Department of State Bulletin

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THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN

Volume LXXm No. 1894 October 13, 1975

BUILDING INTERNATIONAL ORDER Address by Secretary Kissinger Before the 30th Regular Session of the U.N. General Assembly 54S

UNITED STATES GIVES VIEWS ON RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY SEVENTH SPECIAL SESSION OF U.N. GENERAL ASSEMBLY Statements by Ambassador Moynihan and Ambassador Myerson and Text of Resolution 557

THE UNITED STATES AND AFRICA: STRENGTHENING THE RELATIONSHIP Toast by Secretary Kissinger 571

THE OFFICIAL WEEKLY RECORD OF UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY

For index see inside hack cover i" THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETI^

Vol. LXXIII, No. 1894

October 13, 1975

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Address by Secretary Kissinger '

At the outset, let me say how pleased we worldwide. And our very presence here sig- re that our deliberations this year take nifies the hope of all nations that disputes lace under the Presidency of the distin- and conflicts can be resolved by cooperative uished Prime Minister of Luxembourg means. Gaston Thorn]. His contribution to Euro- As we deliberate the future, an event of ean cooperation, his diplomatic skills, his potentially vast implication has just been

edication to democracy give us confidence achieved in this organization : the unanimous •«^hat this 30th session will be marked by a agreement produced by the seventh special onstructive and creative spirit. session of the General Assembly on measures And I want also to pay tribute to the dis- to improve the economic condition of man- inguished Secretary General [Kurt Wald- kind. Despite differences of ideology and ap- leim], whose fairness, leadership, and tire- proaches to economic development, the na- ess effort are dedicated to carrying this tions assembled here began to move toward irganization foi^ward into a new era of co- the recognition that our interdependence iperation for world peace. spells either common progress or common This century has seen war and cataclysm disaster, that in our age no nation or group )n an unprecedented scale. It has witnessed of nations can achieve its aims by pressure ;he breakdown of established patterns of or confrontation and that the attempt to do )rder and practices of international conduct. so would damage everyone. They agreed to [t has suffered global economic depression transcend the stereotypes of the past in the and cycles of famine. It has experienced the search for a cooperative future. The special birth of thermonuclear weapons and the pro- session forged a sense of common purpose liferation of armaments around the planet. based on the equality and cooperation of Ours is a world of continuing turmoil and states. Now we must dedicate ourselves to ideological division. implementing this consensus. But this century has also seen the triumph Let us carry forward the spirit of con- of the principle of self-determination and ciliation into the deliberations of this regu- national independence. A truly global com- lar session. Let us address the issues of munity has begun to evolve, reflected in a world peace—the foundation of all else we multitude of institutions of international co- do on this planet—with this same conscious- operation. We have shaped new methods of ness of our common destiny. peaceful settlement, arms limitation, and new It is our common duty to avoid empty institutions to promote economic develop- slogans and endless recriminations. We must ment and to combat hunger and disease instead sustain, strengthen, and extend the international environment we and our pos-

' Made before the 30th United Nations General terity will require for the maintenance of Assembly on Sept. 22 (text from press release 496). peace and the furtherance of progress.

October 13, 1975 545 :

rec

Only in a structure of cooperation can dis- with countries of different ideology or poll ieli

putes be settled and clashes contained. Only cal conviction. ijejiBnit in an atmosphere of conciliation can the in- —We shall always stand ready to assist security of nations, out of which so much the settlement of regional disputes. conflict arises, be eased and habits of com- —We shall intensify our efforts to h; promise and accommodation be nurtured. the spiral of nuclear armament. Social progress, justice, and human rights —We shall strive to improve man's ei can thrive only in an atmosphere of reduced nomic and social condition and to strengths

international tension. the collaboration between developed and dej The United States stands ready to dedi- veloping nations. cate itself to cooperative efforts to harmo- —We shall struggle for the realization nize the different perspectives of the world fundamental human rights. community in creating a new sense of secu- Relations With Allies and Friends rity and well-being. We do so not out of fear, for we are better able to sustain ourselves in America's close ties with the industrii situations of confrontation than most other democracies of North America, Western Eu nations. Nor do we do so out of a sense of rope, and Japan have been the cornerstoiW-igW guilt, for we believe that we have on the of world stability and peace for three deqj uj whole used our power for constructive ends. ades. Today, looking beyond immediate sd ^^ We affirm our curity and defense, we are working togetheK common destiny because of .^^^jj our recognition of global interdependence on a range of new issues. Through our consultations, and because global peace requires it. Indeed, we have begun joint efforts t« there is no realistic alternative to shared re- ease international tensions, to coordinate our national policies sponsibility in dealing with the international for economic recovery | to work together on challenges 1 agenda of peace, security, economic well- common such ) 1 being, and justice. as energy and the environment, and to ad- Let me set forth the views of the United dress the great issues that concern the de- II States on the work we face in each of these veloping countries. areas. These endeavors are in pursuit of universal goals; they are not directed at any nation or group of nations. They are designed! Building for Peace J as building blocks for a broader international Our first and transcendent concern is for community. peace in the world. In the same spirit, the United States has Peace is never automatic. It is more than opened a new dialogue with its neighbors in the absence of war. And it is inseparable Central and Latin America. We have taken from security. important steps toward resolving major A world in which the survival of nations political problems; we have begun close is at the mercy of a few would spell oppres- consultations for cooperation in promoting sion and injustice and fear. There can be no economic and social development. Alliance security without equilibrium and no safety relations in the Western Hemisphere have a without restraint. Only when the rights of long history and great promise for the fu- nations are respected, when accommodation ture. With imagination and dedication, we supplants force, can man's energies be de- can make inter-American cooperation on the voted to the realization of his deepest aspi- tasks of development an example and a pillar rations. of the global community. The United States will pursue the cause of peace with patience and an attitude of con- East-West Relations \ ff ciliation in many spheres Peace, to be secure, must place on a more —We shall nurture and deepen the ties of durable and reliable basis the relations be- cooperation with our friends and allies. tween the nations possessing the means to —We shall strive to improve relations destroy our planet.

546 Department of State Bulletin : In recent years, the bipolar confrontation States has many traditional and deep-rooted of the last generation has given way to the bonds of friendship with the proud peoples beginning of dialogue and an easing of direct of that region. We see widening possibilities conflict. In this body, of all organizations, for practical cooperation as the barriers be- there is surely an appreciation of the global tween East and West in Europe diminish. importance of lessened tension between the There is no relationship to which the nuclear superpowers. All nations have a United States assigns greater significance use stake in its success. When weapons of mass than its new ties with the People's Republic destruction can span continents in minutes, of China. We believe that the well-being and nuclear conflict threatens the survival of all progress of a quarter of humanity is an im- mankind. portant element in global stability. We recognize that the suspicion and ri- The hostility of decades between our two valry of a generation will not be swept away nations has been replaced by a relationship with a document or a conference. Real ideo- of mutual respect which is now a durable logical and political differences exist. We feature of the world scene. It serves not only shall firmly defend our vital interests and the interest of our two countries but also those of our friends. But we shall never lose the broader interests of peace and stability sight of the fact that in our age peace is a in Asia and around the world. President practical necessity as well as a moral im- Ford plans to visit the People's Republic of perative. We shall pursue the relaxation of China later this year to confirm the vitality tensions on the basis of strict reciprocity. of our relationship and to advance the ties We know the difi'erence between posturing between us on the basis of the strict imple- and policy; we will not encourage the belief mentation of the Shanghai communique. We than anyone can benefit from artificial ten- take seriously the process of normalizing our

sions. We are deeply conscious that we owe relation.ship. We are dedicated to pursuing it. it to future generations not to be swayed by Containing Regional momentary passions. Conflicts The state of U.S.-Soviet relations today The world community must find a way to and just a decade ago present a dramatic contain or resolve regional conflicts before contrast. The world is no longer continually they spread into global confrontations. shaken by chronic and bitter confrontations. Nowhere has the danger been greater Periodic consultations—including at the than in the Middle East. Nowhere has the highest level —encourage restraint and am- need for persistent and imaginative negotia- plify areas of mutual interest. The forth- tion between suspicious rivals been more evi- coming meeting between President Ford dent. Nowhere is there greater promise of and General Secretary Brezhnev should moving fi'om perennial crisis toward peace. strengthen this process. Nowhere has the U.N. Security Council Principles of mutual restraint have been established a clearer framework of principles enunciated at various summit meetings; than in its Resolutions 242 and 338. they were reaffirmed by the Conference on The road toward a lasting peace stretches Security and Cooperation in Europe two long and hard before us. The Middle East months ago. These principles provide a has seen more than its share of dashed hopes standard of behavior by which our actions and disappointment. But the conclusion of will be tested. If they are observed—as we the recent Sinai agreement marks a major insist—and if neither nde seeks unilateral step forward. It is the first agreement in the advantage, the specter of general war will long and tragic history of the Arab-Israeli be lifted not only from our own people but conflict which is not the immediate conse- from all nations. There is no more important quence of hostilities. It could mark a turn- task before us. ing point. We have likewise pursued more construc- The agreement deserves the support of all tive and beneficial relationships with the the countries assembled here, because every countries of Eastern Europe. The United nation here has an interest in progress to-

Oetober 13, 1975 547 ward peace in the Middle East. It is another will support whatever process seems most step in the process launched by Security promising. Our approach will continue to be Council Resolution 338. The alternative was both flexible and determined. a continuing stalemate which would have led The search for final peace must be con- over time to another war, creating a serious ducted on a wide basis. We are in frequent threat to world peace and the prospect of touch with governments in the Middle East. broad global economic dislocation. We have already begun discussions with the Neither fear of the future nor pride Soviet Union with a view to assessing the should obscure the fact that an unusual op- current situation in the Middle East and portunity for further progress on all issues weighing possible diplomatic approaches to now exists. But opportunities must be seized bring about a just and durable peace in ac- or they will disappear. I want to emphasize cordance with Security Council Resolutions that the United States did not help negotiate 242 and 338. While we have had important this agreement in order to put an end to the differences with the Soviet Union, our two process of peace, but to give it new impetus. countries have held parallel views that the President Ford has stated that we will not situation in the Middle East poses grave accept stalemate and stagnation in the Mid- dangers and that partial steps must be part dle East. That was true before the Sinai of and contribute to progress toward a com- agreement was signed ; it remains true to- prehensive settlement. day. The objective of our policy is not merely The role of the world organization remains to create another temporary truce, but to essential. If this organization had no other sustain the momentum of negotiations. The accomplishment than its effective peacekeep- United States is determined to take every ing role in this troubled area, it would have feasible step to help promote further prac- well justified itself. These soldiers of peace, tical progress toward final peace. wearing the blue beret of the United Nations As a first step, it is essential that the as members of UNTSO, UNEF, UNDOF Sinai agreement be carried out impeccably, [U.N. Truce Supervision Organization, U.N. within the terms and the time frame that Emei-gency Force, U.N. Disengagement Ob- are stipulated. server Force], have become indispensable to In the improved atmosphere thus created, the maintenance of the two 1974 disengage- the United States stands ready to partici- ment accords as well as the Sinai agreement. pate in any promising initiative toward peace I want to take this occasion to salute Sec- at the request of the parties concerned. retary General Waldheim and his staff and We have made clear that we are prepared General Siilasvuo [Lt. Gen. Ensio Siilasvuo, to make a serious effort to encourage nego- of Finland], the Chief Coordinator of the tiations between Syria and Israel. U.N. peacekeeping missions in the Middle We also intend to consult over the coming East, and all the men and women from many weeks with all concerned regarding the re- countries who have served in the forces with- opening of the Geneva Conference, which out an enemy. met at an early crucial phase. As cochairmen The deliberations of this Assembly regard- of the Geneva Conference together with the ing the Middle East also play a central role. Soviet Union, our two countries have special They can encourage progress or exacerbate responsibilities in this regard. tensions. We are prepared also to explore possibil- Procedural decisions can be based on the ities for perhaps a more informal multilateral recognition that dialogue requires universal- meeting to assess conditions and to discuss ity of membership, or they can fuel a futile the future. self-defeating effort to discriminate—in vio- The United States seeks no special bene- lation of the charter—against a member fit; we do not attempt to exclude any coun- state whose participation is vital for a solu- try. We will cooperate with any nation that tion. is willing to make a contribution. We have no The Middle East will continue to be an preference for any particular procedure. We area of anguish, turmoil, and peril until a

548 Department of State Bulletin cannot be ust and durable peace is achieved. Such a —The present dividing lines territorial )eace must meet the principal concerns and permanent. There must be agreed re- nterests of all in the area; among these are arrangements which reflect the economic erritorial integrity, the right to live in peace quirements of the Greek Cypriot community md security, and the legitimate interests of and take account of its self-respect. he Palestinians. —^There must be provision for the with- In the Middle East today there is a yearn- drawal of foreign military forces other than ng for peace surpassing any known for three those present under the authority of inter- lecades. Let us not doom the region to an- national agreements. )ther generation of futile struggle. Instead, —And there must be security for all Cyp- et the world community seize the historic riots; the needs and wishes of the refugees )pportunity before it. The suffering and who have been the principal victims and jravery of all the peoples of the Middle East whose tragic plight touches us all must be ry out for it; the hopes and interests of dealt with speedily and with compassion. ill the world's peoples demand it. The United These goals match the aspirations of the States promises its full dedication to further overwhelming majority of the Cypriot progress toward peace. people as well as the interests of all neigh- The contribution of the United Nations to boring states. he process of peace is essential in Cyprus Another area where this organization will is well. The Secretary General has the re- be called upon to take responsible action is jponsibilities of organizing the peacekeep- the Korean Peninsula. ng forces on the island and of facilitating This requires, above all, maintenance of ;he talks between the leaders of the Greek agreement by all of md Turkish communities. the armistice, pending the parties most directly concerned to re- Strict maintenance of the cease-fire is im- place it with a new arrangement. The exist- perative. For this we look to the restraint ing armistice is the only legal instrument jf the parties and the efficacy of the U.N. committing the parties to maintain the peace. peacekeeping forces. It is a carefully designed structure for moni- We know that the world community shares toring and policing the military demarcation our sense of urgency that the negotiating line. process be resumed and that the parties The U.N. commander in chief is a signa- demonstrate flexibility and statesmanship. tory to that agreement. The armistice ma- The status quo on the island must not be- chinery functions daily. None of the signa- come permanent; a rapid and equitable solu- tories has repudiated it. Nor could they do tion is essential. The Secretary General has so without serious risks to the peace of the worked tirelessly and imaginatively under world. the most difficult circumstances to narrow Since 1972, South and North Korea have the diff'erences. He deserves the full support to enter into a dialogue of the parties and of every nation here. pledged themselves and to seek unification without resort to The details of a Cyprus settlement are for arms. This Assembly in 1973 and 1974 en- the two communities themselves to decide. couraged this process—first in a consensus However, in keeping with U.N. resolutions resolution supporting talks between the two which the United States has fully supported, sides; then in a resolution which looked to- the following principles are essential: ward termination of the U.N. Command. The —A settlement must preserve the inde- United States agrees that 20 years after the pendence, sovereignty, and territorial integ- end of the Korean war, it is timely to termi- rity of Cyprus. nate the U.N. Command. We have, in fact, resolution to that effect which —It must insure that both the Greek cosponsored a Cypriot and the Turkish Cypriot communi- is now before you. ties can live in freedom and have a large It would be foolhardy, however, to termi- voice in their own affairs. nate the U.N. Command without new ar-

October 13, 1975 549 »

rangements to preserve the integrity of the shed and to promote a negotiated settlemen armistice agreement. In the interest of peace, in Rhodesia. The differences between the tw{

the United States cannot accept any solution communities in that country, while subsi,an (SI which fails to provide for the continuing tial, have been narrowed significantly in th« validity of the armistice agreement. last decade. Both sides in Rhodesia am The Republic of Korea and the United Rhodesia's neighbors—black and white— States have stated their general readiness have an interest in averting civil war. Wei ^ to meet with representatives of the other will support all efforts to bring about side and with other members of the Security peaceful settlement. Council to discuss termination of the U.N. In underlining our goal of peaceful change Command while preserving the armistice for southern Africa, I to want emphasize the ithi agreement. importance of an early settlement ir ib\ I Namibia. My government's Today can be more specific. The United opposition tc irAi South Africa's States and the Republic of Korea, looking continuing occupation of li forward to the time when a lasting solution Namibia and our rejection of South Africa's ires' of the Korean problem can be achieved, are apartheid system are well known. The United lit I herewith proposing the States has consistently conveyed our to parties of the position i«ti armistice the convening of a conference to on this subject to South Africa. We will con- discuss ways to preserve the armistice tinue to do so. agree- •I ment. At such a meeting, we would also We believe that the people of Namibia be jtrsi

prepared to explore other measures to re- should be given the opportunity within ai duce tension on the Korean Peninsula, in- short time to express their views on thei cluding the possibility of a larger conference political future and constitutional structure .^1 to negotiate a more fundamental arrange- of their country freely and under U.N. su- ment. pervision. now It would be in keeping with this spirit of dialogue for this body to open its doors to Building International Security full membership for the two Korean Gov- Peace in the world will be fragile and ernments. The United States supports the tenuous without a curb and eventually an dual entry of both South and North Korea end of the arms race. This is why the United into the United Nations without prejudice States has embarked with the Soviet Union to their eventual reunification. For our part, upon the difficult and complex negotiation if North Korea and its allies would move to to limit strategic arms. Our objectives are improve their relations with the Republic to prevent unchecked destabilizing competi- of Korea, we would be prepared to take tion in strategic armaments, to achieve re- similar reciprocal actions. duction of these arms, to lessen further the It goes without saying that no proposal likelihood of hasty decisions in time of crisis, for security arrangements on the Korean and to ease the economic burden of the nu- Peninsula which attempts to exclude the Re- clear arms race. public of Korea from the discussions can be The Vladivostok accord of last fall marked accepted by the United States. The United a major step toward achieving these goals. Nations can contribute significantly to the When the agreement in principle is trans- process of peace on the Korean Peninsula by lated into a treaty, agreed ceilings will be supporting a responsible approach. placed on strategic force levels for a 10-year Over the past year the United States has period. This unprecedented step will slow followed carefully and with great sympathy the pace of new arms programs, especially the efforts to reach peaceful settlements in those driven by fear of major deplojTnents southern Africa. by the other side. And it will enhance pros- We welcome the statesmanlike efforts of pects for international stability and for po- both black and white African leaders who litical accommodation in other areas. are seeking to prevent violence and blood- The United States is actively engaged in

550 Department of State Bulletin ther arms control negotiations. Together flicts. Now is the time to act. If we fail to ith the Soviet Union, we have made prog- restrain nuclear proliferation, future gener- ess toward establishing a regime for peace- ations will live on a planet shadowed by ul nuclear explosions. And we have agreed nuclear catastrophe. set a threshold on the underground test- Over the past year, the United States has ng of nuclear weapons. These are significant repeatedly urged new efforts among the teps toward a verifiable comprehensive test supplier states to strengthen and standardize )an. safeguards and controls on export of nu- In addition, the United States and the clear materials. We must not allow these J.S.S.R. have presented to the Conference safeguards to be eroded by commercial com- )f the Committee on Disarmament texts of petition. We must insure the broad avail-

1 Convention on the Prohibition of Military ability of peaceful nuclear energy under )r Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental safe, economical, and reliable conditions. Modification Techniques. These techniques The United States has intensified its ef- ire still at a primitive stage of development, forts within the International Atomic Dut man's mastery of environmental forces Energy Agency (IAEA) and with other na- continues to advance. Misuse of this knowl- tions to broaden and strengthen international edge might open new avenues of military standards and safeguards and has proposed competition and wreak untold and irre- an international convention setting standards versible harm upon all humanity. We urge to protect the physical security of nuclear ;he conference to complete its consideration materials in use, storage, or transfer. rapidly. The United States continues to urge the

Another urgent task is a substantial re- widest possible adherence to the Nonprolifer- duction in the high levels of military forces ation Treaty and the associated safeguard now confronting each other in various parts measures of the IAEA. of the world. The United States believes that The greatest single danger of unrestrained the time has come to give new impetus to nuclear proliferation resides in the spread the negotiations on mutual and balanced under national control of reprocessing facili- force reductions in Central Europe. The sig- ties for the atomic materials in nuclear nificance of the Conference on Security and power plants. The United States therefore Cooperation in Europe depends importantly proposes—as a major step to reinforce all on whether we can achieve progress in this other measures—the establishment of multi- area. An agreement that enhances mutual national regional nuclear fuel cycle centers. security in Central Europe is feasible and These centers would serve energy needs on a essential. We will work toward this goal. commercially sound basis and encourage re- The world faces a paradox with respect to gional energy cooperation. Their existence the proliferation of nuclear energy. Men would reduce the incentive for small and in- have fashioned from the atom weapons efficient reprocessing facilities, limit the which can in minutes end the civilization of possibility of diverting peaceful nuclear ma- centuries. Simultaneously, the atom is fast terials to national military use, and create a becoming a more and more essential source better framework for applying eflfective of energy. It is clear that the cost and even- international safeguards. tual scarcity of oil and other fossil fuel will We urge that groups of nations begin now increasingly spread nuc'ear power around to explore this concept and that all states the world in the decades ahead. support the IAEA's work in this field. But the spreading of nuclear power poses Building Economic Well-Being starkly the danger of proliferating nuclear weapons capabilities —and the related risks In the last two years, the world commu- of the theft of nuclear materials, blackmail nity has been reminded dramatically to by terrorists, accidents, or the injection of what extent economic relations are an essen- the nuclear threat into regional political con- tial foundation of the international order.

October 13, 1975 551 —

Economic conditions not only underpin every We have offered our help to the victims o society's ability to achieve its national goals, disease and natural disaster. We have beei but all national economies are sustained by a champion of liberty and a beacon to th( the global economic system. The conduct of oppressed. There is no longer any disputf our economic affairs will therefore determine that international human rights are on th( to an extraordinary degree whether our po- agenda of international diplomacy. litical relations will be based on cooperation The reach of international law must ex- or conflict. tend to the last frontiers of our planet, tht It would be one of history's most tragic oceans. They are the common heritage ol ironies if, at a time when we are putting be- mankind, but they can turn into arenas ol hind us the tensions of the cold war, we were conflict unless governed by law. They hold to enter a new period of conflict between untapped sources of energy, minerals, and

North and South, rich and poor. At the re- protein; their environmental integrity is cently concluded special session, the United crucial to our survival. States called for an end to the sterile con- The United States welcomed the U.N. frontation of the past. We stated that when mandate for a comprehensive treaty govern- the ancient dream of mankind—a world ing the use of the oceans and their resources. without poverty—becomes a possibility, our Last month in Montreal, I set forth our ap- moral convictions also make it a duty. And proach to this negotiation and urged that we emphasized that only cooperation—not next year's session of the Law of the Sea extortion—can achieve this goal. Conference move matters to a rapid and sua The special session gives us ground for cessful conclusion. No international negotia hope that—at least for the immediate future tion is more vital for long-term political and —a choice has been made to turn away from economic stability and the prosperity of our confrontation toward cooperation. The globe. United States is proud to support the final International law must also come to grips document which is the product of the ardu- with international terrorism. Innumerable ous effort and dedication of so many in this innocent lives have been lost as a consequence chamber. of the lack of internationally accepted stand- The United States considers the achieve- ards specifically designed to avert unlawful ments of the special session a beginning, not and dangerous interference with civil avia- an end. As recommended by the final report, tion. The hijacking of aircraft, the kidnap- we must now move forward in available ing and murder of innocent civilian victims forums to give reality and content to the ob- for presumed political gain remain a plague jectives on which we have agreed. In the on civilized man. This remains one of the difficult negotiations ahead, my government underdeveloped areas of international law will participate energetically in a coopera- which merits the most urgent attention of tive and conciliatory spirit. this organization. Compassion for our fellow men requires that we mobilize international resources to Building for Justice combat the age-old scourges of mankind Beyond peace, security, and prosperity lies disease, famine, and natural disaster. We are a deeper universal aspiration for dignity and pleased that a concerted effort has been equal opportunity. Mankind will never be undertaken by the World Health Organiza- spared all the tragedies inherent in the cycle tion and interested governments, in response of life and death. But we do have it in our to our initiative at the last General Assem- power to eliminate or ease the burden of bly, to control schistosomiasis, a disease social tragedy and of organized injustice. which afflicts and debilitates over 200 million The United States has therefore tradition- people in 70 countries and imposes a great ally been an advocate of extending the reach human and economic cost. of international law in international affairs. The great human rights must be recog-

552 Department of State Bulletin —

nized, respected, and given reality in the century was not an era of violence and con-

affairs of nations. The earliest U.N. declara- flict, but one of the creative epochs of world tions and the recent Helsinki Conference history. leave no doubt that these are matters of My country's history, Mr. President, tells

international concern. The United States will us that it is possible to fashion unity while support these principles. Throughout the cherishing diversity, that common action is world, in all continents, violations of human possible despite the variety of races, inter- rights must be opposed whether they are ests, and beliefs we see here in this chamber. inflicted by one race upon another—or upon Progress and peace and justice are attainable. members of the same race. Human rights So we say to all peoples and governments: must be cherished regardless of race, sex, or Let us fashion together a new world order. religion. There can be no double standard. Let its arrangements be just. Let the new na-

The U.N. Human Rights Commission has tions help shape it and feel it is theirs. Let taken its first steps against gross violations the old nations use their strengths and skills of human rights where serious and reliable for the benefit of all mankind. Let us all allegations are submitted by individuals. We work together to enrich the spirit and to support these steps. The organized concern ennoble mankind. of the world community can be a potent weapon in the war against degradation of human values. Secretary Kissinger Interviewed One of the most persistent and serious problems is torture, a practice which all na- for CBS "Morning News" tions should abhor. It is an absolute debase- ment of the function of government when its Folloiving is the transcript of an interview overwhelming power is used not for people's with Secretary Kissinger by Richard C. Hot- welfare but as an instrument of their suffer- telet recorded at Neiv York September 22 ing. for broadcast on the CBS television program The United States urges this Assembly to "Morning Neivs" on September 23. adopt the declaration of the recent world Press release 499 dated September 23 congress on this issue in Geneva. In addition, Mr. Hottelet: Mr. Secretary, you advanced we propose that this General Assembly es- a neiv proposal in your speech to the General tablish a group of experts, to be appointed Assembly—a multilateral consultation on the by the Secretary General, to study the na- Middle East. What do you have in mind ? ture and extent of torture in the world today and to report back to the next Assembly. Secretary Kissinger: Well, it was really Mr. President, this organization was cre- something for the purpose of exploration. If ated in the belief that the universality of it is too difficult to assemble a formal con- the human race can be reflected in the conference because various parties don't know duct of international affairs. This chamber exactly where it would be going, then it symbolizes the hope that mankind places in seemed to me that perhaps a group of the the force of nations working together in the states most concerned could meet to take common interest with reason, responsibility, stock, to see whether they can chart some and mutual respect. The problems we face course in the future, and use that as a point are complex and perilous. The sterile slogans of departure for a more formal conference. of yesterday, the solutions of the past, the For example, in the producer-consumer con- dwelling upon old resentments, can only ference, we have a preparatory meeting widen the gaps between us and allow the something of that nature. dangers to peace and the well-being of our Mr. Hottelet: How many states would you peoples to fester and grow. think would be involved? We have it in our power to prove to future generations that the last quarter of the 20th Secretary Kissinger: Well, I would think

October 13, 1975 553 that—all of the states of the Geneva Confer- really made a significant effort since the dis- ence. But we are flexible about this. Our engagement agreement between Syria and major interest is to get a process of peace in Israel. So we would be attempting to see the Middle East to continue to move. whether we can find a basis for negotiation between the parties. That we have not at- Mr. Hottelet: Is this a kind of help-wanted tempted yet. ad to solicit ideas at a time when you need more movement? Mr. Hottelet: Do you see yourself going back to the Middle East shuttle, Damascus- Secretary Kissinger: No. We have ideas Jerusalem? and will be presenting them to the various governments. But since we just started that Secretary Kissinger: In the Egyptian nego- process, I do not want to go any further tiation we started in diplomatic channels, until we have had some replies. and we spent several months of diplomatic exploration before we decided whether an- Mr. Hottelet: Could you see the Arabs sit- other step was needed. We would certainly ting down with the Israelis, even in an in- begin the Syrian negotiation in—Syrian- formal conference like this? Israeli negotiation—in diplomatic channels Secretary Kissinger: They are sitting down before we went to more dramatic steps. with them— have agreed to sit down with Mr. Hottelet: You do see a possibility, them in Geneva and in fact sat down with though, of getting that moving. them in Geneva. Secretary Kissinger: Yes. Mr. Hottelet: Have your explorations on this brought any signs of interest from the Mr. Hottelet: The question of tveapons de- parties involved? liveries to both sides in the Middle East has caused a lot of concern. Have you ever dis- Secretary Kissinger: We have just started cussed with the Soviet Union possibility them. the of an agreement on a ceiling of arms de- Mr. Hottelet: Mr. Secretary, you have liveries ? spoken to the Soviet Union, Foreign Minister Secretary Kissinger: Well, we talked about Gromyko specifically, on the Middle East. Do it to them several years ago. At that time you get any sense of whether the Russians the answer was that they would agree to will raise objections next month ivhen the this only in the context of a final settlement. Security Council has to renew the mandate of We have not recently discussed it. There is the U.N. Emergency Force in the Sinai? the additional complication that with the way Secretary Kissinger: Well, they of course arms are now being transferred among some have to speak for themselves. My impression of the Middle Eastern countries, the ceiling is that they will not endorse the agreement would have to be applied to very many coun- but also that they will do nothing to thwart tries. It could no longer be applied only to the agreement. the so-called confrontation states.

escala- Mr. Hottelet: Syria is an open question. Mr. Hottelet: There seems to be an —the notion Do you see any possibility of movement there tion in the types of iveapons, too between the Israelis and the Syrians? of a i-50-mile Pershing rocket to Israel.

Secretary Kissinger: I think that this has Secretary Kissinger: I have said in my been blown out of any proportion. The Per- speech that we would make a serious effort shing missile was on the Israeli shopping list to encourage negotiations between Syria and which was submitted to the United States Israel. That is what we will do. last August. It has been before the United Mr. Hottelet: What can yo2i do that you States since last August. There is absolutely have not done? nothing new about it. Secretary Kissinger: Well, we have not The United States has not agreed to sup-

554 Department of State Bulletin spirit of confrontation was ply it. It has agreed again, after the reassess- concerned that a and we ment, to continue the study that was already becoming dominant in the Assembly, trying going on. feared that automatic majorities were There has been no commitment. The Pres- to steamroU numerical minorities whose mi- reflect their ident has said it. I have said it. Secretary nority status, however, did not [of Defense James R.] Schlesinger has said power or their influence. We thought that this lead to a reduction it. And we have enough real problems not to sooner or later would torment ourselves with artificial ones. in the signiflcance of the United Nations, and I pointed that out in a speech in July. Mr. Hottelet: Do your experts think that Since then, and perhaps also in part as a the Israelis need the Pershing for their se- result of a rather sweeping initiative we curity ? took at the beginning of the special session Secretary Kissinger: The Israelis think of the General Assembly, there seems to have they need the Pershing. The purpose of the been a new mood. The special session—^the study is to sort out some of the questions sixth special session last year ended in bitter- that are now being asked—whether it is nec- ness. The seventh special session this year essary for the defense of Israel, what the ended in a concilatory atmosphere in which strategic implications would be—and no deci- a good part of our program was adopted in sions have been made of any kind. principle and in which we took into account some of the key concerns of the developing Mr. Hottelet: The Egyptians are saying countries. that giving the Israelis the Pershings would What I attempted to do today is to give violate the Sinai agreement, that portion of the political counterpart to the essentially it which says that neither side will emplace economic and social program that we devel- iveapons which can reach the other's lines. oped, to continue the spirit of seeking co- Secretary Kissinger: That would be a operative solutions—because we cannot con- somewhat exaggerated interpretation. But it tinue to live in this period in a world that is really is not useful at this moment, when all divided between East and West, North and we have done is to agree to study it and South. And somebody has to take the leader- when this would be one of the factors we ship in bridging the gap, the differences. And would keep in mind in studying it. we have attempted to do this.

But I repeat—what the United States has Mr. Hottelet: Do you see a process of co- agreed to do is to study the list for a 10-year operation developing in the energy field, for program that Israel submitted to us last instance, and specifically in the case of oil year, the study of which was interrupted as prices, which comes up for deliberation by a result of the reassessment. Most of the the OPEC [Organization of Petroleum Ex- weapons that are being talked about have porting Countries'] Foreign Ministers on delivery dates even if we approve them, Thursday ? which we also haven't done yet—have delivery dates of about 1980 and afterward. So Secretary Kissinger: One should never many political things are going to happen in make a prediction that can be proved true or the interval. And it has to be seen in the false so quickly. We have stated our view on context of a supply arrangement that has oil prices. We would think it unfortunate if been going on for a long time, and not of a there were an increase in oil prices under dramatic decision that suddenly escalates the present conditions. Whether our advice will level of armaments. be taken remains to be seen. If it isn't, we would consider it a setback. But our basic Mr. Hottelet: You have come back here to approach will be continued. a U.N. General Assembly which is a far cry from the one you spoke to a year ago. How Mr. Hottelet: But you feel that the new do you assess this new mood? atmosphere at the United Nations perhaps the Secretary Kissinger: Last year we were suggests a smaller desire on the part of

555 October 13, 1975 OPEC people foi- a confrontation with you Japan's readiness to see North Korea take and a challenge? over the whole of the peninsula. Do you see this in your dealings with them? Secretary Kissinger: I do not want to speak about any particular group. I have the Secretary Kissinger: I have never heard sense that on the whole there is less of an of any ambivalence. I have always had the attitude of confrontation, that nations are impression that the Japanese would feel that willing to look at the other point of view, their own .security is severely jeopardized if and in this year much more than previous North Korea took over the whole peninsula. years, a recognition that we are all part of Mr. Hottelet: I heard some Japanese say the same big enterprise and that you cannot that they live cheek by jowl ivith the Soviet be better off by making somebody else worse Union and China, so that a Communist off. For you to be better off, everybody has Korea really wouldn't be that much trouble to be better off. to them. Mr. Hottelet: You spoke at some length Secretary Kissinger: I have never heard about Korea. Are you seriously ivorried them say that in Washington. about the possibility of new trouble there? Mr. Hottelet: The question of nuclear fuel, Secretary Kissinger: No, I am not seri- proliferation of nuclear materials for electric ously worried about new trouble in Korea. potver, is something that obviously concerns But there have been proposals by the other you, because you spoke about it not only this side that the U.N. Command should be termi- year but last year. H is too late to get this nated. We can understand that 20 years after genie back in the bottle? the end of the Korean War, the U.N. institutions that were formed at that time be termi- Secretary Kissinger: No, it is not too late. nated. But we also are concerned that the I think we can still do it. We may have another or so to it. if the complete armistice agreement, which is the only legal year do But basis on which present institutional arrange- nuclear fuel cycle is spread around the world, ments are formed, be continued. then more and more countries will have the capacity to produce nuclear weapons, So we have agreed to end the U.N. Com- and mand, but rather than have the North then in another decade or so we will live in a world that will be extremely precarious. Koreans and Chinese believe that all we want to do is continue the status quo, we Mr. Hottelet: Would you see any forbear- have offered a conference to look at a con- ance on the part of people, like the Brazil- tinuation of the armistice agreement, and ians, for instance, who are embarked on this also to look at measures to end tensions in course to turn back? the Korean Peninsula, including perhaps Secretary Kissinger: We are talking to calling a larger conference for purposes of other suppliers to see whether we can get more fundamental arrangements, which agreed rules—because if competition starts means moving toward peace. in lowering safeguards, then of course the Mr. Hottelet: One has the impression that genie will really be out of the bottle, and 20 there is some ambivalence in the Japanese years from now people will ask themselves attitude toward Korea—that is to say, what possessed them.

556 Department of State Bulletin United States Gives Views on Resolution Adopted by Seventh Special Session of U.N. General Assembly

are statement in our purpose is not to set world prices wsf Following texts of a made But the Ad Hoc Committee of the Seventh Spe- or to manipulate the terms of trade. cial Session of the United Nations General It was proposed that commodity prices be Assembly by U.S. Representative Jacob M. indexed, that is, fixed by agreement and Myerson on September 16, a statement made augmented as prices for industrial goods rise. in plenary by U.S. Representative Daniel P. We have agreed to join others in the study Moynihan that day, and a resolution adopted of such a proposal. However, the United by the Assembly that day. States has to make clear it does not support such a proposal. The commitments we have made are to assist developing countries' ex- AMBASSADOR MYERSON, AD HOC COMMIHEE ports within the market, rather than sup- planting market mechanisms. USUN press release 93 dated September 16 With regard to transfer of resources, the I have a few brief comments, Mr. Chair- United States recognizes the need of de- man, and I would request that they be in- veloping countries for transfer of real re- scribed in the record verbatim. sources, and it recognizes the importance of The United States joins in most of the a smoothly functioning, stable international specific undertakings of this resolution, and monetary system. There are, however, sev- we warmly associate ourselves with its larger eral specific paragraphs in this section with objectives. However, the United States can which the United States is unable to concur. not and does not accept any implication that First, the United States fully supports the the world is now embarked on establish- objective of an effective increase in official ment of something called "the new interna- development assistance and intends to in- tional economic order." Further, sir, while crease the level of its own assistance. It we have joined in the consensus on this re- does not, however, consider the establishment port and we are very pleased to have done of specific targets as likely to achieve the so, I wish to make it clear that the United intended result. The United States does not States maintains its position on the resolu- subscribe to the paragraph dealing with the tions of the sixth special session and on cer- link between special drawing rights (SDR) tain provisions of the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States and on the Lima ' For a U.S. statement in the sixth special session and texts of the resolutions (Declara- Declaration.' on May 1, 1974, tion and Program of Action on the Establishment of With regard to trade, I would like to make a New International Economic Order), see Bulletin some short comments. V/e joined others in of May 27, 1974, p. 569; for a U.S. statement in the and text of pledging a series of actions of benefit to de- U.N. General Assembly on Dec. 6, 1974, the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, veloping countries. Specific actions are left see Bulletin of Feb. 3, 1975, p. 146; for a U.S. state- to each country. ment at the Second General Conference of the United It is our expectation that these actions Nations Industrial Development Organization at Lima on Mar. 18, 1975, see Bulletin of Apr. 21, will substantially increase the growth of de- 1975, p. 518; for text of the Lima Declaration and veloping countries, thus counteracting infla- Plan of Action on Industrial Development Coopera- tion and thereby sustaining real incomes. tion, see U.N. doc. A/10112, chap. IV.

October 13, 1975 557 and development assistance. The United mark. With regard to the statement in the States position is that it does not support an second paragraph about market access and SDR-aid link. This position is unchanged, adjustment measures, we understand devel- sir. oping countries' interests; but we cannot We differ with the paragraph dealing with concur in the sentence as formulated, since the reform of the international monetary it is inconsistent with U.S. policy. system. We share the general objective of placing the SDR in the center of the inter- AMBASSADOR MOYNIHAN, PLENARY national monetary system, but we believe that in the absence of agreement on all the USUN press release 94 dated September 16 interrelated components of a fully reformed On behalf of the United States, which international monetary system, it is inap- styles itself non-Socialist, I would like to propriate to specify selected aims or ele- these brief remarks. ments. make The French term for a special session of Finally, the United States is not fully in the Nations General Assembly is ses- accord with the paragraph dealing with de- United sion extraordinaire. Taken most directly into cisionmaking in international financial insti- English, this reads "extraordinary session," tutions. We support an evolving role for de- and I cannot but feel that the great ma- veloping nations. We believe, however, that jority of the nations which have now unani- participation in decisionmaking must be equi- mously adopted this resolution have also con- table for all members and take due account the special session has indeed of relative economic positions and contribu- cluded that tions of resources to the institutions as well been an extraordinary one. history of the as the need for efficient operational decision- Perhaps never before in the making. United Nations has there been so intensive so genuine a negotiation between so With regard to science and technology, Mr. and nations on so profoundly important a Chairman, just one brief comment for the many range of issues. have shown that we can record. We support work on international We negotiate in good faith and, doing so, reach guidelines for the transfer of technology, in- genuine accord. Not least we have shown cluding most especially the progress being that this can be done in the unique and in- achieved at UNCTAD [U.N. Conference on dispensable setting of the United Nations. Trade and Development]. We do not believe Mr. President, this system works. that adoption of a legally binding code of At the outset of this special session, the conduct is the path to pursue, and we do that assembled not read the resolution as so indicating. United States asserted we here with an opportunity to improve the With regard to the section on industriali- condition of mankind. We may well have zation, sir, we believe that redeployment of done so. Rather, it may well turn out that industries should be a matter of the evolu- we have done so, for the task is yet ahead tion of economies rather than a question of of us. We are, however, unmistakably begun. international policy or negotiation. While government policy can facilitate such an evo- lutionary approach, we believe it must take TEXT OF RESOLUTION ^ into account the economic structures of the countries concerned as well as the economic, Development and international economic co-operation social, and security goals, including especially protection of workingmen's rights. The General Assembly, Determined to eliminate injustice and inequality The United States does not support those which afflict vast sections of humanity and to ac- paragraphs dealing with the UNIDO [U.N. celerate the development of developing countries, Industrial Development Organization] system of consultations. = U.N. doc. A/RES/3362 (S-VII); adopted by the Food and agriculture, one very brief read hoc committee and by the Assembly on Sept. 16.

558 Department of State Bulletin —

Recalling the Declaration and the Programme of trial output and world trade within the framework Action on the Establishment of a New International of an expanding world economy. Economic Order, as well as the Charter of Economic 3. An important aim of the fourth session of the Rights and Duties of States, which lay down the United Nations Conference on Trade and Develop- foundations of the new international economic order, ment, in addition to work in progress elsewhere, Reaffirming the fundamental purposes of the should be to reach decisions on the improvement of above-mentioned documents and the rights and duties market structures in the field of raw materials and of all States to seek and participate in the solutions commodities of export interest to the developing of the problems afflicting the world, in particular countries, including decisions with respect to an inte- the imperative need of redressing the economic im- grated programme and the applicability of elements balance between developed and developing countries. thereof. In this connexion, taking into account the Recalling further the International Development distinctive features of individual raw materials and Strategy for the Second United Nations Development commodities, the decisions should bear on the fol- Decade, which should be reviewed in the light of the lowing:

Programme of Action on the Establishment of a New (a) Appropriate international stocking and other International Economic Order, and determined to forms of market arrangements for securing stable, implement the targets and policy measures contained remunerative and equitable prices for commodities in the International Development Strategy,'' of export interest to developing countries and pro- Conscious that the accelerated development of de- moting equilibrium between supply and demand, in- veloping countries would be a decisive element for cluding, where possible, long-term multilateral com- the promotion of world peace and security, mitments; Recognizing that greater co-operation among (6) Adequate international financing facilities for States in the fields of trade, industry, science and such stocking and market arrangements; technology as well as in other fields of economic (c) Where possible, promotion of long-term and activities, based on the principles of the Declaration medium-term contracts; and the Programme of Action on the Establishment (d) Substantially improve facilities for compensa- of a New International Economic Order and of the tory financing of export revenue fluctuations through Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States. the widening and enlarging of the existing facilities. would also contribute to strengthening peace and Note has been taken of the various proposals regard- security in the world. ing a comprehensive scheme for the stabilization of Believing that the over-all objective of the new export earnings of developing countries and for a international economic order is to increase the capac- Development Security Facility as well as specific ity of developing countries, individually and collec- measures for the benefit of the developing countries tively, to pursue their development, most in need; to in Decides, this end and the context of the fore- (c) Promotion of processing of raw materials in going, to set in motion the following measures as the producing developing countries and expansion and basis and framework for the work of the competent diversification of their exports, particularly to de- bodies and organizations of the United Nations sys- veloped countries; tem: (/) Effective opportunities to improve the share

I. International Trade of developing countries in transport, marketing and distribution of their primary commodities and to en- 1. Concerted efforts should be made in favour of courage measures of world significance for the evolu- the developing countries towards expanding and tion of the infrastructure and secondary capacity of diversifying their trade, improving and diversifying developing countries from the production of primary their productive capacity, their productiv- improving commodities to processing, transport and marketing, ity and increasing their export earnings, with a view and to the production of finished manufactured goods, of inflation to counteracting the adverse effects their transport, distribution and exchange, including view thereby sustaining real incomes—and with a to advanced financial and exchange institutions for the improving the terms of trade of the developing coun- remunerative management of trade transactions; tries and in order to eliminate the economic imbal- ance between developed and developing countries. 4. The Secretary-General of the United Nations and should pre- 2. Concerted action should be taken to accelerate Conference on Trade Development the growth and diversification of the export trade of sent a report to the Conference at its fourth session the developing countries in manufactures and semi-manu- on the impact of an integrated programme on are net im- factures and in processed and semi-processed prod- imports of developing countries which including ucts in order to increase their share in world indus- porters of raw materials and commodities, those lacking in natural resources, and recommend any remedial measures that may be necessary. ' For text of the International Development Strat- egy (General Assembly Resolution 2626 (XXV)), see 5. A number of options are open to the interna- Bulletin of Nov. 16, 1970, p. 612. tional community to preserve the purchasing power

October 13, 1975 559 of developing countries. These need to be further specific problems of the most seriously affected coun- studied on a priority basis. The Secretary-General of tries as defined in Assembly resolutions 3201 (S-VI) the United Nations Conference on Trade and De- and 3202 (S-VI) of 1 May 1974, without any detri- velopment should continue to study direct and indirect ment to the interests of the developing countries as indexation schemes and other options with a view to a whole. making concrete proposals before the Conference at 13. Further expansion of trade between the social- its fourth session. ist countries of Eastern Europe and the developing

6. The Secretary-General of the United Nations countries should be intensified as is provided for in Conference on Trade and Development should pre- resolutions 15 (II) of 25 March 1968 and 53 (III) of pare a preliminary study on the proportion between 19 May 1972 of the United Nations Conference on prices of raw materials and commodities exported by Trade and Development. Additional measures and developing countries and the final consumer price, appropriate orientation to achieve this end are neces- particularly in developed countries, and submit it, if sary. possible, to the Conference at its fourth session. II. Transfer of Real Resources for Financing 7. Developed countries should fully implement THE Development of Developing Countries agreed provisions on the principle of standstill as and International Monetary Reforms regards imports from developing countries, and any departure should be subjected to such measures as 1. Concessional financial resources to developing consultations and multilateral surveillance and com- countries need to be increased substantially, their pensation, in accordance with internationally agreed terms and conditions ameliorated and their flow criteria and procedures. made predictable, continuous and increasingly as- 8. Developed countries should take effective steps sured so as to facilitate the implementation by de- within the framework of multilateral trade negotia- veloping countries of long-term programmes for eco- tions for the reduction or removal, where feasible nomic and social development. Financial assistance and appropriate, of non-tariff barriers affecting the should, as a general rule, be untied. products of export intere.st to developing countries 2. Developed countries confirm their continued com- on a differential and more favourable basis for de- mitment in respect of the targets relating to the veloping countries. The Generalized Scheme of Pref- transfer of resources, in particular the official de- erences should not terminate at the end of the period velopment assistance target of 0.7 per cent of gross of ten years originally envisaged and should be con- national product, as agreed in the International De- tinuously improved through wider coverage, deeper velopment Strategy for the Second United Nations cuts and other measures, bearing in mind the inter- Development Decade, and adopt as their common aim ests of those developing countries which enjoy spe- an effective increase in official development assistance cial advantages and the need for finding ways and with a view to achieving these targets by the end means for protecting their interests. of the decade. Developed countries which have not

9. Countervailing duties should be applied only in yet made a commitment in respect of these targets conformity with internationally agreed obligations. undertake to make their best efforts to reach these Developed countries should exercise maximum re- targets in the remaining part of this decade. straint within the framework of international obli- 3. The establishment of a link between the special gations in the imposition of countervailing duties on drawing rights and development assistance should the imports of products from developing countries. form part of the consideration by the International The multilateral trade negotiations under way should Monetary Fund of the creation of new special draw- take fully into account the particular interests of ing rights as and when they are created according developing countries with a view to providing them to the needs of international liquidity. Agreement differential and more favourable treatment in appro- should be reached at an early date on the establish- priate cases. ment of a trust fund, to be financed partly through 10. Restrictive business practices adversely affect- the International Monetary Fund gold sales and ing international trade, particularly that of develop- partly through voluntary contributions and to be ing countries, should be eliminated and efforts should governed by an appropriate body, for the benefit of be made at the national and international levels with developing countries. Consideration of other means the objective of negotiating a set of equitable princi- of transfer of real resources which are predictable, ples and rules. assured and continuous should be expedited in ap- 11. Special measures should be undertaken by de- propriate bodies. veloped countries and developing countries in a posi- 4. Developed countries and international organization to do so to assist in the structural transformation tions should enhance the real value and volume of of the economy of the least developed, land-locked assistance to developing countries and ensure that and island developing countries. the developing countries obtain the largest possible 12. Emergency measures as spelled out in section X share in the procurement of equipment, consultants of General Assembly resolution 3202 (S-VI) should and consultancy services. Such assistance should be be undertaken on a temporary basis to meet the on softer terms and, as a general rule, untied.

560 Department of State Bulletin —

5. In order to enlarge the pool of resources avail- with a view to an early implementation of a pro- able for financing development, there is an urgent gramme of lending, preferably in 1976. need to increase substantially the capital of the 12. Developed countries should improve terms and World Bank Group, and in particular the resources conditions of their assistance so as to include a pre- of the International Development Association, to ponderant grant element for the least developed, enable it to make additional capital available to the land-locked and island developing countries. poorest countries on highly concessional terms. 13. In providing additional resources for assisting 6. The resources of the development institutions of the most seriously affected countries in helping them the United Nations system, in particular the United to meet their serious balance-of-payments deficits, all Nations Development Programme, should also be in- developed countries, and developing countries in a creased. The funds at the disposal of the regional position to do so, and international organizations development banks should be augmented. These in- such as the International Bank for Reconstruction creases should be without prejudice to bilateral de- and Development and the International Monetary velopment assistance flows. Fund, should undertake specific measures in their

7. To the extent desirable, the World Bank Group favour, including those provided in General Assembly is invited to consider new ways of supplementing its resolutions 3201 (S-VI) and 3202 (S-VI). financing with private management, skills, technol- 14. Special attention should be given by the inter- ogy and capital and also new approaches to increase national community to the phenomena of natural dis- financing of development in developing countries, in asters which frequently afflict many parts of the accordance with their national plans and priorities. world, with far-reaching devastating economic, so- 8. The burden of debt on developing countries is cial and structural consequences, particularly in the increasing to a point where the import capacity as least developed countries. To this end, the General well as reserves have come under serious strain. At Assembly at its thirtieth session, in considering this its fourth session the United Nations Conference on problem, should examine and adopt appropriate Trade and Development shall consider the need for, measures. and the possibility of, convening as soon as possible 1.5. The role of national reserve currencies should a conference of major donor, creditor and debtor be reduced and the special drawing rights should be- countries to devise ways and means to mitigate this come the central reserve asset of the international burden, taking into account the development needs monetary system in order to provide for greater of developing countries, with special attention to the international control over the creation and equitable plight of the most seriously affected countries as de- distribution of liquidity and in order to limit poten- fined in General Assembly resolutions 3201 (S-VI) tial losses as a consequence of exchange rate fluctua- and 3202 (S-VI). tions. Arrangements for gold should be consistent 9. Developing countries should be granted increased with the agreed objective of reducing the role of access on favourable terms to the capital markets of gold in the system and with equitable distribution developed countries. To this end, the joint Develop- of new international liquidity and should in particu- ment Committee of the International Monetary Fund lar take into consideration the needs of developing and the International Bank for Reconstruction and countries for increased liquidity. Development should progress as rapidly as possible 16. The process of decision-making should be fair in its work. Appropriate United Nations bodies and and responsive to change and should be most spe- other related intergovernmental agencies should be cially responsive to the emergence of new economic invited to examine ways and means of increasing influence on the part of developing countries. The the flow of public and private resources to developing participation of developing countries in the decision- countries, including proposals made at the current making process in the competent organs of inter- session to provide investment in private and public national finance and development institutions should enterprises in the developing countries. Consideration be adequately increased and made more effective should be given to the examination of an interna- without adversely affecting the broad geographic tional investment trust and to the expansion of the representation of developing countries and in accord- International Finance Corporation capital without ance with the existing and evolving rules. prejudice to the increase in resources of other inter- 17. The compensatory financing facility now avail- governmental financial and development institutions able through the International Monetary Fund should and bilateral assistance flows. be expanded and liberalized. In this connexion, early 10. Developed and developing countries should consideration should be given by the Fund and other further co-operate through investment of financial appropriate United Nations bodies to various pro- resources and supply of technology and equipment to posals made at the current session—including the developing countries by developed countries and by examination of a new development security facility developing countries in a position to do so. which would mitigate export earnings shortfalls of 11. Developed countries, and developing countries developing countries, with special regard to the poor- in a position to do so, are urged to make adequate est countries, and thus provide greater assistance to contributions to the United Nations Special Fund their continued economic development. Early con-

Oefober 13, 1975 561 sideration should also be given by the International United Nations Conference on Trade and Develop- Monetary Fund to proposals to expand and liberalize ment and concluded in time for decisions to be its coverage of current transactions to include manu- reached at the fourth session of the Conference, in- factures and services, to ensure that, whenever pos- cluding a decision on the legal character of such a sible, compensation for export shortfalls takes place code with the objective of the adoption of a code of at the same time they occur, to take into account, in conduct prior to the end of 1977. International con- determining the quantum of compensation, move- ventions on patents and trade marks should be re- ments in import prices and to lengthen the repay- viewed and revised to meet, in particular, the special ment period. needs of the developing countries, in order that these 18. Drawing under the buffer stock financing facil- conventions may become more satisfactory instru- ity of the International Monetary Fund should be ments for aiding developing countries in the transfer accorded treatment with respect to floating alongside and development of technology. National patents sys- the gold tranche, similar to that under the compen- tems should, without delay, be brought into line with satory financing facility, and the Fund should expe- the international patent system in its revised form. dite its study of the possibility of an amendment of 4. Developed countries should facilitate access of the Articles of Agreement, to be presented to the developing countries on favourable terms and condi- Interim Committee, if possible in its next meeting, tions, and on an urgent basis, to informatique, to that would permit the Fund to provide assistance relevant information on advanced and other tech- directly to international buffer stocks of primary nologies suited to their specific needs as well as on products. new uses of existing technology, new developments, and possibilities of adapting them to local needs. III. Science and Technology Inasmuch as in market economies advanced technologies with respect to industrial production are most 1. Developed and developing countries should co- frequently developed by private institutions, devel- operate in the establishment, strengthening and de- oped countries should facilitate and encourage these velopment of the scientific and technological infra- institutions in providing effective technologies in sup- structure of developing countries. Developed coun- port of the priorities of developing countries. tries should also take appropriate measures, such as 5. Developed countries should give developing contribution to the establishment of an industrial fullest possible access to technological information bank and consideration of countries the freest and technologies transfer is not subject to private the possibility of regional and sectoral banks, in whose decision. order to make available a greater flow to developing countries of information permitting the selection of 6. Developed countries should improve the trans- technologies, in particular advanced technologies. parency of the industrial property market in order Consideration should also be given to the establish- to facilitate the technological choices of developing ment of an international centre for the exchange of countries. In this respect, relevant organizations of technological information for the sharing of research the United Nations system, with the collaboration of findings relevant to developing countries. For the developed countries, should undertake projects in the above purposes institutional arrangements within the fields of information, consultancy and training for United Nations system should be examined by the the benefit of developing countries. General Assembly at its thirtieth session. 7. A United Nations Conference on Science and 2. Developed countries should significantly expand Technology for Development should be held in 1978 their assistance to developing countries for direct or 1979 with the main objectives of strengthening the support to their science and technology programmes, technological capacity of developing countries to en- as well as increase substantially the proportion of able them to apply science and technology to their their research and development devoted to specific own development; adopting effective means for the problems of primary interest to developing countries, utilization of scientific and technological potentials and in the creation of suitable indigenous technology, in the solution of development problems of regional in accordance with feasible targets to be agreed upon. and global significance, especially for the benefit of The General Assembly invites the Secretary-General developing countries; and providing instruments of to carry out a preliminary study and to report to the co-operation to developing countries in the utiliza- Assembly at its thirty-first session on the possibility tion of science and technology for solving socio-eco- of establishing, within the framework of the United nomic problems that cannot be solved by individual Nations system, an international energy institute to action, in accordance with national priorities, taking assist all developing countries in energy resources into account the recommendations made by the Inter- research and development. governmental Working Group of the Committee on 3. All States should co-operate in evolving an Science and Technology for Development. international code of conduct for the transfer of 8. The United Nations system should play a major technology, corresponding, in particular, to the spe- role, with appropriate financing, in achieving the cial needs of the developing countries. Work on such above-stated objectives and in developing scientific a code should therefore be continued within the and technological co-operation between all States in

562 Department of State Bulletin order to ensure the application of science and tech- countries and among developing countries them- nology to development. The work of the relevant selves, in order to facilitate the achievement of the United Nations bodies, in particular that of the goals set forth in the field of industrialization, in- United Nations Conference on Trade and Develop- cluding the redeployment of certain productive capac- ment, the United Nations Industrial Development ities existing in developed countries and the creation Organization, the International Labour Organisation, of new industrial facilities in developing countries. the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cul- In this context, the United Nations Industrial De- tural Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organi- velopment Organization should serve as a forum for zation of the United Nations, the World Intellectual negotiation of agreements in the field of industry Property Organization and the United Nations De- between developed and developing countries and velopment Programme, to facilitate the transfer and among developing countries themselves, at the re- diffusion of technology should be given urgent prior- quest of the countries concerned. ity. The Secretary-General of the United Nations 4. The Executive Director of the United Nations should take steps to ensure that the technology and Industrial Development Organization should take im- experience available within the United Nations sys- mediate action to ensure the readiness of that or- tem is widely disseminated and readily available to ganization to serve as a forum for consultations and the developing countries in need of it. negotiation of agreements in the field of industry. 9. The World Health Organization and the compe- In reporting to the next session of the Industrial tent organs of the United Nations system, in particu- Development Board on actions taken in this respect, lar the United Nations Children's Fund, should in- the Executive Director should also include proposals tensify the international effort aimed at improving for the establishment of a system of consultations. health conditions in developing countries by giving The Industrial Development Board is invited to draw priority to prevention of disease and malnutrition and up, at an early date, the rules of procedure according by providing primary health services to the commu- to which this system would operate. nities, including maternal and child health and fam- 5. To promote co-operation between developed and ily welfare. developing countries, both should endeavour to dis- 10. Since the outflow of qualified personnel from seminate appropriate information about their prior- developing to developed countries seriously hampers ity areas for industrial co-operation and the form the development of the former, there is an urgent they would like such co-operation to take. The efforts need to formulate national and international policies undertaken by the United Nations Conference on to avoid the "brain drain" and to obviate its adverse Trade and Development on tripartite co-operation effects. between countries having different economic and social systems could lead to constructive proposals for IV. Industrialization the industrialization of developing countries.

6. Developed countries should, whenever possible, 1. The General Assembly endorses the Lima Decla- participate in invest- ration and Plan of Action on Industrial Development encourage their enterprises to within of the develop- Co-operation and requests all Governments to take ment projects the framework coun- individually and/or collectively the necessary meas- ment plans and programmes of the developing participation should be ures and decisions required to implement effectively tries which so desire; such in with the laws and regula- their undertakings in terms of the Lima Declaration carried out accordance and Plan of Action. tions of the developing countries concerned.

2. Developed countries should facilitate the devel- 7. A joint study should be undertaken by all Gov- opment of new policies and strengthen existing poli- ernments under the auspices of the United Nations cies, including labour market policies, which would Industrial Development Organization, in consultation encourage the redeployment of their industries which with the Secretary-General of the United Nations are less competitive internationally to developing Conference on Trade and Development, making full countries, thus* leading to structural adjustments in use of the knowledge, experience and capacity exist- the former and a higher degree of utilization of ing in the United Nations system of methods and natural and human resources in the latter. Such mechanisms for diversified financial and technical policies may take into account the economic struc- co-operation which are geared to the special and ture and the economic, social and security objectives changing requirements of international industrial co- of the developed countries ;oncemed and the need operation, as well as of a general set of guidelines for such industries to move into more viable lines of for bilateral industrial co-operation. A progress re- production or into other sectors of the economy. port on this study should be submitted to the General 3. A system of consultations as provided for by the Assembly at its thirty-first session. Lima Plan of Action should be established at the 8. Special attention should be given to the particu- global, regional, interregional and sectoral levels lar problems in the industrialization of the least within the United Nations Industrial Development developed, land-locked and island developing coun- Organization and within other appropriate interna- tries—in order to put at their disposal those technical tional bodies, between developed and developing and financial resources as well as critical goods

October 13, 1975 563 which need to be provided to them to enable them to identify developing countries having the potential for overcome their specific problems and to play their most rapid and efficient increase of food production, due role in the world economy, warranted by their as well as the potential for rapid agricultural expan- human and material resources. sion in other developing countries, especially the 9. The General Assembly endorses the recom- countries with food deficits. Such an assessment mendation of the Second General Conference of the would assist developed countries and the competent United Nations Industrial Development Organization international organizations to concentrate resources to convert that organization into a specialized agency for the rapid increase of agricultural production in and decides to establish an intergovernmental com- the developing countries. mittee of the whole, including States which partici- 5. Developed countries should adopt policies aimed pated in the Second General Conference, to meet in at ensuring a stable supply and sufficient quantity Vienna to draw up a constitution for the United of fertilizers and other production inputs to develop- Nations Industrial Development Organization as a ing countries at reasonable prices. They should also

specialized agency, to be submitted to a conference provide assistance to, and promote investments in, of plenipotentiaries to be convened by the Secretary- developing countries to improve the efficiency of their General in the last quarter of 1976. fertilizer and other agricultural input industries. Ad- 10. In view of the importance of the forthcoming vantage should be taken of the mechanism provided World Employment Conference, Governments should by the International Fertilizer Supply Scheme. undertake adequate preparations and consultations. 6. In order to make additional resources available on concessional terms for agricultural development in V. Food and Agriculture developing countries, developed countries and devel- countries 1. The solution to world food problems lies pri- oping in a position to do so should pledge, marily in increasing rapidly food production in the on a voluntary basis, substantial contributions to the developing countries. To this end, urgent and neces- proposed International Fund for Agricultural De- sary changes in the pattern of world food production velopment so as to enable it to come into being by should be introduced and trade policy measures the end of 1975, with initial resources of SDR [special should be implemented, in order to obtain a notable drawing rights] 1,000 million. Thereafter, addi- increase in agricultural production and the export tional resources should be provided to the Fund on earnings of developing countries. a continuing basis.

2. To achieve these objectives, it is essential that 7. In view of the significant impact of basic and developed countries and developing countries in a applied agricultural research on increasing the quan- position to do so should substantially increase the tity and quality of food production, developed coun- volume of assistance to developing countries for agri- tries should support the expansion of the work of culture and food production, and that developed the existing international agricultural research countries should effectively facilitate access to their centres. Through their bilateral programmes they markets for food and agricultural products of export should strengthen their links with these international interest to developing countries, both in raw and research centres and with the national agricultural processed form, and adopt adjustment measures, research centres in developing countries. With re- where necessary. spect to the improvement of the productivity and 3. Developing countries should accord high priority competitiveness with synthetics of non-food agricul- to agricultural and fisheries development, increase tural and forestry products, research and technologi- investment accordingly and adopt policies which give cal assistance should be co-ordinated and financed adequate incentives to agricultural producers. It is a through an appropriate mechanism. responsibility of each State concerned, in accordance 8. In view of the importance of food aid as a transi- with its sovereign judgement and development plans tional measure, all countries should accept both the and policies, to promote interaction between expan- principle of a minimum food aid target and the con- sion of food production and socio-economic reforms, cept of forward planning of food aid. The target for with a view to achieving an integrated rural devel- the 1975-1976 season should be 10 million tons of opment. The further reduction of post-harvest food food grains. They should also accept the principle losses in developing countries should be undertaken that food aid should be channelled on the basis of as a matter of priority, with a view to reaching at objective assessment of requirements in the recipient least a 50 per cent reduction by 1985. All countries countries. In this respect all countries are urged to and competent international organizations should participate in the Global Information and Early co-operate financially and technically in the effort to Warning System on Food and Agriculture. achieve this objective. Particular attention should be 9. Developed countries should increase the grant given to improvement in the systems of distribution component of food aid, where food is not at present of food-stuffs. provided as grants, and should accept multilateral 4. The Consultative Group on Food Production and channelling of these resources at an expanding rate. Investment in Developing Countries should quickly In providing food grains and financing on soft-terms

564 Department of State Bulletin to developing countries in need of such assistance, de- report to the General Assembly at its thirty-first veloped countries and the World Food Programme session. should take due account of the interests of the food- exporting- developing countries and should ensure VI. Co-Operation Among Developing Countries that such assistance includes, wherever possible, pur- 1. Developed countries and the United Nations sys- chases of food from the food-exporting developing tem are urged to provide, as and when requested, countries. support and assistance to developing countries in 10. Developed countries developing and countries in strengthening and enlarging their mutual co-opera- a position to do so should provide food grains and tion at subregional, regional and interregional levels. financial assistance on most favourable terms to the In this regard, suitable institutional arrangements most seriously affected countries, to enable them to within the United Nations development system should meet their food and agricultural development re- be made and, when appropriate, strengthened, such quirements within the constraints of their balance-of- as those within the United Nations Conference on payments position. Donor countries should also pro- Trade and Development, the United Nations Indus- vide aid on soft terms, in cash and in kind, through trial Development Organization and the United Na- bilateral and multilateral channels, to enable the tions Development Programme. most seriously affected countries to obtain their esti- 2. The Secretary-General, together with the rele- mated requirements of about 1 million tons of plant vant organizations of the United Nations system, is nutrients during 1975-1976. requested to continue to provide support to ongoing 11. Developed countries should carry out both their projects and activities, and to commission further bilateral and multilateral food aid channelling in ac- studies through institutions in developing countries, cordance with the procedures of the Principles of which would take into account the material already Surplus Disposal of the Food and Agriculture Or- available within the United Nations system, including ganization of the United Nations so as to avoid in particular the regional commissions and the United causing undue fluctuations in market prices or the Nations Conference on Trade and Development, and disruption of commercial markets for exports of in accordance with existing subregional and regional interest to exporting developing countries. arrangements. These further studies, which should 12. All countries should subscribe to the Inter- be submitted to the General Assembly at its thirty- national Undertaking on World Food Security. They first session, should, as a first step, cover: should build up and maintain world food-grain re- (a) Utilization of know-how, skills, natural reserves, to be held nationally or regionally and sources, technology and funds available within de- strategically located in developed and developing, veloping countries for promotion of investments in importing and exporting countries, large enough to industry, agriculture, transport and communications; cover foreseeable major production shortfalls. Inten- (6) Trade liberalization measures including pay- sive work should be continued on a priority basis in ments and clearing arrangements, covering primary the World Food Council and other appropriate commodities, manufactured goods and services, such forums in order to determine, inter alia, the size of as banking, shipping, insurance and reinsurance; the required reserve, taking into account among (c) Transfer of technology. other things the proposal made at the current session that the components of wheat and rice in the total 3. These studies on co-operation among developing reserve should be 30 million tons. The World Food countries, together with other initiatives, would con- Council should report to the General Assembly on tribute to the evolution towards a system for the this matter at its thirty-first session. Developed economic development of developing countries. countries should assist developing countries in their VII. Restructuring of the Economic and Social efforts to build up and maintain their agreed shares Sectors of the United Nations System of such reserves. Pending the establishment of the world food-grain reserve, developed countries and 1. With a view to initiating the process of restruc- developing countries in a position to do so should turing the United Nations system so as to make it earmark stocks and/or funds to be placed at the dis- more fully capable of dealing with problems of inter- posal of the World Food Programme as an emer- national economic co-operation and development in a gency reserve to strengthen the capacity of the comprehensive and effective manner, in pursuance of Programme to deal with crisis situations in develop- General Assembly resolutions 3172 (XXVIII) of 17 ing countries. The aim should be a target of not less December 1973 and 3343 (XXIX) of 17 December than 500,000 tons. 1974, and to make it more responsive to the require- 13. Members of the General Assembly reaffirm ments of the provisions of the Declaration and the their full support for the resolutions of the World Programme of Action on the Establishment of a Food Conference and call upon the World Food Coun- New International Economic Order as well as those cil to monitor the implementation of the provisions of the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of under section V of the present resolution and to States, an Ad Hoc Committee on the Restructuring

October 13, 1975 565 of the Economic and Social Sectors of the United deliberations of the Economic and Social Council, the Nations System, which shall be a committee of the Trade and Development Board, the Governing Coun- whole of the General Assembly open to the partici- cil of the United Nations Development Programme pation of all States,' is hereby established to prepare and the seventh special session of the CJeneral As- detailed action proposals. The Ad Hoc Committee sembly, as well as the results of the forthcoming should start its work immediately and inform the deliberations on institutional arrangements of the General Assembly at its thirtieth session on the United Nations Conference on Trade and Develop- progress made, and submit its report to the Assembly ment at its fourth session and of the Governing at its thirty-first session, through the Economic and Council of the United Nations Environment Pro- Social Council at its resumed session. The Ad Hoc gramme at its fourth session. All United Nations Committee should take into account in its work, organs, including the regional commissions, as well inter alia, the relevant proposals and documentation as the specialized agencies and the International submitted in preparation for the seventh special ses- Atomic Energy Agency, are invited to participate at sion of the General Assembly pursuant to Assembly the executive level in the work of the Ad Hoc Com- resolution 3343 (XXIX) and other relevant decisions, mittee and to respond to requests that the Committee including the report of the Group of Experts on the may make to them for information, data or views. Structure of the United Nations System, entitled 2. The Economic and Social Council should mean- A New United Nations Structure for Global Eco- while continue the process of rationalization and re- nomic Co-operation," the records of the relevant form which it has undertaken in accordance with Council resolution 1768 (LIV) of 18 May 1973 and ' It is the understanding of the General Assembly General Assembly resolution 3341 (XXIX) of 17 that the "all States" formula will be applied in ac- December 1974, and should take into full considera- cordance with the established practice of the General tion those recommendations of the Hoc Commit- Assembly. [Footnote in original.] Ad 'U.N. doc. E/AC.62/9 (U.N. publication, sales no. tee that fall within the scope of these resolutions at E.75.II.A.7). the latest at its resumed sixty-first session.

Ambassador Moynihan and Assistant Secretary Enders Discuss Seventh Special Session of U.N. General Assembly

Following is the transcript of a news coalitions drawn up on one side and another. conference held at U.N. Headquarters on During this session I think that many peo- September 16 by Daniel P. Moynihan, U.S. ple were aware that there was a lot of hesi- Representative to the United Nations, and tation on the part of many people here as to Thomas O. Enders, Assistant Secretary for whether it was possible to find a cooperative Economic and Business Affairs. route. And we found one. We found it not by agreeing on all the proposals and ideas USUN press release 96 dated September 16 and concepts put forward on all sides. You Ambassador Moynihan: Ladies and gentle- have seen that there was a very substantial men, you know my colleague Tom Enders, measure of agreement. There are a lot of who is certainly the spirit in Washington things that we did not agree on. There were behind this enterprise. I think it would be some unrealistic demands put forward. It was most useful to you if he spoke. important to make very clear that those pro- Mr. Enders: Pat, I think the really signifi- posals were unrealistic. We made apparent cant thing about what happened this last what we could do, what we couldn't do, and two weeks here, culminating last night, was why. But there was a very large measure to put the rich countries and the poor coun- of agreement and a very clear direction, now, tries of the world very squarely on a path that we should get down to business and toward negotiation. We have all been aware start negotiating. of the threatening clash between them, the And the proposals that the United States

566 Department of State Bulletin put forward in Secretary Kissinger's speech, rather matters of policy of the executive which Ambassador Moynihan delivered, will branch, very largely shared I think in Con- now be going forward in all the relevant gress, but by no means only limited to Con- forums—and a lot of new proposals and ideas gress. that others have put foi'ward. For an example, it was proposed that the

I think, Pat, it's important to say that this United States might triple its pledge for aid effort on the part of the American delega- to seven-tenths of 1 percent. The Adminis- tion owes a great deal to its congressional tration, and I believe the Congress, intends advisers and to the participation of Congress to increase our aid outlays. We expect in in general. They worked all during the sum- the coming years they will grow substan- mer on the proposals that Secretary Kissin- tially larger. However, an unrealistic com- ger put forward. They have been extremely mitment to a massive jump is not something active in advising Ambassador Moynihan on at a time of inflation and recession and great the tactics and procedures and substance of social needs that could be supported in this this session. They will be also giving their country. And therefore we did not go along own press conference in Washington later with it. However, we can increase aid. today, I think at 4 o'clock. Q. Excuse me, but we were given 0.33 per- But it is very important to note that this cent as our current average, but it's much is a large collective effort involving a broad less than— section, representatives of the Congress, and Mr. Enders: I think it's 0.28 or 0.3, two I think that's one of the reasons why it's """ been so successful. and a half times.

Q. Can you possibly give us, put a dollar- Q. How much of this depends upon the value on the totality proposals Congress—as Mr. Enders mentioned the Con- figure of of Secretary Kissinger? gress—how much of the reservations were pinpointed to appease the possible opposition Mr. Enders: No, because the objective and in the Congress and which items can you the design of these proposals is to recognize proceed on to implement the commitments that we are not going to achieve the more without the Congress? equal relationship with the developing countries simply by large budgetary transfers. Mr. Enders: I think that a very large num- are seeking to get a new relationship. ber of the items that were proposed or sug- We It is based on a recognition, as Secretary gested will ultimately require some form of Kissinger said in his speech, that large congressional action or concurrence. Negoti- budgetary transfers are no longer very wel- ation of the commodity agreement will be come by the developing world I must say submitted to the Senate as a treaty. The — automatic budgetary transfers and the po- replenishment of the International Finance — litical base for them no longer really exists Corporation obviously requires appropria- in the developed world. tions. The development security facility, the This is rather an effort to look to trade, $10 billion security facility that we have pro- to look to other forms of finance, to look to posed, can be acted upon by the IMF [Inter- industrial development and agricultural de- national Monetary Fund], but in order to velopment, for the way in which we are going have the funds for it, the IMF replenishment to solve the problem of poverty and develop- which is now agreed will require authoriza- ment in the world. tion by our Congress and by the parlia- The proposals that we have made, then, ments of other countries. So clearly a very ultimately result in far greater economic ac- large measure of congressional involvement tivity than would come from a simple set of is there. aid proposals, but they are not designed to I think it would be wrong to say, however, be added up in a single package. that the reservations were motivated by concern over congressional reaction. They are Q. Mr. Enders, have you at the end of this

October 13, 1975 567 session gone any further at all from the origi- ously described, which did not feel that there nal positions laid out in the Kissinger speech? was enough to be gained from the kind of Are there any further compromises you have negotiated settlement which we reached. made or does the Kissinger speech still repre- They felt they should persist in what had sent your final position? been a pattern of stating demands and not yielding them and at the end of such ses- Mr. Enders: I think if you read the docu- sions as we have had now, instead of reach- ment, you will see that although we have not ing agreement, recording disagreement as put on the table additional specific proposals a matter of principle. This is a perfectly un- we have joined the majority here in a very derstandable, perfectly defensible political broad action—particularly in the trade field tactic—strategy really—with respect to a but also in the finance field—designed to new set of arguments and positions. solve these problems, and we have indicated That view was represented vigorously by that we are quite willing to participate in some nations here at this session, and it was the proposals that others have made in study- repeatedly done. In the end, faced with that ing them and in negotiating them. as the received practice—established prac- So that we are not simply saying we will tice you could almost say—versus the pros- deal only with our own proposals, we are pect of reaching a negotiated agreement, joining the process and dealing with others. larger, stronger, more numerous voices were Q. Mr. Enders, you said that the job now raised in the 77 to get into this relationship is to get down to the business of negotiating, with the industrial countries of the West, of and in one of the brief position papers dur- Japan and some others, and to commence a ing the session that the United States put process which is only clearly begun, in no out, there 2vas a statement that said copper sense concluded. shotdd receive special emphasis. I iconder, is It is not for us at this point to characterize that one of the things high on the agenda for any nation as having been on one side or getting doum to the business of real negotia- the other of meetings in which we were not tion? participants. The important point about it is that we ended up with a unanimous docu- Mr. Enders: Copper is a commodity in ment adopted at 4 o'clock this morning and which there is no active consumer-producer that unanimity was confirmed at around group, and we think there should be one 11:30 this morning. because this is one of the most unstable markets. It is the second largest commodity Q. Mr. Enders, Mr. [Jacob M.] Myerson produced by developing countries, and im- says there are several specific paragraphs portant parts of the developing world have with u'hich the United States is unable to their economic destiny affected by that concur. market. Mr. Enders: That's correct, sir. Ours is an offer to start examining how makes reservations the that market could be made more efficient, Q. He many to unanimous document. question is whether more effective; and that we think is an My urgent matter. further negotiation on the points which Mr. Myerson reserved is possible, or are toe fore- Q. Mr. Enders, over the past couple of days closed here on these provisions? metnbers of the U.S. delegation made rather Mr. Enders: Well, the session has ended. strong statements concerning the role of Al- We are going on to do the things that are geria and Iraq in the negotiations here. agreed here and others as well, because this Ambassador Moynihan: I will clarify sim- document is by no means exclusive, however ply to the extent of saying that it has been long it is. But those represent firm positions the judgment of many members of the Group for the United States at this time, and I of 77 that there were within them divisions might add that they are positions which a which included a group of countries, vari- fairly large number of other countries that

568 Department of State Bulletin nay not have expressed them in the form of that is why this meeting can be a decisive eservations also share. turn. So you will not find them unique. But we I think the second thing to say, though, lave not put them down in the sense of: is that if you compare the documents be-

This is an ultimatum, you know, we are not tween the two sessions you will see an ex- and an ex- xoing to—this is it, fellows, and that's all traordinary difference of tone here is ever going to be. traordinary difference in the quality of the moderate. It Things change. I am not predicting that proposals. This one is far more proposals and for any given set of proposals here, but this reflects far more deeply the concepts of s our position now. It is a position that is suggestions and attitudes and countries. 28 of Secre- >vell known, and it is quite firm. the industrial Some tary Kissinger's proposals and policy recom- Q. Mr. Enders, isn't that the same result H mendations that he made in his speech are achieved as ivas reached at the IS you have included in this document in one form or session, unanimity with reser- nxth special a another. vations which we understood was unsatis- We regard it as having been very respon- factory, or if it's different from the sixth sive to our needs as well as to the others. special session, in your vieiv, could you tell us Ambassador Moynihan: Could I suggest ko2v it's different? also that, as the Secretary General observed,

Mr. Enders: I think the difference here has the proposals we dealt with here were charac- been fundamental, as essentially I under- terized by a certain depth of study and in- stand what has happened. There, there was quiry. They weren't put together in a hurry; an attempt to legislate the doctrine of a ma- they came to this session after a year or jority, a large majority, and impose it upon a more of study elsewhere. We have all learned minority numerically but which represents a lot, and that learning, I think, has brought the larger part of the world's economy. It a measure of shared understanding of reality was an attempt without negotiation, without that makes for successful negotiation. the development of serious proposals to set Q. Last December the United States took a the direction for the world's economy. It was negative attitude totvard the Special Fund. Is the first of the great confrontations between there a possibility, I'd like to knoiv, of a the North and the South, and it has led to an change in terms of participating without con- increasingly tense period of economic diplo- tribution or ivith a contribution? And, sec- macy. ondly, my question deals with the fact that In contrast, in this session the whole pro- we also have been criticized in the past cedure was different. Each of the substan- for our negative attitude toward UNCTAD tive proposals here was carefully negotiated [U.N. Conference on Trade and Develop- in a contact group between members of the ment]. Since that organization is mentioned 77 and members of the industrial countries. many, many times in this final paper, do we Documents were exchanged, adjusted. There see it as having a significant role to play in was in fact a genuine process of negotiation carrying out commodity and trade studies in order to get an agreed result from which and other actions that are called for? we all could go forward. That result, I think most significant in the area of trade but also Mr. Enders: On the Special Fund, as you important in other areas, is I think signifi- know, there are two modes of participation

cant not so much for the precise things that in it. One is with outright contribution, and it says but that it is based on agreement, a a relatively small number of countries have sense of ability to reach a result, and a de- done so. Another is a contribution or addi- sire now to move quite quickly on to the tional contributions to the most seriously relevant forums. affected, designed to respond to their last

So I think the first thing to say is that year very urgent, this year almost desper- the whole process of this is different, and ate, balance-of-payments situations. And the

October 13, 1975 569 United States would participate in that fund find some other concepts and language that by a contribution. both sides use and come together on that, As regards the UNCTAD, the UNCTAD but make no mistake about the substance. has in the past been not a very successful I Q. Mr. Enders, the thing on that, I guess forum for dealing with many of the problems the preamble here says, "reaffirming the we are talking about here. It is by its nature fundamental purposes of the above-mentioned a forum that is difficult to mobilize for in- documents," that is, including the new individual problems because very often it's ternatio7ial economic order. Do you consider hard to break it down into the groups of this language acceptable, reaffirming the countries that have real interests at stake fundamental purposes or— ii in a specific area. So individual negotiations on commodities or trade or sectors or finance Mr. Enders: Does it say "a" or "the"? Are are much more apt to be successful. On the you talking about the preambulars? other hand, we are certainly willing, this Q. The fundamental purposes. document indicates, to participate fully in the discussions in UNCTAD and will be do- Mr. Enders: That's the point of Ambas- ing so. sador Myerson's statement. It says "the." And that refers to a specific set of concepts Q. Mr. Enders, the American working pa- that are not acceptable to us. per spoke not unsympathetically of the new international economic order, but Ambassa- dor Myerson's remarks last night ivere rather critical. Why the change? United States and Mozambique Mr. Enders: The working paper was an Establish Diplomatic Relations American eff'ort at a consensus paper, de-

signed to respond to the concerns not only of Following is the text of a communique the industrial countries and our own pro- initialed at New York on September 23 by posals but of the developing countries, of Secretary Kissinger and Joachim Alberto their concepts and of their rhetoric, recog- Chissano, Foreign Minister of the People's nizing the importance of that. Republic of Mozambique. The paper was not designed to put a stamp of American approval on "the" new inter- Press release 498 dated September 23 national order; it spoke of "a" new interna- The Government of the United States of tional economic order, and it recognized that America and the Government of the People's this is a major aim of the developing coun- Republic of Mozambique, desirous of tries and a major slogan that they use. We strengthening the friendship existing be- are willing to accept that kind of language, tween the peoples of the United States of but we are not willing to accept the con- America and of Mozambique based on the cept of "the" international economic order, principles of mutual respect, sovereign equal- which is a rigid, statist concept that we do ity and non-interference in the internal af- not believe is compatible with our own con- fairs of each other, have decided to establish cepts of how to run an economy or a society diplomatic relations, at the ambassadorial or is likely to succeed in the world economy. level, between their respective countries with

So what we are willing to say is, "a con- eifect from the Twenty-Third day of Septem-

sensus document" ; let's see whether we can't ber Nineteen Hundred Seventy Five.

570 Department of State Bulletin The United States and Africa: Strengthening the Relationship

Toast by Secretary Kissinger '

Some 15 years ago Prime Minister Harold Africa continues to face enormous prob- Macmillan added a new and durable phrase lems. The trials of economic development, to the English language when, in speaking of exacerbated by the problems of the world Africa, he said, "The wind of change is blow- economy and the exorbitant rises in the price ing through the continent." When the 20th of oil, continue to pose challenges for Afri- century opened. Western colonialism stood at can nations despite the progress they have its zenith. Today, only the barest vestiges of made. The arbitrary boundaries established Western colonialism remain in Africa. Never by the colonial powers left many African before in history has so revolutionary a re- countries vulnerable to ethnic strife. Social versal occurred with such rapidity. Morally change and development, as they succeed, and politically, the spread of national inde- challenge national unity and cultural identity pendence has already transformed world in- far more profoundly than other nations have stitutions and the nature of international af- experienced. The job of nation-building in fairs. Today we feel the winds of change Africa is formidable indeed. blowing from Africa, and they will affect the The people of this country wish you well course we set for generations to come. and offer you our help.

The first official function at which I pre- There is growing interest in America in sided as Secretary of State two years ago African issues and African problems. Tra- was a luncheon here for the representatives ditionally America has been dedicated to in- of the Organization of African Unity. Since dependence and self-determination and to then the world has undergone continuing the rights of man. We have been strong change—as much in Africa as anywhere else. advocates of decolonization since the be- In Africa, the Portuguese African colonial ginning of the postwar period. The special empire has come to an end. The effects of identification of black Americans with their that on southern Africa are being felt in African heritage intensifies our belief, and Rhodesia, Namibia, and South Africa; and our will to demonstrate, that men of all races their full course has yet to be run. can live and prosper together. Also of great importance, major changes Because of these ties, and with the eco- have taken place in the international econ- nomic interdependence of Africa and Amer- omy, as reflected in the recent special session. ica becoming increasingly obvious, Ameri- The developing nations of Africa, Asia, and cans owe it to ourselves and to Africa to Latin America are claiming more control define clearly and to state candidly our policy over their economic destiny and a greater toward the continent of Africa. Therefore,

share in global prosperity. today I would like to go beyond the usual toast for occasions such as this and talk with ' Given on Sept. 23 at a dinner at the U.S. Mission you informally about some of the important to the United Nations in honor of Foreign Ministers issues in relations between the United States and Permanent Representatives to the United Na- tions of member nations of the Organization of and Africa. African Unity (text from press release 500). America has three major concerns:

October 13, 1975 571 ; ;

—That Africa attain prosperity for its The United States offered a comprehen- people and become a strong participant in sive practical approach to economic develop-

^ the economic order, an economic partner with ment at the seventh special session. My gov- a growing stake in the international system ernment was pleased that our suggestions —That self-determination, racial justice, formed the basis for a highly significant and human rights spread to all of Africa; consensus among the developed and develop- and ing countries, which we hope will mark the —That the continent be free of great- end of a period of fruitless confrontation and

power rivalry or conflict. misunderstanding. i ii Our major aims are: The United States seeks neither military To make developing countries more se- allies nor ideological confrontation in Africa. — cure against drastic economic diflticulties aris- As Adlai Stevenson once said here at the ing from cyclical declines in export earnings United Nations, "Africa for the Africans and in food production; means Africa for the Africans and not Africa To accelerate economic growth by im*^| as a hunting ground for alien ambitions." ^ — proving their access to capital, technology, and management skills; Economic Development —To provide special treatment to improve their opportunities in trading relations The people of Africa entered the era of —To make commodity markets function independence with high aspirations. Eco- more smoothly and beneficially for both pro- nomic development has become both their

ducers and consumers ; and highest national goal and a symbol of their —To devote special attention to the urgent drive for a more significant role in world needs of the poorest countries. afi'airs. proposals apply to all developing coun- Much progress has been made. National Our tries. But many of them are particularly ap- incomes in Africa have risen rapidly in the propriate to Africa: last two decades. Africa's overall trade has Sixteen increased about fourfold in the last 15 years. — of the world's twenty-five least developed countries are in Africa. bi- But development hopes in Africa have too Our often been crushed by the cycles of natural lateral assistance program is increasingly concentrated on the disasters and the shocks of worldwide eco- least developed. Above

and beyond our emergency assistance , nomic instability. No continent suffers so to the

Sahelian drought area, our regular aid i cruelly when crops fail for lack of rain. No ap- continent endures a heavier burden when propriation for Africa this fiscal year reflects an increase of about percent last prices of primary commodities fluctuate vio- 60 over year. lently in response to shifts in the world economy. —We expect African countries to benefit security The United States has set as one of the particularly from the development facility propose to create in the fundamental goals of its foreign policy to which we help lay the foundations for a new era of International Monetary Fund to counter for international cooperation embracing devel- drastic shortfalls in export earnings are particularly dependent oped and developing countries in an open and economies which durable international system. Africa has an on a few highly volatile primary commodities. important role in this international system. stabilizing earnings is not enough. Our mutual success will determine the na- —But The United States supports measures to im- ture of political and economic relations in prove for individual commodities, the world over the remainder of this century. markets including coffee, cocoa, and copper, which are so important to Africa. ° For a statement by Ambassador Stevenson made in the U.N. Security Council on Feb. 15, 1961, see —We also propose to double our bilateral Bulletin of Mar. 13, 1961, p. 359. assistance to expand agricultural production.

572 Department of State Bulletin —We will raise our proposed contribution standing of what is a realistic and hopeful to the African Development Fund to $25 approach to this profound challenge. million. No problem is more complex than the —In addition to the proposals we made to racial issues in South Africa itself. My the United Nations, the United States has country's convictions on apartheid are well attempted to mobilize international support known. It is contrary to all we believe in and for a coordinated long-term development pro- stand for. The U.S. position has been long- gram to provide basic economic security for standing and consistent. We note that the the Sahelian countries. We have supported wind of change continues to blow, inexorably. this effort already with massive assistance The signs of change that are visible in South of more than $100 million. Africa must be encouraged and accelerated. We are pleased to see the constructive The key to sustaining development over measures taken by African governments to the long run is expanded trade and invest- promote better relations and peaceful change. ment. Growing exports of manufactured, as believe change is inevitable, and efforts well as primary, products generate the for- We to promote a progressive and peaceful evolu- eign exchange needed to buy the imports to tion will have our support. fuel further development. The United States The United States also continues to sup- provides a large and growing market for the port the International Court of Justice's ad- products of African countries. Our trade visory opinion of 1971 affirming the General with Africa had grown to about $8 billion in Assembly's 1966 decision which terminated 1974, almost eight times its volume in 1960. the South African mandate over Namibia. The rapid implementation of the U.S. gen- The United States will take no steps that eralized system of preferences should spell would legitimize South Africa's administra- even greater expansion in the years to come. tion of the territory. We repeatedly have pro- American private investment has been a tested violations of the rights of black Na- valuable source of the capital, management, mibians by the authorities there. and technology that are essential to Afri- As I indicated in my address yesterday, can development. Direct U.S. investment in we believe that all Namibians should be given Africa has increased more than four times the opportunity to express their views freely, since 1960. and under U.N. supervision, on the political We are encouraged by these striking in- and constitutional structure of their coun- creases in the magnitude and relative im- try. We have expressed this view consist- portance of trade and investment relation- ently to South Africa. We will continue to do ships between the United States and inde- so. We welcome public statements of South pendent black Africa. We expect this trend African leaders that they accept the principle to continue, and we will do what we can to of independence and self-determination for assure that it does so. Namibia. For the past decade, Rhodesia has been a Southern Africa major international issue. The maintenance Economic progress is of utmost impor- by force of an illegal regime based on white tance to Africa; but at the same time, the supremacy is of deep concern to African gov- political challenges of the continent, par- ernments and to my government. Over the ticularly the issue of southern Africa, sum- past year, the United States has watched mon the urgent attention of the world com- with sympathy the attempt to negotiate a munity. peaceful solution in Rhodesia. We have noted, We believe that these problems can and in particular, the statesmanlike efforts of must be solved. They should be solved peace- the leaders of African countries—especially fully. We are mindful of the Lusaka Mani- President Kaunda [of Zambia], Prime Min- festo, which combines a commitment to hu- ister Vorster [of South Africa], President man dignity and equality with a clear under- Khama [of Botswana], President Nyerere

October 13, 1975 573 solution Machel [of Mo- ence. We believe a fair and peaceful [of Tanzania] , and President be negotiated, giving all groups repre- zambique] —to avert violence and bloodshed. must a fair role in its We would encourage them to continue in senting the Angolan people their difficult task of bringing the parties to- future. gether. The United States intends to adhere The Spirit of Cooperation scrupulously to the U.N.'s economic sanc- Ford and tions against Rhodesia. President Ladies and gentlemen, colleagues: Twenty urge his entire Administration continue to years ago there were only three independent and expect repeal of the Byrd amendment African states. Today you comprise more cun-ent this will be accomplished during the than one-third of the membership of the session of the Congress. United Nations. Africa's numbers and re- various The United Nations has tried in sources and the energies of its peoples have change ways to exert a positive influence on given Africa a strong and important role in however, in southern Africa. I should add, world affairs. continue to that we have opposed, and will We do not expect you to be in concert with are incompatible with ask only oppose, actions that us on all international issues. We we will not mind- the U.N. Charter. In particular, that as we respect your interests, are to the expulsion your retreat from our opposition ful of your rights, and sympathize with Nations. We of any member of the United concerns, you give us the same consideration. the best believe this would be contrary to Let us base our relations on mutual respect. this organiza- interests and effectiveness of Let us address our differences openly and as principle tion. Universality is a fundamental friends, in the recognition that only by co- charter^s that we stand for in this body. The operation can we achieve the aspirations of exercise of their provisions for members' full our peoples. do not believe prerogatives are another. We Let us be guided by the flexibility and the can be ignored in one evident that these principles spirit of conciliation which were so This is why, case and applied in another. during the special session. Let us replace the of South Africa's despite our disapproval sterility of confrontation with the promise this organization policies, we do not believe inherent in our collaboration. Let us search the path of exclud- can afford to start down diligently for areas of agreement and strive of criticism of their ing members because to overcome any misunderstandings. domestic policies. Strengthening the relationship between the United States and Africa is a major ob- Former Portuguese Territories jective of American policy. We support your self-determination, sovereignty, and terri- Since we last sat down together, three want to help you in your more African nations—Mozambique, Sao torial integrity. We develop your economies and im- Tome and Principe, and Cape Verde—have efforts to of your people. Like become independent. We welcome them to prove the well-being our behef in racial justice is unalter- the U.N. family, and we look forward to es- yours, tablishing regular relations with them. We able. has many ties to Africa and a stand ready to assist in their economic de- America future. velopment. deep commitment to its profound hope that this session But I want to say a cautionary word about It is my Assembly will be remembered Angola. Events in Angola have taken a dis- of the General we began to come together tressing turn, with widespread violence. We as a time when nations, a time when we ear- are most alarmed at the interference of as truly united reasons to agree, a time extracontinental powers who do not wish nestly searched for interdependence of mankind be- Africa well and whose involvement is incon- when the fully understood. The nations of sistent with the promise of true independ- gan to be

State Bulletin 574 Department of ; ;

Africa will have a major part in determining Secretary Kissinger Discusses whether this will come to pass. Ladies and gentlemen, please raise your Goals of U.S. Energy Policy glasses with me in a toast to the future of Following is a statement by Secretary Kis- Africa, the Organization of African Unity, singer made before the Subcommittee on and the United Nations in a world of peace. Energy of the Joint Economic Committee of the Congress on September 19.^

Annual Meeting of SEATO Council Press release 495 dated September 19 October Held at New York The events set in motion by the 1973 war exposed the dangerous vulnerabil- incurred result of our grow- Folloiving is the text of a press statement ity we had as a oil. oil em- issued at the conclusion of the annual meeting dependence on imported The the series massive oil price ing of the SEATO Council held at Neiv York bargo and of increases which followed underscored the on September 21^. degree to which we had lost control over the 1. The Council of the South-East Asia price of a central element of our economic Treaty Organization (SEATO), comprising system. We also found that our own economic Ministerial Representatives of Australia, well-being and security were threatened by New Zealand, the Philippines, Thailand, the the energy vulnerability of our allies and United Kingdom and the United States, held that the escalating price of energy had their Twentieth Annual Meeting in New wreaked havoc on the pi'Ograms of develop- York on 24 September. ing countries. 2. The Council reviewed events in the Over the past two years our objective has Treaty Area in the year since they had last been to develop a comprehensive strategy to met. They considered the role of SEATO in end our domestic and international energy light of the new situation in the South-East vulnerability. Our goal has been to build a Asian region. While noting that the Organi- series of policies which would: zation had over the years made a useful —Protect us against short-term dangers contribution to stability and development in such as embargoes and the destabilizing the region, they decided that in view of the movements of assets held by oil countries changing circumstances it should now be —Provide support for developing countries phased out. hard hit by high oil prices 3. accordingly instructed the The Council —Make possible a return to noninflation- Secretary-General to prepare a detailed plan ary growth, and for the phasing out process to be conducted —Create the political and institutional in an orderly and systematic manner. Recog- conditions for a productive dialogue between nizing that many of the projects and ac- consumer and producer countries. tivities in which the Organization had been engaged were of substantial value and We have made substantial progress m meeting the immediate crisis. might be continued under other auspices, and our partners in the International possibly with bilateral or multilateral tech- We Energy Agency (lEA) have joined in a plan nical and economic support, the Council re- for mutual assistance in the event of quested the Secretary-General and the Nego- a future embargo. In April we and other indus- tiating Bodies to explore this subject further. trialized countries agreed on a $25 billion 4. The Council expressed its appreciation to the Government of Thailand for having ' complete transcript been the host to SEATO during its existence The of the hearings will be published by the committee and will be available and for all the facilities accorded by the from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Gov- Government of Thailand to the Organization. ernment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.

October 13, 1975 575 support fund to offset abrupt or predatory common basis for developing alternative sup- shifts of funds by OPEC [Organization of plies by agreeing that none of the lEA coun- Petroleum Exporting Countries] as well as tries will permit imported oil to be sold in balance-of-payments problems. Also at our our economies below a certain minimum price initiative, the International Monetary Fund level. The object of this element of consumer will create a special Trust Fund for conces- policy is to assure that our efforts are not sional loans to developing countries hit hard- disrupted by predatory pricing by OPEC and est by oil price increases. We have also co- to protect those countries that invest heavily ordinated closely with Germany, France, in higher cost energy from being put at Japan, and Britain to restore sustained eco- a competitive disadvantage if the oil pro- nomic expansion in the industrial world. ducers engage in predatory pricing. Despite this progress much remains to be These efforts by the United States and its done if we are to overcome the impact of lEA partners are extremely important, for the energy crisis. without serious joint effort by the consumer Here at home we must move rapidly in countries our credibility will be questioned reducing our dependence on imported oil. Our and no balanced dialogue with producer coun- present vulnerability will continue, and in- tries will be possible. We seek such a dialogue deed increase, unless we intensify our con- with the producing countries, one that will servation efforts and promptly initiate those underscore our mutual interests rather than programs and policy measures which will in- our differences. If we and our lEA partners sure the availability of major amounts of seek reliable access to oil supplies at stable new energy by the end of this decade and prices, the producing countries also seek se- into the 1980's. cure outlets for their growing assets and For the short term we look to conservation greater participation in the world financial as the primary means of reducing our import and economic system. dependence. In this regard, the decontrol of We have worked hard to launch a produc- domestic oil prices is the single most im- tive dialogue on energy, raw materials, de- portant conservation measure we can take. velopment, and finance. We look forward to But there should also be other elements in the meetings on these subjects which will our domestic energy policy, including the begin next month. They offer an opportunity deregulation of natural gas, as well as the for consumer and producer countries alike accelerated exploi-ation of potential resources to demonstrate their ability to create new in Alaska and on the outer continental shelf. ties and relationships. We cannot succeed alone in this effort. A major test of the producer country com- We must work closely with other major con- mitment to a more positive relationship will suming countries if we expect to end the occur in the next few days when OPEC coun- monopoly power of the producer countries tries meet to decide whether or not to extend in unilaterally setting oil prices. their own moratorium on oil price increases. We and our lEA partners are now develop- After the dramatic price increases of the ing a comprehensive program of long-term past two years another oil price rise can only cooperation. In the conservation area we will endanger the positive dialogue which we all set overall targets based on equitable burden seek. It will affect the expansionary policies sharing among members, and we will verify of industrialized countries. It will further each other's performance. weaken the economies of the developing To accelerate the development of new en- countries, so many of which are already in ergy, lEA members must pool their resources precarious condition. It could also result in and expand research and development ef- the stagnation of OPEC oil exports and lead forts. To cover the massive development to demands for yet higher oil prices. Such a costs, lEA countries must work together to series of events is in the interest of no one insure that the necessary financial resources and can only jeopardize our hopes for a new will be available. and constructive relationship. It is also important that we establish a Regardless of the decisions of the oil pro-

576 Department of State Bulletin ducers, the United States must regain con- world coffee markets, and our reasons for producers trol of its own economic future. Our leader- continuing cooperation between ship role in the world demands that we and consumers of coffee. demonstrate our national resolve to overcome The United States has participated in inter- ;he problems we face and our determination national coffee agreements since 1962. Both lot to entrust our political and economic the 1962 agreement and its successor, the iestiny to others. 1968 International Coffee Agreement, were designed primarily to deal with persistent overproduction of coffee and accumulated surpluses which threatened to depress prices Continued U.S. Participation and the export earnings of a large number in Latin America in Coffee Organization Urged of developing countries and Africa. Through a system of export

Folloiving is a statement by Julius L. Katz, quotas and other measures, these agree- Deputy Assistant Secretary for Economic ments made possible the reduction of surplus uid Business Affairs, submitted to the Senate stocks without a disastrous price fall. At the '^ommittee on Foreign Relations on Septem- same time, the agreements contributed to ber 16} the achievement of a better balance between production and consumption during the

I appreciate this opportunity to appear 1960's. These agreements were, of course, jefore your committee this morning to dis- submitted as treaties to your committee and uss the protocol for the continuation in received the advice and consent of the 'orce of the International Coffee Agreement Senate. )f 1968, as extended. This protocol contains Severe frosts in the coffee-growing regions 10 economic provisions, but preserves the of Brazil in 1969 and 1972 sharply reduced egal basis for the continuation of the Inter- Brazilian coffee harvests. As a result world national Coffee Organization through Sep- production was below consumption in the

. ember 30, 1976. Without our ratification of early 1970's, and the general level of world Lhis protocol, U.S. membership in the Inter- stocks declined. The frosts, together with ;iational Coffee Organization would expire other factors such as international monetary )n September 30 of this year. adjustments, resulted in sharply higher The purpose of this extension is to con- coffee prices. In this situation the United tinue the International Coffee Organization States questioned the need to continue re- IS a forum for discussion and negotiation of strictions on the flow of coffee to the mar- 1 new international coffee agreement. Con- ket, and the quota system was suspended in siderable progress has been made in negotia- December 1972. tions for a new agreement in the past several In 1973, member countries decided to ex- months. Negotiations will resume in No- tend the 1968 agreement for a period of two \'ember and are expected to be concluded years with virtually all the economic provi- l:)efore the end of this year. I believe that it sions deleted. This decision came after it had s in our best interest to participate fully in become clear that producers and consumers Dhe November negotiations as a member in could not reach agreement on the means of ?ood standing of the International Coffee adapting the 1968 agreement to the changed (Organization. market situation. Nonetheless, producers and In this statement I propose to review the i consumers did agree that the International itiistory of U.S. participation in previous Coffee Organization should be preserved as a coffee agreements, recent developments in center for the collection, analysis, and dis- semination of data on coffee production, con- 'The complete transcript of the hearings will be sumption, and trade, as well as a forum for published by the committee and will be available discussion and eventual negotiation of a new 'rem the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Gov- srnment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. agreement. Forty-two producing countries

October 13, 1975 577 and 17 consuming countries are members of coffee production would also be reduced. the current agreement. Thus the outlook for the next several years One of tiie principal reasons for the fail- appears to be one of relatively tight balance ure to reach agreement in 1973 was a side between supply and demand. agreement announced by major producers to Earlier this year serious negotiations re- withhold coffee from the market. The United sumed for a new coffee agi'eement in the States and others protested that such one- International Coffee Organization. Brazil and sided action was incompatible with the spirit a number of other producing countries pre- and objectives of producer-consumer cooper- sented proposals in March. The United States ation. Between 1972 and 1974, producers on presented its proposals in April. Substantial several occasions announced their intention progress toward a new international coffee to restrict the supply of coffee to world agreement with economic provisions was markets. However, the statistical data which made at a Coffee Council meeting in June and later became available indicate that produc- July of this year. We reached agi'eement in ers did not in fact restrict exports. On the principle on a number of features which I contrary, exports increased from 53.3 million believe would offer additional protection to bags in 1971 to 57.7 million bags in 1972 and consumers. These included provisions for 61.6 million bags in 1973. Nevertheless, the automatic suspension of quotas when prices absence of producer and consumer agi'ee- rise by a predetermined amount, a more flex- ment on supply objectives created uncer- ible arrangement for quota allocation, and a tainty in coffee markets and unnecessary clear undei-standing that the objective of the tension between producers and consumers. agreement would be price stabilization, not Coffee prices continued relatively high price fixing. We also received assurances through 1973 and early 1974. By mid-1974 from producers that they would refrain from Brazilian production had recovered fully further one-sided attempts to regulate coffee from the 1972 frost and the mai'ket antici- supply. pated a return to surplus production. Prices However, we did not conclude an agree- began to decline and dropped considerably ment, primarily because the producers were below their 1974 highs. Through the first unable to resolve their differences over ini- half of this year coffee prices remained tial division of market shares. The Council around 50 cents per pound, a decline of adjourned after scheduling another meet- roughly 50 percent from their highs. ing for early November and requesting This situation was dramatically reversed producers to resolve their difficulties in the on July 17 when the coffee-growing regions meantime. Overall, we found the producers of Brazil were hit by the most severe frost reasonable and willing to compromise on since 1912. Initial reports placed the loss most of the issues of importance to us. as high as 50 percent of expected production Subsequent to the meeting, the frost in in 1976. This news caused the price of green Brazil raised speculation on whether pro- coffee on the New York market to jump from ducers would still be interested in pursuing about 55 cents per pound to 85 cents per an agreement. Similar circumstances follow- pound in a matter of days. The damage re- ing the 1972 frost led to the breakdown of ports have since been confirmed. the old agreement. This time we received A Department of Agriculture team sur- immediate assurances from the major pro- veyed the frost area in August and estimated ducers—Brazil, Colombia, the Ivory Coast, Brazilian production in 1976 would fall and others—that they remain firmly com- within a range of 8 to 11 million bags, com- mitted to renewed producer-consumer co- pared to 24 million bags this year and 28 operation in an international agi'eement. million bags previously forecast for 1976. Brazil, in particular, expressed concern The Department of Agriculture also pointed that higher prices may lead to permanent out that due to the severity of the frost 1977 loss in consumption and may stimulate in-

578 Department of State Bulletin creased planting followed by surplus produc- lieve that it is in our best interest as con- tion and depressed prices several years later. sumers to continue the cooperation which At the same time, Brazil has announced a has been the hallmark of the international program valued at about $1 billion to re- coffee agreements. habilitate and restore production. Brazil is thus making a massive effort to protect its market position in the United States and elsewhere. Documents We have informally told the major produc- Congressional ers that we, too, are interested in continuing Relating to Foreign Policy cooperation. We have cautioned them of the detrimental effect on the world coffee trade 93d Congress, 2d Session which might result from excessively high prices. We have made clear that we could The Middle East, 1974: New Hopes, New Challenges. Hearings before the Subcommittee on the Near not participate in a new agreement if produc- East and South Asia of the House Committee on ers attempt coordinated measures to exploit Foreign Affairs. April 9-June 27, 1974. 202 pp. the tight supply situation. We think the A Brief History of Emergency Powers in the United prepared for the Senate producers understand our position. Thus far, States. A working paper Special Committee on National Emergencies and they have acted responsibly. Delegated Emergency Powers. Prepared by Harold It is against this background that we hope C. Relyea of the Government and General Re- the committee will support the President's search Division, Library of Congress. July 1974. 140 pp. recommendation that the Senate give its The Persian Gulf, 1974: Money, Politics, Arms, and advice and consent to acceptance of the Power. Hearings before the Subcommittee on the protocol. We believe that continuation of the Near East and South Asia of the House Commit- Foreign Affairs. July 30-August 12, 1974. present agreement will provide the time re- tee on 267 pp. quired to complete negotiation of a new Detente. Hearings before the Senate Committee on agreement and the necessary constitutional Foreign Relations. August 15-October 8, 1974. procedures for its ratification and entry into 524 pp. World Hunger, Health, and Refugee Problems. Part force October 1, 1976. V: Human Disasters in Cyprus, Bangladesh, We believe that U.S. membership in the Africa. Hearing before the Subcommittee To International Coffee Organization will pro- Investigate Problems Connected With Refugees and tescapees of the Senate Committee on the mote U.S. foreign policy interests. By re- Judiciary and the Subcommittee on Health of the sponding positively to the desire of the pro- Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare. ducing countries of this hemisphere and of August 20, 1974. 208 pp. the developing world generally to preserve Human Rights in Chile. Hearings before the Sub- committees on International Organizations and the institutional cooperation of the past 12 Movements and on Inter-American Affairs of the years, the United States reaffirms the mutual House Committee on Foreign Affairs. Part 2. commitment to seeking constructive solu- November 19, 1974. 99 pp. The Crisis of the African Drought. Hearing before tions to problems which vitally affect the the Subcommittee on Africa of the House Com- economies of many nations. U.S. participa- mittee on Foreign Affairs. November 19, 1974. tion will demonstrate our continuing concern 143 pp. for the economic well-being of producing Kissinger-Simon Proposals for Financing Oil Im- ports. Hearings before the Joint Economic Com- countries. At the same time we can better mittee. November 25-29, 1974. 109 pp. safeguard the interests of our consumers Torture and Oppression in Brazil. Hearing before the in the context of cooperative international Subcommittee on International Organizations and Movements of the House Committee on Foreign arrangements than we can in a situation Affairs. December 11, 1974. 51 pp. where producers alone are determining the Economic Issues Between the United States, Japan, conditions of trade of this important com- and South Korea. Hearing before the Subcom- mittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs of the House modity. Particularly in view of the tight sup- Committee on Foreign Affairs. December 17, 1974. ply outlook for I the next several years, be- 42 pp.

October 13, 1975 579 Wheat Protocol modifying and further extending the wheat TREATY INFORMATION trade convention (part of the international wheat agreement) 1971 (TIAS 7144, 7988). Done at Washington March 25, 1975. Entered into force June 19, 1975, with respect to certain provisions and July 1, 1975, with respect to other provisions. Current Actions Ratification deposited: Switzerland, September 23, 1975. MULTILATERAL Protocol modifying and further extending the food aid convention (part of the international wheat agreement) 1971 (TIAS 7144, 7988). Done at Health Washington March 25, 1975. Entered into force June 19, 1975, with respect to certain provisions Constitution of the World Health Organization, as and July 1, 1975, with respect to other provisions. amended. Done at New York July 22, 1946. En- Ratification deposited: Switzerland, September 23, tered into force April 7, 1948; for the United 1975. States June 21, 1948. TIAS 1808, 4643, 8086. Acceptance deposited: Mozambique, September 11, World Heritage 1975. Convention concerning the protection of the world Load Lines cultural and natural heritage. Done at Paris November 16, 1972.= International convention on load lines, 1966. Done Acceptance deposited: France (with declaration), at London April 5, 1966. Entered into force July June 27, 1975. 21, 1968. TIAS 6331. Ratification deposited: Ghana, July 4, 1975. Accession deposited: Oman, August 20, 1975.

Oil Pollution BILATERAL International convention on civil liability for oil pollution damage. Done at Brussels November 29, Bangladesh 1969. Entered into force June 19, 1975.' Agreement for sales of agricultural Ratification deposited: Netherlands, September 19, commodities, 1975. relating to the agreement of October 4, 1974 (TIAS 7949), with agreed minutes. Signed at Safety at Sea Dacca September 11, 1975. Entered into force September 11, 1975. International regulations for preventing collisions at sea, 1960. Done at London June 17, 1960. En- Cape Verde tered into force September 1, 1965. TIAS 5813. Loan agreement for agricultural sector Acceptance deposited: Oman, August 20, 1975. support (rural works), with annex. Signed at Mindelo Space June 30, 1975. Entered into force June 30, 1975. Grant agreement relating to food for work and dis- Convention on international liability for damage tribution. Signed at Mindelo June 30, 1975. En- caused by space objects. Done at Washington, tered into force June 30, 1975. London, and Moscow March 29, 1972. Entered into force September 1, 1972; for the United States October 9, 1973. TIAS 7762. ' Not in force for the United States. Accession deposited: Kenya, September 25, 1975. "' Not in force.

580 Department of State Bulletin klNDEX October 13, 1975 Vol. LXXIII, No. 1894

frica Mozambique. United States and Mozambique

luilding International Order (Kissinger) . . 545 Establish Diplomatic Relations (communi- 'he United States and Africa: Streng^thening que) 570 the Relationship (Kissinger) 571 Treaty Information. Current Actions .... 580 Control. Building International Order rms U.S.S.R. Secretary Kissinger Interviewed for (Kissinger) 545 CBS "Morning News" 553 >sia. of Council Held Annual Meeting SEATO United Nations at New York (press statement) 575 Ambassador Moynihan and Assistant Secretary Irazil. Continued U.S. Participation in Coffee Enders Discuss Seventh Special Session of Organization Urged (Katz) 577 U.N. General Assembly (transcript of news conference) 566 immodities. Continued U.S. Participation in Building International Order (Kissinger) . . 545 Coffee Organization Urged (Katz) 577 .... Secretary Kissinger Interviewed for CBS ingress "Morning News" 553 longressional Documents Relating to Foreign United States Gives Views on Resolution Policy 579 Adopted by Seventh Special Session of U.N. Continued U.S. Participation in Coffee Organi- General Assembly (Moynihan, Myerson, text zation Urged (Katz) 577 of resolution) 557 icretary Kissinger Discusses Goals of U.S. Energy Policy (statement) 575 lyprus. Building International Order (Kis- Name Index singer) 545 Enders, Thomas O 566 developing Countries Katz, Julius L 577 'Ambassador Moynihan and Assistant Secretary Kissinger, Secretary 545, 553, 571, 575 Enders Discuss Seventh Special Session of Myerson, Jacob M 557 U.N. General Assembly (transcript of news Moynihan, Daniel P 557, 566 conference) 566 United States Gives Views on Resolution Adopted by Seventh Special Session of U.N. General Assembly (Moynihan, Myerson, text of resolution) 557 Iconomic Affairs bassador Moynihan and Assistant Secretary Check List of Department of State Enders Discuss Seventh Special Session of U.N. General Assembly (transcript of news conference) 566

iuilding International Order (Kissinger) . . 545 Continued U.S. Participation in Coffee Organi- zation Urged (Katz) 577 nited States Gives Views on Resolution Adopted by Seventh Special Session of U.N. General Assembly (Moynihan, Myerson, text of resolution) 557 Energy. Secretary Kissinger Discusses Goals

of U.S. Energy Policy (statement) . . . 575 Europe. Building International Order (Kis- singer) 545 Human Rights. Building International Order (Kissinger) 545 International Law. Building International Order (Kissinger) 545 International Organizations and Conferences. Annual Meeting of SEATO Council Held at New York (press statement) ...... 575 Israel. Secretary Kissinger Interviewed for CBS "Morning News" 553 Korea. Building International Order (Kissin- ger) 545 Secretary Kissinger Interviewed for CBS "Morning News" 553 Middle East

Building International Order (Kissinger) . . 545 Secretary Kissinger Interviewed for CBS "Morning News" 553