human Rights Series Editors Steve J. Stern Scott Straus Books in the series Critical Human Rights emphasize research that opens new ways to think about and understand human rights. The series values in particular empirically grounded and intellectually open research that eschews simplified accounts of human rights events and processes. In Court of Remorse, Thierry Cruvellier offers a nuanced and complex under- standing of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, a central post– Cold War human rights institution that helped to establish a now common pattern of creating justice mechanisms to account for past human rights atroc- ities. The atrocity in question is the Rwandan genocide of 1994 in which more than half a million civilians were killed. Cruvellier is one of the most knowl- edgeable outside observers of the court, having watched proceedings and interviewed key actors day after day for nearly a decade. In Court of Remorse, Cruvellier draws on these daily observations to render a subtle, eloquent, and intelligent account of the tribunal, and in so doing he helps us understand a critical human rights institution in new and profound ways. Court of Remorse Inside the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Thierry Cruvellier Translated by Chari Voss The University of Wisconsin Press Publication of this volume has been made possible, in part, through support from the A F C L S at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. The University of Wisconsin Press 1930 Monroe Street, 3rd Floor Madison, Wisconsin 53711-2059 uwpress.wisc.edu 3 Henrietta Street London WCE 8LU, England eurospanbookstore.com Originally published as Le tribunal des vaincus: Un Nuremberg pour le Rwanda? Copyright © 2006 by Calmann-Lévy Translation copyright © 2010 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Report of the Investigation Into the Causes and Circumstances of And
    REPUBLIC OF RWANDA INDEPENDENT COMMITTEE OF EXPERTS CHARGED WITH THE INVESTIGATION INTO THE CRASH ON 06/04/1994 OF FALCON 50 AEROPLANE, REGISTRATION NUMBER 9XR-NN. REPORT OF THE INVESTIGATION INTO THE CAUSES AND CIRCUMSTANCES OF AND RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ATTACK OF 06/04/1994 AGAINST THE FALCON 50 RWANDAN PRESIDENTIAL AEROPLANE, REGISTRATION NUMBER 9XR-NN 1 MEMBERS OF THE COMMITTEE 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL INTRODUCTION 5 History and Mandate of the Committee 5 Methodology used 6 Political context prior to the attack of 06 April 1994 9 SECTION ONE: THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE PLANNED ATTACK 17 AND ITS EXECUTION The revelation of a plot targeting the imminent assassination of President 18 Habyarimana before the attack against his aeroplane Intelligence announced by the leaders of Hutu Power 18 Intelligence known by Rwandan military circles 22 Intelligence known by president Habyarimana and foreign sources 25 The organisation and issues of the Dar es Salaam Summit 28 Settlement of the political deadlock prevailing in Rwanda 28 Pressure on president Habyarimana before the Summit 28 Instability in Burundi: the main subject of the Dar es Salaam Summit 29 Questions surrounding the journey of the chief of staff of the Rwandan army 30 The proceedings of the Summit and circumstances of the return flight of the Falcon 50 35 Execution of the attack and its repercussions 29 The absence of an investigation into the attack 40 Questions about the voice recorder known as the “Black Box” 42 Information published soon after the attack: the black box in France
    [Show full text]
  • Please Retain Original Order
    -- ----~ ~~------- ------ --- CODE CA BLESS- OUTG-01 "-'G- l 2 ;:JA r-J - l/ A PI<.. l99 G3 ltv\\ R. ~ - ------~-------- - [_ '2- S Ttl.\ ¢.T'-Y Co,..J F t c:>e. t-JTl A L- J UN ARCHIVES PLEASE RETAIN • SERIES s-112-0 ORIGINAL ORDER BOX ~5 FILE ACC. 1'14&/o"L/3 ·- . ' ') ,, RECEtVED (TWO) PRIORITY I 'J ,Ji I 8 p b: I 5 RESTRICTED OUTGOING FAX NO: A - 2/GP No V1 DTG: 18 JA.~.'VUARY 1996 TO: AS PER DISTRIBUTION FROM: SITUATION CENTRE UNHQ-DPKO 'i FAX NO: 9-011-331-4306-7o41 F.U NO: (212)·963-9053 (PLAIN) 3-3090 (212}-963-9852(CRYPTO) ~OBJECT: SITUATION CENTRE DATI..Y REPORT FOR lJNAMlR / ) '• !l A1N: FORCE CO.l\Il\1A1'41>ER UN.. <\MIR DRAFTER: MR. ZOUAlN CHIEF OF UNESCO I d I ~ / .-=-7 ~v-( ~ ,...,.~· •"" - I I I TOTAL 'N1Jl'vfBER OF TRANSMIITED PAGES INClUDING THIS PAGE: d._ 1. PLE.A-SE FIND THE DAILY tTNAMIR REPORT PRODUCED BY THE SITUATION C~!RE. Z, REFER A.l\'"'\r QlJESTIONS TO THE DUTY ROOM CLERK ON 3-2690. REGARDS. / \/v- Re~u le 1 9 JAN. 1996 1 l H : I ~ :; .,.,."~ ...~ . tl, G A l I • H v. A '< '' I.. FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY- NO FURTHER DlSSEMlNATION DPKO SITUATION CENTRE REPORT lJNAMIR- RWANDA Time: 6800 Hours NYT 18 January 1996 HIGHLIGHTS • The Secre1ary-General called for a '"major initiativet• to avert etlro.ic tragedy in Bur.mdi. POUTI CAL On 17 January, the Belgian parliamentary committee adopted a draft law, to allow a request to transfer three me:n suspected of involvement in Rwanda's genocid:.
    [Show full text]
  • The Devil Redux
    The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal, Volume 24(1), 2019, article 3. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Review Essay The Devil Redux Roméo Dallaire Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda Toronto: Random House Canada, 2003 Judi Rever In Praise of Blood: The Crimes of the Rwandan Patriotic Front Toronto: Random House Canada, 2018 Jean Hatzfeld (trans. from French by Joshua David Jordan Blood Papa: Rwanda’s New Generation New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2018 Reviewed by Howard A. Doughty Death by the Numbers Since we will soon be mentioning matters of mutilation, torture, disaster, sickness and death, let us first play with some numbers. The chilling observation that “the death of one man is a human tragedy, but the death of a million is merely a statistic” is commonly, if inaccurately, attributed to Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvilli (better known to friends and foes alike as Joseph Stalin), the former Soviet Union’s “man of steel” (Solovyova, 1997). If that is so, then there have been far too many “statistics.” There are three types of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics – attributed to Benjamin Disraeli The trade in such large numbers is frequently occasioned by estimates of death tolls in catastrophic natural disasters and epidemics of disease. In the twentieth century, nine of the “top ten” natural disasters occurred in Asia. Direct human complicity was involved in at least one such case―the Banqiao Dam failure due to Typhoon Nina in 1975. It caused almost 250,000 deaths. It was one of five took place in China. The worst was the flood of 1931.
    [Show full text]
  • A Feminist Theory of Justice and Its Potential Application to Crimes of Sexual Violence in Post-Genocide Rwanda
    Texas A&M University School of Law Texas A&M Law Scholarship Faculty Scholarship 1-2008 Bare Justice: A Feminist Theory of Justice and Its Potential Application to Crimes of Sexual Violence in Post-Genocide Rwanda Megan M. Carpenter Texas A&M University School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.tamu.edu/facscholar Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Megan M. Carpenter, Bare Justice: A Feminist Theory of Justice and Its Potential Application to Crimes of Sexual Violence in Post-Genocide Rwanda, 41 Creighton L. Rev. 595 (2008). Available at: https://scholarship.law.tamu.edu/facscholar/56 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Texas A&M Law Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Texas A&M Law Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BARE JUSTICE: A FEMINIST THEORY OF JUSTICE AND ITS POTENTIAL APPLICATION TO CRIMES OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN POST- GENOCIDE RWANDA MEGAN M. CARPENTERt I. INTRODUCTION ................................... 599 II. A FEMINIST RECONCEPTUALIZATION OF JU STICE ........................................... 600 A. Justice Reconsidered ............................ 600 B. The history of feminist legal theory illuminates a progression from a liberal emphasis on equality of opportunity to an increasing contextualization of legal subjects ................ 602 1. Liberal Feminism sought to achieve equality of opportunity as enshrined in the law .......................................... 603 2. Difference feminism involves the dissection of legal form and structure to uncover ways in which law situates its subjects according to sex ....................................... 605 C. Law, at its peril, marks its subjects with distinct sexual characteristics ...................
    [Show full text]
  • Of Rwandan Reconciliation Individual Actors Take Centre Stage
    University of Louvain Louvain-Europe Political Sciences Institute Department of Political and Social Sciences The \Here and There" of Rwandan Reconciliation Individual Actors Take Centre Stage Jana Schildt January 2013 Thesis presented for the obtention of the degree of Doctor of Political and Social Sciences Jury members. President. Andr´e-Paul Frognier. Professor at the Universit´ecatholique de Louvain Supervisors. Val´erieRosoux. Professor at the Universit´ecatholique de Louvain D´eoMbonyinkebe. Professor at the Universit´eLibre de Kigali Elise F´eron. Professor at the University of Kent Readers. Sandrine Lefranc. Professor at the Universit´ede Paris Ouest-Nanterre Bernard Rim´e. Professor at the Universit´ecatholique de Louvain Contents Introduction. On exile and reconciliation in Rwanda 5 1. Massive population movements . .6 2. The extra-territorial dimension of reconciliation . 10 3. Reconciliation in the light of return . 19 4. Operationalisation of the thesis . 23 5. Structure of the thesis . 29 1 Locating Rwandan reconciliation 35 1.1 Exotic imaginary and scholarship on Rwanda . 37 1.2 Reading Rwandan social relations . 46 1.3 Opening the black box . 58 1.4 Research design . 63 1.5 Positioning research and researcher . 76 2 Militants of reconciliation 93 2.1 Militants of various walks of life . 98 2.2 Transnational(ised) trajectories . 108 2.3 Engagement as \vocation" . 134 2.4 Two-fold turning-points . 139 3 Meanings of reconciliation 161 3.1 Reconciliation with oneself . 162 3.2 Internalisation and fragmentation . 186 4 Structures of reconciliation 203 4.1 Social constellations of reconciliation . 205 4.2 Extraverted social worlds . 229 4.3 Extraterritorial political practices of reconciliation .
    [Show full text]
  • Punishment, Postgenocide: from Guilt to Shame to Civis in Rwanda
    PUNISHMENT, POSTGENOCIDE: FROM GUILT TO SHAME TO CIVIS IN RWANDA MARK A. DRUMBL* Following the 1994 Rwandan genocide, nationaland internationaltrials set out to encourage nationalreconciliation, promote peac punishperpetrators, foster a cul- ture of human rights, and effect justice In this Articl, Professor Mark Dnmbl questions the ability of these trials to achieve these goals and suggests they may in fact aggravate ethnic identify politics, thereby threatening Rwanda's long-term sta- bility. He arguesthat the highly interdependentyet dualist natureof Rwandan soci- ety, together with the widespread level of participationin and victimization by the genocide, create a situationwhere accountabilityfor the violence and the deterrence of future violence can be pursued more effectively through the restorative cultiva- lion of shame, rather than through the retributive imposition of guilt. Although criminalsanction usually attaches to deviant conduct, participationin genocide in Rwanda was not particularly devian4 nor was it an individualized,pathological transgression. Professor Drumbl asks whether there might be times and places where collective wrongdoingneeds to be exposed and not hidden by the law's pref- erence for individual fault Despite the concerns that ought to be emerging from the Rwandan experience internationallawyers continue to push-with significant degrees of success-for selective criminalprosecution as a preferred, and poten- dally exclusive; response to mass atrocity. In contrast, he suggests that creating presumptions in favor of criminaltrials may preempt the supervening inquiry about the suitability of those trials to the afflicted society. ProfessorDrumbi concludes that policy responses to mass atrocity should be founded upon contextual inquiries, not driven by globalitarianor legalistic agendas, and should recognize ie unique- ness of each incidentof mass atrocity and fie uniqueness of the reconstructionpro- cess that should follow, instead of flattening that uniqueness.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Fault Line European Donor Motives for Aid Allocation to Post-Genocide Rwanda
    On The Fault Line European Donor motives for aid allocation to post-genocide Rwanda Master Thesis Kathrin Kirste University of Amsterdam MSc Political Science: International Relations Supervised by Sebastian Krapohl and Farid Boussaid Submission 26/06/2015 Abstract This paper aims at identifying the causal determinants for aid allocation to post-genocide Rwanda despite massive acknowledged human rights abuses. Rwanda has been praised by the political international community as an exceptional post-conflict case that emerged as a ‘model for the African renaissance’ after genocide and mass violence. However, most accounts fail to condemn the engineering of structural social, economic and political suppression of the post-conflict regime and several belligerent incursions in the neighboring DRC under President Paul Kagame. Irrespective, aid has been increased by the majority of donors. Approaching the empirical puzzle of increased aid despite human rights abuses, a disaggregated in-depth four country case study of European OECD donors, the United Kingdom, Belgium, France and the Netherlands, is conducted. The Rwandan paradox is predominantly explained by a so-called genocide credit: donors are driven into ‘voluntary blindness’ of genocide redemption due to their international failure of preventing the tragic events of 1994. The post-genocide regime emerged as donor darling, while the international community produced a success story of post-conflict reconstruction. Contrary, it is shown in this research that a pure examination from the genocide lens falls short on identifying underlying mechanisms of aid allocation ranging from the altruist to the selfish spectrum of motives. In order to close the gap of explanatories, a competitive deductive theory test of the idealist, realist and commercial lens is performed.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Perspective: Some Explanatory Factors
    The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda Experience Study 1 Historical Perspective: Some Explanatory Factors Tor Sellstrom Lennart Wohlgemuth The Nordic Africa Institute Uppsala, Sweden with contributions by Patrick Dupont Karin Andersson Schiebe Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda Contents Preface Introduction and Summary Chapter 1: Country Brief The physical setting Demographic and social features The land question The position of women The economy Chapter 2: Pre-Colonial Period Patronlclient relationships Ethnicity in pre-colonial Rwanda Chapter 3: Colonial Period and Independence The colonial era Transition to independence The events of 1959-62: reversal and confrontation The Second Republic Chapter 4: Towards Crisis in Rwanda 1990-1994 General outline: main actorslmain factors Evolution of the conflict Chapter 5: April 1994 and its Aftermath The genocide Churches The civil war The role of the international community The refugees Rwanda after the war The internal political situation Annex 1: Rwanda in the Region The Banyarwanda Rwanda and regional organizations Rwanda and Burundi in crisis: comparative and regional perspective The national dialogue in Burundi: a way towards conflict resolution? Annex 2: Arming Rwanda Rwanda government Rwandese Patriotic Front International peacekeeping Appendix 1: Tables: Economic Indicators Appendix 2: Chronology Appendix 3: Annotated Bibliography Pre-colonial period Colonial periodfindependence 1990- 1994 April 1994 and after Bibliography Appendix 4: Interviews and Meetings Appendix 5: List of Abbreviations Preface Within a period of three months in 1994, an estimated five to eight hundred thousand people were killed as a result of civil war and genocide in Rwanda. Large numbers were physically and psycho- logically afflicted for life through maiming, rape and other trauma; over two million fled to neigh- bouring countries and maybe half as many became internally displaced within Rwanda.
    [Show full text]
  • Rwanda Ensuring Public and Individual Freedoms, Behind the Scenes
    RWANDA Ensuring public and individual freedoms, behind the scenes Position paper Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Article 2: Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty. Article 3: Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. Article 4: No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. Article 5: No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, April 2014 / N°632a Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 1. A resurgence of human rights violations ----------------------------------------------------- 4 The press and civil society are silenced, threatened and rendered powerless ------------------- 4 2. A marginalized and persecuted political opposition ----------------------------------------- 8 2017 presidential election: temptations to manipulate the Constitution to allow Paul Kagame to seek a third term in office -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 Cover photo: Women walk past a poster for Rwandan President Paul Kagame at the Nyabugogo market in Kigali on August 7, 2010 ahead of Rwanda’s presidential elections set for August 9. AFP PHOTO/SIMON MAIN 2 / Titre du rapport – FIDH Introduction 2014 marks the 20th anniversary of the genocide in Rwanda.
    [Show full text]