DOCSLIB.ORG

Peacekeeping FM

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Peacekeeping FM Peacekeeping_4_v11.qxd 2/2/06 5:06 PM Page 82 4.1 Aceh, Indonesia The December 2004 tsunami offered an unex- 1945. Formed in 1976, the GAM, developed pected political opportunity for peacemaking in into a de facto government of the province the Indonesian province of Aceh, site of a long- with its own tax system and armed forces. running insurgency. The need to cooperate on a But from 1990 to 1998 the Indonesian army large-scale humanitarian operation brought and paramilitary forces mounted counterin- about tentative reconciliation between the gov- surgency operations, reportedly claiming one ernment of Indonesia and the separatist Free thousand lives. The 1998 fall of President Aceh Movement (Gerakan Aceh Merdeka Haji Mohamed Suharto offered an opportu- [GAM]). A memorandum of understanding nity for peace—in 2001 Megawati Sukarno- signed on 15 August 2005 outlined steps in that putri gained the presidency on a platform that direction, including demilitarization and Indo- included peace in Aceh. nesian troop withdrawal. The European Union In December 2002, Indonesia and GAM and five members of the Association of South- signed a framework agreement on the cessa- east Asian Nations (ASEAN) deployed the 250- tion of hostilities, which included provisions strong Aceh Monitoring Mission (AMM) to ob- for third-party monitoring. After prolonged serve its implementation, which became opera- negotiations failed to achieve progress on tional on 15 September 2005. While the AMM’s Aceh’s political status, President Megawati mandate is limited, it is the EU’s first in Asia and authorized new military operations against the the first such collaboration between the EU and GAM in May 2003. But violence never re- ASEAN countries. turned to pre-2002 levels and even before the Aceh has been a center of resistance to tsunami there was a new impetus for peace. The the Indonesian government since the country International Crisis Group (ICG) has claimed gained independence from the Netherlands in that in October 2004 the new Indonesian gov- ernment of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoy- ono reached a secret agreement with exiled GAM leaders on the cessation of hostilities. EU Aceh Monitoring Mission (AMM) The tsunami provided both sides with the opportunity to make difficult public political • Authorization date 9 September 2005 (Joint Council choices. Immediately following the tragedy, Action 2005/643/CFSP) GAM declared a unilateral cease-fire so as to • Start date September 2005 allow humanitarian aid to be delivered. It also • Head of mission Pieter Feith (Netherlands) sent representatives to talks in Helsinki, mod- • Budget as of $18.1 million (2005) erated by an independent nongovernmental 30 September 2005 organization, the Crisis Management Initiative • Strength as of Military observers: 216 (CMI), founded by former Finnish president 30 September 2005 Martti Ahtisaari. Five rounds of talks produced the August Memorandum, which formally 82 Peacekeeping_4_v11.qxd 2/2/06 5:06 PM Page 83 ACEH, INDONESIA • 83 ended the violence, offered an amnesty to are complemented by mobile decommissioning imprisoned GAM members, and prompted the teams. While the mission includes a number of deployment of the AMM. former military personnel, it is an unarmed The AMM’s main purpose is to observe civilian force—the Indonesian government implementation of the August Memorandum. bears responsibility for its security. Formally, it has acted on the invitation of the By the end of September 2005 the AMM Indonesian government and with the full sup- had overseen the first stage of withdrawal of port of the GAM. Its tasks include monitoring Indonesian troops and the destruction of the demobilization of the GAM, assisting in the first batch of weapons surrendered by the decommissioning of its arms, as well as the GAM. In this period, 6,671 Indonesian military withdrawal of Indonesian forces, the mainte- and around 1,300 police moved out of Aceh, nance of human rights, and the development and a total of 243 arms were handed over by of new legislation affecting the province. the GAM. The next phase was launched the While it has the right to rule on disputed day before its 15 October deadline and con- amnesty cases, the AMM is not empowered cluded in ten days. With all parties apparently to take on the role of facilitator or negotiator, keen to keep up this pace, military and police which remain the prerogative of the CMI. withdrawals concluded on 29 December and 5 The European Union’s Political and Secu- January, respectively. The only Indonesian rity Committee (PSC) is responsible for the Security personnel left in the province were AMM’s political control and strategic guid- native to it. ance, under overall authority of the Council of Nonetheless, some difficulties arose in the EU. The head of the mission is a senior the amnesty process. By early October 2005, Council official, Pieter Feith, supported by a the GAM was concerned that around a hun- principal deputy from Thailand, Lieutenant dred of its members had not yet been released General Nipat Thonglek, and two EU deputies. by the Indonesian government. Ambassador The initial mandate was six months. Disarma- Feith declared his determination to pursue ment and troop withdrawals in Aceh were this issue, and was optimistic that a solution scheduled to be completed by 31 December, would be found by the mission’s conclusion. with the mission scheduled to end on 15 The delivery of assistance to former GAM March 2006. members, organized by the International The AMM is a fully integrated operation Organization for Migration (IOM) and moni- under EU leadership, with 130 personnel from tored by the AMM, also encountered difficul- the EU, plus Norway and Switzerland. Another ties, as the GAM refused to reveal their names ninety-six staff are supplied by five “ASEAN for security reasons. contributing countries”—Brunei, Malaysia, As the demobilization process continued, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand—which the focus of the AMM began to shift toward are involved in the mission in their own right monitoring human rights. Human right experts rather than representing ASEAN. The mission were scheduled to gradually replace arms spe- headquarters are in the regional capital of cialists within the mission. A decision on extend- Banda Aceh, with monitoring cells located in ing the AMM beyond its six-month mandate ten district offices across the province. These was scheduled to be made by January 2006..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Address Given by Martti Ahtisaari on Finland's Accession to the European Union (Tampere, 24 September 1994)
    Address given by Martti Ahtisaari on Finland's accession to the European Union (Tampere, 24 September 1994) Caption: On 24 September 1994, one month before the referendum held in Finland on the country’s accession to the European Union, Martti Ahtisaari, President of Finland, gives his views on the issue of the country’s independence in the European Union. Source: Speech given by President Martti Ahtisaari in Tampere, September 24, 1994. [ON-LINE]. [Helsinki]: The President of the Republic of Finland 1994-2000, Updated 18.02.2000[28.07.2003]. Disponible sur http://www.valtioneuvosto.fi/tpk/eng/speeches/speech_texts-1994.html. Copyright: (c) President of the Republic of Finland 1994-2000 URL: http://www.cvce.eu/obj/address_given_by_martti_ahtisaari_on_finland_s_accession_to_the_european_union_tampere_2 4_september_1994-en-c995d6d2-217c-4a74-a1b6-d1789fa613f2.html Publication date: 04/09/2012 1 / 4 04/09/2012 Independent Finland and European Integration We are currently preparing ourselves for the referendum that will decide whether Finland becomes a member of the European Union. At the same time, the international community is gradually putting an end to a half century of political division. There are more support and potential now for cooperation and reconciliation than ever before. The international community now has a real chance to create a better and more secure tomorrow. Finland faces a historic choice. As a nation, we now find ourselves in the fortunate position of not being forced by any outsiders into making it. We really are the shapers of our own destiny. The coming advisory referendum will be the first we have ever arranged on a foreign policy issue.
    [Show full text]
  • WIDER Annual Lecture 17 Egalitarian Principles
    Annual WIDER Lecture 17 www.wider.unu.edu MARTTI AHTISAARI Egalitarian Principles: The Foundation for Sustainable Peace UNU-WIDER is a leading global think tank providing independent and interdisciplinary research, analysis and policy advice on global issues with the aim of promoting sustainable and equitable development. UNU WIDER BOARD Chair Professor Ernest Aryeetey Vice Chancellor, University of Ghana Members Professor Anne Case Princeton University Professor Roberto Frenkel Centro de Estudios de Estado y Sociedad (CEDES) Dr Pasi Hellman Nordic Development Fund Professor Ravi Kanbur Cornell University Professor Elisabeth Sadoulet University of California at Berkeley Dr Ling Zhu Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Ex officio Dr David M. Malone Rector of UNU Professor Finn Tarp Director of UNU-WIDER See more The United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER) is a leading global think tank providing independent and interdisciplinary research, analysis and policy advice on global issues with the aim of promoting sustainable and equitable development. UNU-WIDER began operations in 1985 in Helsinki, Finland, as the first Institute of the United Nations University. The Institute is financed from an endowment fund with additional contributions from Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Republic of Korea, South Africa, and the United Kingdom. UNU World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER) Katajanokanlaituri 6 B 00160 Helsinki, Finland Copyright ©UNU-WIDER 2014 Typescript prepared by Lisa WInkler at UNU-WIDER Printed at Forssa Print The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s). Publication does not imply endorsement by the Institute or UN University of any of the views expressed.
    [Show full text]
  • Presidentmarttiahtisaari Biography * Former Presidentof the Republic
    President Martti Ahtisaari * Biography Former President of the Republic of Finland Chairman of the Board of the Crisis Management Initiative President Martti Ahtisaari was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for 2008 for his important efforts, over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts. Curriculum vitae Former President of the Republic of Finland Born 1937 Mr. Ahtisaari was elected President of the Republic of Finland in February 1994. He held office from the 1st of March 1994 to the 29th of February 2000. Upon leaving office, Mr. Ahtisaari founded Crisis Management Initiative, where he is the Chairman of the Board. Between 2000 and 2008 Martti Ahtisaari has engaged in various tasks involved in peace mediation and conflict resolution. In 2005 he facilitated the peace process between the Government of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement. Between 14 November 2005 and 29 February 2008 Mr. Ahtisaari acted as the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General of the United Nations for the future status process for Kosovo. Martti Ahtisaari is the laureate of the Nobel Peace Prize 2008. Professional History Martti Ahtisaari has served most of his career as a civil servant in the Finnish Foreign Ministry and the United Nations. Various posts in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, 1965-1973. Ambassador of Finland to the United Republic of Tanzania, 1973-1976, accredited to Zambia, Somalia and Mozambique (1975-1976) Member of the Senate of the UN Institute for Namibia, 1975-1976. United Nations Commissioner for Namibia, 1977-1981. Special Representative of the Secretary General for Namibia, 1978-1988. 2 Under-Secretary of State in charge of International Development Co-operation in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, 1984-1986.
    [Show full text]
  • Mandela's Vision for a Better World
    Mandela’s vision for a better world LONDON, UNDER EMBARGO UNTIL 18 JULY 09:00 (UTC+1) Tuesday 18th July 2017, International Nelson Mandela Day, 09:00 (UTC+1) The Elders, an international group of ex-world leaders founded by Nelson Mandela, releases a short documentary celebrating their ten years of work across the globe. The film features never-before seen footage of Nelson Mandela, President Carter and Richard Branson meeting in 2007 to set the agenda of their work. The film’s launch coincides with both Nelson Mandela’s birthday and International Nelson Mandela Day. Tuesday 18th July 2017 marks a significant milestone for The Elders as they celebrate ten years since Nelson Mandela founded the group, brought together for peace, justice and human rights. The group will gather in Cape Town to celebrate a decade of accomplishments with a screening of the documentary, and to launch their latest campaign, Walk Together; which aims to show solidarity with those who are most downtrodden and vulnerable in today’s world. "We have nothing to lose, we have our careers behind us. So we should be free to raise our voices and steer people in the right direction.”- Kofi Annan, Chair of The Elders, former UN Secretary-General and Nobel Peace Laureate. The film begins with footage from The Elders’ first meeting in 2007, and includes unseen footage of Nelson Mandela with accompanying interviews from President and Nobel Peace Laureate, Jimmy Carter; Co-Founder of The Elders, Graça Machel; and first female President of Ireland, Mary Robinson. The documentary celebrates their work across the world, providing insight into the delicate negotiations that have gone on to address conflicts and geopolitical tensions in Iran, the Korean Peninsula, Cyprus and Israel/Palestine, and the group’s public advocacy on issues such as climate change, child marriage, equality for girls and women, and refugees and migration.
    [Show full text]
  • Jimmy Carter
    Jimmy Carter Former President of the United States, Nobel Peace Laureate and veteran peace negotiator; dedicated to advancing peace, democracy and health worldwide. • 39th President of the United States of America 1977-1981 • Nobel Peace Laureate 2002 • Founder of the Carter Center • Author of 28 books, including “A Call to Action: Women, Religion, Violence and Power” (2014) "We need to form partnerships with people and organisations already there, doing outstanding work." Work with The Elders A forthright and principled advocate for human rights and democracy, President Carter has been a member of The Elders since its founding in 2007. In October that year he joined The Elders’ mission to Sudan, highlighting the continuing atrocities and the displacement of millions of people in Darfur. He returned to Khartoum in May 2012 as part of a two-stage visit to the region to encourage dialogue between Sudan and South Sudan. In November 2008, after a group of Elders was denied entry to Zimbabwe, President Carter expressed deep disappointment at the years of corruption, mismanagement and oppression by Zimbabwe’s leadership and called on the international community to respond urgently to the escalating humanitarian crisis in the country. He joined The Elders’ delegations to the Middle East in August 2009 and October 2010, travelling to Israel, the West Bank, Egypt, Jordan and Syria to support efforts to advance an Arab-Israeli peace. In October 2012, he visited Israel, the West Bank and Egypt to draw attention to the imperilled two-state solution and lend support to the Egyptian democratic transition. Jimmy Carter led The Elders delegation to Israel and Palestine in May 2015.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2017 Dialogue in Divided Societies
    Annual Report 2017 Dialogue in Divided Societies Presented by It is a great honor for Augsburg University to be host and home to the Nobel Peace Prize Forum in Minneapolis with our many organizing partners, including the University of Minnesota. On behalf of all the student and faculty attendees, thank you for supporting us in the work of sending out into the world better informed and equipped peacemakers. — Paul C. Pribbenow, Augsburg University President GREETINGS FROM THE PROGRAM DIRECTOR reetings from the office of the Nobel Peace Prize Forum, hosted at Augsburg University. It has been a momentous year, with the return of the Forum to the Augsburg campus as we marked our transition from a college to a university. This year’s return to campus and the Cedar-Riverside community refocused on both student and community involvement, with an increased emphasis on action and engagement with ongoing peacemaking efforts. The Grepresentatives of the Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet—our honored laureates this year—were gracious, wise, and good-humored. It was easy to see how they were able to bring together the fractious parties in Tunisia to foster a pluralistic democratic system during a time of serious risks of social fragmentation and violence. More than 1,700 people attended the 2017 Forum, triple the level from 2016, and this year’s participants engaged with a rich array of accomplished guests and speakers. We were pleased to host the Secretary of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, Olav Njølstad, and appreciated his willingness to participate during the busy weeks leading up to the October 6 announcement of the 2017 Nobel Peace Prize recipient.
    [Show full text]
  • Officers of the UNICEF Executive Board, 1946–2020
    Officers of the UNICEF Executive Board, 1946–2020 Since 1994, the work of the UNICEF Executive Board has been coordinated by the Bureau, comprising the President and four Vice-Presidents, who represent the five regional groups. From 1946 to 1993, the officers of the Executive Board formed a Governing Council that included the Chairman and four Vice-Chairmen.1 BUREAU (SINCE 1994) 2020 H. E. Ms. Rabab Fatima Bangladesh President H.E. Mr. Omar Hilale Morocco Vice-Presidents H.E. Ms. Audra Plepytė Lithuania H.E. Mr. João Genésio de Almeida Filho Brazil Mr. Dominique Michel Favre/Ms. Christine Monique Schneeberger2 Switzerland 2019 H.E. Mr. Omar Hilale3 Morocco President H.E. Mr. Masud Bin Momen Bangladesh Vice-Presidents H.E. Mrs. Marie Chatardová Czechia Mr. Omar Castañeda Solares4 . Guatemala H.E. Ms. Louise Blais Canada 2018 President H.E. Mr. Tore Hattrem Norway Vice-Presidents H.E. Mr. Rubén Armando Escalante Hasbún El Salvador H.E. Mr. Tekeda Alemu / H.E. Taye Atske Sellassie Amde5 Ethiopia H.E. Mr. Durga Prasad Bhattarai / Mr. Nirmal Raj Kafle6 Nepal H.E. Mr. Miloš Vukašinović / Ms. Šejla Đurbuzović7 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2017 President H.E. Mr. Walton Alfonso Webson Antigua and Barbuda Vice-Presidents H.E. Mr. Abdallah Y. Al-Mouallimi Saudi Arabia H.E. Mr. Yemdaogo Eric Tiare Burkina Faso H.E. Ms. May-Elin Stener Norway Ms. Irina Velichko Belarus 2016 President H.E. Mr. Sven Jürgenson Estonia Vice-Presidents H.E. Mr. Durga Prasad Bhattarai Nepal H.E. Mr. Walton Alfonso Webson Antigua and Barbuda H.E. Mr. Elmahdi S.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Participants ◼
    ECFR ANNUAL COUNCIL MEETING 27 -28 June 2016 #ECFR16 ◼ LIST OF PARTICIPANTS ◼ A Asger Aamund (Denmark) President and CEO, A. J. Aamund A/S; Chairman of Bavarian Nordic A/S Rebecca Adler-Nissen (Denmark) Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Copenhagen @RebAdlerNissen Martti Ahtisaari (Finland) Emeritus Chair, ECFR; former President of Finland Yoeri Albrecht (The Netherlands) Director, De Balie @YoeriAlbrecht Douglas Alexander (United Kingdom) Former Secretary of State for International Development @D_G_Alexander Joaquín Almunia (Spain) Former Vice President of the European Commission and Commissioner for Competition @AlmuniaJoaquin Luís Amado (Portugal) Former Minister of Foreign Affairs; former Minister of Defence Giampiero Auletta Armenise (Italy) Chairman, Rothschild Bank (Italy) B Gordon Bajnai (Hungary) Former Prime Minister @Bajnai_Gordon Kostas Bakoyannis (Greece) Governor of Central Greece @KBakoyannis Host partners Sponsors ECFR ANNUAL COUNCIL MEETING 27 -28 June 2016 #ECFR16 Juraj Bayer (Slovakia) CFO and Member of the Board, ZSE Energia Dick Benschop (The Netherlands) President Director, Shell Netherlands @DickBenschop Carl Bildt (Sweden) Co-chair of the Board of ECFR; former Prime Minister; former Minister of Foreign Affairs @carlbildt Emma Bonino (Italy) Co-chair of the Board of ECFR; former Minister of Foreign Affairs @emmabonino Stine Bosse (Denmark) Chairman, Non-Executive Board Member; Adjunct Professor, Copenhagen Business School @BosseStine Sandra Breka (Germany) Senior Vice President, Robert Bosch
    [Show full text]
  • Nobel Peace Prize - True Or False?
    Nobel Peace Prize - True or False? ___ 1 T he Nobel Peace Prize is ___ 7 The Nobel Peace Prize given every two years. ceremony is held each year in December. ___ 2 T he Nobel Peace Prize is n amed after a scientist. ___ 8 The Nobel Peace Prize winner is chosen by a ___ 3 A lfred Nobel was from c ommittee from Sweden. G ermany. ___ 9 T he prize can only be given ___ 4 N obel became very rich from t o one person each time. his invention – a new gasoline engine. ___ 10 T he Nobel Peace Prize consists of a medal, a ___ 5 There are six dierent Nobel diploma and some money. Prizes. ___ 6 The rst Peace Prize was awarded in 1946 . Nobel Peace Prize - True or False? ___F 1 T he Nobel Peace Prize is ___T 7 The Nobel Peace Prize given every two years. Every year ceremony is held each year in December. ___T 2 T he Nobel Peace Prize is n amed after a scientist. ___F 8 The Nobel Peace Prize winner is chosen by a Norway ___F 3 A lfred Nobel was from c ommittee from Sweden. G ermany. Sweden ___F 9 T he prize can only be given ___F 4 N obel became very rich from t o one person each time. Two or his invention – a new more gasoline engine. He got rich from ___T 10 T he Nobel Peace Prize dynamite T consists of a medal, a ___ 5 There are six dierent Nobel diploma and some money.
    [Show full text]
  • November 10, 2003
    November 10, 2003 Note: This report has been compiled from publicly available information. Although information has been gathered from reliable sources the currency and completeness of the information reported herein is subject to change and cannot be guaranteed. Inquiries, updates and comments are welcome and should be directed to PDMIN team at [email protected]. 1 Routes for Humanitarian Aid Country Supply Routes Supply Routes Comments From: To: Iskenderun (port) Turkey Mersin (port) North Open for humanitarian supplies Silopi Bandar Imam Khomeni (Port) South Open for humanitarian supplies Iran Ahwaz Kermanshah Northeast Open for humanitarian supplies Shipping Open for humanitarian supplies; Iraq South, Central Umm Qasr (port) High charges limit use Open for humanitarian supplies; Kuwait Kuwait City (port) South, Central Also military use Aqaba (port) Jordan Central Open for humanitarian supplies Ar Ruwayshid Latakia (port) Central Abu Kamal Tartus (port) Syria Beirut, Lebanon (port) Central Open for humanitarian supplies Al Tanf Al Yarubiyeh North Open for humanitarian supplies Note: This report has been compiled from publicly available information. Although information has been gathered from reliable sources the currency and completeness of the information reported herein is subject to change and cannot be guaranteed. Inquiries, updates and comments are welcome and should be directed to PDMIN team at [email protected]. 2 Overview Humanitarian Situation: Continued concern about attacks on “soft” targets, security, sabotage, lethal
    [Show full text]
  • New Roles for NATO and the Changing Nature of Transatlantic Relations
    Occasional Paper Series Sword or Ploughshare? New Roles for NATO and the Changing Nature of Transatlantic Relations By Dr. Olaf Theiler GEORGE C. MARSHALL EUROPEAN CENTER FOR SECURITY STUDIES No. 17 February 2008 ISSN 1863-6039 The George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies The George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies is a leading transatlantic defense educational and security studies institution. It is bilaterally supported by the U.S. and German governments and dedicated to the creation of a more stable security environment by advancing democratic defense institutions and relationships; promoting active, peaceful engagement; and enhancing enduring partnerships among the nations of North America, Europe, and Eurasia. The Marshall Center Occasional Paper Series The Marshall Center Occasional Paper Series seeks to further the legacy of the Center’s namesake, General George C. Marshall, by disseminating scholarly essays that contribute to his ideal of ensuring that Europe and Eurasia are democratic, free, undivided, and at peace. Papers selected for this series are meant to identify, discuss, and influence current defense related security issues. The Marshall Center Occasional Paper Series focus is on comparative and interdisciplinary topics, including international security and democratic defense management, civil-military relations, strategy formulation, terrorism studies, defense planning, arms control, peacekeeping, crisis management, regional and cooperative security. The Marshall Center Occasional Papers are written by Marshall Center faculty and staff, Marshall Center alumni, or by individual, invited contributors, and are disseminated online and in a paper version. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the George C.
    [Show full text]
  • Martti Ahtisaari, Former President of Finland, Receives 2000 Fulbright Prize for International Understanding He Fulbright Association Awarded the 2000 J
    Martti Ahtisaari, Former President of Finland, Receives 2000 Fulbright Prize for International Understanding he Fulbright Association awarded the 2000 J. William Fulbright Prize for T International Understanding to Martti Ahtisaari, president of the Republic of Finland from 1994 to 2000, on December 1 at a ceremony at the International Trade Center. The prize, which carries a $50,000 cash award, is made possible by a grant from The Coca-Cola Foundation. (continued on page 12) Martti Ahtisaari diplomat for more than 30 years Africa, playing a key role in ensuring a special representative for the former and president of Finland from smooth transition through free and fair Yugoslavia. A 1994 to 2000, Martti Ahtisaari elections. In appreciation, the Namibian In February 1994 Martti Ahtisaari has served as peacemaker in some of government made President Ahtisaari became the first directly-elected the world's most troubled areas. His an honorary citizen. president of the Republic of Finland. commitments to strengthening civil President Ahtisaari assumed the During his tenure as president, he led society, extending democratic practices, position of secretary of state in the Finland's entry into the European Union and furthering peaceful cooperation Ministry for Foreign Affairs of and took an active role in and coexistence have repeatedly led Finland's foreign and security policy. Since leaving office in foreignseek his governmentsaid in resolving to ~ February 2000, President -----------~-~-~==------Ahtisaari has continued his difficult and violent n-t:A rr.,(C....f..a lit Jtssociation conflicts. 'Lr!K- J 1,,1,W1 v peacemaking efforts. In May the Martti Oiva Kalevi is proudto present British government appointed Ahtisaari was born on him to the team overseeing the June 23, 1937, in the city of r.
    [Show full text]