DOCSLIB.ORG

Finland to the UN Security Council in 2013–2014 Sions the Perspective of a Small, Capable and Engaged Member State

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Finland to the UN Security Council in 2013–2014 Sions the Perspective of a Small, Capable and Engaged Member State Finland to the UN Security Council in 2013–2014 sions the perspective of a small, capable and engaged member state. Our previous term on the Council was more than twenty years ago. Finland has the human and material capacity to serve on the Council, including diplomatic representation in all parts of the world and a proven record of contributing to UN peace efforts and operations. Since 1956, some 50 000 Finnish women and men have served in peace-keeping operations under the UN flag. In 2008, my distin- guished predecessor Martti Ahtisaari was awarded the Nobel Peace President Sauli Prize for his long and successful career as peacemaker on behalf of Niinistö with UN the UN and the international community. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon at the Finland´s two previous terms on the Security Council, in 1969-70 and Nuclear Security in 1989-1990, were notable for our contributions to the solution of Summit in Seoul in conflicts in Africa and the Middle East. Finland would proudly uphold Copyright © Office of the President of the Republic Finland Copyright © Office of the President March 2012. that tradition of independent judgment and evenhanded engage- ment. Finland to the UN Security Finland is convinced that the world needs a more representative Security Council, reflecting the fundamental changes in world order Council in 2013−2014 over the past six decades, and will continue to work for its realization. As a non-permanent member on the Council, Finland would promote Finland is a candidate for a non-permanent seat on the United greater transparency and inclusiveness in its proceedings. Nations Security Council for the term 2013-2014. Elections will be held in October 2012. Our candidacy is fully supported by the other The purpose of this booklet is to provide information on Finland´s Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden). engagement in peace, security and development across the world, often hand in hand with the United Nations. As a small member state, Finland has a vital interest in promoting a well-functioning system of collective security based on the United I believe that my country has the commitment, capacity and record to Nations Charter that guides and binds all member states, big and serve on the United Nations Security Council, contributing ably to its small alike. Under the Charter, the Security Council is responsible singularly important mission, the maintenance of international peace for the maintenance of international peace and security on behalf of and security. all member states. Finland takes seriously the grave responsibility conferred on the Council. Finland would contribute actively and in a balanced manner to the Sauli Niinistö work of the Security Council, bringing into its deliberations and deci- President of the Republic of Finland 2 Finland: candidate for the UN Security Council 2013−2014 • UN member since 1955 • UN peacekeeping and peace operations: a country that has contributed troops since 1956 • Over 50 000 peacekeepers since 1956 • Civilian crisis management: 150 experts annually Equator • Helvi Sipilä, the first woman elected Assistant Secretary General of the United Nations in 1972 • Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) Helsinki Final Act 1975 • Co-chair for the Millennium Summit, September 2000 • Founding member of the International Criminal Court Finnish Defence Forces UN Photo/ BZ Finnish soldiers on their way to Nicosia from Finnish peacekeepers in Suez-Sinai, 1957. Dhekelia, Cyprus in 1964. 3 Credible in building peace − since 1956 Finland emphasises the central role in international training of military of the United Nations in interna- and civilian personnel to be deploy- tional crisis management. Finland ed in peacekeeping operations. is committed to peacekeeping and peacebuilding. Since 1956, Finland has sent more than 50 000 men and women on 30 We consider peacebuilding to be peacekeeping operations in order to a sustained effort of co-operation. promote peace and security. Finland Finland has been a pioneer in com- continues to provide the world with bining civilian and military elements peacemakers and peacekeepers we UN Photo/Yutaka Nagata in crisis management. In order to can all rely on. General Ensio Siilasvuo of Finland, Commander share our expertise, we have invested of UNEF II, mediated negotiations in the UN tent at Kilometer 101 on the Cairo-Suez road ín November 1973. Martti Ahtisaari, former President of Finland and Nobel Peace Laureate, has dedicated his life’s work to promoting peace. Left, President Ahtisaari served as UN Commis- sioner for Namibia in 1977−1981, and was in charge of the UN operation that led to Namibian Credible independence in 1990. Right, President Ahtisaari linking the former adversaries at the signing of the ACEH Peace Treaty in Helsinki, August 2005. 4 Credible Credible Creative in sustainable development More than 1.3 million Ethiopians have access to Bilateral forestation project clean water, thanks to a water supply programme in Kenya together with local supported by Finland in the Amhara region. environmental organisations. Rauli Virtanen Finland promotes small-scale industry. Middleburg, South Africa: encouraging entre- preneurship in order to find creative solutions that reduce poverty. Finland works towards a stable and sustainable world economy by strengthening a fair and rules-based multilateral trading system. The most important objective in our in- ternational development policy is Rauli Virtanen attainment of the UN Millennium Development Goals. 6 Creative We believe that economically, eco- ted to combating climate change, its logically and socially sustainable effects and other threats to the en- development is a prerequisite for vironment by means of development peace and security. We are commit- and creative solutions. Copyright © Office of the President of the Republic of Finland Tarja Halonen, pictured above with President Jacob Zuma of South Africa, was invited by the UN Secretary-General to co-chair the inter- national panel on global sustainability that re- leased its recommendations in early 2012. Tarja Halonen was President of Finland until 1 March 2012, and continues to be active internationally on issues related to sustainable development, climate change and women´s empowerment. Finland has funded environmental protection of the historic sanctuary of Machu Picchu in Peru. Mirva Viitanen Sudanese researchers in Helsinki participating in a dryland development seminar. Creative 7 The Finnish Government will ensure Creative in sustainable development that its development co-operation appropriations take Finland to- wards the level of 0.7 per cent of gross national income recom- mended by the United Nations. With regard to trading out of poverty, Fin- land emphasises aid for trade, and also stresses provision of innovative information and communications as well as environmental technology solutions to meet current global and developmental needs. Finnish development aid in Gaza is directed at humanitarian needs. Laura Junka Matti Nummelin Jussi Ojala Creative Finland supports the Biodamaz project in The use of new methods has clearly increased Peru. The project has helped to preserve the maize harvests in Quang Tri, Vietnam, where biodiversity of the Amazonas and maintain Finland has supported rural development. sustainable consumption. 8 Creative Creative Caring for human security, human rights and rule of law Finnish Red Cross Education for girls is one of Finland’s Finland: courageous in promoting worker providing top priorities in development medical aid to co-operation. Artes, West Bank. democracy, sensitive in serving the a Tsunami victim. deprived, determined to pursue Rauli Virtanen equality. Since 1991, Finnish The foundation for our work in women have helped to secure peace in the United Nations rests on operations throughout honouring our commitments, the world. putting human rights into practice, caring for the vul- nerable, promoting democ- racy through education, and Rauli Virtanen providing security through fairness and equal oppor- tunity. Finland has been on the forefront of efforts to pro- mote rule of law principles in the United Nations. Rauli Virtanen Rauli Virtanen Rauli Virtanen 10 Caring Committed to a well-functioning United Nations Finland considers the United Nations the world’s most important instru- ment of multilateral co-operation. We wish to strengthen the UN’s abil- ity to respond to global threats and challenges. Finland will continue to pursue pro- motion of the reforms agreed upon at the World Summit of 2005. By im- proving the decision-making pro- cesses and effectiveness of the United Nations, we can build a bet- ter world, thus translating the val- ues and goals enshrined in the UN Charter into action. May 2008 UN Photo/Evan Schneider Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon (second from left), joined the members of the United Nations Community in leading a groundbreaking event that marked the beginning of the construction of a temporary conference venue on the North Lawn. Committed 11 Eero Kuosmanen Eero Nobel Peace Prize Laureate and former President Martti Ahtisaari in a conversation with the three ministers responsible for foreign affairs in the Finnish Government at the Foreign Ministry in Helsinki in August 2011. From left to right: President Ahtisaari, Minister for European Affairs and Foreign Trade Alexander Stubb, Foreign Minister Erkki Tuomioja and Minister for International Development Heidi Hautala. Sworn into office in June 2011 the new Government continues Finland´s strong commitment to the United Nations, including her quest for a non-permanent seat on the Security Council for the term 2013-2014. http://formin.finland.fi/UNSC2013-14.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Peacekeeping FM
    Peacekeeping_4_v11.qxd 2/2/06 5:06 PM Page 82 4.1 Aceh, Indonesia The December 2004 tsunami offered an unex- 1945. Formed in 1976, the GAM, developed pected political opportunity for peacemaking in into a de facto government of the province the Indonesian province of Aceh, site of a long- with its own tax system and armed forces. running insurgency. The need to cooperate on a But from 1990 to 1998 the Indonesian army large-scale humanitarian operation brought and paramilitary forces mounted counterin- about tentative reconciliation between the gov- surgency operations, reportedly claiming one ernment of Indonesia and the separatist Free thousand lives. The 1998 fall of President Aceh Movement (Gerakan Aceh Merdeka Haji Mohamed Suharto offered an opportu- [GAM]). A memorandum of understanding nity for peace—in 2001 Megawati Sukarno- signed on 15 August 2005 outlined steps in that putri gained the presidency on a platform that direction, including demilitarization and Indo- included peace in Aceh. nesian troop withdrawal. The European Union In December 2002, Indonesia and GAM and five members of the Association of South- signed a framework agreement on the cessa- east Asian Nations (ASEAN) deployed the 250- tion of hostilities, which included provisions strong Aceh Monitoring Mission (AMM) to ob- for third-party monitoring. After prolonged serve its implementation, which became opera- negotiations failed to achieve progress on tional on 15 September 2005. While the AMM’s Aceh’s political status, President Megawati mandate is limited, it is the EU’s first in Asia and authorized new military operations against the the first such collaboration between the EU and GAM in May 2003.
    [Show full text]
  • Address Given by Martti Ahtisaari on Finland's Accession to the European Union (Tampere, 24 September 1994)
    Address given by Martti Ahtisaari on Finland's accession to the European Union (Tampere, 24 September 1994) Caption: On 24 September 1994, one month before the referendum held in Finland on the country’s accession to the European Union, Martti Ahtisaari, President of Finland, gives his views on the issue of the country’s independence in the European Union. Source: Speech given by President Martti Ahtisaari in Tampere, September 24, 1994. [ON-LINE]. [Helsinki]: The President of the Republic of Finland 1994-2000, Updated 18.02.2000[28.07.2003]. Disponible sur http://www.valtioneuvosto.fi/tpk/eng/speeches/speech_texts-1994.html. Copyright: (c) President of the Republic of Finland 1994-2000 URL: http://www.cvce.eu/obj/address_given_by_martti_ahtisaari_on_finland_s_accession_to_the_european_union_tampere_2 4_september_1994-en-c995d6d2-217c-4a74-a1b6-d1789fa613f2.html Publication date: 04/09/2012 1 / 4 04/09/2012 Independent Finland and European Integration We are currently preparing ourselves for the referendum that will decide whether Finland becomes a member of the European Union. At the same time, the international community is gradually putting an end to a half century of political division. There are more support and potential now for cooperation and reconciliation than ever before. The international community now has a real chance to create a better and more secure tomorrow. Finland faces a historic choice. As a nation, we now find ourselves in the fortunate position of not being forced by any outsiders into making it. We really are the shapers of our own destiny. The coming advisory referendum will be the first we have ever arranged on a foreign policy issue.
    [Show full text]
  • Estonian Review E E S T I R I N G V a a D E VOLUME 17 NO 11 MAR 14- 20, 2007
    Estonian Review E E S T I R I N G V A A D E VOLUME 17 NO 11 MAR 14- 20, 2007 FOREIGN NEWS President Ilves Underlined Importance of Strong Estonian-Finnish Relations Mar 14 - Speaking during his state visit in the Finnish presidential palace, Estonian President Toomas Hendrik Ilves underlined the importance of strong links between the two countries. In his speech at the festive dinner hosted by Finnish President Tarja Halonen Ilves spoke about the strong ties that had united Estonia and Finland through history, quoting the example of cooperation between civil societies. He said it was difficult to find a choir, school or congregation that had not visited friends on the other side of the gulf. Finnish President Tarja Halonen and Estonian Ilves said that the countries were closely President Toomas Hendrik Ilves in Helsinki, 14 connected also in economic terms. He underlined March. that Finnish investments accounted for one fifth of the total investments into Estonia and Estonian companies were getting more and more interested FOREIGN NEWS in expanding to Finland. Halonen, Ilves Agreed that Strength of EU Is He said that in order to preserve the rising in Finland’s and Estonia’s Interest trend of economic development in the Baltic Sea area all innovative efforts would have to be Mar 14 - Estonian President Toomas Hendrik Ilves, united. "A good example in point is the science currently on a state visit to Finland, met with bridge between Tallinn Technical University and Finnish President Tarja Halonen; both share the Helsinki University in the joint acquisition and use view that the strength of the European Union (EU) is of labs and technical equipment," Ilves said.
    [Show full text]
  • Finnish and Swedish Policies on the EU and NATO As Security Organisations
    POST-NEUTRAL OR PRE-ALLIED? Finnish and Swedish Policies on the EU and NATO as Security Organisations Tapani Vaahtoranta Faculty Member Geneva Center for Security Policy email: [email protected] Tuomas Forsberg Director Finnish Institute of International Affairs email: [email protected] Working Papers 29 (2000) Ulkopoliittinen instituutti (UPI) The Finnish Institute of International Affairs Tapani Vaahtoranta - Tuomas Forsberg POST-NEUTRAL OR PRE-ALLIED? Finnish and Swedish Policies on the EU and NATO as Security Organisations This report was made possible by NATO Research Fellowships Programme 1998/2000. We would also like to thank Niklas Forsström for his contribution in preparing the report as well as Jan Hyllander and Hanna Ojanen for comments on earlier drafts. We are also grateful to Fredrik Vahlquist of the Swedish Embassy in Helsinki and Pauli Järvenpää of the Finnish Representation to NATO who were helpful in organizing our fact finding trips to Stockholm in November 1999 and to Brussels in April 2000. Finally, Kirsi Reyes, Timo Brock and Mikko Metsämäki helped to finalise this Working Paper. 2 Contents Finland and Sweden: Twins, Sisters, or Cousins? 3 The Past: Neutrals or “Neutrals”? 7 Deeds: The Line Drawn 14 Words: The Line Explained 19 The Debate: The Line Challenged 27 Public Opinion: The Line Supported 34 The Future Line 37 3 Finland and Sweden: Twins, Sisters, or Cousins? At the beginning of the 21st century – a decade after the end of the Cold War – two major developments characterise the transformation of the European security landscape. The first development is the NATO enlargement and its evolving strategic concept that was applied in the Kosovo conflict.
    [Show full text]
  • Address by Her Excellency Tarja Halonen, President of the Republic of Finland
    International Labour Conference Provisional Record 7 100th Session, Geneva, June 2011 Special sitting Wednesday, 1 June 2011, 12.20 p.m. President: Mr Nkili crisis broke around us, and you did not hesitate to ADDRESS BY HER EXCELLENCY TARJA HALONEN, attend the ILO Summit on the Global Jobs Crisis in PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF FINLAND 2009 to lend your support to the call for recovery with jobs and social protection within the frame- Original French: The PRESIDENT work of the Decent Work Agenda. The International Labour Conference has the great Finally, on a personal note, by taking a stand for honour of receiving today Her Excellency Ms Tarja human rights and democracy, you have also been a Halonen, President of the Republic of Finland. very good friend to my home country, Chile, par- Ms Halonen is a friend of the ILO. We owe an ticularly during the period of dictatorship. awful lot to her. In particular, she co-chaired the Your Excellency, our Conference is about to get World Commission on the Social Dimension of down to the business of improving the world of Globalization. Allow me to give the floor to the work and deliberating on the qualitative policy Secretary-General of the Conference, Mr Juan shifts needed to secure a new era of social justice Somavia, who will welcome and introduce her. and decent work for all. The distinctive combination The SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE CONFERENCE of idealism and common sense, reflection and ac- Your Excellency, people in the ILO feel really tion, experience and forward thinking that you bring close to you and what you have contributed to this to this House, will be invaluable at the start of our House.
    [Show full text]
  • WIDER Annual Lecture 17 Egalitarian Principles
    Annual WIDER Lecture 17 www.wider.unu.edu MARTTI AHTISAARI Egalitarian Principles: The Foundation for Sustainable Peace UNU-WIDER is a leading global think tank providing independent and interdisciplinary research, analysis and policy advice on global issues with the aim of promoting sustainable and equitable development. UNU WIDER BOARD Chair Professor Ernest Aryeetey Vice Chancellor, University of Ghana Members Professor Anne Case Princeton University Professor Roberto Frenkel Centro de Estudios de Estado y Sociedad (CEDES) Dr Pasi Hellman Nordic Development Fund Professor Ravi Kanbur Cornell University Professor Elisabeth Sadoulet University of California at Berkeley Dr Ling Zhu Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Ex officio Dr David M. Malone Rector of UNU Professor Finn Tarp Director of UNU-WIDER See more The United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER) is a leading global think tank providing independent and interdisciplinary research, analysis and policy advice on global issues with the aim of promoting sustainable and equitable development. UNU-WIDER began operations in 1985 in Helsinki, Finland, as the first Institute of the United Nations University. The Institute is financed from an endowment fund with additional contributions from Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Republic of Korea, South Africa, and the United Kingdom. UNU World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER) Katajanokanlaituri 6 B 00160 Helsinki, Finland Copyright ©UNU-WIDER 2014 Typescript prepared by Lisa WInkler at UNU-WIDER Printed at Forssa Print The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s). Publication does not imply endorsement by the Institute or UN University of any of the views expressed.
    [Show full text]
  • Presidentmarttiahtisaari Biography * Former Presidentof the Republic
    President Martti Ahtisaari * Biography Former President of the Republic of Finland Chairman of the Board of the Crisis Management Initiative President Martti Ahtisaari was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for 2008 for his important efforts, over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts. Curriculum vitae Former President of the Republic of Finland Born 1937 Mr. Ahtisaari was elected President of the Republic of Finland in February 1994. He held office from the 1st of March 1994 to the 29th of February 2000. Upon leaving office, Mr. Ahtisaari founded Crisis Management Initiative, where he is the Chairman of the Board. Between 2000 and 2008 Martti Ahtisaari has engaged in various tasks involved in peace mediation and conflict resolution. In 2005 he facilitated the peace process between the Government of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement. Between 14 November 2005 and 29 February 2008 Mr. Ahtisaari acted as the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General of the United Nations for the future status process for Kosovo. Martti Ahtisaari is the laureate of the Nobel Peace Prize 2008. Professional History Martti Ahtisaari has served most of his career as a civil servant in the Finnish Foreign Ministry and the United Nations. Various posts in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, 1965-1973. Ambassador of Finland to the United Republic of Tanzania, 1973-1976, accredited to Zambia, Somalia and Mozambique (1975-1976) Member of the Senate of the UN Institute for Namibia, 1975-1976. United Nations Commissioner for Namibia, 1977-1981. Special Representative of the Secretary General for Namibia, 1978-1988. 2 Under-Secretary of State in charge of International Development Co-operation in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, 1984-1986.
    [Show full text]
  • Mandela's Vision for a Better World
    Mandela’s vision for a better world LONDON, UNDER EMBARGO UNTIL 18 JULY 09:00 (UTC+1) Tuesday 18th July 2017, International Nelson Mandela Day, 09:00 (UTC+1) The Elders, an international group of ex-world leaders founded by Nelson Mandela, releases a short documentary celebrating their ten years of work across the globe. The film features never-before seen footage of Nelson Mandela, President Carter and Richard Branson meeting in 2007 to set the agenda of their work. The film’s launch coincides with both Nelson Mandela’s birthday and International Nelson Mandela Day. Tuesday 18th July 2017 marks a significant milestone for The Elders as they celebrate ten years since Nelson Mandela founded the group, brought together for peace, justice and human rights. The group will gather in Cape Town to celebrate a decade of accomplishments with a screening of the documentary, and to launch their latest campaign, Walk Together; which aims to show solidarity with those who are most downtrodden and vulnerable in today’s world. "We have nothing to lose, we have our careers behind us. So we should be free to raise our voices and steer people in the right direction.”- Kofi Annan, Chair of The Elders, former UN Secretary-General and Nobel Peace Laureate. The film begins with footage from The Elders’ first meeting in 2007, and includes unseen footage of Nelson Mandela with accompanying interviews from President and Nobel Peace Laureate, Jimmy Carter; Co-Founder of The Elders, Graça Machel; and first female President of Ireland, Mary Robinson. The documentary celebrates their work across the world, providing insight into the delicate negotiations that have gone on to address conflicts and geopolitical tensions in Iran, the Korean Peninsula, Cyprus and Israel/Palestine, and the group’s public advocacy on issues such as climate change, child marriage, equality for girls and women, and refugees and migration.
    [Show full text]
  • Jimmy Carter
    Jimmy Carter Former President of the United States, Nobel Peace Laureate and veteran peace negotiator; dedicated to advancing peace, democracy and health worldwide. • 39th President of the United States of America 1977-1981 • Nobel Peace Laureate 2002 • Founder of the Carter Center • Author of 28 books, including “A Call to Action: Women, Religion, Violence and Power” (2014) "We need to form partnerships with people and organisations already there, doing outstanding work." Work with The Elders A forthright and principled advocate for human rights and democracy, President Carter has been a member of The Elders since its founding in 2007. In October that year he joined The Elders’ mission to Sudan, highlighting the continuing atrocities and the displacement of millions of people in Darfur. He returned to Khartoum in May 2012 as part of a two-stage visit to the region to encourage dialogue between Sudan and South Sudan. In November 2008, after a group of Elders was denied entry to Zimbabwe, President Carter expressed deep disappointment at the years of corruption, mismanagement and oppression by Zimbabwe’s leadership and called on the international community to respond urgently to the escalating humanitarian crisis in the country. He joined The Elders’ delegations to the Middle East in August 2009 and October 2010, travelling to Israel, the West Bank, Egypt, Jordan and Syria to support efforts to advance an Arab-Israeli peace. In October 2012, he visited Israel, the West Bank and Egypt to draw attention to the imperilled two-state solution and lend support to the Egyptian democratic transition. Jimmy Carter led The Elders delegation to Israel and Palestine in May 2015.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Networks of Mediation: Prospects and Avenues for Finland As a Peacemaker
    FIIA REPORT 32 FIIA REPORT 32 Global Global networks of mediation networks of Prospects and avenues for Finland as a peacemaker mediation Touko Piiparinen and Ville Brummer (eds.) This report analyses the evolving field of global peace mediation and examine different institutional solutions, cooperation mechanisms and Prospects and avenues for Finland as a peacemaker modes of action which Finland could adopt to perform successful mediation and to develop its mediation capacities. Touko Piiparinen and Ville Brummer (eds.) Today’s peace mediation involves a greater number and diversity of actors than ever before. States can no longer function as unitary actors, utilising governmental resources and official structures alone. Rather, states are embedded in global networks of regional and non-governmental actors such as local civil society actors and private diplomacy organisations, which they have to rely on in implementing mediation and negotiation processes. Therefore, the interface between official and unofficial sectors is becoming an ever more timely research object in the study of mediation. The present report will first aim to clarify the conceptual and theoretical framework of global networks of mediation and analyse their operations and structures. Upon that basis, the report will proceed to examine different approaches of states in mediation, their linkages to other actors and particularly Finland’s prospects as a peacemaker. ISBN 978-951-769-335-6 ISSN 1458-994X www.fiia.fi Global networks of mediation Prospects and avenues for
    [Show full text]
  • Kekkonen, Niinistö Ja Koivisto Arvostetuimmat Presidentit
    TIEDOTE 1 Kansalaiset: Kekkonen, Niinistö ja Koivisto arvostetuimmat presidentit Kaikkien aikojen arvostetuimmiksi tasavallan presidenteiksi nousevat Urho Kekkonen ja Sauli Niinistö, käy ilmi KAKS – Kunnallisalan kehittämissäätiön kansalaistutkimuksesta. Noin puolet (49 %) suomalaisista asettaa Kekkosen kolmen eniten arvostamansa presidentin joukkoon. Kekkosen niskaan hengittää istuva tasavallan presidentti Niinistö, jonka myös lähes joka toinen (45 %) valitsee kolmen arvostetuimman joukkoon. Kolmanneksi arvostetuin on Mauno Koivisto (35 %). Itsenäisyyden ajan neljä ensimmäistä tasavallan presidenttiä sijoittuvat kansalaisten arvostuslistalla tyveen. Tulos ei tarkoita, etteikö heitä arvostettaisi, mutta tänä päivänä vähemmän kuin kolmea kärkeen sijoittunutta. Todennäköisesti ainakin nuoremmalle osalle väestöä heidän saavutuksensa ovat tuntemattomia. Sen sijaan neljä viimeisintä presidenttiä ovat kaikki kuuden arvostetuimman joukossa. Naiset arvostavat Halosta ja Koivistoa enemmän kuin miehet Miesten ja naisten välillä on eroa arvostuksissa. Kekkosen ja Niinistön arvostus on tosin suurinta molemmissa ryhmissä. Naiset antavat kuitenkin tunnustusta keskimäärää useammin etenkin Tarja Haloselle ja Mauno Koivistolle. Miehistä vain joka viides (22 %) sijoittaa Halosen kolmen arvostetuimman joukkoon, naisista kaksi viidestä (39 %). Miesten parissa mainitaan naisia useammin Ryti, Mannerheim ja Paasikivi. Halosen ja Ahtisaaren arvostus on hivenen korkeampaa nuorimman ikäluokan keskuudessa. Tulos kielii siitä, että etenkin alle 35-vuotiaat naiset
    [Show full text]
  • Digitalisation Beyond Borders: a Case Study of Estonia and Finland's
    Digitalisation Beyond Borders: A Case Study of Estonia and Finland’s Collaboration on Cross-Border Information and Communication Technology Development By: Rebecca Curry Student ID number: 1744828 Adviser’s name: Dr. Rod Dacombe Department of study: Political Economy Programme of study: MA Public Policy Word count: 15,480 2 Table of Contents I. Introduction I.1. Research question and hypothesis…………………………………………………….7 I.2. Justification……………………………………………………………………………8 I.3. Structure……………………………………………………………………………….9 I.4. Terms………………………………………………………………………………….9 II. Methodology II.1. Data collection……………………………………………………………………....11 II.2. Analysis…………………………………………………………………………….12 II.3. Limitations………………………………………………………………………….13 III. Literature Review III.1. Overview of multinational e-government Collaboration………………………….15 III.2. E-government information sharing, integration and interoperability……………...17 III.3. Central debates……………………………………………………………………..18 IV. Theoretical Framework IV.1. Underpinnings of the framework………………………………………………….20 IV.1.1 Border theory…………………………………………………………….20 IV.1.2 Collaborative governance theory…………………………………………22 IV.1.3 Inter-organizational cooperation theory………………………………….24 IV.1.4 Integration and interoperability theory…………………………………...25 IV.1.5. Value network theory……………………………………………………26 IV.2. ‘Multinational e-government collaboration, information-sharing, and interoperability’ framework……………………………………………………...27 V. Case Study V.1. Case: Estonia and Finland’s cross-border collaboration on ICT development……..30 V.1.1 Building
    [Show full text]