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Human-Security, State-Capacity and Post-Conflict Reconstruction: an Analysis of the Question of Development Oriented Governance in Post-Genocide Rwanda, 1994-2005

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Human-Security, State-Capacity and Post-Conflict Reconstruction: an Analysis of the Question of Development Oriented Governance in Post-Genocide Rwanda, 1994-2005 Human-Security, State-Capacity and Post-Conflict Reconstruction: An analysis of the question of development oriented governance in Post-Genocide Rwanda, 1994-2005. Edward Silvestre, KAWEESI Dissertation completed in fulfillment for the Degree of a Doctor of Social Sciences (Dr. rer .pol) from the Faculty of Law and Social Sciences at the University of Erfurt. 2015 urn:nbn:de:gbv:547-201500143. First Reader: Prof. Dr. Florian Hoffmann, Willy Brandt School of Public Policy (at the) University of Erfurt, Germany. Second Reader: Prof. Dr. Dieter Neubert, Bayreuth International Graduate School of African Studies, (at the) University of Bayreuth, Germany Date of Disputation: 28 April, 2015. Rwanda, my mother, let me console you, That`s why I was born, and you brought me up, Now that I`ve grown up, and have the strength, Now that I`m mature enough, let me work for you, I will console you using the gifts you entrusted me. Acknowledgments My deepest thoughts of gratitude are with Professor Dr. Florian Hoffmann of the University of Erfurt who accepted to be my adviser. His thought-provoking advice was always crucial in refining my thoughts. His availability and accessibility allowed me a measure of opportunity to engage in a consultation-continuous process with him throughout my study period. His belief in academic independence also allowed me a measure of latitude to explore my thoughts to their logical conclusion. I will always think of him with respect and admiration. Urakoze Cyane-I thank you very much. I am also grateful to Prof. Dr. Dieter Neubert of the University of Bayreuth and Prof. Dr. Heike Grimm of the University of Erfurt for having accepted to be part of my examination committee despite their tight schedules. Mwebale nyo- I thank you very much. This study was funded by the DAAD, a gift to me and the many people who will benefit from my knowledge for the many years to come. I also extend a token of appreciation to Mr. Dennis Binder, my consultant –in-Charge at DAAD, Germany Academic Exchange Services. His always on time advice and the timely coordination of my scholarship entitlements made me feel comfortable as I undertook the arduous but rewarding experience, that is, Doctoral Studies. Asante Sanna- I thank you very much. There are people who intellectually inspired me, my mentors: Prof. Thomas Kane, Senior Lecturer at the University of Hull in the United Kingdom, Dr. Ssimba-Sallie Kayunga of Makerere University, Prof. Murindwa-Rutanga of Makerere University, Mr. Ndawula Daniel of Kyambogo University, Dr. Sewanyana Senkomago of Kyambogo University, Dr. Paul Omach of Makerere University, Prof. Julius Kiiza of Makerere University, Prof. AGG Ginyera Pincywa(RIP) of Makerere University, Dr. George Okiror, Mr. Aaron Mukwaya, Dr. Phillip Kasaija of Makerere University, Prof. Augustine Wamala of Kyambogo University, Dr. Nahamya Wilfred of Kyambogo University, Dr. Christopher Twesigye, Mr. Bazirakye Kaguta, then, of Kyambogo University, Dr. Katusiime Messarch, then, of Kyambogo University, Mr. Ronald Kaddu of Kyambogo, Ms. Scovia Magara of Kyambogo University, Dr. Elizabeth Kyazike of Kyambogo University, and Robert Ojambo of Kyambogo University. To you all I say: Thank you. iv My gratitude is also with the PhD Colloquium team at the Willy Brandt School at the University of Erfurt; Prof. Dr. Florian Hoffmann for your enduring stewardship, Prof. Dr. Solveig Richter for your encouragement, Ulugbek, Raghav, Olivia, Miriam, Wilfried, Pablo, Aline, Assef, Imdad, Anwesha, Marek, Laura-Lee, Janine: you are great people. Very many thanks Carolin Eichholz and Stefanie Zimmerman (the Assistants to Prof. Hoffmann) for the assistance well rendered during my stay at the University of Erfurt. To you Musoni (Moto Moto) who strategically guided me during my field visits in Rwanda, I thank you Hassan Twinomugisha (May your soul rest in eternal peace, for Leukemia got you off the face of the earth in January 2015), for the wonderful guidance you gave during my visits in the ``Land of a thousand hills``. Thank you Ndyanaabo (muvandimwe) who tactfully guided me during my brief but very rewarding field visits in the Eastern Congo; my good old field, Furahini Mgimbwa, who painstakingly guided me to the location areas of the few but very important informants in Tanzania who had been snowballed by the associates of Musoni; Ndugu (Brother) Nsimbi Isaac who carefully guided me during my DAAD funded family re-unions turned into quick field visits in Uganda and ably identified the ``men with the information``; Kabuye James (Muko) of Kyambogo University who continuously accompanied me during some of my quick field visits in Uganda and continuously reminded me of the econometrics of conflict data. And to you Nalongo in Nyabugogo, Kigali Rwanda, much as we did not know each other, your seemingly Ugandan restaurant in Rwanda, provided me with ``Our food`` ``Amatooke``. Murakoze cyane-I thank you very much. The flowers are for you Dearest Rose Kaweesi for taking good care of our little angels: Silver, Glady, Gloria, and Patience during my long absence. Your prayers, patience and tears have not been in vain, you know, here we are. ``Webbale nyo mukwano``--thank you dearest. Need I say more? v Abstract This study generally obtains from the analytical boundaries of the discipline of political science. Its point of departure is that scholarship on Post 1994 Rwanda which, among other inherent flaws, is inundated with narratives about the causes of the Genocide and its immediate outcome like the number of deaths, yet its violent-continuous outcome particularly the resurgence of violence which led to visitations of violent conflict in Rwanda during its post-conflict reconstruction phase is scantly delineated. The theoretical and public-cum- Security policy meaning of how the Rwanda Patriotic Front managed to address the resurgence of violence is the major undertaking of this study. For that matter, in method, the study is qualitative; obtaining from archival analysis, histories, case study and literature survey. It draws from documentary sources, publications and scholarly journals, newspaper reports, official and unofficial documents of government, bodies, Non Government Organisations and intergovernmental bodies, international and local legal instruments, archival records, key informant interviews, and video and audio records as ``units of data collection`` and the Hutu refugee phenomenon as the ``unit of analysis``; in order to problematise Rwanda`s post-conflict reconstruction phase, particularly its development in state capacity. To that effect, the either supporting or off-putting evidence from Rwanda during the period in review, 1994-2005, was examined basing on the logic of the grounded theory methodology, specifically the ``theoretical elaboration`` procedure of Vaughan, to interrogate the meaning of state capacity, human security and the related debates, in the quest for an analytical framework to aid in explaining and understanding the issues which structured the resurgence of violence that bedeviled the post conflict reconstruction phase of post genocide Rwanda. Accordingly, in its quest to understand and explain: how Rwanda`s development in state capacity addressed the resurgence of violence which punctuated Rwanda’s post-conflict reconstruction period, the innovative contribution of this study to the body of knowledge about Rwanda and to the debate surrounding its conceptual concerns is that: Rwanda`s post- conflict reconstruction phase teaches us that where state capacity fails to address and maintain the ``human security condition`` of the populace, violent conflicts are abound as political demagogues manipulate the ``human insecurity effect`` on the people to mobilise them into group violence. Also it emerges that where threats to human security and state security converge to lead to a resurgence of violence during post-conflict reconstruction, development in state capacity is inevitably tilted towards addressing state security related concerns at the expense of human security related concerns, thus, a ``security dialectics``; a somewhat metaphysical convergence of human security and state security at the causative level of the resurgence of violence, and the emergence of a somewhat ``boomerang effect``, inevitably latent at the public policy level of addressing a resurgence of violence as a focus on addressing state security undermines human security and consequently state security itself; leading to a somewhat conflict-continuous condition punctuated with violence and destruction. Keywords: Human Security, State Capacity, Post-Conflict Reconstruction. vi vii Table of Contents Contents Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................. iv Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. vi Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................. viii List of abbreviations and acronyms ....................................................................................................... xi List of tables ..........................................................................................................................................xiv List of Graphs ......................................................................................................................................
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