Delegation from: the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria Represented by: Rocky River High School

Position Paper for the General Assembly, First Committee: Disarmament and International Security

The issues before the General Assembly, First Committee: Disarmament and International Security are: Food Security as it Relates to Unrest and Political Stability; and the Peaceful Use of Outer Space. Algeria understands the link between conflict and a lack of food security, and seeks worldwide cooperation to advance food security. Additionally, Algeria is devoted to the development of technology for peaceful use in space, and hopes that this committee will facilitate international cooperation in this area.

I. Food Security as it Relates to Unrest and Political Stability

The People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria knows firsthand the importance of addressing food security as it relates to unrest and political stability and hopes to cooperate internationally to relieve food instability for those affected by conflict. During Algeria’s own decade-long civil war, the purchasing power of its citizens fell by more than ten percent and did not rise to normal levels until the conflict ended; conflict in Algeria led to poverty for its citizens, decreasing food security for many. Today, the nation hosts between 90,000 and 165,000 refugees. Approximately 21,200 of these individuals receive food security aid through USAID’s Office of Food for Peace, though many more may struggle with food security. It has been difficult to build food security among refugees in Algeria since the desert climate limits arable land, constraining agricultural capacity and severely hindering refugee’s efforts to achieve self-sufficiency and engage with local economies.

Noting the importance of United Nations programs including the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Protracted Relief and Recovery Operation to its refugee population, Algeria supports the continuation of such efforts to improve the standard of living of refugees in all regions. Algeria also seeks to protect the rights of refugees to work and to public relief and assistance in order to ensure their ability to maintain food security, as the nation is party to the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol.

The People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria fully recognizes that refugees are not the only group suffering from a lack of food security, but it also sees that they are many of the world’s food-insecure individuals and seeks for the General Assembly, First Committee, to address this pressing issue as the worldwide number of refugees continues to rise due to the ongoing crisis in Syria and the Middle East. As it has been established that conflict contributes significantly to a lack of food security, Algeria hopes for a resolution to better establish the ability of displaced persons to obtain sufficient food, as this becomes difficult in many situations due to the climates and economies of the regions in which refugees settle. International efforts are crucial to fighting food insecurity, so nations must be willing to contribute funds to the United Nations for the purpose of building food security. Additionally, the General Assembly, First Committee, must work with and incentivize nations to develop their own programs to promote agriculture when possible and access to both food and accurate nutritional information in order to ensure the food security of their citizens. When access to food is improved for all people, the international

community will be able to better focus its efforts on those such as refugees who are perpetually food insecure.

II. The Peaceful Use of Outer Space

The People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria stands in full support of the peaceful use of outer space, as its space program, the Algerian Space Agency (ASAL), founded in 2002, now serves the purpose of implementing the Algerian National Space Programme, the nation’s plan for the use of space technology, the goal of which, according to Djamel Moktefi of the General Assembly, Fourth Committee, is “to accelerate the development of social and economic goals while advancing international and regional cooperation in the field of space technology.” Algeria believes firmly that we can only hope to accelerate the development of nations across the globe if the peaceful use of outer space is the only use of outer space.

As a strong proponent of the peaceful use of outer space, Algeria has been party to the Outer Space Treaty since 1992, proving that its support for the peaceful use of our space predates even its own space program. The nation is also party to the Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects. Algeria believes that states must hold responsibility for any consequences of their actions in space and that maintaining accountability is central to the continuation of the use of outer space for peaceful purposes. Additionally, Algeria has signed the Agreement Relating to the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (ITSO), the Agreement of the Arab Corporation for Space Communications (ARABSAT), and other treaties devoted to protecting and regulating the use of space for communications and commerce.

Noting that the General Assembly, First Committee must look to reaffirm the importance of using space for peaceful purposes, Algeria also looks for the committee to develop plans for furthering these purposes internationally, facilitating scientific and economic development worldwide. In recent years, the nation has launched satellites not only for communications purposes, but also for managing major risks and natural disasters through improved surveillance of the Earth. Algeria believes the United Nations must work to facilitate the adoption of this technology by any nation which has so far not reached this level of space technology development, as it holds value in increasing the safety and security of a nation’s inhabitants in the face of disaster. Algeria’s hope is that regional and global cooperation on the peaceful use of space will improve international response to crises around the world, lessening the impact of natural disasters or other catastrophic events on those directly affected and on the governments and economies of their nations. Furthermore, Algeria desires that the committee reach an agreement regarding equal access to outer space, ensuring that nations with space programs that are large or well-developed in the status quo do not monopolize outer space or crowd out nations with smaller programs. Only with a guarantee of equal access to space will the international community be able to make the best use of space and space technology for peaceful purposes and the betterment of all nations.

Submitted by: Antigua & Barbuda

Committee: GA1

Topic A: Food Security as it Relates to Unrest and Political Stability

Food security is commonly defined as a condition in which every person can access food that is nutritious and safe that allows them to live their life. Many countries today struggle with providing their people with enough healthy, nutritious food so that they can live and thrive where they are. A lack of food security can lead to a myriad of problems, including increased violence and political unrest, as a result of people being undernourished and unable to live at a minimum standard of living. As time goes on, more and more countries are becoming incapable of achieving food security as a result things like natural disasters that make agriculture unreliable and high food costs make it hard for citizens to purchase it to stay alive. However, “65% of people suffering from food insecurity are located in 7 countries, including India, China,

Democratic Republic of Congo, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, and Ethiopia.” This means that other countries are not struggling with this and must use their resources to help those who are.

This is essential to ensure that every country is allowed the same basic living standards and opportunities as one another and to avoid conflict within countries.

While Antigua & Barbuda does not itself particularly struggle itself with food insecurity, it sees the strain it can have on other countries and its people. Antigua and Barbuda would like to use their resources to help countries struggling with lack of food and infrastructure by crafting and supporting resolutions that involve solutions that can benefit these struggling countries without much harm to others. Consequently, Antigua and Barbuda does not support any resolution that condones working towards a solution that does not include the economic, social, and environmental factors that can lead to food insecurity.

Submitted by: Antigua & Barbuda

Committee: GA1

Topic B: The Peaceful Use of Outer Space

Space can be incomprehensibly useful to humankind in helping with correspondence, security, peace, environment, instruction, and wellbeing across the globe. In any case, there has recently been worry of militarization and a weapons contest in space, the United States having blocked endeavored resolutions from Egypt and Sri Lanka multiple times. This is worrisome for several reasons, especially that it could prompt a worldwide clash in which most nations would be in a serious impediment.

Although Antigua & Barbuda itself has the funds to fend for itself in an arms race that could occur in space, it does not support this actually happening. This is because it believes the peaceful use of outer space is the most beneficial to the world as a whole. Since utilizing outer space peacefully can lead to improvements worldwide, particularly in areas such as standard of living and education, it seems like the obvious solution. So many would benefit from the use of outer space in this way that they could, in turn, benefit other countries in a positive cycle that would lead to a better world.

Overall, Antigua & Barbuda does not support any country advocating for a resolution that encourages use of outer space that is for any non-peaceful purpose. It only seeks to find solutions that encourage peaceful use of outer space and provide benefits to all humankind, as opposed to a select group. Antigua & Barbuda hopes to see a future in which all countries have increased chances of life due to the benefits associated with technology, education, and natural disaster prevention that come with utilizing outer space peacefully and effectively.

Submitted by: Burkina Faso Committee: GA1 Topic A: Food Security as it Relates to Unrest and Political Stability In a country that has food security, “all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life.” In other words, everyone is able to obtain and consume food that allows them able to achieve to the best of their ability. This requires not only food being readily available, but economically obtainable to people. Food security is so essential because the lack of it is directly related to conflict. Food security helps reduce the risk of violence, protest, and riots. The occurrence of such events can lead to further food insecurity as military spending increases and less funds go towards food and can also reduce trade, which can lead to food shortages. This endless cycle has the possibility of leading to conflict that spreads around the world, affecting an immense amount of people. Burkina Faso itself struggles with food insecurity. Its population grows at a rapid 3.6% each year, putting a significant strain on the availability of resources and infrastructure. This, in turn, leads to difficulty in achieving food security. Burkina Faso’s landlocked status and frequent experiences of natural disasters such as droughts and floods make it difficult for people to count on food and other resources being available. Malnutrition among women in children is prevalent, and much of the population struggles with deficiencies like anemia and stunted growth. The expensive cost of food and high poverty rates also lead to Burkina Faso being so vulnerable to food insecurity and, subsequently, malnutrition. This has led to much political unrest, including protests and riots. Due to its widespread, harmful effects, Burkina Faso is eager to find a solution to this issue of food insecurity. Burkina Faso plans to support those who are looking for a plausible solution to this problem as well. As the main causes of food insecurity are social, economic, and environmental, Burkina Faso hopes to find a solution that factors these issues in. The World Food Programme could serve as a good resource in implementing solutions due to the work they have already done on the topic in Burkina Faso, such as the Protracted Relief and Recovery Operation 200509 and the Country Program. Submitted by: Burkina Faso Committee: GA1 Topic B: The Peaceful Use of Outer Space

Outer space can be immeasurably helpful to the human race for reasons such as communication, security, peace, environment, education, and health across the globe. However, there has recently been concern of militarization and an arms race in space, the United States having consistently blocked attempted resolutions from Egypt and Sri Lanka. This is concerning for many reasons, particularly that it could lead to a global conflict in which most countries would be at a severe disadvantage. As a country that would be severely disadvantaged should an arms race in space occur, Burkina Faso is against any encouragement of such a conflict. However, Burkina Faso does see the value in outer space for peaceful purposes such as global connection networks, satellites to track weather, and transportation. The use of outer space for peaceful purposes could lead to advancements and improvements in standards of living, education, and food security. Farmers would be able to know when it is most beneficial to grow crops and which ones to grow based off of information gathered from satellites. In addition, people would be able to be better prepared for natural disasters and could help those who suffer from them be given aid faster. Overall, the country of Burkina Faso is strongly in favor of keeping outer space only used for peaceful purposes that benefit the human race as a whole, such as for technology that improves the education, standards of living, environment, and health. Consequently, Burkina Faso is against any resolution that involves the encouragement of an arms race in space or the use of space for any reason that is not peaceful and for the benefit of all humans and not just those who have the funds to use it solely for their own benefit. Burkina Faso would like to see a resolution occur that encourages peaceful use of outer space and condones any use that seeks to create conflict.

Delegation from: Canada Represented by: Lincoln-West High School

Food Security as it Relates to Unrest and Stability

Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. Ensuring that all Canadians are food secure is an important element of that standard of living we all cherish. Our Plan is a significant step forward in developing a national approach to address food insecurity in Canada and abroad. Canada's Action Plan for Food Security is a reflection of this experience. Over 800 million human beings do not have enough to eat in a world that produces enough food to feed every man, woman and child. This exceptional paradox - global food security alongside individual food insecurity - has galvanized the collective conscience of the world community. At the World Food Summit in Rome in November 1996, Canada joined 186 other nations to endorse the Summit's goal - to reduce the number of undernourished people by half no later than the year 2015. The world food situation has been improving steadily since the founding of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization over 50 years ago. Canadians are fortunate to live in a country where peace, democracy and human rights are generally enjoyed and respected. Mechanisms have been established to ensure protection of civil and human rights, and a strong and independent mass media facilitates free discussion of public issues. Civil society feels that there is much that can be done in Canada to clarify its meaning and determine how to respect, protect and fulfill that right. In 1981, Canadian charities began setting up food banks as a temporary measure to help people deal with emergencies. From 1989 to 1997, the use of food banks in Canada doubled. In Canada, the food supply provides safe and nutritious food at both the retail and foodservice levels. Many people in Canada experience all or most aspects of food insecurity due to low incomes. Through its support to food sector development activities and agricultural research, Canada can help developing countries improve the productivity and efficiency of their food sectors and other parts of their economies so they are better able to compete with and trade in world markets. This is an important contribution to their long-term food security since it helps them overcome agricultural protectionism and food self-sufficiency

concerns in favor of food self-reliance. It is a positive outcome for Canada as a significant food exporter and importer.

The Peaceful Use of Outer Space

In August 1957, Canada, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States called for a study of an inspection system that would assure that the launching of objects through outer space would be exclusively for peaceful and scientific purposes. This proposal was incorporated in UN-General Assembly resolution 1148 (XII). Canada maintained a firm position on the prevention of an arms race in outer space and it strongly opposes the weaponization of space. For at least a decade Canada has been sharply criticized for not having a comprehensive outer space policy and program. Space is so structurally buried and fragmented within government that voices advocating for more appropriate treatment of space security issues are marginalized, even within such departments as Industry Canada. Canada’s military and security forces, like the militaries of other nations, have legitimate needs for space-related services such as communications and surveillance, which often by definition are dual- or multi use. Canada has no overarching national space policy, and space is not addressed in either of the latest national security and defense policies. Space is so structurally buried and fragmented within government that voices advocating for more appropriate treatment of space security issues are marginalized, even within such departments as Industry Canada (the Canadian

Space Agency's parent department) and the Department of National Defense

(DND); The Canadian Space Agency’s (CSA) budget, and accordingly, its interests and activities have been diminishing and narrowing around space science and exploration for the last decade (dominated by human space flight and international space station programs), leaving little investment opportunity for other space pursuits. Canada’s space industry is generally skewed towards end-user

or ground segment needs and subsystem technologies, with thin and diminishing capabilities in space access and satellite design; Canada’s space industry is highly reliant on, and vulnerable to, foreign export sales; and Canada’s intellectual space expertise is limited, and public space perceptions and understandings are narrow and skewed towards human space flight and scientific exploits. Space use and reliance will progressively increase, while Canada’s public and private domestic capacity to ensure its space presence will decline. Space has a particularly deep impact on the Canadian economy, as it does on the rest of the world’s most advanced economies. That impact will only increase in the years ahead, as will

Canada’s dependency, and arguably, its vulnerability.

Delegation from: China Represented by: Valley Forge High School Committee: Position Paper for the General Assembly, First Committee: Disarmament and International Security (GA1) Topic A: Food Security as it Relates to Unrest and Political Stability Topic B: The Peaceful Use of Outer Space

Food Security as it Relates to Unrest and Political Stability

Food security is a very important factor. The purpose of Food Security is to maintain physical and economic access to peoples’ needs. It also provides for sufficient amounts of food within the population. There are still countries today who don’t have a sufficient amount of food for their population. This has become a major concern for unstable regions and undeveloped countries.

China suffered from a winter drought in 2010-2011 causing a global impact on wheat supply. Due to wheat supply shortages, bread prices in Egypt began to rise.

Egypt is the world’s largest bread importer, which would cause problems for China economically. China, being the largest wheat producer and consumer, faced severe droughts in the past. To deal with the situation the Chinese government decided to buy wheat off the international market. Wheat prices were still rising and many countries were impacted economically, especially Egypt. Wheat prices, internationally, were strongly influenced by climate conditions and had an agricultural and socio economical impact. China’s government has tried to balance agriculture, finances, and food supply with public needs. The effects of climate risks on wheat production can throw this system off balance greatly.

The General Assembly recognizes that many countries, not only China and Egypt, suffer from droughts. The Assembly of China believes that if an extended drought occurs in another developing country, it may lead the country into poverty. This would cause the country’s population to become malnourished and diseases may develop. China proposes

that desalination plants could be set up globally to provide water purified through off shore water treatment plants. Also, irrigation systems could be created that would allow for expanded agricultural output to offset draughts. China realizes that this process will be expensive, however the cost of these projects will offset the expense and suffering of future avaoidable famines. Fundraisers can be held and/or volunteers could help with the project.

The Peaceful Use of Outer Space

The General Assembly of China is aware of the concern many nations have when brining up weaponization in outer space. Over a period of time, countries have competed against one another with technology in outer space time and time again. This has now created many concerns for many countries about an arms race/weaponization in outer space.

The risks of weaponization within outer space are rising. Ensuring that outer space stays a peaceful environment is an interest, hopefully, we all share.

Preventing an arms race in outer space has become a security challenge internationally.

China strongly opposes weaponization and an arms race in outer space. Both China and

Russia submitted a draft treaty (PPWT) to the Conference of Disarmament on the

Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space, the Threat or Use of Force

Against Outer Space Objects in 2008.

China, as a member of the General Assembly, recognizes that an arms race and weaponization increase will cause much more concern throughout the nation worldwide.

China proposes that space activity should be regulated to prevent the weaponizing of space. This would keep an uprising arms race and weaponization from happening in outer space.

Delegation from: Colombia Represented by: Valley Forge High School Committee: Position Paper for the General Assembly, First Committee: Disarmament and International Security (GA1) Topic A: Food Security as it Relates to Unrest and Political Stability

Colombia sees how the safety of food due to political unrest in the world may be affected. Food security is the “access by all to sufficient food for a healthy life” and it should be guaranteed, but for many it is not. In a study of 2012-2014, 805 million were undernourished. Many other committees and organizations have helped and reduced that number, but there is still work to be done. The key focal points will be in Asia and Africa.

Being located in South America, Colombia has had its fair share of problems of sharing food within its population. Around 3% of Colombia’s children are undernourished as of 2010. With a population of over 45 million, 13 million live in poverty. Colombia would benefit greatly with efficient ways of feeding its people and making sure the food is safe.

In order to secure the security of food, many adjustments must be made. It is possible for some nations to practice a “self sufficiency “ policy where they try to use their arable land. There are also the cases of a few countries exporting out tainted foods. In order to stop their people from getting sick, nations should join together and create a sanction or embargo against the nation selling unsafe products. There are also many small farms that can produce more than enough food for themselves and others. They try to sell their goods at markets, but the prices are either too high or selling little of an abundant amount of food would be wasteful. The country can try creating a group where the farmers can share the products with a larger market while getting insight how to price their goods. No food will go to waste. Furthermore, we have countries that have weather patterns that make it impossible for a successful growing season. Irrigation systems can be created and desalinization of ocean water can greatly improve the state of the soil.

Delegation from: Colombia Represented by: Valley Forge High School Committee: Position Paper for the General Assembly, First Committee: Disarmament and International Security (GA1) Topic B: The Peaceful Use of Outer Space

Colombia, as a member of the General Assembly, is aware of the paranoia some nations have when it comes to the use of technology in outer space. There is still much discussion due to the history some countries have with each other and the competition of technology in space. Since the mid 1960’s, treaties have been created among countries, but none state a ban on sending weapons into outer space.

The country of Colombia has been with this committee for years. Colombia signed one of the first space treaties, Outer Space Treaty in 1967. The country has ranked 52nd out of 126 counties with a military. Countries like Colombia do not compare to the military rankings of the United States, China, and Russia. The paranoia then exists. They would not be able to defend themselves if something were to happen in on land, let alone in outer space.

The General Assembly can create much change in order to protect people of all nations from a disaster in space. A creation of a checks and balance system can be created in order to keep each nation in line with each other. Plus, an international project can be created. Scientists from various nations can come together and work on something that can benefit each one of the countries. Lastly, a treaty should be created where it specifically states that any technology or weapon that would cause destruction or havoc would be banned from ever entering outer space.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo

St. Edward High School

Food Security as it Relates to Unrest and Political Instability

The Democratic Republic of the Congo believes that the issue of food security is an important one because it has strong ties to unrest and political stability. The Democratic Republic of the Congo, having a population where 40% of children are malnourished, will always welcome food aid with open arms. We believe that in times of war and natural disaster it is essential for larger more wealthy countries to help other countries in need. They can do this by providing lots of food up front that is already made or cooked. Also after a natural disaster or war has ended and the country is starting to rebuild it would be beneficial to provide the countries with crops, seeds, and other long-term food aid supplies. In addition to the food aid the wealthier countries should provide some education on the topic of growing healthier food, and on how to make the food grow better. In the past the DRC has supported various resolutions providing food aid to countries, and we fully support an initiative to establish food aid as a political stabilizer. The DRC believes that when the government is stable the food supply in the country will be stable, and when the food supply is stable the government will be stable. It is an interconnected system but when a war or natural disaster hits the system of a country will need help getting started up again and this is why food aid from wealthier countries is necessary.

The Peaceful Use of Outer Space

The peaceful use of outer space is a very important topic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. As a poorer African nation some might ask why we even care about space, considering that we should probably end child slave labor and mass governmental corruption before trying to go into space or deal with the issues of space. Contrary to popular belief though, the DRC actually has a blossoming space programme called Troposphere. This program has launched five rockets, unfortunately only three of which have succeeded. This space programme brings hope to a country that is hopeless. The DRC would ask that more developed countries who already have space programmes would help fund the space programme of DRC. The DRC would also like to ask that willing NGO’s and the United Nations would help fund the impoverished space programme of third world countries like the Democratic Republic of Congo. The Democratic Republic of the Congo believes that space should not be controlled or imperialised at all. Any country should be able to go anywhere in space, and no country should

be allowed to claim any plot of outer space as their own. Also no country should be allowed to claim land on any extraterrestrial planets. If United Nations intervention is necessary to enforce this, then so be it. Regarding the use of launching spacecraft with the intention of holding weapons, especially ballistic or nuclear missiles, in outer space, no country should be allowed to do so. The only way to check that would require a U.N. investigation of all spacecraft being launched. Basically rockets, satellites and all other spacecraft should be treated like nuclear reactors are. Thus, there should be a penalty that would be placed upon a country for launching rockets without passing the U.N. inspection. An example of such penalty would be to destroy the site of the rocket launch via nuclear missile. The Democratic Republic of the Congo currently has taken no previous actions on the topic of peaceful use of outer space mainly because our own space programme is still small and young. Though the DRC has a tiny space programme with a 60% success rate we are always willing to look forward into the future with open eyes so that we may be a steward of world peace and an example for all other African countries.

Delegation from: The Republic of El Salvador Represented by: Rocky River High School Position Paper for the General Assembly The issues before the General Assembly are food security as it relates to unrest and stability and the peaceful use of outer space. El Salvador is committed to do anything in its power to ensure the important issues we are charged with addressing are resolved diplomatically and in such a way that all will benefit. I. Food Security as it Relates to Unrest and Stability Food security is achieved when all members of a population have consistent access to the nutrition they need to live healthy lives. El Salvador recognizes that it is an integral part of ensuring a society has the opportunity to grow and develop and care for its citizens adequately. When people do not have a reliable food source, it becomes impossible for them to function in society and is detrimental to every aspect of a nation’s wellbeing. As a middle income nation, El Salvador does not suffer as much as some nations do in respect to hunger. However, income is unevenly distributed and the country is very vulnerable to natural disasters. The country is also familiar with poverty related instability, such as problems with violence and drugs. Thus, El Salvador is quite sympathetic to all nations that experience food shortages and the delegation looks forward to combatting the food insecurity as a factor in instability. As El Salvador is particularly vulnerable to natural disasters, the delegation is especially worried about the effect global climate change will have on our already vulnerable food supply. As a tropical nation, hurricanes, rising sea levels and increased temperatures all could have potentially devastating effects on El Salvador’s food stability, and later on the country’s political and social stability. As El Salvador does receive nutrition-focused aid, we also are interested in supporting programs that will work to provide struggling nations with help feeding their population and ensuring that food aid is distributed fairly and evenly. El Salvador has the highest of hopes that this conference will prove to be productive and contribute to the goal of ensuring all peoples are safe and healthy no matter where they live. By ensuring people in dangerous, instable living environments are adequately fed, we can alleviate many negative consequences of unrest and simultaneously work proactively to prevent further instability from arising as a result of hunger. By working diplomatically and with the best interests of some of the world’s most vulnerable populations in mind, we will take a step toward allowing all societies reach a point where citizens are consistently safe and healthy.

II. The Peaceful Use of Outer Space El Salvador is wholeheartedly in favor of expanding on all technology and working to progress technology to benefit all mankind. We also recognize that space exploration has allowed for numerous discoveries and advancements in the last century. However, as with any technology, there exists a very concerning potential for militarization and development of dangerous

weapons that threaten all who call Earth home. While El Salvador has neither weapons of mass destruction nor a space program, it does not want to stop other countries from expanding their technology and exploring outer space. Unfortunately, a weaponized space program could be potentially dangerous to all countries, not just those who are threatened by countries with weaponized space programs. Space travel is still new to the human race, and many risks inherently exist in the development of any technology capable of propelling functional objects through the atmosphere and into orbit of the planet. Adding bombs and missiles to this equation not only allows for the possibility of more deadly and sophisticated warfare but also for the uncertainty of accidental detonation, a potential threat that should not be introduced. El Salvador is very supportive of the acquisition of new scientific information. It is vital to human progress and is always beneficial to the human race. The development of new weaponry however, leads to destruction and loss of life, often the loss of innocent lives. We must do everything in our power to keep these two pursuits separate when it involves space travel. The stakes are too high and the potential gains are limitless. Sacrificing the possibility of long term exploration and discovery in outer space for an arms race is foolish and shortsighted. El Salvador believes that we must do everything in our power to reach a diplomatic solution. It is simply imperative that we secure the agreement of all nations that have the potential to turn yet another new field of exciting scientific research into an aggressive game that destroys lives. As a nation that is unlikely to be involved in space exploration or hostilities with a nation that is armed with outer space technology at any point in the near future, the delegation from El Salvador feels that it is capable of providing rational, unbiased oversight and advice to countries who are more likely to be directly affected by such activities. We look forward to working cooperatively to find a solution that will allow for a worldwide safety and scientific progress among all countries who have a stake in space exploration. El Salvador promotes a diplomatic solution that allows for the maximum amount of progress while still protecting the interests and lives of all those for whom we are responsible.

Submitted by: France Committee: General Assembly, First Committee: Disarmament and International Security Programme (GA1) Topic A: Food Security as it Relates to Unrest and Political Stability

Food Security in France

Food security is defined as “access by all to sufficient food for an active, healthy life.” Food security relies on several factors such as literacy rates, the level of the farmers education, agricultural research and extension capacity, transport infrastructure, social support systems, international security confidence in international trade, domestic civil strife international capital movements, etc. Previously, France has tried to develop a more sustainable food production system in hope of enforcing a ‘green’ economy. Between 2012 and 2013, Grenelle laws were passed which promoted the concept of an “ecologically intensive agriculture”. Importantly, the effect of these laws caused an expansion of organic production and consumption and farm energy independence. Recently, France proposed a three step solution to the problem of food security. The Agricultural Market Information System Initiative addresses the issue of agricultural commodity prices. The goal of this system is to allow consumers to grasp a better understanding of global crops and reserves. Also, this system establishes food reserves in developing countries. In addition, France seeks to find a solution to the endless food waste found in each country. The food waste refers to both the agricultural and consumer sectors. Finally, France is attempting to develop agro ecology throughout the world. The goal of agro ecology is to double the economic and environmental performance in the agricultural sector of our economy. Acro ecology places an emphasis on training for farmers, mobilisation of research and research development, creation of an agro ecological self-assessment tool, renewal of public support, and implementation of regular monitoring and evaluation. Farmers are being taught to adapt towards agroecology. They are being trained to use their resources more efficiently. Although France is very sufficient in regard to the topic of food security with relation to unrest and political stability, we plan to enforce these policies throughout Europe and the rest of the world. In order to implement these policies it is necessary for other countries to comply and strive for a more efficient change in their agricultural system.

"France Chooses Agro-Ecology for a More Sustainable Agriculture." (n.d.): n. pag. Gain Report. 15 Jan. 2013. Web. 15 Feb. 2016.

Submitted by: France Committee: General Assembly, First Committee: Disarmament and International Security Programme (GA1) Topic B: The Peaceful use of Outer Space

Use of Outer Space in France

Historically, the militarization of outer space has caused severe disputes between countries. Therefore, France, along with numerous other countries, recognizes that it is of great

importance to prevent an outer space arms race. France has approved a draft that calls upon all countries, especially those with ‘major space capabilities’, to act peacefully with regard to outer space in order to avert danger for international peace and security. France, along with the United States, Russia, and the Republic of Korea are in favor of the European Union (EU) Code of Conduct for Outer Space. The EU Code of Conduct reasserts the necessity for peaceful co-ownership of activities in outer space. Certain space assets offer aid to countries. However, these benefits are now in danger due to space debris, destructive collisions, the crowding of satellites, and the growing saturation of the radio-frequency spectrum. It is necessary for all countries to comply with the European Union Code of Conduct in order to preserve the safety and benefits of outer space. This document suggests that countries should diligently care and aim to build confidence among space actors worldwide. France calls upon “taking forward the European Space Policy.” France believes that the European space policies call upon: the European Union, the European Space Agency and their member states. France proposes new initiatives, in regard to space technology, that could help solve problems related to climate change, employment, etc. Therefore, it is necessary for all countries to actively promote the safety and wellness of outer space so that everyone is able to fully appreciate the benefits it offers.

"European External Action Service." European Union. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2016.

"France's Role in European Space Policy." France Diplomatie. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2016.

Delegation from: Georgia Represented by: Rocky River High School

Position Paper for General Assembly The issues before the General Assembly, First Committee: Disarmament and International Security are: Food Security as it Relates to Unrest and Political Stability; and The Peaceful use of Outer Space. Canada is devoted to the protection of the rights of all people and expresses its hope for further advancement in cooperation between state and nonstate actors in the advocacy and advancement of these rights.

I. Food Security as it Relates to Unrest and Political Stability.

Ensuring that all Georgians are food secure is an important element of that standard of living we all cherish. This Plan is a significant step forward in developing a national approach to address food insecurity in Georgia and abroad. It builds on our longtime involvement in international efforts which began with our participation. Since then, we have been an active member of the multilateral system, and we have worked with and supported a wide variety of other international organizations, thousands of community-based groups and Georgian voluntary organizations in a dedicated effort to end hunger at home and abroad.

Georgia’s Action Plan for Food Security is a reflection of this experience. It is the result of extensive consultations with our partners in Georgia and abroad, and I am most grateful for their contributions. Together with representatives from all levels of government in Georgia, they have crafted a road map for the Georgian contribution to the World Food Summit target of reducing by half the number of undernourished people no later than the year 2015 and to eventual food security for all.

Priority 1: The right to food reiterates Georgia's belief that this right is an important element in food security and underscores the need to better define the meaning of this right, and the actions required to implement it. Actions include civil society support to the International Code of Conduct on the Human Right to Adequate Food, and all sector participation in national and international efforts to clarify the meaning of the right to food towards its full and progressive realization.

Priority 2: The reduction of poverty is an important element in the strategy for addressing food insecurity in both domestic and international actions, based on the notion that a key condition for food security is access to sufficient resources to purchase or grow food. International actions are influenced by Georgia's poverty reduction focus in its development assistance program; actions include maintaining or exceeding the 25% Official Development Assistance (ODA) target for investments in basic human needs such as food and nutrition, education and primary health care. The Plan also reaffirms Georgia's commitment to engaging citizens in policy making and

program design in the area of poverty reduction. Priority 3: Promotion of access to safe and nutritious food is seen as a critical component of food security. In developing countries, actions on micronutrient and vitamin supplementation of foods contribute to improved nutrition. Breastfeeding is also highlighted as critical to infant health and nutrition worldwide. In Georgia, commitment to this is furthered through actions to support working mothers, hospital programs, mother and child health care. Beyond the promotion and protection of breastfeeding and other food security conditions, caring practices, and health and education measures are important for the nutrition security of mothers and children, particularly, but not only, in developing countries.

II. The Peaceful Use of Outer Space.

Since the early days of the space era the international community has strongly endorsed the use of outer space for “peaceful” purposes. Although the term appears in many UN documents and space law treaties, still, more than 47 years after the launching of Sputnik I, the term “peaceful” still lacks an authoritative definition. The initial and widespread interpretation of the term “peaceful” in relation to outer space was “non-military” and it seemed to be shared by both the United States and USSR. However, soon after the launching of the early artificial satellites, the United States started to change its position in regard to the meaning of the term “peaceful uses”, claiming that the term means “non-aggressive” rather than “non-military.” According to this view, all military uses of outer space were to be permitted and considered lawful as long as they remain “non-aggressive”, according to Article 2 of the UN Charter, which prohibits the “threat or use of force.”

For several years in the beginning of the Space Era, Soviet Union maintained the position that “peaceful” meant “non-military” and that all military activities in outer space were non-peaceful and possibly unlawful. However, even during that period, the Soviets continued to place into orbit a growing number of military payloads and grew increasingly dependent on space technology in their military planning. Eventually, however, the Soviet Union and other States sharing the original interpretation of “peaceful” appeared to have accepted that outer space may be used for military purposes (Vlasic, 1995). This change in position was summarized by a representative of a Western delegation in the Ad Hoc Committee on the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space of the Conference on Disarmament according to whom: “even though in some contexts ‘peaceful’ means ‘nonmilitary’, any ambiguity has been clarified by State practice which had not been contradicted in a forceful manner by any State formally protesting military utilization of space.”

Delegation from: India Represented by: North Olmsted High School

Position Paper for the General Assembly and Disarmament and International Security

The issues before the General Assembly and Disarmament and International Security are: Food Security as it Relates to Unrest and Political Stability; and The Peaceful Use of Outer space. These matters are deeply important to India to which they take great interest in finding the solution to these problems.

I. The Peaceful Use of Outer Space

India today has a space program where they frequently launch neutral satellites into space call the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). They even have plans for a mission to mars in coming years. India has signed many treaties regarding space for the United Nations and others treaties relating towards space. What India has to consider protecting is their country's borders from their neighboring nation, which they do not have good relations with i.g. Pakistan and other middle eastern powers. The United States is India's number one arms supplier right behind russia. India has no interest in provoking conflict but rather wants to be able to protect themselves. India also has no interest into weaponizing space and have nothing thats is orbiting space that is a weapon or defence. But rather use space as a medium to getting weapons from point A to Point B.

India is interested in signing treaties and furthering peaceful relations in space. But they also have to keep in mind protecting themselves. They did sign the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and other Extensional Bodies, which says that no one owns outer space and that it's for the future generations. And signed the Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Underwater. This shows that they are taking steps forward to use space for scientific rather than weaponizing or militarizing space.

II. Food Security as it Relates to Unrest and Political Stability

India believes that Food stability is extremely important to its country and strives to make food accessible to its entire population. India is home to 25% of the world's hungry population, It’s estimated that 43% of the children under the ages of 5 are malnourished. India starvations rates are on the decline compared to what they used to be. From what India's Poverty has been on the decline, From 37.2% in 2004-05 to 29.8% in 2009-10.

India's poverty is one of the underlying causes for Food stability. India's poverty rate is high and its density is around 436 per sq. Km of land. Although only 4.3% of the population is

unemployed from 2000. However because of overwhelming poverty it's harder for people to access financial resources, education, social services, and health care. But India has shown that their economy is beginning to continuously grow and demands for infrastructure will grow which again will create more jobs and higher wages.

Global Warming is a serious problem for India’s agriculture since they produce the majority of their own food i.g. rice, wheat, maize, and soybeans. Global warming studies suggest that the average temperature will rise two degrees in the ocean. Although this might not seem drastic but it will create more frequent and more disastrous cyclones in the Indian Ocean. Destroying Farms and crop production causing a country wide shortage of food. Also Climate change will change the growing zones of some plants making it harder to produce and harvest. India is one of the world's biggest producers of pollution. It’s is in their best interest to cut down. Although it is difficult since they are in the stages of industrializing and creating more factory jobs in efforts to boost the economy.

Other countries promote food stability by making many efforts. One if these efforts is to make food widely accessible and and by sustainably increasing agricultural production and productivity. Secondly by ensuring that there is quality nutritious food by diversifying eating diets and integrating nutrition and food safety considerations. Thirdly to increase control over global food system to increase cooperation, organization, and reliability on food security issues at the national, regional, and international levels.

Committee: GA1 Delegation from: The Italian Republic Represented by: Berea-Midpark High School

General Assembly First Committee Disarmament and International Security The issues facing the General Assembly are: Food security as it relates to unrest and political stability; and, the peaceful uses of Outer space. Italy is determined to come to a solution regarding these topics as it affects all countries around the world, and hope that countries will work together in order to solve these issues.

I. Food Security As It Relates To Unrest and Political Stability Throughout the world many countries do not have enough food to feed their population. Thus, the United Nations has been trying to provide the world with sufficient amounts of food to end world hunger. However, Food Security is still a growing concern since the beginning of the United Nations. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), almost 1 billion people suffer from chronic hunger and almost 2 billion are not fed enough. Many resolutions have been passed but due to conflicts, weather, and high prices the U.N has been unable to provide enough to all the nations in need. The promotion of food security has been a major priority in Italy. Italy has contributed to resolutions such as the World Food Summit global commitment to reduce the number of hungry people by half. The Memorandum of Understanding, which is a program sponsored by the FAO, provides money to countries that have food deficit. Italy also contributed to the FAO Global Trust Fund for Food Security by giving money. The G8 sponsored the Aquila Food Security Initiative, which reaffirmed a global partnership for food security for vulnerable populations. Italy will continue its commitment to Food Security to rid the world of hunger. The world grows enough food to sustain the world, but the problem is the high prices of food. Food prices are increasing because of natural disasters and conflicts in certain countries. Italy proposes that the General Assembly reduce the cost of food by providing food to those countries in need, for instance countries that have a severe drought. Also, Italy proposes that all able countries help provide food to countries in need and increase food production in developing countries. By doing this the world’s hunger will be reduced.

II. The Peaceful Uses Of Outer Space As we further explore our world, space is the final frontier, and it is essential for the security and equality of the delegations to have equal, safe access to that frontier and its resources. Many countries have been using space peacefully for over ten years including the European Union and its allies; space has provided much advancement in research such as meteorology and agriculture. In order to maintain the peaceful use of space strict laws that regulate what is put into space. The European Space Agency (ESA) has been devoted to making advancements in technology and space exploration. The ESA and its allies have used space peacefully by sending spacecraft like the Mars Rover, to further explore the universe and gaining a better understanding of how the universe works. Another way the ESA has peacefully used space was by, with the help of nations like the United States and Russia building the International Space Station that has made much advancement in furthering scientific fields like Medicine and Meteorology. Italy strides to create equal and safe access to space for all nations with the help of the U.N.

In order to create equal and safe access to Outer space Italy believes that we must create strict regulations that regulate what is sent into space. Italy proposes that those regulations state that nothing can be put into space that has not been inspected by U.N personal to maintain that everything in space has no chance of infringing on countries sovereignty. Italy also proposes that the U.N make an International Space Agency (ISA) that all countries that accept to these terms are allowed into. The countries in the ISA would share some technologies which would allow all countries to have equal use of space. The countries in the ISS would be subject to inspections of space facilities to maintain that all things put into space pose no threat to any other country.

Delegation from: Japan Represented by: St. Vincent-St. Mary High School

Position Paper for the General Assembly

The issues before the General Assembly are: Food security as it relates to unrest and political stability; and The peaceful use of outer space. Japan is devoted to the protection of food for all people and the research of outer space as expresses its hope for political stability in cooperation between state and nonstate actors in the advocacy and advancement of these conditions.

I. Food Security as It Relates to Unrest and Political Stability.

“A convergence of factors has made food security one of the most important global issues. An increasing population wants a more varied diet, but is trying to grow more food on less land with limited access to water, all the time facing increased costs for fertiliser, and fuel for storage and transport.” As how it was explained from The Global Food Security, there is no doubt that The United Nations has to realize that the Food Security issue that has been bothering the nations internationally is caused by the instability of each nation's political stand and their role as partners with other nations.

Japan is the world's second biggest economy but it struggles to produce enough food, only 39% of the food the Japanese need is grown in Japan. Farming is hard work and it is unclear who will replace the current generation of farmers when they retire as the farm is not, on the whole, a career destination for young Japanese. Consequently, the amount of food produced in Japan is in steady decline and the amount imported continues to increase. By far the largest quantity of imported food comes from the US, followed by China and Australia.

Japan has consistently supported treaties and resolutions focused on the importance of food and its security. Therefore, Japan would like to introduce the income compensation system for individual farming households; Raising food self-sufficiency to 50%; Promotion of rural areas by expanding into secondary and tertiary business based on agriculture; last but not least, fully addressing management issues of food supply process. Because stable food supply to the citizens shall be secured by increased domestic agricultural production as a base together with appropriate combination of import and reserve. Food security in terms of demand and access should be examined in addition to efforts in terms of supply being made by securing enough food. We should consider demand issues, such as the quality and nutrition of food and dietary life, and, at the same time, access issues such as the physical availability of food. Japan Delegation would also like to address that food security to be one of its six major policies designed to achieve comprehensive national security. One of the clearest linkages between food security and traditional national security occurs when it affects a nation’s armed forces, in order for a country to have a viable military force, it must be able to provide that force with adequate food supplies. Therefore, governments eager on maintaining their power and influence will probably ensure that their armed forces receive adequate food supplies, even when the entire country faces severe food shortages. Japan firmly believes that in the mean time of gathering food from other countries, it also weakens our national defence. Thus, the international community must make it more accessible for nations to not only have a stable food supply, but

also strengthen, or at least develop national defence for armed forces especially in developing countries. II. The Peaceful use of Outer space.

In order to develop a secured planet, one must partake in outer space development. And it is ineffable how much it would mean to a country being recognized as a member who saved our planet, reinforcing the nation. The Committee was tasked with reviewing international cooperation in peaceful uses of outer space, studying space-related activities that could be undertaken by the United Nations.

Numerous programs were carried out in support of International Space Year and culminated in 1992. "Mission to Planet Earth," which was the main part of the International Space Year, experienced scientists worldwide using space technologies to judge threats to the earth's environment like global warming, deforestation, and ozone depletion. Subsequently, the General Assembly recommended that the United Nations should encourage all activities that began in the International Space Year to continue and promote involvement in those activities by more nations. Thailand now stands ready to supply information on disasters obtained through a satellite, and had become one of the four nations -- together with India, Japan and the Republic of Korea –- to share timely and in-depth information with Sentinel Asia, a regional project on satellite information for disaster management.

Japan would accelerate diplomatic efforts towards formulation of appropriate rules in space activities to develop human resources so that people could play a leading role in space-related international forums. Additionally, Japan would use its space technology to protect human beings from the threat of disasters, climate change and other catastrophic events. On climate change, Japan would contribute to the exploration of policy options, through the Japanese satellite “IBUKI”, which measured greenhouse gases on the global level with high accuracy. It would also contribute to resolving the global environmental and energy problems through leading-edge research and development, and promote space science and human space activities. Japan was also promoting international cooperation via, among other things, DAICHI, Advanced Land Observing Satellite. Through official development assistance (ODA), it had supplied developing countries with modern astronomical equipment, and in collaboration with educational and space agencies in developing countries, Japan would continue to work towards identifying the best ways to promote space education and to support sustainable development in those countries. Japan would seek to further enhance international cooperation, along with members of the United Nations and Outer Space Committee, for the benefit of all.

Kenya

Lakewood High School

UN General Assembly

Topic I: Food Security as it Relates to Unrest and Political Stability

The Republic of Kenya affirms the importance of food security for all people, recognizing the atrophy and conflict that food shortages can beget. Kenya itself has experiencing severe food shortages as recently as 2011, a crisis which affirmed our belief in the necessity of universal food security. If a population cannot be secure in its access to food, it cannot be secure at all. With the Earth’s population increasing a rate of seventy-five million people a year and already exceeding seven billion in total, the world’s ability providing permanent access to proper food resources is more important than ever. Fortunately, our modern technological resources have advanced agriculture enough to enable the world to meet the needs of these billions.

The Republic of Kenya supports action taken against food insecurity around the world and affirms the importance of food security to a peaceful planet. Kenya has previously worked with the United Nations World Food Programme in their “Food For Assets” initiative to buffer communities from the worst effects of food crises and promote their food independence. Kenya sees these goals as necessary to overcome food insecurity in the short and long run, respectively.

The Republic of Kenya is a proud member of the African Union and is very enthusiastic about the AU’s coalition with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations known as the Renewed Partnership to End Hunger. The Renewed Partnership to End Hunger aims to end hunger on the continent by the year 2025. With this apparatus in place Kenya has agreed to legislation such as the Strategic Food Reserve Trust Fund in 2015, which works towards the stability of food prices and availability in the country through reserves of food supplies.

The Republic of Kenya believes that the above existing initiatives are fit to be the models for other productive food security agreements in the future. We see great value in any forward-looking agreement which promotes the end result of sustainable agriculture in all impoverished and wealthy nations so as to fend off mass hunger and the instability it can lead to for a long time to come. This, we believe, is the key to achieving the Millennium Development Goals of ending hunger and ensuring lasting food sustainability by 2030.

Kenya

Lakewood High School

UN General Assembly

Topic II: Peaceful Use of Outer Space

The Republic of Kenya believes that peaceful utilization and exploration of outer space is necessary to ensure a safe, technologically advanced future for the planet. The idea of an international agreement to keep the final frontier a free and peaceful place for scientific advancement was fomented in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. Kenya affirms that the premise set into law by this landmark treaty remain critical for a stable future of space exploration.

The Republic of Kenya, though not a spacefaring nation, recognizes the importance of safe and sustainable use of outer space and the need for a broad coalition of nations, spacefaring or not, to be engaged in decision making with regards to this important issue. Kenya’s first major involvement with agreements on outer space was in 1973, in joining the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. Kenya formally agreed to the Outer Space Treaty in 1984, which prohibited the presence of weapons on celestial bodies or weapons of mass destruction anywhere in outer space, as well as defining all of outer space as the common heritage of mankind, meaning that no state may claim territory in space for themselves. Kenya continues to affirm its support for the Outer Space Treaty and its demand that space be used with the good of all mankind in mind.

Kenya also has agreed to the 1971 Space Liability Convention, holding any nation who launches an object into outer space liable for it should it crash to Earth. Kenya’s agreement to this treaty is significant, because by virtue of its status as a non-spacefaring nation, it is critical for the Republic of Kenya that it can feel safe with all of the spacefaring activities of other nations. There is still room to improve the peaceful security of outer space -- for instance, the Outer Space Treaty, monumental as it is, does not prevent the proliferation of conventional weapons in space. With space travel and exploration still a nascent frontier, Kenya affirms that it remains essential for the United nations continue its efforts to make space exploration safe for every nation, both the spacefarers and the bystanders, and that it remains peaceful and open to all mankind for years to come.

Delegation from: Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Represented by: Magnificat High School

Position Paper for the General Assembly

The issues before the General Assembly are Food Security as it Relates to Unrest and Political Stability and the Peaceful Use of Space. The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia seeks to guarantee the rights of all persons through negotiations and cooperation with other nations.

I. Food Security as it Relates to Unrest and Political Stability

Food security is considered to be the supply of food and one’s ability to access a food supply. According to Article 25 clause one of the UN Declaration of Human Rights, “Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food…”. Efforts by numerous government organizations and NGOs, such as the UN’s Millennium Development Goal, and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN and the World Food Programme, have been made to decrease the number of hungry and food insecurity throughout the world.

The UN’s efforts to decrease the amount of global poverty by the year… are outlined in the Millennium Development Goal. Although only 2.4% of the Macedonian population is near the poverty line and only 0.1% is considered to be in severe poverty, the FYR Macedonia supports the idea of eliminating or decreasing poverty throughout the world. As of 2015 climate change and the recent influx of refugees has caused difficulties in the nation. The FYR Macedonia has experienced similar issues in the past most recently in 1999 when there was an influx of Kosovar refugees. However the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN states that the influx of refugees did not destabilize the amount of food nationally, however since most refugees lived with host families, there was an increase in poverty within the homes of host families nation wide. Although no data pertaining to the effect of the current rise of refugees inundating the FYR Macedonia has been released, it is unclear whether food will remain secure nationally or if it will become insecure do to the sudden and rapid increase in refugees settling in and passing through FRY Macedonia.

The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia) acknowledges that food security needs to increase globally and that food insecurity can be caused by numerous factors. Due to the current increase in refugees in the Balkan states and throughout Europe, the FYR Macedonia believes that a committee should be established to provide aid to those countries that have the highest rates of poverty in the word. Since many third world nations have corrupt governments, the FYR of Macedonia advises that the committee oversee the use of the funds within the nation to ensure the money is not being used to inappropriately. By providing countries with aid to strictly be used to improve living conditions, amount of food available to the population will increase. The FYR strongly believes that in order to sustain food security that nations must have an adequate supply of food produced within the nation and obtain food from other nations. This will enable the nation to rely on food within its country if there is a shortage in a nearby country and it will enable the nation to rely on food from other nations if the country experiences a shortage itself.

II. The Peaceful Use of Outer Space

As technology advances at an exponential growth rate, the ability to reach and experiment in space becomes more of a reality for a majority of nations. This increased access to outer space increases the possibility of an arms race in space. No research shows what will occur if weapons are used in outer space and therefore many nations wish to establish a peaceful use of outer space. Although treaties have been signed between many nations to keep peace in space, such as the 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty and the Outer Space Treaty, these technological and weaponry advances have caused new fears of detrimental use of space, to erupt. The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR of Macedonia) is dedicated to promoting peaceful use of outer space specifically in ways that will benefit mankind. Macedonia and other member states of the EU, stress that it is imperative to prevent an arms race in space.

Although historically, the FYR of Macedonia has not been as involved with outer space programs as other developed nations, it strives become involved with operations in outer space. During the First Committee of the 67th session of the General Assemble of the United Nations, a statement was made regarding the European Union’s view on “Outer Space”. This statement acknowledges the collaboration of many nations of the EU, including the FYR of Macedonia, to develop an outline of an International Code of Conduct for Outer Space activities. According to the proposal, the International Code of Conduct for Outer Space is a code that strongly advises member states to preserve the security and integrity of objects in space, the freedom to use space peacefully, consideration for national sovereignty in regards to the security and defense needs of the state. The code stresses the need for an increase in transparency between nations to enlighten other states of their involvements in outer space.

The FYR of Macedonia recognizes that preventing an arms race in outer space is extremely important to the global community. As technology becomes more advanced, the FYR of Macedonia believes that a new treaty should be drafted to further the idea established in the Outer Space Treaty. The FYR of Macedonia supports the establishment of the International Code of Conduct for Outer Space or a similar piece of legislation. By adopting an international code or treaty agreeing only peaceful use of outer space, there would be more security between nations and the global population that there is a decreased chance of an arms race in outer space.

Submitted by: Malaysia Committee: United Nations General Assembly School: Rocky River High School Topic I: The Peaceful use of Outer Space

In 1959 the United Nations General Assembly established the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. The committee contains 77 members, including Malaysia who joined in 1994. The promotion of peace in outer space is critical to every country's existence due to advancing technologies. Outer space is a key focus of discussion, and Malaysia is committed to participating in discussions and forums about its peaceful use. Thanks to the United Nations, many committees, and programs have been developed, including The Program on Space Applications. This program is critical to space development and focuses on, “ training courses and pilot projects on topics that include remote sensing, satellite navigation, satellite meteorology, tele-education and basic space sciences” as quoted by the UNGA. Malaysia would encourage everyone in the General Assembly to participate in this program because as the United Nations, it is our job to promote peace.

Every country has their own national interests, and everyone wants their interests protected, and peaceful resolutions can do that. Malaysia is prepared to collaboratively work with the member states to help suit everyone's interests. Many smaller countries don't believe they would have an interest in space because of a lack of internal development, however everyone deserves a say in outer space matters especially when it comes to matters of security. We need to make sure that no one country has a monopoly over space and technology and in order to do that, there needs to be a system of checks and balances in space legislation. While operational missiles are critical of satellite technology we need to provide vulnerable countries with appropriate defense systems. Recently Malaysia's neighboring country, North Korea, has been inappropriately firing missiles and threatening bordering South Korea. It is the job of the United Nations to halt violent nations satellite programs if they are jeopardizing the security of another nation with a preemptive strike. It is also in the hands of the UN space program to help build a coalition to provide South Korea with appropriate defense systems if their sovereignty is being jeopardized. In the past few years, North Korea has advanced its satellite programs. While everyone should have the opportunity to use space to defend and arm themselves, the international community should also have a set of guidelines surrounding this matter. Space is the future of all advanced warfare, and if proper guidelines are not in place we could end destroying our planet and ourselves. Malaysia is prepared to protect our future and use space to make our world a safer place.

Topic II: Food Security as it Relates to Unrest and Political Stability

Food security was defined in a study of Asian pacific countries as "access by all to sufficient food for an active, healthy life". Many times food security is a problem due to a country's economic policies and political structure. A prime example of this is the Democratic Republic of Korea, a neighbor of Malaysia. North Korea has been run by totalitarian dictators since 1948 and has remained in a state of political unrest since after the Korean War in 1953. Their food production has been in decline since 1998 and it is estimated that around 2.4 million people have died of starvation in North Korea. Malnutrition has also been a consistent problem for North Korea; around 62% of their children under the age of 7 have experienced stunted growth according to a study by the world food program. When people are dying of food shortage it is understood that they will blame the government responsible. Political protests in North Korea are imprisoned and killed. As much as Malaysia would like to send a political message to the government of North Korea to feed its people, we also do not want to start riots and uprisings.

Being a neighbor of North Korea, Malaysia would prefer to not involve ourselves in sending political messages, but instead sending humanitarian support. It is our responsibility as the General Assembly to not have political motives, but to instead do what is best for the interests of all people and all countries. Malaysia would like to continue previous efforts of sending food to the citizens of North Korea and to further develop a coalition of willing countries to provide food. There have also been food shortages in war-torn countries like Somalia and Syria. Withholding food should not be a political tool to lead to desired revolutions. Everyone has a right to food and it is not the place of the general assembly to decide whether or not a country receives aid. As the United Nations, most of us have agreed to not use nuclear weapons and chemical weapons as political tools to get our way. Food security is similar in the way that withholding food is a political weapon. We need to make sure that no country is starving its people into submission just like a country that is oppressing its people with weaponry. All capable countries should be encouraged to join a coalition to help provide food to countries in need. One incentive to provide food could be solely political gratification for those countries leaders who have helped humanitarian efforts. Another incentive could also be the voluntary forming of alliances of countries with similar humanitarian interests. Finally there exists the proposal of the installation of UN peacekeepers to make sure the food given is divided amongst all citizens, not just the wealthy and politically aligned. Malaysia is prepared to work with any country willing to promote food security as an essential human right no matter the country or its current political government.

Delegation from: Montenegro Represented by: Magnificat High School

Position Paper for the General Assembly

The issues before the General Assembly are: Food Security as it Relates to Unrest and Political Stability; and The Peaceful Use of Outer Space. Montenegro is devoted to stabilizing the safety of its citizens and of all people by increasing food security and securing the peaceful use of Outer Space. Montenegro expresses its hope for further cooperation between state and commercial actors to achieve these two goals.

I. Food Security as it Relates to Unrest and Political Instability

Montenegro believes that in addition to its obvious health benefits, food security is inextricably linked to international issues including the global environment, sustainable economic development, international trade, and political stability. Thus, Montenegro highly favors legislation that supports cooperation between state and non-state actors to advance food security worldwide.

Although food security is not specifically mentioned or guaranteed in Montenegro’s Constitution, Montenegro’s Constitution specifies that accepted international law has supremacy over Montenegrin law. As Montenegro became a State party in 2006 by ratification to the 1966 International Covenant on Social, Economic, and Cultural Rights which enumerates the right to adequate living standards for all, including the right to adequate food, Montenegro is dedicated to advancing food security worldwide. Several other international agreements, including the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child contribute to Montenegro’s devotion to improving food security. Furthermore, Montenegro joined the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 2007, demonstrating its commitment to the cause. In collaboration with the FAO, Montenegro has committed to objectives shaped by the 2015-2019 FAO Country Programming Framework including improving rural incomes to reduce rural poverty. In pursuit of this goal, Montenegro and the FAO will support small farmer inclusion in shorter food chains to increase competitiveness and sustainability in rural development.

As a firm supporter of food security improvement both domestically and internationally, Montenegro favors legislation that provides development assistance to farmers in remote rural areas to promote food availability as well as legislation that supports shorter food chains with increased access to local products to promote food access. Montenegro also favors legislation that increases education and introduction of agricultural technologies, especially among less- developed nations, without impeding on national sovereignty. Montenegro believes that such legislation would increase food security, thus increasing political stability and decreasing unrest among nations and Montenegro expresses its hope that state actors will collaborate to create these policies.

II. The Peaceful Use of Outer Space

Montenegro firmly supports legislation permitting the peaceful use of Outer Space for activities that benefit all people. Montenegro believes that the peaceful use of Outer Space can contribute to solving pressing issues that face our global community such as climate change, resource scarcity, and job creation and that commercial use of Outer Space will boost many areas of industry, thus inducing job creation and socioeconomic improvement domestically and internationally.

Montenegro supports international legislation on the peaceful use of Outer Space, as evidenced by its alignment with the European Union’s 22 October 2013 Statement on International Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space at the 68th Session of the United Nations General Assembly Fourth Committee. It is currently estimated that 6 to 7 percent of EU GDP is dependent on the civilian-controlled Galileo Satellite Navigation System which is co-funded by the EU, and this percentage is expected to increase in the future. Additionally, the EU Copernicus program, an Earth observation program, cooperates with the UN to provide emergency-related services to UN agencies such as the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the World Food Programme. As an EU candidate and a UN member nation, Montenegro recognizes the significant benefits that programs such as the Galileo Satellite Navigation System and the EU Copernicus program can provide for the Montenegrin government and people as well as the global community at large.

An increasing amount of space debris and space traffic has become an urgent threat to existing and future space activities. Recognizing the great impact that peaceful use of Outer Space has on Montenegro and on the world at large, Montenegro is in favor of voluntary legislation, such as an improved version of the International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities, that would increase transparency, regulate space traffic and debris, and allow for peaceful interaction between international actors in Outer Space without impeding on national sovereignty.

Delegation from: New Zealand

Represented by: Westlake High School

Position Paper for the General Assembly First Committee: Disarmament and International Security

The topics before the General Assembly today are: Food Security as it Relates to Unrest and Political Stability and The Peaceful use of Outer Space. New Zealand strongly wishes to keep food secure and to maintain political stability in every country. New Zealand is dedicated to finding a peaceful use of outer space; one in which every country is content with.

Food Security as it Relates to Unrest and Political Stability

Household food security exists when all members, at all times, have access to enough food for an active, healthy life. Food Security is a growing problem in many countries around the world expecially in African contries, however has shown extreme growth in 1st world contries like he United States.(World Health Orginazation)

Food Security is a growing area of concern for many New Zealanders. Food security according to Otago University is characterized as having at all times enough nutritionally adequate food for a healthy life. (Otago University Research) In New Zealand 59.1% of people were fully/almost fully food secure, 33.8% moderately food secure and 7.1% were of low food security status. (NZEO). The proportion of New Zealanders who identified as having fully/almost full food security has also significantly declined from 76% in the National Nutrition Survey 1997 to 59% in the Adult Nutrition Survey 2008/09 (Otago University Research). Food plays an important social and cultural role in all Pacific societies, over and above human biological needs for nourishment and survival, however the New Zealand government currently is taking no steps to help the people in it’s country though it is now becoming a concern for many around the country.(Obesity Action Coalition)

The people of New Zealand want the support of the United Nations in a mission to decrease the large percentage of citizens struggling with food security. New Zealand has two extremes has it has a major struggle with obesity, as well as food shortages. The primary aim of the Task Force is to promote a comprehensive and unified response of the international community to the challenge of achieving global food and nutrition security. More recently HLTF has been also put in charge of developing joint positions of its membership around the five elements of the Zero Hunger Challenge.The HLTF, High Level Task Force on Global Food and Nutrition Security, has done a lot of good in this field, however it has focused mainly on African Countries, which does little to help the country of New Zealand. The people of New Zealand would like the HLTF to expand its area of concern to other areas of the world especially to Pacific Countries like New Zealand.

II. The Peaceful use of Outer Space

The Outer Space Treaty signed by the USA, and USSR was the first step in a joint desire for mankind to explore space not for a single nation to exert dominance over space exploration. The treaty sought to establish political and legal guidelines to ensure man’s expansion into space be done for the benefit of all nations irrespective of economic wealth or scientific development. In signing this Outer Space Treaty, the US and USSR agreed not to place any nuclear weapons or weapons of mass destruction into Earth orbit, on the moon, on any other celestial body, or install them on any orbiting space station. It also made it so that space exploration could never be made into a military exploration, and so that a military station cannot be established in outer space, or on any celestial body. The treaty stat that any celestial body or part of outer space without an established structure controlled by a country is to be considered international waters. (Discovery News)

According to the DPRK space program, a joint space exploration organization of The Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, South Korea, and New Zealand, they have devoted themselves to peaceful exploration of space. They believe that it is the international right of all to be able to peacefully explore space. The most recent space mission from this program was in the year 1986. (DPRK UN Representatives) New Zealand currently has no large space program. They have no personal desire in the exploration of space.

The people of New Zealand have little to do with space exploration, however strongly support the peaceful exploration of space. In New Zealand’s opinion it is the unalienable right of man to be able to explore space, however the exploration of space should be for the desire to explore the unknown, not as a way to establish dominance over another country. They continue to agree with the United Nations stance on space exploration as a joint mission of all mankind.

GA1 Delegation from: Republic of Poland Represented by: Berea-Midpark High School First Committee: Disarmament and International Security

Position Paper for UN General Assembly The nation of Poland comes to the table of negotiation today at the United Nations General Assembly to discuss the following issues: Food Security as it Relates to Unrest and Political Stability and The Peaceful use of Outer Space. The Republic of Poland looks to cooperate with the international community and awaits coming to a negotiation with the situations at hand. The nation of Poland would like to address these problems and propose attempts to combat them.

Topic I: Food Security as it Relates to Unrest and Political Stability In other countries around the world, food extremely easy to get. For instance America has one of the lowest food costs in the world. However, not all countries can get food so cheaply. Food costs and availability are indicative of a “New Market Environment”. This New Market Environment is characterized by low oil levels, which will result in increased energy and transportation costs. In addition this New Market Environment is caused by a scarcity of land, depletion of water and phosphorus in soil, as well as unsustainable practices by growers. In Poland, Food availability is ranked 25th in the world. Food Affordability is ranked 28th in the world. These numbers are hardly considered good for a developed country like Poland.

Food security was assured for Poland and most of Eastern Europe as food productivity steadily increased to meet the demands of the also increasing world population. However, concern over new biofuels had created a new consumer of agricultural products. In Europe, these biofuels were sought after to try and protect the environment from conventional petroleum based fuels, whereas in America, biofuels were sought to create a security for the energy industry.

Poland plans to improve its Food Security through a number of approaches. For instance the Polish Government between 2007-2013. The Polish government has been improving infrastructure and expanding food availability in market places by developing and modernizing wholesale markets. In addition the Polish government plans to implement a series of early warning signs, food surveillance, and imported food checks in order to better protect the Polish people from any contaminated food, and to guarantee food reserves in times of crisis.

Topic II: The Peaceful use of Outer Space Long an issue of great importance for the nations of earth since the dawn of the space race, the non-militaristic use of outer space has seen many initiatives launched to further that endeavour. In 1959, the UN General Assembly set up COPOUS, the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, to regulate and maintain pacifism in regards to our atmosphere and the worlds and void beyond. Furthermore, the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, signed in 1967, has set the standard for space-based law, and includes the majority of

nations on earth; to acknowledge space and the celestial bodies as the common heritage of mankind.

The great nation of Poland seeks to enter into the ESA (European Space Administration) as part of an effort to expand our impact on the future of human exploration. As one of our main geopolitical threats, Russia would be a concern if they ever were to deploy or create space-based weaponry, and the nation is in favor of keeping space peaceful as to not endanger future endeavors.

Poland desires for current policy agreements to be kept constant, as they do an admirable job of keeping outer space peaceful, and as no nations are currently embarking on major extra- planetary ventures, we feel the law need not be changed.

Delegate From: Republic of Sierra Leone Represented by: St. Edward High School

Position Paper for the General Assembly, First Committee: Disarmament and International Security

The issues before this, the General Assembly First Committee (known as the DISEC committee) are as follows. Firstly, the issue of Food Security as it Relates to Unrest and Political Instability. Secondly the issue of the Peaceful Use of Outer Space. Sierra Leone is committed to fostering positive relations between nations, but must focus on the resolution of these pressing issues. Sierra Leone above all else is devoted to the protection of the rights of all people and the national sovereignty of each state.

I. Food Security as it Relates to Unrest and Political Instability

Around the world, but especially in Africa the problem of supplying adequate food and the ability of citizens to pay for what food there is has been a major issue. In recent history especially, Sierra Leone has been subject to a food crisis of horrific proportions. Since the civil war that ravaged the nation from 1991 to 2001, Sierra Leone has ranked 84th out of 88 countries measure on the Global Hunger Index. Furthermore it has ranked last out of 179 countries in the Human Development Index. However the problem is not as simple as it seems. As the World Food Programme, which helps over 400,000 people annually in Sierra Leone, has stated, the problem of food security and political instability is like the chicken and the egg - which came first. In nations such as Sierra Leone, warfare has caused unprecedented hunger crises, but in nations across the world as food prices rise, so do the risks of riots.

Among other agencies, the World Food Programme has been influential in helping over 80 million poor members of more than 80 countries around the world. Thanks to food donors such as the United States and other developed nations, in many emergencies the agency can provide much needed relief. Furthermore through its Purchase for Progress programme, where food is bought from local farmers in order to supply others in need, the organization is supporting farmers as well as providing starvation relief. More needs to be done though. The UN implemented the Zero Hunger Goals in 2015, to continue on the work done by the Millennium Development Goals, but increasingly the World Food Programme is isolated as other priorities take over. NGO’s, by necessity, must take on more of the slack in contributing to self-sufficient communities and countries. Although agencies such as the Red Cross and Red Crescent are invaluable in emergency situations, they do not provide long-term plans moving forward. The delegation of Sierra Leone draws upon experiences in the past in Sierra Leone and around the world and recommends that the UN immediately focus more attention on this pressing facet of the problem.

II. The Peaceful Use of Outer Space

Despite the lack of a national space programme itself, the nation of Sierra Leone finds itself deeply concerned with current tensions towards outer space around the world. Since 1959, when the Committee On the Peaceful Use of Outer Space was permanently established, collaboration and the lack of major conflicts over Outer Space have been one of the hallmarks of the United Nations. It could even be argued that scientific advances made together by the United States and the USSR contributed to the ending of the Cold War. A major concern that ought to be shared by all nations is the militarization of the fragile environment, as this would surely lead to an escalation in conflicts down on Earth.

Recently the European Union has been one of the main advocates for an international ‘Code of Conduct’ in Outer Space, much like the agreements that currently government national use of the world's oceans. This is an important step in the process of creating a space safe for global scientific development. However developed nations have for far too long had an overwhelming majority on the use of this environment, and as this is changing with the advent of new technologies, so the UN position must change. Sierra Leone wholeheartedly supports any and all peaceful use of space, especially as it has major potential for transforming life here on Earth.

To this end Sierra Leone also supports any motion to completely ban Weapons of Mass Destruction, as well as more conventional weapons from Outer Space. We firmly adhere to the principal that if no one nation has control over space, or spaced based weapons, peace will be preserved.

Delegation from: The Republic of South Korea Represented by: Valley Forge High School

Position Paper for the General Assembly I. Food security as it relates to Unrest and Political Stability

Food Security has been a growing topic since the late 1990’s to the early 2000’s. The issue is to produce enough livestock and farmed goods to feed the flourishing population. Which was expected to become even larger going into the 21st century. The Republic of South Korea has worked with the US to create a Free Trade Agreement. This plan will eliminate tariffs with in the next 5 to 10 years between the US and Korea. This could also be used to promote food security and over the next 10 years this could feed under developed countries as well as our own.

The Republic of South or Korea is working with the UN to come up with a working system as to how we will provide the next generations to come with food security. This will be a way to also lower unrest and in increase stability politically, showing that there will be food to go around for a long time. The Republic of South Korea recognizes the work the UN has put forth to come to a unified decision on food security. Over 800 million people in the world are starving as of 2015; this could be fixed if member nations of the UN would work together and open up Free Trade between all the countries. This would fix the political unrest in most countries concerning food and other supplies that are not natural to their area. It would support the population now and in the future five, ten, even twenty years from now with food and the debt would go down little by little by trading and not worrying about the money side of everything.

The Republic of South Korea suggests giving the UN availability to left over food from farmers that is unable to go to market. This will not only provide food for countries that are suffering from famine or war. Farmers will be given money for left over produce paid for by the UN; this builds incentive for farmers to sell to the UN. Allowing the UN to give the food to countries in need and not taxing with debt after they are after a hardship will lead to political stability in the country. Political stability can stop revolutions happening or uprising against the government seeing as they have a base line of food for the few months after a hardship hit their country. Causing the countries that gave food to the UN a good light as they are helping countries in need. This system could also help in times of natural disasters as well; food given to countries with no debt or taxes will allow the country to rebuild itself with out the worry of where food will come from.

Delegation from: The Republic of South Korea Represented by: Valley Forge High School Position Paper for the General Assembly II. The Peaceful use of Outer Space

The Republic of South Korea recognizes the member nations of the UN working to come up with a peaceful use of Outer Space, which has been an important topic since 1959. In this year as well, the Committee of Peaceful Use of Outer Space (COPUOS) which was set up to

“govern the use of outer space for the benefit of all humanity” (unoosa.org). Which shows that they were interested in what space could give to everyone around the world. Space travel has been successful in different ways in one being the first manned flight in 1981 just 20 years after the first successful trip. A planet that resembles the Earth has been found Kepler 452-B, which has more, then one Earth like qualities, with the surface area being around 60% bigger then the Earth currently is. This leads to the next big question what else is in space that the UN has yet to explore.

The Republic of South Korea founded the space program with more money then in the past. South Korea is striving to improve the space program by spending an all together total of 2 trillion Won which is the equivalent of 1.3 billion US dollars. The Republic of South Korea is planning on using the money between 2010 and 2021. In 2004 set to the launching of the “Astronaut Project” which made Yi So-yeon the first Korean astronaut. Yi So-yeon has brought hope to the people as to bring the country one step closer to its goal of becoming a space power. As of 2009 the space program has been discontinued with Yi So-yeon quitting after coming down in 2008. This decision did not discourage The Republic of South Korea as the outcome of sending Yi So-yeon into space added South Korea to the list of 35 countries to send astronauts to space, also Yi So-yeon is one of three women who made it as the first women astronaut.

Space exploration has shown that it is a good thing; however how countries use space should be for the greater good of all humanization and not just one country in particular. Space can be used to find planets to colonize which will eliminate the over population of earth that is at a staggering 6.8 Billion well over earths carrying capacity. The Republic of South Korea recognizes the effort the Member Nations have been doing to regard the safe use of Space, South Korea offers that space travel should be based In countries that have shuttle crafts at the dispense at the moment. Yet getting input from countries that don’t yet have the technologies to build shuttles or are starting countries that do not have resources to give up at whim. Those countries will be apart of the program just in the background giving tips or have people train so they can go into space with other astronauts. This will give under developed countries recognition and also search space for other habitable zones for the people of earth. Treaties shall be in place that prohibits the passage of weapons into space this will allow the people to feel safer about space explor

Delegation from: Spain Represented by: Monroeville High School

Position Paper for the General Assembly

The problems that will be discussed by The General Assembly are: Food Security as it Relates to Civil Unrest and Political Stability; and The Peaceful Use of Outer Space. Spain is looking forward to solving these issues for the sake of our people.

I. Food Security as it Relates to Civil Unrest and Political Stability.

The kingdom of Spain believes that food security is a major issue that must be solved for all of our countries. Spain is one of the best when it comes to food security, and Spain believes all countries have the right to have it. As the United Nations had recognized in 1948, it is a basic human right to have food. That is why it is our duty to make sure that the world’s food supply is secure. The recent rise of global food prices has posed a major threat to food security, especially for smaller countries. The higher food prices will increase poverty and hunger. A solution must be created to prevent this from becoming more of a problem. The source of these higher food prices lie within the supply and demand. Spain hopes to resolve this issue and help aid countries in need.

A big factor of this situation that affects many of these nations would be their power hungry warlords. They take control of all of their food, which leads them to take drastic measures to make sure they can get it. Many riots and other forms of civil unrest happen when these people can’t get their hands on food. These rulers need to see reason. Their selfishness is causing millions of people to suffer.

It is incredibly important that our nations solve this problem. Food riots are happening more and more throughout the world due to this crisis. Citizens of smaller countries are suffering due to this situation. Spain believes that a fund should be made to give smaller countries food for their people. Though the global price of food is a major factor of food insecurity, it is also important that the agricultural side of things is acknowledged. Not all workers in the agricultural industry are well trained, which leads to low quality and unsafe food. Spain believes that farmers should be educated on how to harvest their crops. Doing so will lessen the chances of unsafe food being produced.

II. The Peaceful Use of Outer Space.

Spain sees the use of outer space to potentially benefit the entire world greatly. Outer space could help our nations monetarily. It can help political sustainability and even create more jobs in the work force. International cooperation is key to taking advantage of outer space. Our

nations must come together to develop new technologies to use in space. Both government and industry levels of our countries can help us discover more of space. The first step to make our cooperative efforts successful is to utilize the ISS. The program has not yet been completed, but has the potential to be of use. Once the plan is complete and funded, the results could be positive. With the ISS, many new opportunities to discover space will be created. Most of our countries lack the funding to thoroughly discover space. That is why cooperation and funding is crucial.

Outer space is full of so many unimaginable things. If the United Nations work together, the technology required to explore further into space will be possible. There are so many things that could be out there. New specimen could be discovered, new planets could be found, and the UN could even venture into new galaxies.

Not only will cooperation make funding for space more affordable, it’ll also make space more peaceful. Our countries would be working together to reach the same goal. Not only will space be more diplomatic, it could make our world more diplomatic as a whole. Politically stability will also increase as a result of international cooperation. The large amount of jobs being made for the workforce will benefit all of our nations as well. In order to make cooperation possible, all partners will have to deliver their promises in a timely manner. Spain believes our nations need to show that we trust one another by involving each other in the exploration of space.

Orange High School Sudan GA1 DISEC

Topic I: Food Security as it Relates to Unrest and Political Security

Since conflict and civil war broke out in 2003, Sudan has struggled with food insecurity and underdevelopment. The largest and perhaps most complex country in Africa, Sudan has been wracked by sporadic conflict and humanitarian crises. Volatile politics and fragile security often translates to unharvestable fields and lack of access to food. With a generally impoverished population, frequent droughts and famines, and recurring civil war, Sudan is categorized by the UN as a low-income, food-deficit country, ranking 147th of 177 countries on the Human Development Index. The large region of Greater Darfur, home to 6 million people, is victim of constant conflict and aggressive ethnic cleansing. In the past, this volatile situation has only escalated despite the signing of the Darfur Peace Agreement. In that year, around 3.6 million people per month required food assistance. As the conflict continues to intensify, basic infrastructure will be further degraded and food insecurity will become chronic.. Should the issue of food security go unaddressed by the United Nations, the instability of many regions, or even Sudan as a whole, will lead to starvation. Thus, the state of Sudan strongly desires short term aid in addition to a long term solution that begins the reparation and introduction of stronger infrastructure as it relates to food insecurity. Humanitarian crises often stand in the way of government assistance programs. This is one such example of lack of infrastructure- many citizens are difficult to reach and assist due to constant violence in their region. While the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) of 2005 gave hope to war-weary inhabitants of Sudan, Sudanese leadership has failed to maintain peace. While the government of Sudan maintains a relationship with the World Food Programme, this is often not sufficient to meet the needs of the people. The WFP brings food to hungry Sudanese citizens at high risk- in Darfur in 2008, two WFP food truck drivers were killed, 41 went missing, and 83 trucks were hijacked. The WFP has emphasized the need for assistance geared towards recovery and development, in order to establish peace and repair infrastructure. The WFP guides government policy by advising administrators on nutrition standards and procedures for managing food aid programs. In fact, Sudan is the WFP’s largest operation. The programme administers aid to over 6 million Sudanese in Darfur, South Sudan, and the volatile regions of Abyei, Blue Nile, and South Kordofan. However, aforementioned conflict and humanitarian crises prevent the programme from reaching its full potential to aid vulnerable Sudanese. Sudan’s political and food insecurity places it in danger of total economic, political, and social breakdown. Thus, Sudan hopes to collaborate with nations facing a similar plight, and secure aid from the United Nations to address its needs. Sudan’s needs are as follows: the immediate deployment of aid such that the population is healthy enough to recover in an independent fashion, the preservation of lives until agriculture becomes a viable source of food, and the implementation of financial and technical assistance in improving government

infrastructure such that the underlying problems causing food insecurity are resolved. Finally, the state of Sudan requires a solution that acknowledges the martial and political instability present in the nation, and targets food insecurity despite these obstacles. Ideally, the deliberation of the committee will inspire compassion on an international level, and promote friendship, alliance, and diplomacy.

Topic II: The Peaceful Use of Outer Space

Outer space presents a new frontier upon which international politics will take place. Much like the way European influence reached the Americas, the global implications of access to outer space are profound. The original Outer Space Treaty sought to prevent another bout of fierce colonialism, this time with the solar system at stake. While forbidding the exploitation of outer space and outlawing the use of weapons of mass destruction in space, the Outer Space Treaty does not mandate that outer space be free of all weapons. Excluding nuclear weapons, the Outer Space Treaty fails to address the issue of weapons in space. If ignored, this issue creates the very real risk of the militarization of space. A multitude of countries have expressed concern over the possibility of extraterrestrial weapons. History has proven that in the absence of martial regulations, militarism and imperialism become dangerous possibilities. The decisions of the United Nations on this matter will shape the future of every nation on Earth. Sharing its neighbors’ wariness of extraterrestrial militarization, Sudan favors maintaining a peaceful and weapon-free space. It is Sudan’s sincerest hope that cooler heads will prevail and the committee will favor cooperation and foresight, rather than the competitive and destructive twins of militarism and imperialism. Like the governments of Egypt and Sri Lanka, Sudan feels threatened by the prospect of an arms race in outer space. There are clear parallels between the current situation and the European imperialism of Africa in the 19th and 20th centuries. Sudan, a victim of British and Egyptian colonialism in the 19th century, seeks to avoid a similar movement, on a global scale. This attitude is shared by nearly all of Sudan’s African neighbors. However, Sudan’s attitude towards outer space carries little relevance for the national community, being a nonentity in terms of space technology and exploration. Furthermore, space exploration is of little interest to the Sudanese people, who are preoccupied with the difficulties of a developing nation. However, the Sudanese government has affirmed its support for all peaceful uses of outer space. Ultimately, Sudan wishes to come to a solution that promotes the growth of technology and serves the best interest of mankind, while minimizing the risk of condemning outer space to become an arena for an intense militant arms race. Ideally, the interests of Sudan and the bloc of similarly impoverished countries will not be overlooked in favor of various superpowers in the field of space exploration and extraterrestrial weapons.

Delegation from: Turkey Represented by: Monroeville High School

Position Paper for the General Assembly

The issues being presented upon the General Assembly are: Food Security as it Relates to Unrest and Political Stability; and The Peaceful Use of Outer Space. Turkey is determined to confront both of these urgent issues with the utmost concern for the prosperity of our people.

I. Food Security as it Relates to Unrest and Political Stability.

Food security is a very important topic among the world today, as it has lead to multiple civil wars leaving many African countries in mere shambles. Turkey has become a member of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, which has helped provide the food security needed, but fails to take away the possibility of losing political stability. Turkey has shown the UN’s committee FAO has an effect on the more developed countries, but more needs to be done in order for this committee to help third world countries.

Seeing the importance of International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights adopted by the the UN which was signed by every country, besides the less than ten countries who did not sign it many of which did not have democracy and still have dictators that still deny their people basic food and water while they bask in the luxury of their fancy food and delectable drinks in their giant palaces, and without getting them to sign a document like the following there will continue to be civil wars against their people, because of the lack of food security make the unrest and political stability.

Turkey is a country of the future and is continuing to advance the rights of its people in all of their basic rights, and that is why Turkey is looking forward to combating the upfront issue. Turkey suggests that the UN delivers an adaptation to the bill earlier discussed and present it to the nonsigning countries and present them with the difficult task of economic sanctions, because they have no right to their national sovereignty over these starving and malnourished people’s needs for nutritional foods and the option of regulated water. The UN also needs to recognize that humanitarian aid is not always the answer, as it is not in war lord bearing countries. The majority of the countries who have not signed it are worn torn countries that are run by warlords or terrorist groups and the UN needs to figure out a way to get temporary humanitarian aid for these countries and figure out a way to get it to the people of these nations who truly need it instead of giving it to the warlords and terrorist groups, giving them more power and control over these poor starving people. The UN has established the Universal Declaration of Human Right, and they need to continue to promote the policy with punishments to unwilling countries. As these people have done nothing wrong and should be protected by the UN, and their policies.

II. Peaceful Use Of Outer Space

Turkey believes that with the evolution of technology, space is the new battlefield of intellectual aspects and soon to be the warzone of major countries, because eventually we can get to planets around the solar system and the major world powers will want to fight us for the planets. The following battle will ensue the first inter world war. Turkey has contributed through the European union’s act proposing the space code of conduct which supports the notion of voluntary rules of the road. Turkey was a signatory of the Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space.

Keeping in mind the Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, we have already solved most of the problem with a basic understanding among space ready countries. Now the second part has also become a focus and MIT alumni have written a paper about cooperation among space ready nations, which is the main problem in space.

There are many possible solutions, but only a few that are truly achievable in the next ten years when we will be adventuring to Mars and when that happens we need to have something in place. Cooperation in space is key to peace and that requires boundaries and rules that is why Turkey suggests a proclamation with paths of space for all countries to follow and divisions for other planets among the nations who have the technologies and the will to get there. The rules that need to be implied are no drilling of natural resources for any purpose other than the purpose of going farther into outer space, as to slightly reduce the competitiveness in outer space for independent companies trying to make a profit. It needs to be established in the proclamation that each country should get the same amount of land as to not bring the fear of discrimination against certain nations.

Topic B: The Peaceful use of Outer space

Food consumption in the UAE has been growing at the rate of 12 per cent per year and, within this, the demand for food staples has increased by 30 per cent, according to the Ministry of Economy. The UAE relies heavily on imports for its basic commodities and other food. Hence the need for agricultural investments for food security. The country’s energy resources and financial wealth enable it to comfortably meet its food and water needs through desalination and trade. In recent years, the UAE has seen a steady rise in food imports. With demand in the GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) expected to rise significantly, food imports to the region will increase by as much as 100% to AED194 billion (53.1 billion US) by 2020. The GCC countries are investors looking for opportunities in terms of commercial returns, and securing food reserves in agriculturally rich economies third world countries hungry for FDI, looking for help from rich economies. The major land banks of the UAE are Vietnam, Cambodia, Egypt, Pakistan, Romania, Sudan and the Americas. These countries help provide the UAE with there water and food supplies. In order to help countries out who are struggling to produce food, we must enact certain policies in these countries. Like, preventing non-sustainable agricultural activities, promoting efficient use of water, reducing post-harvest losses and enabling sustainable aquaculture, horticulture, and poultry. We also want to upgrade agricultural utilities by involving new irrigation methods, hydroponics and trials of salt and heat-resistant fodders. We aim to focus on countries in Africa that have the ability to produce all the food it requires for itself and, if carried out correctly. This will then help produce food for the rest of the world. The UAE is planning on developing its agricultural capabilities. They look to advance certain irrigation techniques to help them develop their farms, nut reducing water consumption in farming. The UAE have created a water council that monitors the uses of water throughout the country. The UAE is trying to develop into a food hub for the region, where it can help supply other nations surrounding it.

The UAE is now a member in the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. The COPUOS governs how countries use space for security and development. They work in compliance with the NEO, Near-Earth Object, to help deflect space debris. This agency falls in line with the UAE’s space program with the objective to play a role in the international space industry and benefit principles of international cooperation through knowledge transfer. The UAE is trying to gain knowledge in the area of space. The UAE has mad great strides to become a space exploring nation. The UAE has made important accomplishments in the field of outer space, such as the establishment of the UAE Space Agency in 2014, with a vision based on organizing the space sector as well as contributing to the national economy, maintaining sustainable development, and preparing a distinct generation of qualified national cadres, to build local, regional and global strategic partnerships in the field. In addition to its participation in international and regional conferences and seminars regarding the space sector. They have put out satellites, and added many innovations to space crafts, which help the other developing space programs. They have probes being built and sent to mars, hoping to help discover new parts of it.

The UAE space agency tries to develop, foster and regulate a sustainable and world-class Space sector for the UAE. It is important to the country because it it forms the partnerships, academic programs, investments, commercial initiatives, and drives the space research and exploration. They have been able to link up with Boeing and South Korea’s space program. They are adding a mars mission, where they explore mars by the end of 2020.

Delegation From: Ukraine Representative:

Position Paper for the General Assembly

The topics this General Assembly is currently being tasked with are: Ensuring the Peaceful Use of Outer Space, and creating food security as a means of political and economic stabilization. The Nation of Ukraine is committed to ensuring the safety of nations and people across the globe, and seeks much cooperation between the nations here today.

Topic A: Food Security as it Relates to Unrest and Political Stability

The debate over the link between food and political stability is an ever growing one, and while in the public eye it is generally accepted, it is within academic and political circles that its validity is questioned. In 2008 the FAO Food Price Index skyrocketed, and since reports of food riots have become commonplace. To escalate issues further, social and political instability can be detrimental to markets, causing further increases in price and initiating a repeating cycle. Numerous research papers have presented direct correlation between spikes in the FAO Food Price Indoes and the number of reported food riots. While not all riots should be traced to food related causes, it is the belief of the Nation of Ukraine that an increase in the availability of food, as well as a decrease in price within local markets, would decrease the number of riots within growing nations. Food shortages are most threatening to growing economies and developing nations, where the fragile economies are unable to withstand extended periods of unrest. It is currently estimated that 30 billion USD would be required annually to rectify this food crisis, yet with too little financial support for programs such as the World Food Programme, and too few agricultural loans being granted from the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, this figure is currently unachievable. In order to address this issue The Great Nation of Ukraine firmly believes more funding must be allocated towards providing food aid in developing nations, primarily targeting nations within Africa and the Middle East. In addition to monetary aid, further focus must be placed on combatting catastrophes affecting food production, including drought, frost, and lack of water, which have all been traced to be partially caused by excess pollution. The subsidized shift towards the production of biofuels from food crops additionally contributes to an increase in food shortages, and while the production of biofuels is important to the well being of our planet, the food supply it consumes must be compensated for by an increase in production. Through a focus on financial assistance to developing nations, in conjunction with devotion to research and improvement in farming technologies -- including the adoption of genetic modification of produce -- Ukraine believes we will be taking many steps towards a solution to this every growing problem.

Topic B: The Peaceful Use of Outer Space

Since 1959 the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space has ensured the safety of the world. To this day there has still yet to be a single violation of international space law, reaffirming a commitment to a peaceful approach to outer space. However this does not mean the approach to continuing this commitment should be any less active, as it is about to be tested like never before. With the growth of space agencies within nations like China, Iran, and North Korea, the potential for the militarization of outer space grows, posing a threat to all of the nations of the world. However the fears of weaponization of space must not interfere with the growth of technology and research. The development of satellites and probes have greatly increased our knowledge of the universe, and of our planet, providing invaluable information to scientists around the globe. The Great Nation of Ukraine believes it is in the best interest of the people of our world to promote further development of peaceful research of outer space, yet prevent any efforts to use space for military purposes. Fully believing the advantages of outer space exploration and its role in the education of mankind, The Great Nation of Ukraine proposes a plan through which space agencies would be networked together, and provided aid for the purpose of furthering scientific research, in exchange for increased transparency in the actions taken by space agencies. The increased awareness of actions taken by agencies would aid the UN in identifying potential threats to the peacefulness of outer space, and the safety of our world. Further the UN must re-evaluate existing treaties. Under the Outer Space Treaty written in 1967, signatories are from sending weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in Earth's orbit, however the issue of conventional weapons being utilized from outer space is left untouched. The treaty further fails to address the risks of satellites being used as military devices, a critical aspect that must be expanded upon to ensure global positioning systems and similar peaceful satellite grids are not inhibited, while satellites being utilized for the waging of war are prohibited. Ukraine believes that the weaponization of outer space would inevitably lead to a second great arms race, threatening the security of citizens of all nations, risking mass destruction and war. As a means of prevention all policies mentioned above must be adopted by the UN and its member nations, to ensure the security and prosperity of our planet.

Delegation:United Kingdom School:Orange High School

I: Food Security as it Relates to Unrest and Stability United Kingdom's political and economic stability ensures the proper cultivation, import and distribution of food throughout the nation. However many factors influence this process and contribute to UK’s food security problem. United Kingdom imports more than 40% of the total food consumed. As a major food-trading nation, Britain relies on both imports and thriving export markets to function and drive towards both, economic and political growth. This reliance makes United Kingdom vulnerable to the effects of other nation’s political and economic stability. United Kingdom is a top trading power and financial center with the third largest economy in Europe after Germany and France. United Kingdom’s enhancements help the nation yield about 60% of the nation’s food needs with less than 2% of the labor force. Besides the highly successful agricultural industry, many domestic and international factors affect food production and prices for consumers in the UK. With UK’s global population increasing, along with changing consumption patterns, the demand for foodstuffs are increasing as well contributing to the upward price trend. This is one of the factors that feed into UK’s food security problem. It is within the UK’s self interest to aid in bettering the issue of food security in nations under political instability. The interconnected character of United Nation’s problems urge United Kingdom to take initiative to help aid in the betterment of food security in nations that need it. Should crop yields be significantly affected by the decline in insect pollinators, or even a small proportion of the British sheep population succumb to bluetongue, exports would be curtailed, jobs would be lost, and food wasted. Food security is an issue that is easily influenced by political unrest. The political and economic relationship is close, therefore when one is hurt the other is influenced. Food security for a developed nation is a multi-faceted issue. It is complex in nature and different aspects are interlinked. Food security refers to the availability of food; access of consumers to affordable, nutritious and safe food; resilience of the food system to significant disruptions, and public confidence in that system. Undernourishment continues to prevail in certain areas owing to a complex of regional socio-economic and political factors, typically involving a combination of poverty, conflict and temporary or chronic lack of self- sufficiency. A sudden political change may cause the distribution of food to the people of a nation to be highly affected. For example, food security is a high risk in syria where political unrest is at it’s peak. Poverty and subsistence agriculture also contribute to the national food insecurity. The problem may be address by three main prongs: First, address the political issue at hand. Manage and disperse any political tension in the given area. Under the agreement of all nations involved, the situation must be handled suitable to the severity. Second, the economic market must be put back on it’s feet. Inflation, currency exchange, employment rates, etc must be addressed. Lastly, after managing the first two root causes of food insecurity, than the actual distribution of food must be addressed. In addressing this issue, United Kingdom, will focus on first addressing the root cause, such as a particular political event, then going on to managing the problem with the aid of other nations and organizations.

II. The Peaceful Use of Outer Space Around 64,088,222 people inhibit United Kingdom’s 241,930 sq km of land. However, in the modern world, new technological advancements have enabled us to move past the use of land

on earth, and onto the use of outer space. Being a strong political and economic nation with high capacity for advancement in the field of technology, United Kingdom is a huge contributor to the outer space discussion. United Kingdom’ official space program was established in 1952, with the main purpose being, "win sustainable economic growth, secure new scientific knowledge and provide benefits to all citizens." United Kingdom has used outerspace military, research and intelligence purposes. United Kingdom’s main focus is to continue the use of outer space with the continuation of a peaceful usage by all nations.

Although nation like United States and Russia, have a history of pushing the limits with the use of outer space, United Kingdom has from the beginning defined and stuck with a clear and defined goal. United Kingdom has passed multiple legislation limiting and managing the use of outer space, and setting context for reform. Serving as an example to other nations. In 1986 United Kingdom passed the Outer Space Act which, “establishes a regime of regulation to which all entities under its jurisdiction must comply if connected with space activity in the UK and confers the power to license space activities upon the Secretary of State.” UK has also used space to manage environmental sustainable growth. Using programs and satellites such as Cubesat and Skynet.

It is important to keep the use of outer space strictly peaceful. Under the agreement of all United Nations, all countries must have some understanding and disclosure to the actions nations take in the usage of outer space. Before entering outer space, a clear reasoning for entering must be given. Research and intelligent purposes are highly encouraged. However, restriction must be placed upon military use. Through negotiations with multiple nations a common ground shall be reached on the topic of outer space use.

Resources "UK Threat." - Global Food Security. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2016.

Food Insecurity in the U.K." The Borgen Project RSS2. N.p., 22 Feb. 2014. Web. 17 Feb. 2016.

Central Intelligence Agency. Central Intelligence Agency, n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_space_programme http://www.iislweb.org/docs/2011_galloway/Crowther.pdf https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/295760/outer- space-act-1986.pdf http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2816/1

Delegation from: The United States of America

School: Solon High School

1. Food Security as it Relates to Unrest and Political Stability

Food insecurity is a major problem in our world that needs to be addressed by the United

Nations. As a leading contributor to resolving this issue, the United States believes that all countries have the right to access the food they desire. The US acknowledges the fact that without food security, the international community would be on the verge of a severe economic crisis. With this in mind, the UN must collaborate in order to prevent further detriment to the economy in under-developed countries and supply them with sufficient resources that are necessary. The United States strongly urges the promotion of technology and infrastructure in these countries, as well as proper education. The US invites any countries wishing to join.

2. The Peaceful Use of Outer Space

The United States believes that the purpose of space exploration is mainly for scientific and educational purposes, not violence. The US supports the ban of weapons of mass destruction, as it can put the world in serious danger. Instead, the money can be used for promoting education in third-world countries and investment in economic developments. However, if the world indeed comes to a situation in which it faces a clear danger from extraterrestrial beings, the US would recognize the need for solely defensive weapons. As of right now, the United

States would recommend that further investigation be conducted before investing in more weapons of mass destruction, as it can put the international community in constant threat.