Pax Norvegica? Det Norske Fredsengasjementet Og B Idraget Til U Nited Nations Tru C E Su P Erv Ision Organiz Ation, 1 9 5 6 - 1 9 7 0

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Pax Norvegica? Det Norske Fredsengasjementet Og B Idraget Til U Nited Nations Tru C E Su P Erv Ision Organiz Ation, 1 9 5 6 - 1 9 7 0 PAX NORVEGICA? DET NORSKE FREDSENGASJEMENTET OG B IDRAGET TIL U NITED NATIONS TRU C E SU P ERV ISION ORGANIZ ATION, 1 9 5 6 - 1 9 7 0 MASTEROP P GAV E I H ISTORIE Av B j a r t e Fo r b e r g Aa n e s t a d U n iv e r s it e t e t i Os l o (U iO) In s t it u t t f o r a r k e o l o g i, k o n s e r v e r in g o g h is t o r ie (IAKH ) V å r e n 2 0 1 0 Forside: Illustrert av Alv Aanestad ii PAX NORVEGICA? Det norske fredsengasjementet og bidraget til United Nations Truce Supervision Organization, 1956-1970 Av Bjarte Forberg Aanestad Universitetet i Oslo (UiO) Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historie (IAKH) Våren 2010 iii iv INNHOLDSFORTEGNELSE Forord vii Presentasjon av sentrale aktører ix Kart xiii FNs delingsplan fra 1947 xiii Jerusalem xiii De demilitariserte sonene ved den israelsk-syriske grensen xiv 1. Introduksjon 1 United Nations Truce Supervision Organization 1 Én konflikt, flere diskurser 3 Teori 5 Primærkildene 7 UNTSO i litteraturen 9 2. Våpenstillstand med varme løp 13 De første observatørene 13 Mordet på Bernadotte 16 Mekling på Rhodos 17 Blandede våpenstillstandskommisjoner 20 Fire demarkasjonslinjer – fire konflikter 21 3. Fredsnasjonen 27 Norge og FN 27 Et nytt fredsinitiativ 29 Forespørselen 32 Norge svarer 33 Til Midtøsten 36 4. Mellom barken og veden 38 En urolig grense 38 Under det jordansk-israelske damoklessverdet 42 Ramat Rahel 44 En fredsbevarende styrke blir opprettet 46 Fornyet spenning langs den israelsk-syriske grensen 49 Ekstraordinært møte i våpenstillstandskommisjonen 50 5. Brann i rosenes leir: Norge, Israel og Hjellemo-saken 55 Anklagene mot Hjellemo 55 UD kaster seg inn 59 Israelsk uthaling 62 Tidsfristens utløp 64 Enige om å være uenige 66 v 6. Blindheim-saken: UNTSO på Stortingets dagsorden 70 Den pro-israelske majoren 70 Blindheim taler Israels sak 72 Herr Langes vrede julebudskap 75 Med hånden i vepsebolet 78 Interpellasjonen 80 Exit Hambro 83 7. Det norske fredsengasjementets ansikt 84 Libanon 1958 – en nyttig erfaring 84 Den norske stabssjefen 86 Opptrapping ved den syriske grensen, nedtelling til krig 89 FN blir tilsidesatt 93 Observatørkorpset tilbake på banen igjen 96 Government House-affæren 98 Et nytt Midtøsten 100 Problemer med Norge … og USA 104 Tilbake til Norge 106 8. Oppsummering og konklusjon 109 Vedlegg 121 FN-resolusjon 50 av 29. mai 1948 121 FN-resolusjon 73 av 11. august 1949 123 Bibliografi 125 Primærkilder 125 Litteratur 126 Internett 131 Personregister 132 vi Forord På sett og vis har arbeidet med dette prosjektet vært en naturlig fortsettelse på bachelor- oppgaven min i historie, også den ved Universitetet i Oslo. Den gangen var temaet Norges rolle i FN-styrken i Libanon (UNIFIL), og professor Hilde Henriksen Waage var min veileder da som nå. Etter en tid i tenkeboksen, fant jeg ut at jeg denne gangen ville gå lenger tilbake – til starten på rekken av norske militære bidrag til FNs fredsbevarende arbeid i Midtøsten. Til våren 1956 da Norge avga de fire første observatørene for tjeneste i United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO). Samtidig ønsket jeg også å finne ut mer om generalløytnant Odd Bull, den norske flyvåpengeneralen som ledet to av FNs observatørkorps i Midtøsten. Det har derfor vært naturlig for meg å avgrense oppgaven kronologisk til tidsrommet mellom våren 1956 og sommeren 1970, da Bull ble avløst som sjef for styrken. Først og fremst vil jeg rette en stor takk til Hilde Henriksen Waage for utmerket veiledning gjennom to og et halvt år, fra bachelor-oppgaven og frem til i dag. En viss formening om hva jeg har hatt lyst til å jobbe med har jeg hatt, men det er Waage som har penset prosjektet inn på det jeg håper – og tror – er et rett spor. Tusen takk for konstruktive tilbakemeldinger, hyggelige møter og all den tiden du har lagt ned i oppgaven! Jeg vil også rette en takk til Hilde Henriksen Waages forskningsassistent Jørgen Jensehaugen for både kommentarer og ideer, samt Waages gruppe med flittige studenter og studiner. Om noen skal trekkes spesielt fram, må det være Mari Salberg, Simen Zernichow og Anders Grini Hamre. Uten Salberg ville det faglige og sosiale utbyttet fra studieturen til Washington D.C. utvilsomt blitt betraktelig magrere, Zernichow fortjener en ekstra takk for gode råd i forkant av studieturen og Hamre har bistått med teknisk kompetanse i sluttfasene av arbeidet med oppgaven. Lykke til med det videre arbeidet til dere alle! Flere personer har også sett over utkast til hele oppgaven eller deler av den. Jeg er svært takknemlig til min bror, mine søstre og min far for dette arbeidet. Jeg vil dessuten rette en ekstra takk til min far for oppgavens forside. Institusjoner og enkeltpersoner – jeg kan dessverre ikke ramse opp alle – har på flere måter bidratt i arbeidet med denne oppgaven. Jeg vil rette en spesiell takk til Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historie (IAKH) ved Universitetet i Oslo for finansiering av studieturen til New York og Washington D.C. Jeg vil også takke de ansatte ved Stortingsarkivet, National Archives, FN-veteranenes landsforening, FN-sambandets bibliotek, Nobelinstituttets bibliotek, Utenriksdepartementets arkiv, Riksarkivet og Forsvarsmuseets vii bibliotek for hjelp og veiledning, men jeg vil spesielt trekke frem FN-arkivet og Shelley M. Lightburn for den solide oppfølgingen og vennligheten jeg ble møtt med der. En stor takk fortjener også den pensjonerte generalløytnanten Martin Vadset, tidligere UNTSO-sjef, som var til god hjelp i startfasen av prosjektet. Noe som uten tvil har bidratt til å gjøre arbeidet med prosjektet mer motiverende, er interessen det er blitt møtt med fra flere hold, både familie eller venner. Her vil jeg trekke frem min kjære kone Marie Lund. Du, og flere med deg, har gjort dette til to fantastiske – og meningsfylte – år. Tusen takk for den støtten og interessen jeg opplever å ha blitt møtt med i arbeidet med oppgaven! Jeg har med andre ord ikke vært alene i prosjektet. Men for det som likevel måtte gjenstå av feil og mangler, store som små, står jeg fullt og helt til ansvar for. Oslo, april 2010 Bjarte Aanestad viii PRESENTASJON AV SENTRALE AKTØRER ISRAEL: David Ben Gurion (1886-1973) var Israels første statsminister, og med unntak av årene 1954-1955, satt han som regjeringssjef frem til 1963. ”The Old Man” var den store landsfaderen, og pådriver for oppbygging – og bruk – av jødisk og israelsk militærmakt i tiden før og etter 1948. Som regjeringssjef hadde han langt på vei monopol over den israelske sikkerhetspolitikken. Moshe Sharett (1894-1965) fungerte som Israels statsminister de to årene (1954-1955) Ben Gurion holdt seg borte fra politikken. Sharett var langt mer åpen for dialog med araberstatene enn Ben Gurion ettersom han innså at Israel neppe ville klare seg i det lange løp uten en varig fred. Det kom til åpent brudd mellom dem da Ben Gurion igjen vendte tilbake til politikken. Golda Meir (1898-1978) overtok som utenriksminister etter at Sharett var blitt presset ut på sidelinjen av Ben Gurion. Meir hadde hatt en sentral rolle i kontakten med kong Abdullah av Jordan forut for opprettelsen av Israel, og i 1969 ble hun landets første kvinnelige statsminister. Selv om partiet hennes vant valget, bestemte hun seg for å trekke seg i kjølvannet av Yom Kippur-krigen. Moshe Dayan (1915-1981) involverte seg i den jødiske undergrunnshæren Haganah kort tid etter at den ble opprettet. Krigserfaring fikk Dayan under britisk fane i 1941 mot de Vichy- franske styrkene i Midtøsten, og det var i denne forbindelsen at han mistet det ene øyet. Etter 1948 steg han til å bli hærsjef (1953-1958) og senere forsvarsminister. Som forsvarsminister ble Dayan assosiert med seieren i 1967, men måtte gå av etter Yom Kippur-krigen seks år senere. Ariel Sharon (1928- ) personifiserte sammen med Dayan den israelske represaliepolitikken på 1950-tallet. Sharons militære karriere fikk seg en knekk da han kjørte styrken sin inn i et egyptisk bakhold i Sinai i 1956. ”Arik” høstet imidlertid mye prestisje både i 1967 og 1973, og ble israelsk forsvarsminister i 1981. Året etter sendte han hæren inn i Libanon. Etter at palestinske flyktninger ble massakrert i Sabra og Shatilla, måtte han gå. Sharon hadde likevel et politisk comeback, og ble valgt som statsminister i 2001. Levi Eshkol (1895-1969) vervet seg i likhet med Ben Gurion til den britiske avdelingen Den jødiske legion under første verdenskrig. Han ble utpekt som Ben Gurions etterfølger, og i juni 1963 ble han Israels tredje statsminister. Eshkol hadde imidlertid mer til felles med Sharett enn med Ben Gurion i synet på araberne. Yitzhak Rabin (1922-1995) var i likhet med Dayan og Sharon yrkesmilitær. I 1941 ble han med i Palmach – Haganahs støttropper – og deltok i den samme operasjonen i Libanon hvor Dayan mistet øyet sitt. For Rabin representerte araberstatene først og fremst en militær trussel, og det var denne snevre tilnærmingen han vurderte det meste ut ifra. Rabin var både statsminister, forsvarsminister og hærsjef. Han ble senere tildelt Nobels fredspris for sin rolle i Oslo-prosessen, en rolle som også kostet ham livet ved et attentat i 1995. ix JORDAN: John Bagott Glubb (1897-1986) ble som ung offiser sendt til Midtøsten for å tjenestegjøre i de britiske styrkene der. ”Glubb Pasha” hadde en sentral rolle i utformingen av den jordanske hæren. Som sjef for Den arabiske legion iverksatte han strenge tiltak for å forebygge infiltrasjon over grensen til Israel. Etter hvert ble Glubb gjort til personifiseringen av det vestlige nærværet i Midtøsten, og i mars 1956 ble han tvunget til å forlate Jordan etter å ha vært målskive for den egyptiske propagandaen mot Jordan en tid.
Recommended publications
  • Global Networks of Mediation: Prospects and Avenues for Finland As a Peacemaker
    FIIA REPORT 32 FIIA REPORT 32 Global Global networks of mediation networks of Prospects and avenues for Finland as a peacemaker mediation Touko Piiparinen and Ville Brummer (eds.) This report analyses the evolving field of global peace mediation and examine different institutional solutions, cooperation mechanisms and Prospects and avenues for Finland as a peacemaker modes of action which Finland could adopt to perform successful mediation and to develop its mediation capacities. Touko Piiparinen and Ville Brummer (eds.) Today’s peace mediation involves a greater number and diversity of actors than ever before. States can no longer function as unitary actors, utilising governmental resources and official structures alone. Rather, states are embedded in global networks of regional and non-governmental actors such as local civil society actors and private diplomacy organisations, which they have to rely on in implementing mediation and negotiation processes. Therefore, the interface between official and unofficial sectors is becoming an ever more timely research object in the study of mediation. The present report will first aim to clarify the conceptual and theoretical framework of global networks of mediation and analyse their operations and structures. Upon that basis, the report will proceed to examine different approaches of states in mediation, their linkages to other actors and particularly Finland’s prospects as a peacemaker. ISBN 978-951-769-335-6 ISSN 1458-994X www.fiia.fi Global networks of mediation Prospects and avenues for
    [Show full text]
  • Department of State Bulletin
    C:«?(/ THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN Volume LXXm No. 1894 October 13, 1975 BUILDING INTERNATIONAL ORDER Address by Secretary Kissinger Before the 30th Regular Session of the U.N. General Assembly 54S UNITED STATES GIVES VIEWS ON RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY SEVENTH SPECIAL SESSION OF U.N. GENERAL ASSEMBLY Statements by Ambassador Moynihan and Ambassador Myerson and Text of Resolution 557 THE UNITED STATES AND AFRICA: STRENGTHENING THE RELATIONSHIP Toast by Secretary Kissinger 571 THE OFFICIAL WEEKLY RECORD OF UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY For index see inside hack cover i" THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETI^ Vol. LXXIII, No. 1894 October 13, 1975 The Department of State BULLETl a weekly publication issued by Office of Media Services, Bureau Public Affairs, provides tfie public interested agencies of the govern, with information on developments tfte field of U.S. foreign relations Ad on the work of the Department the Foreign Service. m] The BULLETIN includes seleefm press releases on foreign policy, issuet^ by the White House and the Depi ment, and statements, address) and news conferences of the President 1 and the Secretary of State and othei For sale by the Superintendent of Documents iiai officers of the Department, as well ai U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 special articles on various phases oi PRICE: international affairs and the function* 52 issues plus semiannual indexes, of the Department. Information U domestic $42.60, foreign $53.15 included concerning treaties and inter' Single copy 85 cents national agreements to which tht Use of funds for printing this publication United States is or may become a approved by the Director of the Office of party and on treaties of general inter- Management and Budget (January 29, 1971).
    [Show full text]
  • 2368Th GENERAL PLENARY MEETING ASSEMBLY Tuesday, 30 September /975, THIRTIETH SESSION at 3.15 P.M
    United Nations 2368th GENERAL PLENARY MEETING ASSEMBLY Tuesday, 30 September /975, THIRTIETH SESSION at 3.15 p.m, Official Records NEW YORK CONTENTS 5. We are convinced that the vast majority of repre­ sentatives here present will express their view on this action by the United States, which once more has Agenda item 9: shown its contempt for the right of peoples to self­ Generaldebate (continued): determination and the goals of the United Nations, Speech by Mr. Sipraseuth (Laos) .................... 305 Speech by Mr. A110n (Israel) . 307 particularly the principle of universality. Speech by Mr. Keutcha (United Republic of Cameroon), 311 6. The world is a .'planetary village". Each great Speech by Mr. AI-Sabah (Kuwait) .. .. .•.. 315 world event has unavoidable international repercus­ Speech by Mr. Ahmed (Sudan).. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 318 sions in various countries. Thus, the delegation of Laos would like to sketch a few characteristics of the President: Mr. Gaston THORN present world situation. (Luxembourg). 7. The inexorable decline of American imperialism is the turning-point of the present situation in a world already fraught with decisive events. It is indeed a AGENDA ITEM 9 decline, an irreversible decline, whatever may be said by American officials, a decline which cause the whole General debate (continued) imperialist system to be mired more deeply in a new general crisis. I. Mr. SIPRASEUTH (Laos) (interpretation from 8. This decline, however, is not without its dangerous French]:" It is for me a great privilege to represent convulsions or its perfidious attempts to adapt to new Laos at the thirtieth session of the General Assembly, world realities.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Force in Un Peace Operations
    THE USE OF FORCE IN UN PEACE OPERATIONS TREVOR FINDLAY The Use of Force in UN Peace Operations Stockholm International Peace Research Institute SIPRI is an independent international institute for research into problems of peace and conflict, especially those of arms control and disarmament. It was established in 1966 to commemorate Sweden’s 150 years of unbroken peace. The Institute is financed mainly by the Swedish Parliament. The staff and the Governing Board are international. The Institute also has an Advisory Committee as an international consultative body. The Governing Board is not responsible for the views expressed in the publications of the Institute. Governing Board Ambassador Rolf Ekéus, Chairman (Sweden) Dr Catherine M. Kelleher, Vice-Chairman (United States) Dr Alexei G. Arbatov (Russia) Dr Willem F. van Eekelen (Netherlands) Dr Nabil Elaraby (Egypt) Sir Marrack Goulding (United Kingdom) Professor Helga Haftendorn (Germany) Professor Ronald G. Sutherland (Canada) The Director Director Alyson J. K. Bailes (United Kingdom) Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Signalistgatan 9, SE-169 70 Solna, Sweden Cable: SIPRI Telephone: 46 8/655 97 00 Telefax: 46 8/655 97 33 Email: [email protected] Internet URL: http://www.sipri.org The Use of Force in UN Peace Operations Trevor Findlay OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2002 OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi São Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © SIPRI 2002 First published 2002 All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Here
    DOCTRINAL CHANGE USING THE PAST TO FACE THE PRESENT PROCEEDINGS OF THE 14TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE PARTNERSHIP FOR PEACE CONSORTIUM EURO-ATLANTIC CONFLICT STUDIES WORKING GROUP EDITED BY DR. HAROLD E. RAUGH, JR. COMPILED BY PETER CHORVÁT, PH.D., AND MATEJ MEDVECKÝ, PH.D. Slovak Institute of Military History / Vojensky Historicky Ustav Bratislava, Slovakia 2015 1 2 DOCTRINAL CHANGE USING THE PAST TO FACE THE PRESENT Contents Welcome, by H. E. Miloš Koterec, State Secretary, Ministry of Defense of the Slovak Republic ...................................................................... 5 First Opening Address, by Captain (Navy) Christian Rune, Deputy Commander, Royal Danish Defence College ................................................. 7 Second Opening Address, byMr. Andre Rakoto, Chief of Staff, French Ministry Of Defense History Office ..................................................... 9 1. Drawing Lessons from War: The Danish-Austrian-Prussian War of 1864, by Niels Bo Poulsen ............................................................... 11 2. Austria-Hungary and the Study of Overseas Wars, 1899-1914, by Erwin A. Schmidl........................................................................... 19 3. Leadership and Conflict Resolution: The Case of the Balkan Wars, 1912-1913, by Efpraxia S. Paschalidou ............................................. 25 4. Slovak Soldiers on the Frontlines in World War I, by Peter Chorvat and Miloslav Caplovic .................................................................... 45 5. Institutional
    [Show full text]
  • Who Runs the International System? Nationality and Leadership in the United Nations Secretariat APPENDIX for ONLINE PUBLICATION ∗
    Who Runs the International System? Nationality and Leadership in the United Nations Secretariat APPENDIX FOR ONLINE PUBLICATION ∗ Paul Novosady Eric Werkerz October 2017 ∗We are grateful to Uggi Lee, Daniel Lim, Ian Tomb, Vikram Viswanathan, and Edward Zhong for diligent research assistance. Kristy Buzard, Michael Clemens, Christina Davis, Jeff Friedman, Brian Greenhill, Julia Gray, Diego Hernandez, Tana Johnson, Peter Katzenstein, Michael Levi, Beth Simmons, several staff members of the United Nations, and in particular Ilyana Kuziemko provided helpful and suggestions, as did seminar participants at Columbia University, the Political Economy of International Organizations conference at Princeton and the Economics of National Security meeting at NBER. The first stage of data gathering for this project was funded by the National Bureau of Economic Research's Economics of National Security program to Kuziemko and Werker, and Werker thanks the Harvard Business School Division of Research and Faculty Development for support. All errors are our own. yDartmouth College zSimon Fraser University Table A1 List of UN Secretariat Positions in 1970 Yearbook Year Importance Department Position Title Name Country 1970 6 Secretary-General Secretary-General U Thant Burma 1970 5.5 Secretary-General Executive Office of the SG: Chef de Cabinet/USG C. V. Narasimhan India 1970 5.5 Political Dept of Political and Security Council Affairs: Under-Secretary Leonid N. Kutakov Soviet Union 1970 5 Administrative Office of the USG for Administration and Management Andrew A. Stark United Kingdom 1970 5 Economic And Social ASG/Executive Secretary, Economic Commission for Africa Robert K. A. Gardiner Ghana 1970 5 Economic And Social Under-Secretary/USG Philippe de Seynes France 1970 5 Administrative Controller/USG/ASG, Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts Bruce R.
    [Show full text]
  • United Nations Truce Supervision Organization in Palestine
    UN Secretariat Item Scan - Barcode - Record Title Page 78 Date 16/05/2006 Time 4:44:20 PM S-0861-0005-06-00001 Expanded Number S-0861 -0005-06-00001 Title items-in-Peace-keeping operations - Middle East - UNTSO - United Nations Truce Supervision Organization in Palestine Date Created 18/03/1963 Record Type Archival Item Container s-0861-0005: Peace-Keeping Operations Files of the Secretary-General: U Thant: Middle East Print Name of Person Submit Image Signature of Person Submit nant General Odd Bull Curriculum vitae. Lieutenant General Odd Bull was born in 1907. "He graduated from the Norwegian V7ar Academy in 1928, after which he attended the Norwegian Army Aviation School, followed by several courses of study in England, USA, Canada, Prance, Sweden, Denmark, Germany and Italy. Before the last World War Lieutenant General Bull served first with the 4th Infantry Division and later with the Army Air Force, where he held the rank of Captain by the outbreak of the war. During the war he served with the Norwegian Forces as Camp Commander and Chief of Training, "Little Norway", Canada, and later as Commanding Officer of Fighter Squadrons 331 and 332 in England. In 1945 he was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel. In the post-war years Lieutenant General Bull has held the following positions: 1945-46: Head of Air District Troendelag, Norway. 1946-48: Head of Division, Central Staff, Royal Norwegian Air Force. 1948-51: Chief of Staff, Royal Norwegian Air Force. 1951-52: Deputy Chief of Staff Operations,Allied Air Forces, Northern Europe. 1953-56: Commanding Officer, Royal Norwegian Air Force, Northern Norway.
    [Show full text]
  • Finland to the UN Security Council in 2013–2014 Sions the Perspective of a Small, Capable and Engaged Member State
    Finland to the UN Security Council in 2013–2014 sions the perspective of a small, capable and engaged member state. Our previous term on the Council was more than twenty years ago. Finland has the human and material capacity to serve on the Council, including diplomatic representation in all parts of the world and a proven record of contributing to UN peace efforts and operations. Since 1956, some 50 000 Finnish women and men have served in peace-keeping operations under the UN flag. In 2008, my distin- guished predecessor Martti Ahtisaari was awarded the Nobel Peace President Sauli Prize for his long and successful career as peacemaker on behalf of Niinistö with UN the UN and the international community. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon at the Finland´s two previous terms on the Security Council, in 1969-70 and Nuclear Security in 1989-1990, were notable for our contributions to the solution of Summit in Seoul in conflicts in Africa and the Middle East. Finland would proudly uphold Copyright © Office of the President of the Republic Finland Copyright © Office of the President March 2012. that tradition of independent judgment and evenhanded engage- ment. Finland to the UN Security Finland is convinced that the world needs a more representative Security Council, reflecting the fundamental changes in world order Council in 2013−2014 over the past six decades, and will continue to work for its realization. As a non-permanent member on the Council, Finland would promote Finland is a candidate for a non-permanent seat on the United greater transparency and inclusiveness in its proceedings.
    [Show full text]
  • Peacekeeping Operations and Other Missions - UNEF II
    UN Secretariat Item Scan - Barcode - Record Title Page 30 Date 14/06/2006 Time 9:23:22 AM S-0899-0003-11-00001 Expanded Number S-0899-0003-11 -00001 Title items-in-Middle East - peacekeeping operations and other missions - UNEF II Date Created 27/01/1975 Record Type Archival Item Container s-0899-0003: Peacekeeping - Middle East 1945-1981 Print Name of Person Submit Image Signature of Person Submit Note for the file On Friday, 26 December 1975, Ambassador Malik of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics called to request that the Secretary-General be informed that his Government had decided to remit $5,996,014 for its contribution towards UNEF for the period 25 April 24 October 1975 and an additional contribution for the first year of operation of UNEF, amounting to $2,968,027. He wished to emphasize his Government's view that in expending these resources maximum efficiency and economy will be exercised, in accordance with the relevant resolutions of the Security Council. The Permanent Representative of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Ambassador Tchernouchtchenko, called a little later to inform that his Government had decided to pay an amount of $184,OOO for the period 25 April-24 October 1975 and $91,080 for the first year of operation of UNEF. Shortly thereafter, the Permanent Representative of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Ambassador Martynenko, gave the corresponding figures of $684,OOO and $338,580 for his Government. I assured the three Ambassadors that the information provided by them would be promptly communicated to the Secretary-General, which I did on Saturday, 27 December.
    [Show full text]
  • Distr. GENERAL S/11248 1 April 1974 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH
    Distr. GENERAL S/11248 1 April 1974 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH REPORT OF TKE SECRETARY-GENERALON THE UNITED NATIONS EMERGENCYFORCE (for the period 26 October 1973 to 1 April 1974) CONTENTS -1P;tpe INTRODUCTION ............................... 3 I. ESTABLISHMENT AND COMPOSITION OF THE FORCE ............. 4 A. Establishment of UNEF ..................... 4 B. Composition .......................... 4 C. Functions and guidelines .................... 5 II. DEPLOYMENTAND LOGISTICS ...................... 7 A. Deployment ........................... 7 B. Accommodations of the Force .................. 8 C. Logistic support ............. 1 .......... 1.0 III. ACTIVITIES OF THE FORCE ....... f : ............. 1~1 A. Observance of the cease-fire and implemeni;ation of the disengagement Agreement ... ,; ................ 11 B. Negotiations and agreements .................... 1,l (i) Disengagement ....................... :LI (ii) Humanitarian activities and co-operation with the International Comi-ttee of the Red Cross ......... 13 (iii) Exchange of prisoners of war md transfer of civilians . 13 (iv) Convoys of supplies to Egyptian troops on the eastern bank of the Suez Canal and ,to the town o,f Suez ...... 13 (v) Search for bodies ..................... 14 C. Co-operation with UNTSO .................... 1.5 74-07977 I... s/11248 English Page 2 CONTENTS (continued) Page IV. FINANCIAL ASPECTS . ~ . ~ , . 16 V. OBSERVATIONS ~ . 18 MAP. UNEF DEPLOYMENT SITUATION AS OF 1200 GMT 27 MARCH 1974 / . S/11248 English Pace 3 INTRODUCTION 1. This report, which covers the period from the inception of the United Nations tiergency Force (UNEF) on 26 October 1973 to 1 April 1974, presents a summary of developments relating to UNEF on which information was submitted to the Security Council in my progress reports on the Force (s/11056 and Add.l-14), as well as an account of events which have taken place since my last progress report (S/11056/Add.14).
    [Show full text]