70th International Astronautical Congress (IAC), Washington D.C., United States, 21-25 October 2019. Copyright ©2019 by the International Astronautical Federation (IAF). All rights reserved.

IAC-19-E5.2.6

Space R&D to Enhance Life in Emerging Space Countries in Africa and Latin America

Dr. Annette Froehlicha*, Mehak Sarangb, André Siebritsc

a European Space Policy Institute (ESPI), Schwarzenbergplatz 6, Vienna, Austria, [email protected]; German Aerospace Center (DLR); SpaceLab, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town. b Susan Rappaport Knafel Traveling Fellow, Wellesley College, 21 Wellesley College Road, Wellesley, MA, USA, 02481, [email protected]. c European Space Policy Institute (ESPI), Schwarzenbergplatz 6, Vienna, Austria, [email protected]; Department of Political Studies, University of Cape Town (UCT). * Corresponding Author

Abstract Recently, “middle economy” countries in Latin America and Africa have expressed growing interest in developing indigenous space programs and independent space-faring capacities. Concurrently, the space sector worldwide is experiencing massive disruption by way of the introduction of commercial players. The presence of commercial space companies, domestic and foreign, will play a unique role in the advancement of countries along the Space Technology Ladder (STL). This paper will examine the current landscape of commercial space activity in countries in Latin America and Africa as well as the government’s response to the rise of the industry. A survey of the foreign and domestic industry players in each continent will be provided. In addition, this paper will analyze private-public partnerships and policies that can provide insight into the role government is playing in facilitating or hindering the growth of a sustainable space economy. This analysis will provide a breakdown of commercial space activities and analysis of the subsequent government response, serving as a resource for other countries developing policies for interacting with industry. Keywords: Latin America; Africa; Space; Research and Development; Emerging Countries

1. Introduction Latin America have struggled to develop sustainable Latin American and African countries are facing a space programs and foster what little commercial crucial turning point in their development. In Latin activity there is. Now, however, policy makers and America, most countries in the region are no longer in government officials wishing to take advantage of early stages of development, with 40% of the population space-based applications have access to a multitude of classified as middle-class. As countries transition from options. Importantly, investing in indigenous, traditional lower to higher income groups, however, they may face space programs is no longer the only means of challenges in other dimensions of development. For benefitting from space. Especially with the rise of example, countries in the region must find a path global commercial space sector, there are increasingly towards digitization, as only 57% of Latin Americans diverse options with regards to the types of missions, are currently connected to the Internet [1]. Failing to sponsors, and providers available. Furthermore, due to address these challenges could lead to reverse crucial developments in launch and nanosatellite transitioning (as was the case with Venezuela which, technologies, the cost of placing and operating assets in after achieving high-income status, reverted to middle orbit has been dramatically reduced. income in 2015), or fall into the so-called “middle- Still, due to the high costs involved and risks income trap”, a phenomenon where countries face long- associated with space technologies and implementation, lasting slowdowns in growth as they approach middle governments will continue to play an important role in levels of per-capita income [2]. At this stage of defining the space agenda for Latin American and development, countries facing uniquely complex African countries. For the regional industry, the challenges could benefit greatly from the solutions development of any indigenous commercial space offered by space applications. Latin American countries activities will largely depend on the country’s have already recognized the significant socioeconomic innovation system, access to capital and international benefits reaped by established space nations (such as US markets, something that is influenced greatly by and India), and there is growing interest in how they government policies, regulations, and investment. For may be able to recreate such success through indigenous international commercial providers looking to gain programs. Despite this increased interest, countries in access to Latin American markets, the government will

IAC-19-E5.2.6 Page 1 of 7 70th International Astronautical Congress (IAC), Washington D.C., United States, 21-25 October 2019. Copyright ©2019 by the International Astronautical Federation (IAF). All rights reserved. generally be the main (or first) customer. Thus, Company Sector Country Description understanding the current space sector in Latin America requires an examination of commercial space activities INVAP Satellite AR State-owned in the context of government policies and the broader S.E. manu- enterprise, first national research and innovation strategy. facturing company in Latin Understanding the goals and objectives of governments and America certified in Latin America, especially as related to the space operation by NASA to strategy, is paramount in understanding how the supply space commercial sector may develop. Here, a survey of the technologies. commercial industry in Latin America is presented Manufactures followed by an analysis of the general government satellites, strategy towards space, and how this strategy will affect payloads, and the development of the broader space industry on the ground stations. continent. Following this, a similar approach is taken regarding AR-SAT Satellite AR State-owned tele- the African continent. There, apart from rapid progress manu- communications made in a few key countries, space efforts tend to be in facturing and satellite their fledgling stages, but both the African Union and its and company. individual member states have reflected a realization of operation the importance of space in meeting their development goals. This can be seen in continental efforts to set up an Airvantis (New- BR Aims to send the African Space Agency (AfSA), hosted by Egypt, the Space) Brazillian probe adoption of the African Space Policy and Strategy, and Research to the moon and the inclusion of an outer space strategy as one of the 14 and conduct key flagship projects of the Agenda 2063. Develop microgravity ment experiments. 2. Commercial Space Survey (Latin America) The vibrancy of the commercial space sector has Institute of Launch BR The institute, vastly changed the space economy landscape. In 2016, Aero- housed under the three quarters of the $345 billion of global space nautics Department of revenues were commercial in nature. As defined by the and Space Aerospace OECD Space Forum, included in this figure are (IAE) Science and activities in space manufacturing and satellite operations Technology, as well as consumer activities derived from develops projects government-sponsored research and development in the in the space sector. Along with the rise of commercial space, aeronautical, the global space industry has also seen diverse new airspace, and entrants in the sector, particularly with the emergence of defence sectors, activities in developing nations. In Latin America, and is partly indigenous and foreign commercial space players are responsible for becoming more active, as demonstrated in the sector the execution of analyses below. the Brazillian Space Mission. 2.1 Selected Commercial Companies in Latin America Currently Historically, companies operating in the space developing the industry in Latin America have been state-owned VLS-1 satellite enterprises, largely focused on satellite manufacturing launch vehicle, and operations, and led by countries such as Venezuela the first of its and Argentina. More recently, there is increased interest kind in Brazil. in developing a regional launcher and a growing number of NewSpace companies with innovative practices. A ENTEL (Down- CL Largest tele- survey of selected companies is presented below. stream) communications Telecom company in municati Chile. ons

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into a regional value chain. Global markets are Sequoia Satellite CO CubeSat changing, but the upstream segment will continue to be Space services developer and influenced by R&D policy decisions of national (hard- satellite mission governments as the downstream applications serve ware and provider and larger, global markets. Therefore, national software) consultancy. administrations have to understand the complete supply chain to develop strategies to integrate into global value Ideatech (Down- CO Platform chains. In Latin America, the first challenge to stream) development for overcome is developing an understanding of the local Earth Earth Observation industry in order to try to increase coordination. As the Obser- applications. President of the El Salvador Aerospace Institute Luis vation Erique Salaverría noted, it is crucial to “identify and support those early actors [in the space industry], such VENG Launch AR that they can truly make a difference in their respective Satellogic Nano- AR Manufactured countries.” satellite Argentina’s first In Mexico, policies adopted by the government have Manu- two been extremely effective in improving the productivity facturer nanosatellites. and competitiveness of manufacturing and services sectors with respect to the aerospace industry. After ArsUltra (Up- AR investing in federal and state-level policies to promote (and stream) innovation, Mexico has become a global hub for partners) R&D for multinational aerospace manufacturing firms such as Space Boeing, Airbus, and Rolls-Royce [4]. Annual foreign Com- direct investments have grown from USD 250 million in ponents 2004 to over USD 1 billion in 2011. Aiming to recreate the demonstrated success of the aerospace agency, the Mexican space agency, AEM, is working to coordinate and build upon Mexican efforts in the space sector, 2.3 Challenges Ahead for Commercial Space Players in focusing on international scientific and satellite remote Latin America and the Role of Governments sensing initiatives. Since the 1990s, Mexico has focused on developing commercial communications services. As the space industry becomes more globalized and Satélites Mexicanos (Satmex) is a private company diverse, both incumbents and new entrants into the established in 1997 providing commercial sector from Latin America will have to compete in a communications services. It currently has an 11% global value chain defined by rapid technological market share in Latin America, and was acquired by development. Innovation and research and development, Eutelsat in July 2013 for more USD 1 billion [5]. bolstered by government policies and investment, will The Brazilians have also expressed their desire to be as important as production and distribution to ensure increase integration and coordination in space industry global competitiveness. Although the Latin American efforts, as demonstrated by their statement at the 3rd commercial industry is comprised of a variety of players International Space Forum of 2018 held in Buenos at different stages of development, similar challenges lie Aíres, ahead for both incumbents and new entrants into the space economy. As the global value chain continues to "We are also developing government actions grow, competition will increase in almost all sectors. that can encourage strategic partnerships and According to the OECD, these global value chains integration of R&D institutions with the “deepen the process of globalisation along three industrial sector. Our primary goal is to qualify different lines: geographically (by including a larger the national industry for the development and number of countries, including emerging economies), manufacture of subsystems and complete across sectors (by affecting manufacturing but also systems for the space sector and, thus, to increasingly services industries), and functionally (by involve national companies in the Brazilian including not only production and distribution but also Space Program...jointly carrying out R&D and innovation)” [3]. Governments must be aware technological development projects that of these challenges, and provide solutions if they intend include industry from the design stage. It is to support growth for the local industry. also necessary to seek the approval of long- A first step in developing policies to benefit local term plans that allow national companies to industry is often coordinating activities and integrating decide, with less uncertainty, on participation

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in the Brazilian Space Program. In this sense, awareness regarding the types of sustainable the use of PPP [public-private partnerships] as development problems that can be solved using space a financing alternative for space projects has technologies in developing nations. The programme has proved increasingly efficient in the successfully partnered burgeoning space companies in international scenario." the UK with developing countries to solve developmental issues. For companies, the value added is Brazilian officials recognize the importance of the ability to learn how to apply solutions in an governments in supporting burgeoning industry, international context, developing useful skills for especially through developing long-term programs that international business. As well as incentivizing them to integrate industry into the national space program. Other recognize the presence of unique problems in countries in the region have demonstrated interest in developing nations, Latin America’s developmental developing programs to support industry as well. In problems are well-suited to be addressed by space Colombia, Ruta N (Medelliín’s Science, Technology applications. The problem remains finding sustainable and Innovation Foundation) launched Medellín Espacial funding streams to continue supporting such (Medellín in Space), to support startups and university partnerships. research projects working on business ideas in the International collaboration initiatives in the African aerospace industry. Venezuela was undergoing continent also serve as useful examples for Latin assessment to establish a research center for small American countries looking for more sustainable satellite technologies, promoting research networks and partnerships. Agreements between African nations and the development of space projects with participation of entities such as the UAE Space Agency, Surrey Satellite other, local industries in areas such as materials science, Technology Ltd and companies such as Zero 2 infinity chemistry, telecommunications, and others. have been established by Algeria to promote training However, even with these initiatives, concerted and general development in the space sector [see 7]. The efforts towards integrating and supporting the industry next section will consider some further relevant have not been made. For example, in Colombia, most of developments in Africa. the activity in the space sector has been led by the academic and private sectors, highlighting the need of 3. African developments the Colombian government to more actively involved managing and supporting financially this type of As mentioned in the abstract, the Space Technology initiatives. Industry players across the continent Ladder, created by Wood and Weigel [8] is a useful generally state that there is a growing need for measure for tracing the advancement of countries in the governments to play a role in coordinating and space sector. In a recent study that was conducted on the promoting local industry activities, especially with African space sector (and the related African funding. Without this high-level support, especially international space ecosystem, national space since financial resources are severely limited, becoming infrastructure, related activities, and capabilities), a globally competitive will become increasingly modified Space Technology Ladder was presented [7]. challenging. This modified ladder includes additional milestones such as first national space policy, and the establishment 2.4 Foreign Commercial Companies in Latin America of a domestic space sector (Table 1).

Another trend in Latin America is the growing Table 1. Modified Space Technology Ladder presence of foreign commercial entities, offering 16. Astronaut to space services to governments in the region in lieu of 15. Satellite to GEO traditional, government-to-government partnerships. 4. Launch Capability 14. Satellite to LEO Notable countries and companies offering services to 13. Build locally Latin American countries include China (China Great 12. Build through mutual Wall Industry Corporation) and Europe (Airbus). SES, a international collaboration satellite operator based in Luxembourg. Partnering with 3. MEO/GEO 11. Build locally with outside Entel, the largest telecommunications company in Chile, Satellite assistance together they brought satellite broadband connectivity 10. Procure and 4G to residents on the isolated Easter Island, 3,512 9. Build locally kilometers off the coast of Chile [6]. 8. Build through mutual The United Kingdom Space Agency’s International international collaboration Partnership Programme serves as a useful case study for fruitful modes of collaboration on the continent. IPP 7. Build locally with outside 2. LEO Satellite began as a five-year £152 programme designed to raise assistance

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6. Build with support in In a forthcoming volume on integrated space for partner’s facility African society [11], detailed space sector analysis is 5. Procure with training services presented for 17 African countries, including Algeria. 4. Establish space AIT Algeria has positioned itself as one of the leading space 1. Establishing Space centre/space industry nations in Africa by placing an intense focus on training Policy, Agency and 3. Establish current national and domestic capacity building in all their foreign Infrastructure space agency [critical factor for relationships with an underlying drive to build up more High/Medium/Low Space independent capabilities through commercial Technology Countries] partnerships. For example, the first Algerian satellite, 2. Establish first government AlSat-1 (2002), was purchased from and built by Surrey space office Satellite Technology Ltd (SSTL) in the UK, and 1. Establish first government included a training package for 11 Algerian scientists space policy and engineers [12]. Similarly, the second Algerian satellite, AlSat-2 (2010), was also built in partnership A variety of other frameworks were also applied in with a foreign manufacturer, Airbus Defense and Space the analysis of the African continent’s space sector (EADS Astrium at the time), and included the training including Harding’s Emerging Space Actor (EMSA) of 30 Algerian engineers, as well as six Doctoral and framework [9] and the European Space Agency’s eight Masters students [13, 14]. In 2016 Algeria Technology Readiness Levels [10]. It was determined acquired three more satellites. AlSat-1N (Nano) is a 3U that strong upward trajectories in technical and CubeSat of 3.5 kg, and is the work of a joint Algerian- managerial autonomy and complexity could be British team in line with a cooperation framework identified, particularly in Algeria, Egypt, Nigeria, between the Algerian Space Agency (ASAL) and the Kenya, and South Africa, and to a lesser (but no less United Kingdom Space Agency (UKSA). Algerian significant) extent in Angola, Ethiopia, Tunisia, students were involved in the project as part of an Morocco, and Ghana, with other countries showing education program at the Surrey Space Centre, and a promise as well [7]. As an example, see Fig. 1, showing vital component of this small satellite is that ASAL is the analysis for the member states of the Arab Maghreb responsible for its operations—a common theme for the Union – one of the eight African Regional Economic other two satellites launched in 2016, and a Communities. demonstration of increasing Algerian space systems capabilities. AlSat-2B was integrated in Algeria and demonstrates the success of the training and technology transfer program that was part of the contract. Indeed, Airbus (the partner on AlSat-2B) recognized the extent to which the Algerian engineers and scientists were able to take what they had learnt from the first AlSat-2, and use it domestically to integrate AlSat-2B, when it was observed that “ALSAT 2B’s great success demonstrates that ASAL’s engineers are fully competent and have acquired a great autonomy through this programme” [13 - emphasis added]. Even in the case of the most recent satellite, Alcomsat-1, which was designed, developed, manufactured, assembled, and tested by the China Great Wall Industry Corporation (CGWIC), “an ‘important’

Fig. 1. Milestone timeline—Arab Maghreb Union [7] training programme” formed part of the agreement, with the operation of the satellite to be handled by Algerian As can be seen from the Space Technology Ladder, specialists [15]. an important component in the advancement of national While Algeria provides one of the clearest examples technical and managerial autonomy and complexity of of how African governments are embracing commercial space activities is collaboration with external (primarily partnerships to increase their own space-related non-governmental, commercial) partners in procuring capabilities, similar efforts are under way across a range training services and manufacturing of satellites. of African countries. Another excellent example is that Multiple examples can be identified of this across the of Tunisia. While Tunisia’s space sector is not as African continent, but one of the best examples advanced as that of neighboring Algeria, the “first major demonstrating the importance of commercial R&D private space investment” in the country was made in partnerships in space is, as mentioned above, Algeria. 2017, whereby a Tunisian company Sfax Technopole (a public limited company incorporated under a Public

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Private Partnership [16]) partnered with Telnet and Space Policy and Strategy (approved by the AU Aerospace Valley Toulouse to make “the Sfax Assembly in 2016), and framed by national policies Technopole a center of space, courtesy of the such as that of South Africa [see 24, 25, 26]. In a broad partnership between the Telnet Group and the European sense, it has also been increasingly recognized that leader Airbus Safran Launchers” [17]. The project is space can support Africa’s development plans and said “include the design and construction of an objectives, including in relation to the Sustainable assembly, integration and microsatellite testing facility Development Goals 2030 [see 27]. Moreover, many and the implementation of an engineering center for African countries have embraced commercial microsatellites”, with the engineering center having partnerships in the development of their space sectors, three main missions of “engineering and satellite design, and the African international space ecosystem is set to research and patents in the field of space and the continue its rapid upward trajectory in the coming years development of innovative services in space” [17]. This [see 7, 11, and 27 for more in-depth information on the is predicted to create 500 direct and 1000–2000 indirect African space arena]. jobs. As such the Tunisian space sector is set to grow, with the first Tunisian satellite, Challenge One, planned 4. Conclusion for launch in 2020 [18]. While Africa’s domestic commercial space sector is, Clearly, there is increased interest in utilizing space on the whole, in its fledgling stages, South Africa has technologies in Latin American and African countries. emerged as the “undisputed industrial hotspot of Although some national governments have begun to Africa’s nascent space industry”, and it was noted in develop policies to better support and promote industry, 2018 that: greater coordination and especially financial investment will be crucial in the coming years to support the “The commercial space industry era, although still burgeoning industry. For the time being, commercial nascent, witnessed the nanosatellite and cubesat partners from other countries are proving to be useful in bubbles in the major commercial space clusters in providing space solutions to address developmental the Western Cape. South Africa’s commercial space problems on these continents. industrial growth did not just happen overnight. 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