Women’s Status and Gender Relations in Post-Genocide Rwanda This page was generated automatically upon download from the Globethics.net Library. More information on Globethics.net see https://www.globethics.net. Data and content policy of Globethics.net Library repository see https:// repository.globethics.net/pages/policy Item Type Book Authors Mukabera, Josephine Publisher Globethics.net Rights Creative Commons Copyright (CC 2.5) Download date 01/10/2021 01:21:22 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12424/165632 Ethics Theses 24 Women’s Status and Gender Relations in Post-Genocide Rwanda Focus on the Local and Everyday Life Level Josephine Mukabera Gender Stereotypes | Leadership | Inequality | Wome Religion | Activism | Violence | Family | Pa Identity | Social Institutions | Gender Relations Equality | Rwanda | Women’s Rights Politics | Genocide | Poverty | Democracy | Ge Africa | Gender | Governance | Women’s Status and Gender Relations in Post-Genocide Rwanda Focusing on the Local and Everyday Life Level Women’s Status and Gender Relations in Post-Genocide Rwanda Focusing on the Local and Everyday Life Level Josephine Mukabera Globethics.net Theses No. 24 Globethics.net Theses Director: Prof. Dr. Obiora Ike, Executive Director of Globethics.net in Geneva and Professor of Ethics at the Godfrey Okoye University Enugu/Nigeria. Series Editor: Ignace Haaz, Globethics.net Publications Manager, Ph.D. Globethics.net Series 24 Josephine Mukabera, Women’s Status and Gender Relations in Post-Genocide Rwanda, Focusing on the Local and Everyday Life Level Geneva: Globethics.net, 2017 ISBN 978-2-88931-193-4 (online version) ISBN 978-2-88931-194-1 (print version) © 2017 Globethics.net Assistant Editor: Samuel Davies Globethics.net International Secretariat 150 route de Ferney 1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland Website: www.globethics.net/publications Email: [email protected] All web links in this text have been verified as of June 2017. This book can be downloaded for free from the Globethics.net Library, the leading global online library on ethics: www.globethics.net. © The Copyright is the Creative Commons Copyright 2.5. 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TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ............................................................................... 1 1 General Introduction ....................................................... 5 1.1 Background and Objectives ........................................................... 5 1.2 Problem Statement ......................................................................... 8 1.3 Research Hypotheses ................................................................... 14 1.4 Significance and Implication of the Study Results ....................... 16 1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study ............................................... 17 2 Literature Review and Theoretical Framework ......... 23 2.1 Literature Review ........................................................................ 23 2.1.1 Social Institutions and Gender Relations .............................. 24 2.1.2 Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment .................... 37 2.1.3 Gender Quotas and Women’s Political Participation ........... 44 2.1.4 Gender Relations and the Post-conflict Reconstruction ....... 50 2.2. Theoretical Framework .............................................................. 62 2.2.1 Explanation of the Framework ............................................. 70 2.3 Conclusion to the Chapter ........................................................... 71 3 Research Methodology .................................................. 73 3.1 Research Approach ..................................................................... 73 3.2 Study Setting ................................................................................ 74 3.2.1 Study Area and its Population .............................................. 75 3.2.2 Research Questions .............................................................. 79 3.3. Data Collection Methods ............................................................ 79 3.3.1 Sampling .............................................................................. 79 3.3.2. Interviews: ........................................................................... 81 3.3.3. Survey Questionnaire .......................................................... 81 3.3.4. Observation ......................................................................... 82 3.3.5. Focus Group discussion: ..................................................... 82 3.3.6. Documentation Analysis ..................................................... 83 3.3.7. Audio Material: ................................................................... 83 3.4 Data Analysis Methods ................................................................ 83 3.4.4. Reliability, Validity an Generalizability .............................. 86 3.5 Ethical Considerations ................................................................ 86 3.6 Difficulties ................................................................................... 88 3.7 Conclusion to the Chapter ........................................................... 88 4 Women’s Legal Status and Their Political Participation in Rwanda .................................................. 91 4.1 The Rwanda Country Profile ....................................................... 91 4.2 Rwandan Women’s Status before the 1994 Genocide ................. 92 4.3 Rwandan Women’s Political Participation after the 1994 .......... 96 4.3.1. Women’s Everyday Life After the 1994 Genocide ............. 96 4.3.2. The Role of Women’s Associations .................................... 98 4.3.3. The Role of the International Community ......................... 104 4.3.4. The Role of the Rwandan Government ............................. 105 4.3.5. The Role of Women Parliamentarians............................... 112 4.3.6. Other Reasons behind the Successful Introduction of the New Gender Policy in Rwanda ......................................... 114 4.4 Opportunities and Challenges to Women’s Political Participation in the Post-1994 Rwanda Genocide .......................... 115 4.5 Analysis of Women’s Political Representation and Empowerment in Rwanda ......................................................... 117 4.6 Conclusion to the Chapter ......................................................... 119 5 Presentation and Analysis of the Findings ................ 121 5.1 Identification of Respondents .................................................... 121 5.1.1 Identification of Respondents According to Their Sex....... 122 5.1.2 Identification of Respondents According to their Marital Status .................................................................. 124 5.1.3 Identification of Respondents According to their Level of Education .......................................................... 124 5.2 Changes in Gender Relations at the Local Level Paralleling with the Women’s Participation in Parliament and Governance of Rwanda ............................................................ 125 5.2.1 Gender Relations in the Rwandan Local Government ....... 126 5.2.2. Gender Relations in the Rwandan Family ......................... 148 5.2.3. Gender Relations in the Rwandan Religious Institutions .. 156 5.3 Conclusion to the Chapter ......................................................... 162 6 Discussion of the Results ............................................. 165 6.1 Changes related to Gender Relations in Local Governance ..... 166 6.1.1 Women’s Responsibilities in the Local Government Leadership .............................................................. 166 6.1.2 Community Appreciation of Women’s Leadership Responsibilities ........................................................................... 169 6.1.3 Attitudes and Behavior in Favor of Women’s Leadership Responsibilities ......................................................... 172 6.1.4 Attitudes and Behavior Interfering with the Leadership Responsibilities of Women .......................................................... 174 6.1.5 Strategies to Transform Gender Relations towards a More Supportive Environment to Women’s Leadership at the Local Level of Rwanda ...................................................... 185 6.1.6 Strategies to Promote Equal Opportunities for Both Males and Females in Community Decision-Making ... 190 6.2 Changes of Gender Relations in the Rwandan Family .............. 195 6.2.1 The Contribution of Development Practitioners................. 196 6.2.2 Shared Domestic Responsibilities ...................................... 202 6.2.3 Women’s Participation in Family Decisions ...................... 205 6.2.4 Strategies to Promote Gender Relations at the Family Level ...................................................................... 206 6.3 Appreciation of Changes Related