Space Security 2011
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Space Age The
SPACE SCIENCE THE NEW SPACE AGE 4 TWAS Newsletter, Vol. 26 No. 4, 2014 SPECIAL report: Space SCIENCE India is orbiting Mars. China is on the Moon. Even nations like Turkmenistan, Ecuador and Malaysia are sending satellites aloft. But what do they all hope to accomplish? by Sean Treacy ot long ago, a 41-metre rocket thrust off a space age joined by nations great and small. Nlaunch pad in China and ascended toward At least 35 developing countries now have space. Once it escaped Earth’s atmosphere, their own space agencies, and about the same it released a little cube, only 10-by-10-by-10 number have had a satellite in orbit. In the two centimetres. And then, as the cube slowly years since Pegaso’s launch, Peru, Uruguay and stretched out the solar panels on its sides and Turkmenistan have also reached Earth’s orbit drifted into orbit, a control room in Ecuador for the first time. Other countries, such as Costa burst into applause. Rica, Ethiopia and Tunisia, are planning to finish The box was Ecuador’s first satellite – a their first satellites in coming years. compact, inexpensive device called a CubeSat. Mazlan Othman, Malaysia’s first astrophysicist This one was named Pegaso – Spanish for and the former director of the United Nations Pegasus – and on 26 April 2013 it was the Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA), said centre of attention for a huge portion of this drive for developing countries to enter Ecuador’s 15 million people. In the days after space science is partly due to space’s special the launch they toasted to Pegaso across the power to instill optimism. -
China's Touch on the Moon
commentary China’s touch on the Moon Long Xiao As well as being a milestone in technology, the Chang’e lunar exploration programme establishes China as a contributor to space science. With much still to learn about the Moon, fieldwork beyond Earth’s orbit must be an international effort. hen China’s Chang’e 3 spacecraft geological history of the landing site. touched down on the lunar High-resolution images have shown rocky Wsurface on 14 December 2013, terrain with outcrops of porphyritic basalt, it was the first soft landing on the Moon such as Loong Rock (Fig. 2). Analysis since the Soviet Union’s Luna 24 mission of data collected by the penetrating in 1976. Following on from the decades- Chang’e 3 radar should lead to identification of the old triumphs of the Luna missions and underlying layers of regolith, impact breccia NASA’s Apollo programme, the Chang’e and basalt. lunar exploration programme is leading the China’s robotic field geologist Yutu has charge of a new generation of exploration Basalt outcrop Yutu rover stalled in its traverse of the lunar surface, on the lunar surface. Much like the earlier but plans for the Chang’e 5 sample-return space programmes, the China National mission are moving forward. The primary Space Administration (CNSA) has been objective of the mission will be to return developing its capabilities and technologies 100 m 2 kg of samples from the surface and depths step by step in a series of Chang’e missions UNIVERSITY STATE © NASA/GSFC/ARIZONA of up to 2 m, probably also in the relatively of increasing ambition: orbiting and Figure 1 | The Chinese Chang’e 3 spacecraft and smooth northern Mare Imbrium. -
Strategic Assessment, Vol 16, No 1
Volume 16 | No. 1 | April 2013 Leading from Behind: The “Obama Doctrine” and US Policy in the Middle East | Sanford Lakoff Eleven Years to the Arab Peace Initiative: Time for an Israeli Regional Strategy | Ilai Alon and Gilead Sher The Emergence of the Sunni Axis in the Middle East | Yoel Guzansky and Gallia Lindenstrauss Islam and Democracy: Can the Two Walk Together? | Yoav Rosenberg The US and Israel on Iran: Whither the (Dis)Agreement? | Ephraim Kam Walking a Fine Line: Israel, India, and Iran | Yiftah S. Shapir Response Essays Civilian Casualties of a Military Strike in Iran | Ephraim Asculai If it Comes to Force: A Credible Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Military Option against Iran | Amos Yadlin, Emily B. Landau, and Avner Golov המכון למחקרי ביטחון לאומי THE INSTITUTE FOR NATIONAL SECURcITY STUDIES INCORPORATING THE JAFFEE bd CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES Strategic ASSESSMENT Volume 16 | No. 1 | April 2013 CONTENTS Abstracts | 3 Leading from Behind: The “Obama Doctrine” and US Policy in the Middle East | 7 Sanford Lakoff Eleven Years to the Arab Peace Initiative: Time for an Israeli Regional Strategy | 21 Ilai Alon and Gilead Sher The Emergence of the Sunni Axis in the Middle East | 37 Yoel Guzansky and Gallia Lindenstrauss Islam and Democracy: Can the Two Walk Together? | 49 Yoav Rosenberg The US and Israel on Iran: Whither the (Dis)Agreement? | 61 Ephraim Kam Walking a Fine Line: Israel, India, and Iran | 75 Yiftah S. Shapir Response Essays Civilian Casualties of a Military Strike in Iran | 87 Ephraim Asculai If it Comes to Force: A Credible Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Military Option against Iran | 95 Amos Yadlin, Emily B. -
The Wittelsbach-Graff and Hope Diamonds: Not Cut from the Same Rough
THE WITTELSBACH-GRAFF AND HOPE DIAMONDS: NOT CUT FROM THE SAME ROUGH Eloïse Gaillou, Wuyi Wang, Jeffrey E. Post, John M. King, James E. Butler, Alan T. Collins, and Thomas M. Moses Two historic blue diamonds, the Hope and the Wittelsbach-Graff, appeared together for the first time at the Smithsonian Institution in 2010. Both diamonds were apparently purchased in India in the 17th century and later belonged to European royalty. In addition to the parallels in their histo- ries, their comparable color and bright, long-lasting orange-red phosphorescence have led to speculation that these two diamonds might have come from the same piece of rough. Although the diamonds are similar spectroscopically, their dislocation patterns observed with the DiamondView differ in scale and texture, and they do not show the same internal strain features. The results indicate that the two diamonds did not originate from the same crystal, though they likely experienced similar geologic histories. he earliest records of the famous Hope and Adornment (Toison d’Or de la Parure de Couleur) in Wittelsbach-Graff diamonds (figure 1) show 1749, but was stolen in 1792 during the French T them in the possession of prominent Revolution. Twenty years later, a 45.52 ct blue dia- European royal families in the mid-17th century. mond appeared for sale in London and eventually They were undoubtedly mined in India, the world’s became part of the collection of Henry Philip Hope. only commercial source of diamonds at that time. Recent computer modeling studies have established The original ancestor of the Hope diamond was that the Hope diamond was cut from the French an approximately 115 ct stone (the Tavernier Blue) Blue, presumably to disguise its identity after the that Jean-Baptiste Tavernier sold to Louis XIV of theft (Attaway, 2005; Farges et al., 2009; Sucher et France in 1668. -
Detecting, Tracking and Imaging Space Debris
r bulletin 109 — february 2002 Detecting, Tracking and Imaging Space Debris D. Mehrholz, L. Leushacke FGAN Research Institute for High-Frequency Physics and Radar Techniques, Wachtberg, Germany W. Flury, R. Jehn, H. Klinkrad, M. Landgraf European Space Operations Centre (ESOC), Darmstadt, Germany Earth’s space-debris environment tracked, with estimates for the number of Today’s man-made space-debris environment objects larger than 1 cm ranging from 100 000 has been created by the space activities to 200 000. that have taken place since Sputnik’s launch in 1957. There have been more than 4000 The sources of this debris are normal launch rocket launches since then, as well as many operations (Fig. 2), certain operations in space, other related debris-generating occurrences fragmentations as a result of explosions and such as more than 150 in-orbit fragmentation collisions in space, firings of satellite solid- events. rocket motors, material ageing effects, and leaking thermal-control systems. Solid-rocket Among the more than 8700 objects larger than 10 cm in Earth orbits, motors use aluminium as a catalyst (about 15% only about 6% are operational satellites and the remainder is space by mass) and when burning they emit debris. Europe currently has no operational space surveillance aluminium-oxide particles typically 1 to 10 system, but a powerful radar facility for the detection and tracking of microns in size. In addition, centimetre-sized space debris and the imaging of space objects is available in the form objects are formed by metallic aluminium melts, of the 34 m dish radar at the Research Establishment for Applied called ‘slag’. -
Satellite Characterization, Classification, and Operational Assessment Via the Exploitation of Remote Photoacoustic Signatures
Satellite Characterization, Classification, and Operational Assessment Via the Exploitation of Remote Photoacoustic Signatures Justin Spurbeck1 The University of Texas at Austin Moriba K. Jah, Ph.D.2 The University of Texas at Austin Daniel Kucharski, Ph.D.3 Space Environment Research Centre & The University of Texas at Austin James C. S. Bennett, Ph.D.4 EOS Space Systems & Space Environment Research Centre James G. Webb, Ph.D.5 EOS Space Systems ABSTRACT Current active satellite maneuver detection techniques have the ability to detect maneuvers as quickly as fifteen minutes post maneuver for large delta-v when using angles only optical tracking. Medium to small magnitude burn detection times range from 6-24 hours or more. Small magnitude burns may be indistinguishable from natural perturbative effects if passive techniques are employed. Utilizing a photoacoustic signature detection scheme would allow for near real time maneuver detection and spacecraft parameter estimation. We define the acquisition of high rate photometry data as photoacoustic sensing because the data can be played back as an acoustic signal. Studying the operational frequency spectra, profile, and aural perception of an active satellite event such as a thruster fire or any on-board component activation will provide unique signature identifiers that support Resident Space Object (RSO) characterization efforts. A thruster fire induces vibrations in a satellite body which then modulate incident rays of light. If the reflected photon flux is sampled at a sufficient rate, the change in light intensity due to the propulsive event can be detected. Sensing vibrational mode changes allows for a direct timestamp of thruster fire events and thus makes possible the near real time estimation of spacecraft delta-v and maneuver type if coupled with active observations immediately post maneuver. -
The Tubesat Launch Vehicle
TubeSat and NEPTUNE 30 Orbital Rocket Programs Personal Satellites Are GO! Interorbital Systems www.interorbital.com About Interorbital Corporation Founded in 1996 by Randa and Roderick Milliron, incorporated in 2001 Located at the Mojave Spaceport in Mojave, California 98.5% owned by R. and R. Milliron 1.5% owned by Eric Gullichsen Initial Starting Technology Pressure-fed liquid rocket engines Initial Mission Low-cost orbital and interplanetary launch vehicle development Facilities 6,000 square-foot research and development facility Two rocket engine test sites at the Mojave Spaceport Expert engineering and manufacturing team Interorbital Systems www.interorbital.com Core Technical Team Roderick Milliron: Chief Designer Lutz Kayser: Primary Technical Consultant Eric Gullichsen: Guidance and Control Gerard Auvray: Telecommunications Engineer Donald P. Bennett: Mechanical Engineer David Silsbee: Electronics Engineer Joel Kegel: Manufacturing/Engineering Tech Jacqueline Wein: Manufacturing/Engineering Tech Reinhold Ziegler: Space-Based Power Systems E. Mark Shusterman,M.D. Medical Life Support Randa Milliron: High-Temperature Composites Interorbital Systems www.interorbital.com Key Hardware Built In-House Propellant Tanks: Combining state-of-the-art composite technology with off-the-shelf aluminum liners Advanced Guidance Hardware and Software Ablative Rocket Engines and Components GPRE 0.5KNFA Rocket Engine Test Manned Space Flight Training Systems Rocket Injectors, Valves Systems, and Other Metal components Interorbital Systems www.interorbital.com Project History Pressure-Fed Rocket Engines GPRE 2.5KLMA Liquid Oxygen/Methanol Engine: Thrust = 2,500 lbs. GPRE 0.5KNFA WFNA/Furfuryl Alcohol (hypergolic): Thrust = 500 lbs. GPRE 0.5KNHXA WFNA/Turpentine (hypergolic): Thrust = 500 lbs. GPRE 3.0KNFA WFNA/Furfuryl Alcohol (hypergolic): Thrust = 3,000 lbs. -
3640 H 28066 Mpeg2/Fta (Gak Di Acak) Ariana National Satelit
Thaicom 5/6A at 78.5°E (Arah Barat dari Palapa D) 3640 H 28066 Mpeg2/Fta (gak di acak) Ariana National Satelit: Insat 3a (93,5 BT) 4141 V 5150 (C Band) Mpeg2/Fta Beam menjangkau seluruh Indonesia Ke arah barat dari Palapa D, sebelum Measat 3 Telkom 1 (108,5 °E) 3776 H 4280 MPEG2/FTA/BISS HeilongjiangTV (Full Match) Chinasat 6A (125 BT) - Arah Timur dari Palapa D dan Chinasat 6B 3983 H 6880 MPEG2/FTA XJTV5 (Full Match) Chinasat 6A (125 BT) - Arah Timur dari Palapa D dan Chinasat 6B 4121 H 27500 MPEG2/FTA CCTV1 dengan frekuensi : 03840 SymbolRate: 27500 polaritas : H CCTV1 dengan frekuensi 3840 SR 27500 pol H akan menyiarkan bergantian dengan CCT V7 ( frekuensi sama) ?#?SATELIT? & CHANNEL Satelit: ST 2 (88.0°E) ID: SCC TV3 (Iran) 3587 H 12500 (C Band) 11050 V 30000 (Ku Band) MPEG4/SD/BISS SID: 0103/0068 KEY: 1111 1111 1111 1111 Satelit: ST 2 (88.0°E) ID: SCC Varzesh (Ku Band) (Iran) 11050 V 30000 MPEG4/SD/BISS SID: 0116/0117/0075 KEY: 1111 1111 1111 11i11 Satelit: Telkom 1 (108 BT) RTTL (Timor Leste) 3775 H 4280 (C Band) MPEG2/SD/FTA/BISS Satelit: Measat 3 (91,5 BT) TV1 (Malaysia) 3918 H 18385 MPEG4/SD/HD/FTA Satelit: Insat 3a (93,5 BT) Ariana (Afghanistan) 4141 V 5151 (C Band) MPEG2/SD/FTA Satelit: Chinasat 6b (115,5 BT) CCTV 1 (China) 3840 H 27500 (C Band) MPEG2/SD/FTA Satelit: Chinasat 6a (125 BT) CCTV 1 (China) 4080 H 27500 (C Band) MPEG2/SD/FTA Satelit: Chinasat 6a (125 BT) XJTV 5 (China) 4120 H 27500 (C Band) MPEG2/SD/FTA Satelit: Optus D1 (160.0°E) ID: SBS One HD 12390 H 12600 (Ku Band) (MPEG4/HD/FTA) Satelit: Thaicom5 (78,5 BT) CH8 SD, CH8 HD (Thailand) 3800 H 30000 MPEG2/SD/BISS(CH8 HD, Mpeg4/HD/BISS Satelit: Thaicom5 (78,5 BT) BBTV Ch 7 SD, BBTV Ch 7 HD (Thailand) -BBTV Ch 7 SD 3725 H 4700 -BBTV Ch 7 HD 3835 H 8000 MPEG4/HD/BISS 1. -
Satellite Systems
Chapter 18 REST-OF-WORLD (ROW) SATELLITE SYSTEMS For the longest time, space exploration was an exclusive club comprised of only two members, the United States and the Former Soviet Union. That has now changed due to a number of factors, among the more dominant being economics, advanced and improved technologies and national imperatives. Today, the number of nations with space programs has risen to over 40 and will continue to grow as the costs of spacelift and technology continue to decrease. RUSSIAN SATELLITE SYSTEMS The satellite section of the Russian In the post-Soviet era, Russia contin- space program continues to be predomi- ues its efforts to improve both its military nantly government in character, with and commercial space capabilities. most satellites dedicated either to civil/ These enhancements encompass both military applications (such as communi- orbital assets and ground-based space cations and meteorology) or exclusive support facilities. Russia has done some military missions (such as reconnaissance restructuring of its operating principles and targeting). A large portion of the regarding space. While these efforts have Russian space program is kept running by attempted not to detract from space-based launch services, boosters and launch support to military missions, economic sites, paid for by foreign commercial issues and costs have lead to a lowering companies. of Russian space-based capabilities in The most obvious change in Russian both orbital assets and ground station space activity in recent years has been the capabilities. decrease in space launches and corre- The influence of Glasnost on Russia's sponding payloads. Many of these space programs has been significant, but launches are for foreign payloads, not public announcements regarding space Russian. -
August 2011 Updates UNSPIDER
UN-SPIDER November 2011 Updates Please forward this issue of UN-SPIDER Updates to colleagues who might Follow UN-SPIDER on benefit from receiving the information. If you would like to subscribe to this list please visit the following website: http://mail.un-spider.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/unspider UN-SPIDER News 1. UN-SPIDER Conference in Beijing UN-SPIDER organised the “United Nations Conference on Space-based Technologies for Disaster Management - Best Practices for Risk Reduction and Rapid Response Mapping” on 22-25 November 2011. The conference brought together 128 participants from 42 countries representing 93 national, regional and international organizations, non-government organizations, the private sector and academia representing all the continents. Participants represented civil protection agencies, emergency management organizations, space agencies, remote sensing agencies, research institutions, ministries of environment and natural resources, science and technology bureaus, and other government and non-government agencies. The conference included 7 plenary sessions that incorporated 36 presentations from the experts and users of the technology, 3 side meetings and 3 breakout discussion sessions. It covered a range of topics including advancements in technology, best practices in disaster risk management, experiences in rapid response mapping, etc. Outcomes and impacts of the recent UN-SPIDER technical advisory missions were discussed. For further information and the Conference Report >> UN-SPIDER 2. Second UN-SPIDER International Expert Meeting: Crowdsource Mapping for Preparedness and Emergency Response which took place in Geneva, Switzerland on 16 November 2011 This one-day Expert Meeting brought together 72 experts and practitioners from 21 countries. This second Expert Meeting was purposely organised back-to-back with the International Conference on Crisis Mapping (ICCM 2011) (http://crisismappers.net/page/iccm-geneva-2011). -
GB-ASTRA 3B-Comsatbw-21Mai V
A BOOST FOR SPACE COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITES For its first launch of the year, Arianespace will orbit two communications satellites: ASTRA 3B for the Luxembourg-based operator SES ASTRA, and COMSATBw-2 for Astrium as part of a contract with the German Ministry of Defense. The choice of Arianespace by leading space communications operators and manufacturers is clear international recognition of the company’s excellence in launch services. Because of its reliability and availability, the Arianespace launch system continues to set the global standard. Ariane 5 is the only commercial satellite launcher now on the market capable of simultaneously launching two payloads. Over the last two decades, Arianespace and SES have developed an exceptional relationship. ASTRA 3B will be the 33rd satellite from the SES group (Euronext Paris and Luxembourg Bourse: SESG) to have chosen the European launcher. SES ASTRA operates the leading direct-to-home TV broadcast system in Europe, serving more than 125 million households via DTH and cable networks. ASTRA 3B was built by Astrium using a Eurostar E 3000 platform, and will weigh approximately 5,500 kg at launch. Fitted with 60 active Ku-band transponders and four Ka-band transponders, ASTRA 3B will be positioned at 23.5 degrees East. It will deliver high-power broadcast services across all of Europe, and offers a design life of 15 years. Astrium chose Arianespace for the launch of two military communications satellites, COMSATBw-1 and COMSATBw-2, as part of a satellite communications system supplied to the German Ministry of Defense. The first satellite in this family, COMSATBw-1, was launched by Arianespace in October 2009. -
Highlights in Space 2010
International Astronautical Federation Committee on Space Research International Institute of Space Law 94 bis, Avenue de Suffren c/o CNES 94 bis, Avenue de Suffren UNITED NATIONS 75015 Paris, France 2 place Maurice Quentin 75015 Paris, France Tel: +33 1 45 67 42 60 Fax: +33 1 42 73 21 20 Tel. + 33 1 44 76 75 10 E-mail: : [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Fax. + 33 1 44 76 74 37 URL: www.iislweb.com OFFICE FOR OUTER SPACE AFFAIRS URL: www.iafastro.com E-mail: [email protected] URL : http://cosparhq.cnes.fr Highlights in Space 2010 Prepared in cooperation with the International Astronautical Federation, the Committee on Space Research and the International Institute of Space Law The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs is responsible for promoting international cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space and assisting developing countries in using space science and technology. United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs P. O. Box 500, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: (+43-1) 26060-4950 Fax: (+43-1) 26060-5830 E-mail: [email protected] URL: www.unoosa.org United Nations publication Printed in Austria USD 15 Sales No. E.11.I.3 ISBN 978-92-1-101236-1 ST/SPACE/57 *1180239* V.11-80239—January 2011—775 UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR OUTER SPACE AFFAIRS UNITED NATIONS OFFICE AT VIENNA Highlights in Space 2010 Prepared in cooperation with the International Astronautical Federation, the Committee on Space Research and the International Institute of Space Law Progress in space science, technology and applications, international cooperation and space law UNITED NATIONS New York, 2011 UniTEd NationS PUblication Sales no.