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Chinese Satellite Diplomacy: China's Strategic Weapon for Soft and Hard Power Gains

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Chinese Satellite Diplomacy: China's Strategic Weapon for Soft and Hard Power Gains Wright State University CORE Scholar Browse all Theses and Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2018 Chinese Satellite Diplomacy: China's Strategic Weapon for Soft and Hard Power Gains Nicholas Jackman Wright State University Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/etd_all Part of the International Relations Commons Repository Citation Jackman, Nicholas, "Chinese Satellite Diplomacy: China's Strategic Weapon for Soft and Hard Power Gains" (2018). Browse all Theses and Dissertations. 1923. https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/etd_all/1923 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Browse all Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHINESE SATELLITE DIPLOMACY: CHINA’S STRATEGIC WEAPON FOR SOFT AND HARD POWER GAINS A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts By NICHOLAS JACKMAN B.A., American Military University, 2013 2018 Wright State University WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL February 23rd, 2018 I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY NICHOLAS JACKMAN ENTITLED CHINESE SATELLITE DIPLOMACY: CHINA’S STRATEGIC WEAPON FOR SOFT AND HARD POWER GAINS BE ACCEPTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Arts. ______________________________ Laura M. Luehrmann, Ph.D. Thesis Director ______________________________ Laura M. Luehrmann, Ph.D. Director, Master of Arts Program in International and Comparative Politics Committee on Final Examination: ___________________________________ Laura M. Luehrmann, Ph.D. School of Public and International Affairs ___________________________________ Liam Anderson, Ph.D. School of Public and International Affairs ___________________________________ Alex Elkins, M. A. School of Public and International Affairs ______________________________ Barry Milligan, Ph.D. Interim Dean of the Graduate School ABSTRACT Jackman, Nicholas. M.A., Department of Political Science, Wright State University, 2018. Chinese Satellite Diplomacy: China’s Strategic Weapon for Soft and Hard Power Gains China signed its first turn-key communication satellite contract with Nigeria in 2004. The contract stipulated that China would design, build, integrate, launch, and complete in-orbit checkout for the Nigcomsat-1 communication satellite and then transfer control over to Nigeria. By 2018, China had contracted and launched another six communication satellites for various foreign customers. The customers, who are foreign governments, are geographically dispersed throughout South America, Europe, Africa, and Asia. The satellite sales have occurred during China’s unprecedented economic growth, a time in which China has been granted additional foreign policy options as its power increases relative to others. This thesis utilizes lateral pressure theory to suggest that China has strategically signed contracts with foreign governments for the sale of communication satellites to further its foreign policy objectives. Examination of China’s space history, its foreign policy goals, and key variables shed light on China’s intentions and possible future actions. iii Table of Contents Chapter 1: China’s Foreign Policy and Space Program.................................................................. 1 Realist assumptions and Lateral Pressure Theory ....................................................................... 2 Soft and Hard Power Defined ..................................................................................................... 4 Chinese Governmental Structure ................................................................................................ 8 Views of Chinese Foreign Policy Goals ................................................................................... 10 China’s Foreign Policy Goals ................................................................................................... 14 Foreign Policy Formulation ...................................................................................................... 20 China’s Space Program ............................................................................................................. 21 China’s Current Space Capabilities........................................................................................... 32 Chapter 2: Methodology and Variable Selection .......................................................................... 37 Hypothesis and Expectations .................................................................................................... 44 Chapter 3: Case Studies ................................................................................................................ 45 Nigeria ....................................................................................................................................... 45 Venezuela .................................................................................................................................. 54 Pakistan ..................................................................................................................................... 61 Bolivia ....................................................................................................................................... 68 Laos ........................................................................................................................................... 75 Belarus ....................................................................................................................................... 82 Algeria ....................................................................................................................................... 88 Nicaragua .................................................................................................................................. 94 Chapter 4: Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 102 Chapter 5: Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 110 Variables.................................................................................................................................. 111 Future Studies .......................................................................................................................... 115 Conditions for China’s Future Success ................................................................................... 116 Future Sales ............................................................................................................................. 117 Importance of Space Studies ................................................................................................... 120 Acronym List .............................................................................................................................. 121 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................... 123 iv List of Figures Figure 1. China’s Proposed New Silk Roads ................................................................................ 18 Figure 2. Nigeria and China Trade Balances ................................................................................ 49 Figure 3. Nigeria and US Trade Balances .................................................................................... 50 Figure 4. Venezuela and China Trade Balances ........................................................................... 57 Figure 5. Venezuela and US Trade Balances ................................................................................ 58 Figure 6. Pakistan and China Trade Balances .............................................................................. 64 Figure 7. Pakistan and US Trade Balances ................................................................................... 65 Figure 8. Bolivia and China Trade Balances ................................................................................ 71 Figure 9. Bolivia and US Trade Balances ..................................................................................... 72 Figure 10. Laos and China Trade Balances .................................................................................. 79 Figure 11. Laos and US Trade Balances ....................................................................................... 80 Figure 12. Belarus and China Trade Balances .............................................................................. 86 Figure 13. Belarus and US Trade Balances .................................................................................. 87 Figure 14. Algeria and China Trade Balances .............................................................................. 92 Figure 15. Algeria and US Trade Balances .................................................................................. 93 Figure 16. Nicaragua and China Trade Balances .......................................................................... 99 Figure 17. Nicaragua and US Trade Balances ............................................................................ 100 List of Tables Table 1. Nine Elements of Statecraft ...........................................................................................
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