The Commodification of Genocide: Part II
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Gender Relations in Post-Genocide Rwanda
Women’s Status and Gender Relations in Post-Genocide Rwanda This page was generated automatically upon download from the Globethics.net Library. More information on Globethics.net see https://www.globethics.net. Data and content policy of Globethics.net Library repository see https:// repository.globethics.net/pages/policy Item Type Book Authors Mukabera, Josephine Publisher Globethics.net Rights Creative Commons Copyright (CC 2.5) Download date 01/10/2021 01:21:22 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12424/165632 Ethics Theses 24 Women’s Status and Gender Relations in Post-Genocide Rwanda Focus on the Local and Everyday Life Level Josephine Mukabera Gender Stereotypes | Leadership | Inequality | Wome Religion | Activism | Violence | Family | Pa Identity | Social Institutions | Gender Relations Equality | Rwanda | Women’s Rights Politics | Genocide | Poverty | Democracy | Ge Africa | Gender | Governance | Women’s Status and Gender Relations in Post-Genocide Rwanda Focusing on the Local and Everyday Life Level Women’s Status and Gender Relations in Post-Genocide Rwanda Focusing on the Local and Everyday Life Level Josephine Mukabera Globethics.net Theses No. 24 Globethics.net Theses Director: Prof. Dr. Obiora Ike, Executive Director of Globethics.net in Geneva and Professor of Ethics at the Godfrey Okoye University Enugu/Nigeria. Series Editor: Ignace Haaz, Globethics.net Publications Manager, Ph.D. Globethics.net Series 24 Josephine Mukabera, Women’s Status and Gender Relations in Post-Genocide Rwanda, Focusing on the Local and Everyday Life Level Geneva: Globethics.net, 2017 ISBN 978-2-88931-193-4 (online version) ISBN 978-2-88931-194-1 (print version) © 2017 Globethics.net Assistant Editor: Samuel Davies Globethics.net International Secretariat 150 route de Ferney 1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland Website: www.globethics.net/publications Email: [email protected] All web links in this text have been verified as of June 2017. -
Struggling to Survive: Barriers to Justice for Rape Victims in Rwanda
Human Rights Watch September 2004 Vol. 16, No. 10(A) STRUGGLING TO SURVIVE: BARRIERS TO JUSTICE FOR RAPE VICTIMS IN RWANDA I. SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 1 II. RECOMMENDATIONS.............................................................................................. 4 III. BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................ 7 Sexual Violence during the 1994 Genocide.......................................................................... 7 Rwandan Women in the Post-Genocide Period................................................................10 IV. BARRIERS TO JUSTICE FOR SEXUAL VIOLENCE CRIMES .....................13 Genocide Prosecutions in the Rwandan Legal System.....................................................13 General Context..................................................................................................................13 Legislation Governing Genocide Trials and Gacaca.....................................................14 Cases of Sexual Violence in Genocide Trials and Gacaca Proceedings.....................18 Obstacles to Reporting Sexual Violence .............................................................................22 Victims’ Concerns Regarding Lack of Evidence ...........................................................23 Stigmatization, Retraumatization, and Inadequate Procedural Protections for Witnesses..............................................................................................................................24 -
The Rwandan Genocide: a Study for Policymakers Engaged in Foreign Policy, Diplomacy, and International Development
Pepperdine Policy Review Volume 13 Article 5 5-7-2021 The Rwandan Genocide: A study for policymakers engaged in foreign policy, diplomacy, and international development Emily A. Milnes Pepperdine University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/ppr Recommended Citation Milnes, Emily A. (2021) "The Rwandan Genocide: A study for policymakers engaged in foreign policy, diplomacy, and international development," Pepperdine Policy Review: Vol. 13 , Article 5. Available at: https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/ppr/vol13/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Public Policy at Pepperdine Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pepperdine Policy Review by an authorized editor of Pepperdine Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. “‘These events grew from a policy aimed at the systematic destruction of a people… We are reminded of the capacity of people everywhere—not just in Rwanda, and certainly not just in Africa—but the capacity for people everywhere to slip into pure evil. We cannot abolish that capacity, but we must never accept it.’” —President Bill Clinton, Kigali, Rwanda (1998) I. Introduction Over a period of 100 days between April and mid-July of 1994, the Rwandan genocide claimed the lives of approximately 800,000 Rwandans and caused the displacement of an estimated two million refugees into surrounding nations (UNHCR). The eruption of fear, brutality, and violence as Rwandans massacred Rwandans stemmed from decades of civil war fueled by intractable existential, political, and socioeconomic conflicts between Tutsis and Hutus. -
Rwanda Page 1 of 16
Rwanda Page 1 of 16 2005 Human Rights Report Released | Daily Press Briefing | Other News... Rwanda Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2005 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor March 8, 2006 Rwanda is a constitutional republic dominated by a strong presidency. The population was 8.4 million. The largely Tutsi Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), took power in 1994 and formed a government of National Unity that functioned during the transitional period following the civil war and genocide until 2003, when President Paul Kagame was elected to a seven-year term in largely peaceful but seriously marred elections. The country was affected by continuing instability in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), where armed rebel groups continued to operate with impunity despite the presence of a UN peacekeeping mission in the DRC. During the first two months of the year, there were unconfirmed reports from credible sources that Rwanda Defense Forces (RDF) troops were at times present in the eastern part of the DRC, particularly following public threats by the Rwandan president in December 2004, which indicated that the government might send RDF troops into the DRC to attack Hutu rebels deemed a threat to its security. However, the government publicly denied allegations that RDF troops were operating in the DRC. Unlike in the previous year, there were no reports that Rwandan rebels in the DRC, known as the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), conducted attacks in the northwestern region of Rwanda. The FDLR, largely made up of Rwandan Hutus who fled to the DRC in 1994 after the genocide, continued to be led by many individuals responsible for leading the genocide, and it continued to actively oppose the Kagame government. -
Une Étude D'un Cas Problématique: Secteur Gahini (District Rukara
Research on the Gacaca – PRI Report V With the support of the Department for International Development (DfID) September 2003 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ___________________________________________________________________ 3 Report Summary _______________________________________________________________ 4 I. Context _____________________________________________________________________ 6 A. PRI’s presence in the field ________________________________________________________ 6 B. General comments about the objectives of the Gacaca tribunals in view of the advancement of the process _________________________________________________________________________ 7 1. Allowing the truth to be known about the genocide: _________________________________ 7 2. Accelerate the genocide trials: Empty the prisons? __________________________________ 12 3. Reconciliation and national unity? ______________________________________________ 13 C. Monitoring of the Gacaca programme and research by the Rwandan government, and Rwandan and international organisations________________________________________________________ 17 II. Case Study: The Gacaca tribunal of the Ibiza, Umwiga and Kabeza cells (Gahini, Rukara and Umutara sectors) __________________________________________________________ 19 A. Ibiza Cell: ____________________________________________________________________ 22 B. The Gacaca tribunal of the Kabeza cell, an unrecognized failure________________________ 27 III. Case Study: The Gacaca tribunal of the Gishamvu cell (Gishamvu, Nyakizu and Butare sectors) -
Rwanda's Gacaca in Practice
Addressing Crimes Against International Law: Rwanda’s Gacaca in Practice A thesis presented for the degree of LL.M at the University of Aberdeen Jennifer G Riddell LL.B (University of Aberdeen) 2005 10/4017222_2 Declaration This thesis has been composed by the candidate and has not been accepted in any previous application for a degree. The work has been done by the candidate. All quotations have been distinguished by quotation marks and the sources of information specifically acknowledged. Jennifer G Riddell 2 Abstract Rwanda experienced horrific genocide in 1994. In its aftermath, national and international trials were established but these trials failed to deal expeditiously with the large numbers of suspects awaiting trial. To combat this, Rwanda introduced an innovative participative justice mechanism, Gacaca. Modern Gacaca is based on a traditional Rwandan restorative justice mechanism of the same name. Its rooting in Rwanda's history makes Gacaca a much more acceptable form of justice to the Rwandan people than international trials given the international community's abandonment of Rwanda during the genocide. While Gacaca falls short of many international fair trial standards it remains Rwanda’s best hope as a wholly Rwandan process. But, Gacaca is more than just a judicial instrument, it has restorative justice at its origin and seeks, as its ultimate aim, to reconcile Rwanda’s divided communities. To reach this aim, Gacaca has several other objectives including discovering the truth of what happened in 1994, ending impunity which has plagued Rwanda since independence and allowing the Rwandan population to participate in the search for justice at a local level. -
Mobilizing the Masses for Genocide∗
Mobilizing the Masses for Genocide∗ Thorsten Rogall† JOB MARKET PAPER Please find the latest version here. November 13, 2014 Abstract Do political elites use armed groups to foster civilian participation in violence or are civilian killers driven by unstoppable ancient hatred? If armed groups matter, are they allocated strategically to maximize civilian participation? How do they mobilize civilians? I empirically investigate these three questions using village-level data from the Rwandan Genocide in 1994. To establish causality, I use an instrumental-variables strategy. Specifically, I exploit cross-sectional variation in armed groups’ transport costs induced by exogenous weather fluctuations: the shortest distance of each village to the main road interacted with rainfall along the dirt tracks between the main road and the village. Guided by a simple model, I come up with the following answers to the three central questions: (1) one additional armed-group member resulted in 7.3 more civilian perpetrators, (2) armed-group leaders responded rationally to exogenous trans- port costs and dispatched their men strategically to maximize civilian participation and (3) for the majority of villages, armed-group members acted as role models and civil- ians followed orders, but in villages with high levels of cross-ethnic marriage, civilians had to be forced to join in. These results pass a number of indirect tests regarding the exclusion restriction as well as other robustness checks. I argue that the results are also relevant for other cases of state-sponsored murder, such as the killing of the Jews in Lithuania in the 1940s. Finally, a back-of-the-envelope calculation suggests that a military intervention targeting the various armed groups - only 10 percent of the per- petrators but responsible for at least 83 percent of the killings - could have stopped the Rwandan Genocide. -
Detecting Hidden Violence: the Spatial Distribution of Excess Mortality in Rwanda
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Verpoorten, Marijke Working Paper Detecting Hidden Violence: The Spatial Distribution of Excess Mortality in Rwanda LICOS Discussion Paper, No. 254 Provided in Cooperation with: LICOS Centre for Institutions and Economic Performance, KU Leuven Suggested Citation: Verpoorten, Marijke (2010) : Detecting Hidden Violence: The Spatial Distribution of Excess Mortality in Rwanda, LICOS Discussion Paper, No. 254, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, LICOS Centre for Institutions and Economic Performance, Leuven This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/74946 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen -
Tribunal Penal International Pour Le Rwanda OFFICE
Tribunal penal international pour le Rwanda OFFICE OF THE I \In [I \Arlo\\ \AIKV.\I \~r\ PROSECUTOR Arusha International Conference Centre P.O.Box 6016, Arusha, Tanzania Tel: 255 57 4207-1114367-72 or 1 212 963 2850 - Fax: 255 57 400014373 or I212 963 2848 INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM - MEMORANDUM INTERIEUR To: Mr. Constant Hometowu, LO Date: 24/November, 2005 Co-ordinator Trial Chamber I11 Ref: KARJOS Court Management Section ?< CC : Ms. Carmelle Marchessault Counsel for Francois Karera /' 1: * From: Florida Kabasinga sj k- &2 c- - -P -- r Case Manager KibuyeIKigali Rural Trial Team Subject: MOTION FOR PROTECTIVE MEASURES FOR VICTIMS AND WITNESSES TO CRIMES ALLEGED IN THE INDICTMENT (PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 21, RULES 54,69,73 & 75. 1. Kindly find attached to this memo the following documents in the above matter: a) The above mentioned motion. b) Annextures thereof 2. Kindly serve the Defence and other concerned parties with said documents attached. Regards. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Tribunal Penal International pour la Rwanda Arusha International Conference Centre IYllI )YhllON\ ~\IION,~JPII, P.O.Box 6016, Arusha, Tanzania Tel: 255 57 4207-1 114367-72 or 1 212 963 2850 - Fax: 255 57 400014373 or 1 212 963 2848 TRIAL CHAMBER I11 Before: Dennis C.M. Byron, Presidmg Flavia Lattanzi Gberdao Gustav I<am Regstrar: Adama Dieng Filed on: 24 November 2005 THE PROSECUTOR FRANCOIS KARERA (CASE NO.ICTR-01-74-1) THE PROSECUTOR'S MOTION FOR PROTECTIVE MEASURES FOR VICTIMS AND WITNESSES TO CRIMES ALLEGED IN THE INDICTMENT. - (Pursuant to Article 21, Rules 54,69,73 and 75) Office of the Prosecutor: Charles ;\deogun-Phlllips Peter Tafah Memory Maposa Florida Kabasinga For the Accused: Carmelle Marchessault Steven Kelhher Introduction: 1. -
The Politics of Identity and Sexual Violence: a Review of Bosnia and Rwanda
The Politics of Identity and Sexual Violence: A Review of Bosnia and Rwanda Patricia A. Weitsman Human Rights Quarterly, Volume 30, Number 3, August 2008, pp. 561-578 (Article) Published by The Johns Hopkins University Press DOI: 10.1353/hrq.0.0024 For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/hrq/summary/v030/30.3.weitsman.html Access Provided by Brown University at 03/15/12 2:26AM GMT HUMAN RIGHTS QUARTERLY The Politics of Identity and Sexual Violence: A Review of Bosnia and Rwanda Patricia A. Weitsman* ABSTRACT This article argues that particular assumptions about biology, ethnic- ity, genetics, and gender create a permissive environment for policies of sexual violence during war. It further asserts that the children born as a consequence of these policies become a prism for identity politics. The arguments regarding identity and war and the consequences on policies of sexual violence during wartime are illustrated through analyses of the Serbian militia’s rape campaigns in Bosnia in the early 1990s and the mass rape and killing of Tutsis in Rwanda in 1994. I. INTRODUCTION Being born with an identity formed in a wartime political environment often handicaps children for life. This is especially true if these children are born as a consequence of government-orchestrated rape campaigns, thus represent- ing the legacy of violence a country has experienced. Although wars always * Patricia A. Weitsman is Professor of Political Science at Ohio University. She received her Ph.D. from Columbia University and has been a fellow at the Graduate Institute of Inter- national Studies in Geneva, Switzerland and the Hoover Institution at Stanford University. -
Court of Remorse Inside the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
Court of Remorse Critical Human Rights Series Editors Steve J. Stern Scott Straus Books in the series Critical Human Rights emphasize research that opens new ways to think about and understand human rights. The series values in particular empirically grounded and intellectually open research that eschews simplified accounts of human rights events and processes. In Court of Remorse, Thierry Cruvellier offers a nuanced and complex under- standing of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, a central post– Cold War human rights institution that helped to establish a now common pattern of creating justice mechanisms to account for past human rights atroc- ities. The atrocity in question is the Rwandan genocide of 1994 in which more than half a million civilians were killed. Cruvellier is one of the most knowl- edgeable outside observers of the court, having watched proceedings and interviewed key actors day after day for nearly a decade. In Court of Remorse, Cruvellier draws on these daily observations to render a subtle, eloquent, and intelligent account of the tribunal, and in so doing he helps us understand a critical human rights institution in new and profound ways. Court of Remorse Inside the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Thierry Cruvellier Translated by Chari Voss The University of Wisconsin Press Publication of this volume has been made possible, in part, through support from the A F C L S at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. The University of Wisconsin Press 1930 Monroe Street, 3rd Floor Madison, Wisconsin 53711-2059 uwpress.wisc.edu 3 Henrietta Street London WCE 8LU, England eurospanbookstore.com Originally published as Le tribunal des vaincus: Un Nuremberg pour le Rwanda? Copyright © 2006 by Calmann-Lévy Translation copyright © 2010 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System All rights reserved. -
Report of the Investigation Into the Causes and Circumstances of And
REPUBLIC OF RWANDA INDEPENDENT COMMITTEE OF EXPERTS CHARGED WITH THE INVESTIGATION INTO THE CRASH ON 06/04/1994 OF FALCON 50 AEROPLANE, REGISTRATION NUMBER 9XR-NN. REPORT OF THE INVESTIGATION INTO THE CAUSES AND CIRCUMSTANCES OF AND RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ATTACK OF 06/04/1994 AGAINST THE FALCON 50 RWANDAN PRESIDENTIAL AEROPLANE, REGISTRATION NUMBER 9XR-NN 1 MEMBERS OF THE COMMITTEE 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL INTRODUCTION 5 History and Mandate of the Committee 5 Methodology used 6 Political context prior to the attack of 06 April 1994 9 SECTION ONE: THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE PLANNED ATTACK 17 AND ITS EXECUTION The revelation of a plot targeting the imminent assassination of President 18 Habyarimana before the attack against his aeroplane Intelligence announced by the leaders of Hutu Power 18 Intelligence known by Rwandan military circles 22 Intelligence known by president Habyarimana and foreign sources 25 The organisation and issues of the Dar es Salaam Summit 28 Settlement of the political deadlock prevailing in Rwanda 28 Pressure on president Habyarimana before the Summit 28 Instability in Burundi: the main subject of the Dar es Salaam Summit 29 Questions surrounding the journey of the chief of staff of the Rwandan army 30 The proceedings of the Summit and circumstances of the return flight of the Falcon 50 35 Execution of the attack and its repercussions 29 The absence of an investigation into the attack 40 Questions about the voice recorder known as the “Black Box” 42 Information published soon after the attack: the black box in France